Revision Notes Class - 11 Physics Chapter 13 - Kinetic Theory
Revision Notes Class - 11 Physics Chapter 13 - Kinetic Theory
Revision Notes Class - 11 Physics Chapter 13 - Kinetic Theory
Class - 11 Physics
Chapter 13 – Kinetic Theory
Introduction
The kinetic theory of gases describes how gases behave by assuming that the
gas is made up of quickly moving atoms or molecules.
Because there is no intermolecular space in solids, molecules are incredibly
densely packed. Intermolecular gaps are larger in liquids than in solids, and
molecules in gases are loosely packed due to the huge intermolecular spaces.
The kinetic theory of gases explains the random movement of molecules in a
gas.
We'll also look at why kinetic theory is considered a successful theory.
The following things are explained by the Kinetic theory:
(a) Pressure and temperature interpretation at the molecular level can be
described.
(b) It's in line with Avogadro's theory and gas laws.
(c) Explains the specific heat capacity of a variety of gases correctly.
Behaviour of Gases
After simplification, PV Nk BT
N N
P k BT , where n
V V
M
2. Also, , where M is the mass of the sample and Mo is the molar mass
M
of the sample.
M
So, PV RT
M
M RT
P
V M
RT M
P , where is the mass density of the gas.
M V
At all pressures and temperatures, a gas that exactly fulfils the perfect gas
equation.
The concept of an ideal gas is purely theoretical.
There is no such thing as an ideal gas. The term "real gas" refers to a gas that
is ideal.
For low pressures and high temperatures, real gases approach ideal gas
behaviour.
For low pressures and high temperatures, real gases approach ideal gas
behaviour.
PV
According to the ideal gas equation: PV RT , = constant. So, for an
RT
ideal gas, the graph should be a straight line (parallel to the x-axis). This
means it has the same value regardless of temperature or pressure.
However, at high temperatures and low pressures, the graph of real gases
approaches ideal gas behaviour.
Molecules are far apart at high temperatures and low pressures. When the
temperature is raised, the molecules will randomly move away from one
another.
As a result of the reduced molecule interaction, the gas acts like an ideal gas.
When the molecular constituents of the gas do not interact with one another,
the optimum behaviour emerges.
Deduction of Boyle’s law and Charles law from perfect gas equation
Boyle’s Law: The Boyle’s law is being derived from the perfect gas
equation, PV RT . The T is the temperature and is the number of moles
and both of these values are considered constant.
V R
= constant
T P
V
Therefore, = Constant
T
The overall pressure of a mixture of ideal gases is equal to the sum of partial
pressures, according to Dalton's partial pressure equation.
If a vessel contains many ideal gases mixed together, the total pressure of
the vessel equals the sum of partial pressures.
The pressure imposed by a specific gas if just that gas is present in the vessel
is known as partial pressure.
Consider the following: - Consider a vessel containing a mixture of three
gases, A, B, and C. As a result, the partial pressure of A equals the pressure
applied just by A, assuming B and C are absent. Similarly, when A and C
are absent, the partial pressure of B is equal to the pressure applied just by B.
Similarly, the total pressure of the mixture is equal to the sum of the partial
pressures of A, B, and C, according to Dalton's law.
Assume you have a combination of ideal gases, which implies they don't
interact with one another. PV RT is the ideal gas equation.
RT
P ( 1 2 ...)
V
1RT 2 RT
P ....
V V
Therefore, P P1 P2 ...
Where, P1 and P2 are the partial pressures of gas 1 and gas 2 respectively.
The overall pressure caused by a gas mixture is the sum of the partial
pressures of the gases.
(i) Gas molecules are in a constant state of random motion, interacting with
one another and the container's walls.
(ii) Every collision is elastic.
(iii) Kinetic energy is conserved in total.
(iv) The total momentum of the system is conserved.
(v) The total Kinetic energy and momentum before the collision is identical
to the total Kinetic energy and momentum after the collision in the event
of an elastic collision.
(i) The molecule size is very small in comparison to the inter molecular
distance between them under normal temperature and pressure.
(ii) In the case of a gas, molecules are very far apart, and their sizes are
modest in comparison to the distance between them.
Assumptions
Consider a container in the shape of a cube that is filled with an ideal gas.
Only one molecule will be considered; the molecule collides with the
container's walls and bounces back.
Let the molecule's velocity while moving be (vx, vy, vz).
The velocity of the molecule as it bounces back will be (-vx, vy, vz).
The change in momentum = Pf – Pi where Pf = final momentum and Pi =
initial momentum)
Pf – Pi mvx mvx 2mvx
The wall receives this change in momentum as a result of the contact.
One molecule's momentum delivered to the wall in a collision= 2mv x
To figure out how many molecules hit the wall, do the following:
The area of the wall will be ‘A’. Therefore, in time t within a distance of
Avx t all the molecules can hit the wall.
On an average, half of the molecules will hit the wall and half of them will
1
move away from the wall. Therefore, ( ) Avx t will hit the wall.
2
Note:
The velocity of all the molecules in the gas will not be the same. The
velocities of each will be different.
As a result, the following equation is valid for pressure due to a group of
molecules moving at vx in the x-direction, where n is the number density of
that group of molecules.
As a result, the total pressure owing to all such groups may be calculated by
adding the contributions due to each molecule. P nmvx 2 .
Because the gas is isotropic, the molecules travel at random, meaning that
their velocity can be in any direction.
1 1
vx 2 v y 2 vz 2 (vx 2 v y 2 vz 2 ) v 2
3 3
1
Therefore, the pressure is equal to, P nmv2 , where v 2 is the average
3
square speed.
1
PV nVmv2
3
1
Where, E is the kinetic energy which is equal to E mv2
2
On combining the above marked equation (1) with the ideal gas equation:
3
E k B NT ......equation (2)
2
E 1 3
mv2 k BT ......equation (3)
N 2 2
Kinetic theory: Consistent with ideal gas equation and gas laws
P k BT[n1 n 2 ....]
R
P [n1 n 2 ....]
NA
P [ 1 2 ....]RT
P P1 P2 .....
The term "translation" refers to the movement of the entire body from one
position to another.
Consider the oxygen molecule, which is made up of two linked oxygen
atoms.
The two oxygen atoms, as well as the link, are referred to as the complete
body.
Translational movement occurs when the entire body moves from one
position to another.
The above diagram shows the two axis perpendicular to the line connecting
two particles rotate (here y and z directions)
One squared term are One squared term is Two squared terms are
being depicted in the depicted in the above being depicted in the
above expression. expression. above expression.
The total energy is equally distributed across all conceivable energy modes in
equilibrium, according to this law, with each mode having an average energy equal
1
to k BT .
2
1
k B is contributed by each translational degree of freedom.
2
1
Each degree of rotational freedom provides k B .
2
1
Each degree of vibrational freedom provides two times of k B .
2
A stiff diatomic gas has translational and rotational degrees of freedom but
no vibrational degrees of freedom.
They are oscillators that are stiff.
There are three translational degrees of freedom and two rotational degrees
of freedom in a stiff diatomic molecule. There are a total of 5 degrees of
freedom.
1
Each degree of freedom will contribute k B according to the law of energy
2
equi-partition.
5
As a result, the fifth degree of freedom will add k B to the total.
2
5 5
The total internal energy for one mole of gas will be: U k BTN A RT
2 2
dU 5
At constant volume the specific heat capacity will be: CV R
dT 2
For a rigid diatomic, the specific heat capacity at constant pressure will be
7
given as: CP R
2
CP 7
The ratios of specific heat will be:
CV 5
Consider the number of atoms in a solid, which is N. Each atom has the
ability to fluctuate around its mean position.
The degree of freedom for vibrational motion will be: k BT
The average energy for one – dimensional is k BT and for three – dimensional
will be 3k BT .
The total internal energy for one mole of solid will be: 3k BTNA 3RT
Consider each gas molecule to be a sphere with a diameter of one metre (d).
Each molecule's average speed is considered as ‘v’.
Assume the molecule collides with any other molecule within a certain
distance (d). Any molecule that comes within the diameter range of this
molecule will collide with it.
The volume in which the molecule suffers collision is: vtd 2
Let the number of molecules per unit volume be ‘n’.
Therefore, the total number of collisions will be: vtd 2n
vtd 2 n
The rate of collision will be: vd 2 n
t
1
The supposed time between collisions will be:
vd 2 n
1
The average distance between collisions will be: v
d 2
1
The above value is modified by adding a factor in it.
d 2
1
Mean free path will be equal to: l
2d 2 n
Conclusion: The mean free path is inversely proportional to the number density
that is the number of molecules per unit volume and size of the molecule.