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    Here are the key effects of changing operating conditions in each case: 1) Increasing the evaporating temperature from -10C to 5C will increase the refrigeration capacity and COP since more heat will be absorbed at a higher temperature level. However, the compressor work also increases. 2) Increasing the condensing temperature from 40C to 50C will increase the compressor work but also increase the refrigeration capacity and COP since more heat is rejected at a higher temperature. 3) Superheating the suction vapor from -5C to 15C increases the compressor suction temperature, reducing volumetric efficiency. This reduces COP although capacity is unaffected. 4) Subcooling the liquid from 40C to 30C

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    Here are the key effects of changing operating conditions in each case: 1) Increasing the evaporating temperature from -10C to 5C will increase the refrigeration capacity and COP since more heat will be absorbed at a higher temperature level. However, the compressor work also increases. 2) Increasing the condensing temperature from 40C to 50C will increase the compressor work but also increase the refrigeration capacity and COP since more heat is rejected at a higher temperature. 3) Superheating the suction vapor from -5C to 15C increases the compressor suction temperature, reducing volumetric efficiency. This reduces COP although capacity is unaffected. 4) Subcooling the liquid from 40C to 30C

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    30 views18 pages

    Vapor Compression Cycle

    Uploaded by

    daan
    Here are the key effects of changing operating conditions in each case: 1) Increasing the evaporating temperature from -10C to 5C will increase the refrigeration capacity and COP since more heat will be absorbed at a higher temperature level. However, the compressor work also increases. 2) Increasing the condensing temperature from 40C to 50C will increase the compressor work but also increase the refrigeration capacity and COP since more heat is rejected at a higher temperature. 3) Superheating the suction vapor from -5C to 15C increases the compressor suction temperature, reducing volumetric efficiency. This reduces COP although capacity is unaffected. 4) Subcooling the liquid from 40C to 30C

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 18

    VAPOR COMPRESSION CYCLE

    ENGR. ALLAN B. DE VILLA


    VCR used for Cooling

    energy sought Qin


    ηE
    = = = COPC
    energy that costs Wcycle
    TH

    Observation: η E may be >1 (η E > 100% )

    The concept of an efficiency being greater than 100%


    makes people uneasy. Therefore, the conversion
    TL efficiency for a refrigerator is called the Cooling
    Coefficient of Performance (COPC). A refrigeration
    system that is used for cooling is called a refrigerator.
    VCR used for Heating
    energy sought Qout
    ηE
    = = = COPH
    energy that costs Wcycle
    TH

    Observation: η E may be >1 (η E > 100% )

    The concept of an efficiency being greater than 100%


    makes people uneasy. Therefore, the conversion
    TL efficiency for a refrigerator is called the Heating
    Coefficient of Performance (COPH). A refrigeration
    system that is used for cooling is called a heat pump.
    Theoretical Carnot Refrigerator
    For the Refrigeration cycle …
    Qin Qin 1
    ηth COP
    = = R = =
    Wcycle Qout − Qin Qout / Qin − 1
    TH
    1 1 TL
    COPR,Carnot
    = = COPR,Carnot =
    ( Qout / Qin )rev − 1 TH / TL − 1 TH − TL

    For the Heat Pump cycle …


    Qout Qout 1
    ηth COP
    = = H = =
    TL Wcycle Qout − Qin 1 − Qin / Qout
    1 1 TH
    COPH,Carnot
    = = COPH,Carnot
    =
    1 − ( Qin / Qout )rev 1 − TL / TH TH − TL
    Terminology
    • Refrigeration cycle
    • The cycle is operating in a refrigeration cycle
    • The goal is to keep the cold space cold
    • Transfer heat from a low-temperature source

    • Heat pump cycle


    • The cycle is operating in a refrigeration cycle
    • The goal is to keep the hot space hot
    • Transfer heat to a high-temperature sink

    The words refrigeration or heat pump define the goal of the cycle.
    What’s Inside?

    TH

    TL
    Refrigerant Properties • Two phase changes
    Working fluid = Refrigerant
    • Boiling (evaporator)
    • Condensing (condenser)
    • Low temperature boiling fluids
    Refrigerant Naming Convention
    Most refrigerants are halogenated hydrocarbons. The naming
    convention adopted by ASHRAE is,

    R(a-1)(b+1)d = CaHbClcFd c = 2(a – 1) – b – d

    Example: R22 (R022)

    a − 1= 0 → a= 1 H
    b + 1= 2 → b= 1
    d =2 F C F chlorodifluoromethane
    c= 2 ( a + 1) − b − d
    c= 2 (1 + 1) − 1 − 2= 1 Cl
    The Pressure-Enthalpy P-h Diagram
    Refrigeration Cycle Analysis
    = m ( h 2 − h3 )
    Performance
    Q in
    COPC =
    Wc

    = m ( h 2 − h1 )
    h3 = h 4

    = m ( h1 − h 4 )
    The PIdeal VCR Cycle on the P-h Diagram
    1-2: Isentropic compression
    2-3: Isobaric heat rejection
    3-4: Isenthalpic expansion
    4-1: Isobaric heat addition
    qout = Q out / m
    = m ( h 2 − h3 )
    3 2

    4 = m ( h 2 − h1 )
    1 h3 = h 4

    qin = Q in / m wc = Wc / m

    = m ( h1 − h 4 )
    h
    Refrigeration Effect and Capacity
    Refrigeration Effect: qin= h1 − h 4

    Q in m ( h1 − h 4 )
    Refrigeration Capacity: =

    Refrigeration capacity is often expressed in tons of


    refrigeration. Definition …

    1 ton of refrigeration is the steady state heat transfer rate


    required to melt 1 ton of ice at 32°F in 24 hours.

    1 ton = 12,000 Btu/hr = 3.516 kW


    VCR Cycle Irreversibilities
    P

    2s
    Pressure drop through 2
    the condenser 3
    Isentropic efficiency
    Pressure drop through 4 of the compressor
    the evaporator 1

    h
    Practical VCR Cycle
    P T3 SCT SCT = Saturated Condensing Temperature
    DSC = Degrees of Subcooling = SCT – T3

    Subcooling increases the


    2s 2 refrigeration capacity
    3

    Superheating provides a dry


    vapor at the compressor inlet
    1
    4

    SET = Saturated Evaporating Temperature


    T1
    DSH = Degrees of Superheat = T1 – SET
    SET
    h
    • A R-12 simple saturated refrigerating cycle operates at an
    evaporating temperature of -10 C and a condensing
    temperature of 40 C. Show the effect of increasing the
    vaporizing temperature to 5 C
    • A simple saturated refrigerating cycle using R-12 as the
    refrigerant operates at a condensing temperature of 40 C
    and evaporating temperature of -10 C. Show the effect of
    increasing the condensing temperature to 50 C
    • A simple saturated refrigerating cycle using R-12 as the
    refrigerant operates at a condensing temperature of 40 C
    and evaporating temperature of -5 C. Show the effect of
    superheating the suction vapor from -5 to 15 C.
    • A simple saturated refrigerating cycle using R-12 as the
    refrigerant operates at a condensing temperature of 40 C
    and evaporating temperature of -5 C. Show the effect of
    sub cooling the liquid from 40C to 30C before reaching
    the expansion valve.

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