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Hydrologf
Volume - II: Self Practice Questions (Work Book)
Published at:
,l
I
ii
,tl
ACE Engineering Academy t't
Authors:
I
Subject experts of ACE Engineering Academy, Hyderabad ;l
While every effort has been made to avoid any mistake or omission, the publishers do not owe any
responsibility for any damage or loss to any person on account of eror or omission in this publication.
The publishers will be obliged if mistakes are brought to their notice through email, for correction in
further editions.
E mail : info @ac eenggpublications. com
Foreword
Hydrology for GATE
The Study material for Hydrology is thoroughly revised this year to meet the
The students are advised to go through the theory duly understanding the worked out
examples to the extent possible and bring the booklet to the class. By doing so, the
students will get famlliarized with some of the concepts and can really enjoy the lecture
in the class. Also, the students can interact with the faculty in a better way.
Volume- II: Student practice booklet - Work Book: It has two levels
Levell:BasicLevel
Level2 : Advanced Level
After attending the classes and understanding the typical questions explained by the professors,
the student will be in a position to solve these questions in work book. However, for veriffing
the correctness, Hints / Solutions are also given wherever required. The student is advised to
struggle to get the solution for the problems in the work book by self analysis and not to refer
the solution first.
Thanks to all Professors who extended their valuable services in the preparation of this
Booklet.
It is believed that this volume is also a valuable aid to the students appearing for
competitive exams like ESE, DRDO, ISRO, JTO, State service Commissions and other
PSUs.
IES
Hydrological cycle, Ground water hydrology, Well hydrology and related data analysis;
Streams and their gauging; River morpholory; Flood, drought and their management;
Capacity of Reservoirs.
rugY
ta
No.
1 Precipitation 01-05
5 Infiltration 18 -22
6 Runoff 23 -23
7 Hydrograph 24-34
8 Maximum Flood Estimation 35-37
COAC FERED
O IES
Postal Coaching
Online Test Series
Postal Test Series
Precipitqtion
(c) Plains when rain yielding air mass passes
rEVEL -I QUESTrONS over it
(d) None of the above
01. The average rainfall of our country rs
(a) 109 cm (b) 119.4 cm 08. The convective precipitation is caused when
(c) 115.6 cm (d) 99 cm (a) Vertical instability of moist air is
produced by surface heating
02. The common materials used as seeds to (b) The disturbance on the air front develops
accelerate the coalescence process in artificial into cyclone
raining are (c) The colder air rises into warm air
(a) dry ice (b) silver iodide (d) All of the above
(c) both a and b (d) potassium chloride
09. In selecting site for a rain gauge the nearest
03. Snow fall is generally measured in terms of object should be at a minimum distance of
(a) Weight of snow per unit area (a) Twice its height
(b) Equivalent depth of water (b) Three times its height
(c) Depth of snow fallen (c) Equal to its height
(d) Any of the above (d) Anywhere
13. The normal onset of monsoon in Indta ts tn 20. For a given storm the highest rainfall Po and the
(a) Early June at Bombay and Madras average rainfall depth P, are related as P/Po :
(b) Early June at Kerala and Assam (a) K exp (A') (b) exp (-KA)
(c) Early May in Kerala only (c) K-" (d) constant
(d) November in Tamil Nadu and Kerala
21. Humidity is measured by a
14. The standard Symon's type rain gauge has a (a) hygrometer (b) hyetometer
collecting area of diameter (c) hydrometer (d) pyrheliometer
(a) 12.7 cm (b) 10 cm
(c) 5.08 cm (d)25.4 cm 22.ln installing a rain gauge network, the
relevant Indian standard recommend that
15. The double-mass-curve technique is adopted (a) the density of gauges should be more in
to plains than in hills
(a) estimate the missing data (b) in regions having an average elevations of
(b) obtain intensities of rainfall at various 1000 m, at least one station in 130 km2 is
durations desired
(c) to check the consistency ofdata (c) atleast 50 o/o of rain-gauge stations should
(d) to obtain the amount of storage needed to be of recording type
maintain a demand pattern (d) atleast l0 %o of stations should be of
recording type
16. The following recording raingauge produce
the mass curve of precipitation as their 23. An isonif is a line joining points having equal
record: (a) rainfall (b) sunshine
(a) Symons raingauge (c) wind velocity (d) snow fall
(b) Tipping - bucket type
(c) Weighing - bucket type 24. As per Indian standards the number of rain
(d) All the above gauges that^should be installed in a plain area
of 1000 km'is
17. When specific information about the density (a) I (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
of snowfall is not available, the water
equivalent of snowfall is taken as 25. Ombrometer (pluviometer) is used to
(a) s0 % (b) 30% (c) r0 % (d) e0 % measure (ESE - 2010)
(a) soil moisture stress of a plant
18. A hyetograph is a plot of (b) rainfall depth
(a) Cumulative rainfall vs time (c) leafarea
(b) Rainfall intensity vs time (d) root zone depth
(c) Rainfall depth vs duration
(d) Discharge vs time
Principle causes
LEVEL - 2 QUESTTONS 1. Atmospheric disturbance
2. Mountain barrier
01. Raingauge D was inoperative for part of a 3. Pressure difference
month during which a storm occurred. The 4. Temperature difference
storm rainfall recorded in the three 5. Warm and cold air masses
surrounding stations A, B & C were 8.5,6.7 Codes:
and 9 cm respectively. If the arurual average P aRS P aRS
rainfall for the stations arc 75, 84, 70 & 90 (a)r 4 s 2 (b) 4 3 5 2
cm respectively, the missing storm rainfall at (c)142s(d) 4325
station'D'is
(a)7.24 cm (b) 8.067 cm 05. The amual rainfalls at7 raingauge stations in
(c) 8.86 cm (d) 9.65 cm a basin are 58, 94, 60, 45,20, 88 and 68cm
respectively. What is the percentage accuracy
02. The hyetograph ofa storm of6 hours duration of the existing network in the estimation of
is constructed with varying time intervals at the average depth of rainfall over the basin?
20 minutes time interval for the first one hour, How many additional gauges are required if it
at 40 minute time interval for the nextZ hours is desired to limit the error to only 10%.
and at t hour time interval for the last 3 hours.
The successive ordinates of the hyetograph in 06. The normal annual rainfall at stations A,B,C
mm/hr arc 66, 75, 54, 48, 69,51 38, 47 and" and D in a basin are 80.97, 67 .59, 76.28 and
25. The total rainfall depth produgdti by the 92.,01cm respectively. In the year 2005 the
storm is? station D was inoperative and the stations
' A,B, and C recorded annual precipitations of
03. The DAD analysis for a catchmenl would : 91.7I, 72.23 and 79.89cm respectively.
indicate that Estimate the rainfall at station D in that vear.
(a) for a given area the maximum average
depth of rainfall decreases with the
duration
LEVEL -l SOLUTIONS
(b) the maximum depth for a given storm
increases with the area
(c) for a given area the maximum average 01. Ans: (b) 02. Ans: (c) 03. Ans: (b)
depth of rainfall increases with the 04. Ans: (b) 05. Ans: (d) 06. Ans: (d)
duration
(d) the maximum averaqe depth of rainfall 07. Ans: (b) 08. Ans: (a) 09. Ans: (a)
has no relationship wit\@er duration or
10. Ans: (b) 11. Ans: (a) 12. Ans: (c)
the area.
13. Ans: (b) 14. Ans: (a)
Hydenbad I Delhi I Bhopal I Pune I Bhubmesw I Bengalm I hcknow I Parn I Chemi I Vljayamda I
Vizg Tirupati I Gunu I KukatpallyGlyd)
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4 Hydrolory
16. Ans: (c) 17. Ans: (c) 18. Ans: (b) 02. Ans: 287
Time Intensity of
19. Ans: (d) 20. Ans: (b) 21. Ans: (a)
interval rainfall
22. Ans: (d) 23. Ans: (d) 24. Ans: (b) (minutes) (mm/hr)
0 -20 66
N [p p" p.I
D "D | 'A
" - LNo NB N.l
In--l-T-T-l
- 60 Bs++t+zs)"4
"19* 60
:65+112+110
,^" = A[9i *6'7 .1l : e.65 cm :281 mm
3 l1s 84 70)
05.
Sol:
m: 7 (existing Rain gauge stations)
58+94+60+ 45+20+88+68
P_ =61.857 cm
Ih _FI
(ss-er.ssz)'+(e+-et.zst)2 +(eo-sl.8s7)2 +(+s-ot.ast)2 +(zo-et ssz)2 +(aa- il.8s7)z +(os-ot.ssz)'
:25.195 cm
ffi-tm^-."* J Precipitation
Given E: I0%o
rEVEL - 2 QUESTIONS
Isohyet
interval
70- 80- 90- 100 - ll0- r20 -
in mm
80 90 100 ll0 t20 130
Area in
l0 85 113 98 136 67
km2
Ilydembad I Delhi I Bhopal I Pue ] Bhubanesw I Bengalm I Lucknow I Patra I Chemi lVijayawada lvizg Tirupati Gutr I Kuka$nyGlyd)
I I
ffi,"t}ffi^-*' 7 Mean Precipitation Calculation
ArA\
i-.:1(s' s)
:4"!x5x5:50km2
AreaAs-2
''.,.,.,
,,,',, t+- l0 +l
. l
Area oftriangle : Our. x height A: : 1 R oftrianere +1"s"5
: Aa'2e2
]' "u
Height
,: ,.;.,j'i
.'.ir
,.:i
,',.'',
=!xU3.2-12.5
",. )
, :' . ',
'''.'l
: : x20x 17.32
I i' :74.I krri
Area of triangle
: rln.zt^'
02.
Sol: Average depth of
. .
P_ ] ".[tP] ", [n*] . ^,[n*]l
[A, +A, +A, +Ao +A, +Au]
A 20km
Ia
A: (20x20)+la x202 =Sll.ZOSkttl
4
: 157.735 krni
r[i
o : (zo)' = s7 l3st<rn2
^ ;T
HydenbadlDelhilBhopallhuelBhubmeswlBengalmllacknowlPamalChemilvijayawadalvizag lTirupati lcurrl Kr*a4ally(I{yd)
Frequency of Point
Rainfall & Probability
05. A one day rainfall of 15.0 cm at a place X
TEVEL -I QUESTrONS was found to have a return period of 100
years. Calculate the probability that a one day
01. The probable maximum precipitation at a rainfall of this or larger magnitude
station or basin is the (D Will not occur at X during next 5Oyears
(a) rainfall of a given duration that can occur (iD Will occur in the next year.
with a return period of 1000 years
(b) greatest rainfall for a given duration that is 06. Probability of a 10 year flood occurring
physically possible atleast once in the next 5 years
(c) a rainfall of a given duration that has the
maximum probability of occurrence
(d) an impossibly large rainfall of given
0l Probability that a flood of magnitude equal to
or greater that 2lyeat flood will not occur in
duration
the next 20 years
02.In a given storm the average depth,of rainfall
08. Probability of a flood equal to greater than 50
(a) increases with the area
year flood occurring 3 times in the next 10
(b) decreases linearly with the area
(c) has no relationship with the area
yeafs _
(d) decreases exponentially with the area ' 09. Protability of a flood equal to greater than a
03. For an annual flood series, arranged in
50 yem flood occurring atleast once in the
next 50 years is
decreasing order of magnitude, the retunt
period for a magnitude, the return period for a
magnitude listed at position m from the LEVEL - 2 QUESTTONS
beginning in a total of N entries is, by
Weibull formula,
(a) mA{ (b) n/C{ + 1) 01. The probability that a 100 yr flood is equalled
(c) (N + 1)/m (d) N/(m + l) or exceeded. atleast once in 100 w is
(ESE - 2001)
04. Generally to estimate PMP, P^:42.16 D0'475 (a) 9e% (b) 64%
is used (P. is maximum depth of (c) 36% (d) r%
precipitation, D:duration).What are the units
of P. and D in the equation? 02. From the analysis of rainfall data at a
(ESE-2009) particular station, it was found that a rainfall
(a) mm, second (b) cm, second of 400 mm had a return period of 20 yr. What
(c) mm, hour (d) cm, hour is the probability of rainfall equal to or
greater than 400 mm occurring atleast once in
10 successive years? (ESE - 2008)
(a) (0.95)10 (b) 1- (o.es)10
(c) 1-(0.05)10 (d) (0.05)'o
Hydenbad I Delhi I Bhopal I Pme I Bhubmesw ! Bengalw I Lucknow I Patna I Chemai i Viiayawada I Vzag I Tirupati I Gmm J KukaOally(Ilvd)
qfl*-r*g^**, 10 Hydrology
Hydenbad I Delhi j Bhopal I Pue I Bhubmesw I Bengalm I Lucknow I Parn ! Chemi lvijayamda ivizag lTirupari I Gutru i KukatpallvHyd)
ACE
T'ngineeringAcad€my : 11 : Frequency of Point Rainfall & Probability
:0.95 =risk=100(1-q")
q": (0.95)20 T: 100 years, P - = 0.01
:0. 358
T 100
q:1-P:0.99
Risk: 100 [(1- (0.99)100] =63.396 = 640/o
08. Ans: 0.000833
Sol: T: 50 yrs,
02. Ans: (b)
p=!:f-:0.02 Sol: T:20yrs, P : ll20:0.05
T50
Q:1-0.05:0.95
q :1 - P: I - 0.02 :0.98 n: 10 yrs
f :3, n: l0 Probability of occurring rainfall of 400 mml
Pr,n = [",Ptqt-' in next 10 yrs atleast once I
P:,ro: l0c, . (0.02)3. (0.98)tor
: 1-q" : 1- 0.9510
Hydenbad I Delhi Bhopat j Pme I Bhubmesw I Bengalm I Lucknow ! Parn I Chemai I Viiayzmda I Vizag I Tirupati I Gmnr I KukaOally(Ilyd)
ffi-tm^*"-' z 12: Hydrology
l-q
:0.0153
I
T:
r-0.99s7
(iii) Ans: 0.183 : :,
.'. T : 237.8
Sol: n: 10, q:0.98
= 238 years
:Il-(o.gs)tl
06. Ans: 0.02
:0.1829 .- $:133 .::::r::,r,
Sol: T: 50 yrs, n: 1 yr
m 2
Probability of occurring of rainfall
. 11+1
4--- -=m-----1
12 magnitude 92 cm : 0.5 : 50o/o
m4
Rainfall with T:4 vears is 109 cm
(i,e., Rainfall having rank m: 3)
(b) T for 101 cm rain
m:4
n+l 11+l 12.
m44
Recurrence interval: 3 yrs
Hldenbad I Delhi I Bbopal I Pue I Bhubmesm I Burgalln I Ircknow PahE I Chemi I Vij zyzwanzlVba I Tirupari I Gutu | rntetr'-lly(Ilyd)
Evaporqtion&
Trqnspiration
07. Transpiration is
LEVEL -l QUESTIONS (a) confined to night time only
(b) confined to day-light hours only
01. Isopleths are the lines joining places having (c) land surfaces only
(a) equal depths of evapotranspiration (d) a combination of evaporation and
(b) equal depths of runoff transpiration process.
(c) equal depths of rainfall
(d) equal magnitude of wind velocity 08. Lysimeter is an instrument to measure
(a) infiltration (b) evaporation
02. The average pan coefficient for the standard (c) evapotranspiration (d) transpiration
US Weather Bureau class A Pan is
(a) 0.90 (b) 0.80 (c) 0.70 (d) 0.s0 09. Potential evapotranspiration (PET) is
(a) the evapotranspiration when there is
03. The ISI standard pan evaporimeter sufficient moisture available to a fully
(a) is the same as the US class A evaporation vegetated area
pan (b) the evapotranspiration of a forest area
(b) has Co which rs l4o/o more than the US (c) actual evapotranspiration of a crop before
pan application of irrigation water
(c) for a given area the maximum average (d) amount of water needed to bring the
depth of rainfall increase with the duration moisture content of a soil to its f,reld
(d) used for measurement of transpiration capacity.
also.
10. Which one of the following defines Aridity
04. Which of the following evaporation pans has Index (AIX (ESE - 2005)
the largest pan coefficient? PET _ AET
(a) US Weather Bureau class A pan (a) AI= x 100
PET
&) ISf Standard pan evaporimeter lElxloo
(c) Colorado sunken pan (b) 41=
AET
(d) US - class A pan with sea water
(c) 41=4PIx1oo
05. Identify the chemical suitable for use as a PET
water evaporation inhibitor: AET-PET xloo
(d) AI -
(a) cetyl alcohol (b) butyl alcohol AET
(c) methyl alcohol (d) ethyl alcohol Where, AET:Actual Evapotranspiration and
PET : Potential Evapotranspiration
06. Under identical conditions evaporation from
sea water is
(a) about 2-3oh less than that from fresh water 1 1. Penman's equation is based on (ESE - 2006)
(a) Energy budgeting onlY
(b) the same as that from fresh water
(c) about 2.3oh more than that from fresh (b) Energy budgeting and water budgeting
(c) energy budgeting and mass transfer
water
(d) 8.9% more than that from fresh water. (d) Water budgeting and mass transfer
:15: Evaporation & Transpiration
formula. Water
Monthly Added -5 3 0 0 7 4 J
Monthly (mm)
Mean " consumptive
monthly ofday
Month use
Temp time
OC coefficient What is the evaporation loss of water in this
hours of
the vear
(k) week from a lake (Surface area : 640 ha) in
Aoril 25 8.60 0.6 the vicinity, assuming a pan coefficient of
Mav 27 9.29 0.65 0.7 5?
June 28 9.18 0.70 (a) 1,04,600 m3 (b) 3,02,400 m3
Julv 29 9.39 0.75 (c) 4,02,400 m3 (d) 5,02,400 m'
Auzust 29 9.04 0.75
02. A river has ar average surface width of 20 m; If 01.Ans: (a) 02.Ans: (c) 03. Ans: (b)
the evaporation measured in the vicinity of the
river by a US class A pan is 0.5cm/day. The 04. Ans: (b) 05. Ans: (a) 06. Ans: (a)
volume of water evaporated in a 60krn stretch 07. Ans: (b) 08. Ans: (c) 09. Ans: (a)
of the river in a month of 30 days is (in m3)
03. An Engineer incharge of a reservoir has to
release water from it for being picked up at a 10. Ans: (a)
distance of 50 km d/s side. The average width PEl=lET
of the stream is 40 m. The mean daily class A Sol: Aridity index m: PET "roo
pan evaporation for that season is 0.5 m.
estimate the mean daily evaporation loss to be Agriculture drought is studied based on AI.
considered by the engineer in releasing water
in Ha-m. (take Co :0.1) AI Severity class
04. A reservoir has an average area of 50 km2 r-2s mild arid
over a year. The normal annual rainfall at the
place is120 cm and the class A pan 26-50 moderate arid
evaporation is 240 cm. Assuming the land >50 Severe arid
flooded by the reservoir has a runoff
coefficient of 0.4, estimate the net annual
increase or decrease in the stream flow as a
result of the reservoir.
Hydmbad ! Delhi I Bhopal I Pme I Bhubmesw I Bengalw I Ircknow I Pata I Che.-i lvijaram<la lvizg Tirupari I Gunr 1 KukapnyftIyd)
I
11. Ans: (c) Parameter wind veloclty e semistor
Sol: Pbnman's equation is based on mass delicious)
transfer & energy budgeting equation. y : psychometric constant :0.49 mm of
A: slope of Pr"1v/s temP. curve Hg/oC
Ho: net radiation mm/daY
eL : parameters including wind velocity &
semistor delicious (evaPorator
LEVEL.2 SOLUTIONS
01. Ans: (a)
Sol:
02. 126000
Sol:
Pan evaporatorldaY, E:0.5 cm
(for US class A Pan Cp: 0.7)
Actual evaporator from river/day: Cp x E
:0.7 x 0.5
:0.35 daily pan evaporation: 0.5 m
Total evaporator loss from river by a acfriaI Actual evaporation: Cn x Pan evaporation
month of 30 days : 0.35 x 30 : 10.5 cm
:0.7 x 0.5 :0.35 m
Volume of water evaporator from river : Volume of water loss due to evaporation
Surface area of river x depth of water while transporting water
evaporated.
: Area of channel x daily ev roration
50x 1699x 40x0.35 :
_ 70ha_m
=60x1000x20x 10"
: 126000 m3 Water extra to be released to account for
evaporation loss: 70 ha-m
ACE
f,'ngineeringAcad€my :17 z Evaporation & Transpiration
AS :
1.2x50x 106 - 2.40x0.7x50x106
4
)
8
0
0
7
8
7
- L2x0.4x50x106 6 5 4 9
AS: - 48x106 m3 7 6 J 9
AS:48 Mm3 (Decreases) Total Pan Evaporation/week:E:63 cm
1000
expect
lncremental
(a) fr: f. (b) fr > f. (c) fr< f, rainfall in
(d) fr is less than or greater thanf, depending 0.4 0.9 l5 L.J t8 1.6 I 0.5
each hour,
upon the size of the plot in the simulator cm
I
06. The rainfall on five successivel davs on a
cmlhr
catchment was 3, 6, 9,i 5l' and,,1: crn
respectively. If the $-index for the,btoqn:,9.f.4,
be assumed to be 3 cm/day, the total,dire.bt:
runoff from the catchment due to this storm is
(ESE-2012) Runoff :3 cm.
(a) 11 cm (b) 24 cm (c) 9 cm (d) 20 cm P-R-losses
W-Index =
t
07. Seven hour storm produced the following P : [ 3.5 + 4.2 + 2.9] x 1: 10.6 cm
rainfall intensities (in mm/tr) at half an hour t:3hr
intervals over a basin of area 1830 km2 are 4, l0'6 - 3 -o
9,20, 18, 13, 11, 12,2, 8, 16, 17, 13,6 and 1. W-Index - a=2.533
1
If the corresponding observed runoff is 36.6 Rainfall intensity < W-Index does not
million m3 estimate the $-Index for the storm.
produce runoff
08. A catchment area of 30 km2 has one recording All intensities > W-Index
gauge. During a storm the following mass .'.P.: [ 3.5 + 4.2 + 2.91x1 10.6 cm :
curye of rainfall was recorded. L:3hr
g-Index=T= 10.6 - 3
=2.533 cm/hr
.
0-Index= --r-
L-R a
t"
:8 mm/hr
8-4 :12*=R.2: 4.5 cm
06. Ans: (c) 8
Sol: t":6 ht, P": 6 ht, R: 3 cm
": 1.5x6:9.0 cm
ltration rate: $-Index
: Volumeof runoff
=R-12:9x0.5 runoff
Areaof basin
R: 7.5 cm
21.6x106 :
R_ x 100 7.2 cm
300x (1000)'z
tEVEt - 2 SOLUTIONS
o_1 )
,6 ' "' :
6: 0.3 cm/hr
01. Ans: (b)
Sol: W-Index:
04. Ans: (d)
P: 10 cm; t:8 hr; R:5.8 cm Sol:First two hour's of rain has abstracted Total
rainfall abstracted: 15 mm
Rainfall abstracted:6x1*9xl : l5 mm
P-R-losses _10-s.8-0
W - Index =
8 Remaining rain produce runoff
:0.525 cmlhr d-Index:5 mm./hr
Q-Index> W-Index: Rainfall intensity > $-Index only produce
P" : (0.9+1.5+2.3+1.8+1.6+l) : 9.1 cm runoff
Hydenbad I Delhi I Bhopal I Pme I Bhubmesw I Bengalm I Lucknow I Patn i Chemi ! Viiayamda I Vizag I finipati I Guitr I Kuk+OallvGlvd)
ACE
Academy Infiltation
- 62-R
5- - - +R:62-20:42mm .n -r ^---
R:4.2
4
cm
't1
^-4r-R,-.-6-R,
Q: .
c2
05. 't1-P=3:6-.Rr
or: 3R2:3 cm
Sol: Ist hour rain P :2.5 cm
IlndhourrainP:6cm *,
- 4,,-
't1-
O, =1:6
-,R, ?Rz : 5 cm
R' R, R3
:4ha ;_ R,A, +R2A2 +R3Al
Ar Az: 10 ha Ar:6 ha, r\--
dr: 5 crnltr d':3 ,, 1 ,, Al+Ar+A,
cm/hr dr: 1 cm/hr ,,,,
.r- 2.5-R.
- 1
= R:: 1.5
Ilydembad I Delhi i Bhopat I Pme I Bhubmesw I Burgalrn ] Lucknow I Patrn I Chemi !
Vliayawada I
Viz:g I Tirupari I Gmm I KukaOallVGIVd)
-ffi*rtffi^**' :22 z Hydrology
07. 08.
Sol: To estimate $-Index first estimate W-Index : Volumeof runoff
Sol: Depth of runoff
-
W-Index: P -R -losses Areaof catchement
, I.2xl06
[:o) xl00 :4 cm
P: (41-9+20+1 8+1 3+l I +l 2+2+8+1 6+1 7+1 3+6+1) 30x (1000)'z
" |\ -60,/ |
l7
P" : (9+20+1 8+1 3+1 i+12+8+1 6+17+13)x'60
{
4
6 57
5.5
20
:68.5 mm 8 70 6.5
t0 81 5.5
t":lOxA:5h,
'60 t2 87
a
J
t4 90 1.5
. P-R 68.5-20
't5
$-Index
Effective rainfall
P" : (5.5+20+6.5+5.5)x2 : 7 5 mm
d-Inde*: 4 - R 7 5 - 40 :- 4.3i5mm/hr
't"8
Hydenbad I Delhi I Bhopal I hme i Bhubmesw ! Bengalm ! Ircknow I Paha I Chemi I Vilayamda I Vu"g I Tirupati I Gunu i KukapallvGlvd)
Runoff
05. When an accumulated mass of snow melts,
LEVEL - 1 QUESTIONS the resulting flow entering a stream is
classified as
01 . The drainage area of a basin is (a) direct runoff (b) base flow
(a) the surface area of the land enclosed (c) subsurface flow (d) interflow
within the divide
(b) the vertical projection of the area enclosed 06. The water-year m lndia starts from the first
with the divide day of
(c) the horizontal projection of the area (a) January (b) April
enclosed within the divide (c) June (d) September
(d) is a fictitious area arbitrarily assigned to a
stream 07. An ephemeral stream is
(a) one which always carries some flow
02. Direct runoff is made up of (b) one which carries only snowmelt water
(a) overland flow only (c)'one which has limited contribution
(b) surface runoff, infiltration and : (d) does not have any base flow contribution
i,:,.
evaporation
(c) surface runoff only 08, ,intersecting the water table, and
(d) surface runoff, prompt interflow and 'l , , 4o* from
the groundwater are
channel precipitation "'
03. The term base flow denotes
(a) delayed groundwater and snowmelt -r. _...r'.:.: ...i'
12. The unit hydrograph is the graphical relation 17. Match List-I with List-II and select the
between the time distributions of correct i swer using the codes given below
(a) total rainfall and total runoff the lists. (ESE - 04)
ft) total rainfall and direct runoff List-I
(c) effective rainfall and total runoff A. Rising limb of a hydrograph
(d) effective rainfall and direct runoff B. Falling limb of hydrograph
C. Peak rate of flow
13. The word unit in the unit hydrograph refers to D. Drainage density
the List-II
(a) unit depth of runoff 1. Depends on intensity of rainfall
(b) unit duration of the storrn 2. Function of total channel length
(c) unit base period of the hydrograph 3. Function of catchment slope
(d) unit area of the basin 4. Function of storase characteristics
Codes:
14. The lag time of the basin is the time interval ABCD ABCD
between (a)3 4 | 2 (b) t432
(a) the centroid of the rainfall diagram and (c)3 2 I 4 (d) t234
the peak of the hydrograph
(b) the beginning and end of direct runoff 18. Clark's method aims at which one of the
(c) the beginning and end of effective following? (ESE - 2004)
rainfall (a) Developing an IUH due to a
(d) the inflection points on the rising and instantaneous rainfall excess over
recession limbs of the hydrograph catchment
(b) Developing stage-discharge relationship
15. The shape of the recession limb of a (c) Measurement of infiltration
hydrograph depends on (ESE - 2010) (d) Flood routing through channels
(a) basin as well as stotm characteristics
(b) storm characteristics only 19. A 2h storm hydrograph has 5 unit of direct
(c) basin characteristics only run-off. The 2h unit hydrograph for this
(d) base flow only storm can be obtained by dividing the
ordinates of the storm hydrograph by
16. Kirpich equation is used to determine which (ESE - 02)
one of the following ? (ESE - 08) (a) 2 (b) 2ts (c) 5 (d) st2
(a) Run-off from a given rainfall
(b) Base time of a unity hydrograph
(c) Time of concentration in run-off
hydrograph
(d) None of the above
Hydenbad I Delhi ! Bhopal ! Pme I Bhubmesw I Bengalm I Lucknow I Parrn I Chemi ] Vijayareda I
Vizg Tirupati I Gmur I KukaOall(Hvd)
I
ACE :26:
I'ngineeringAcademy Hydrology
100 "
(too)'
watershed.
Area (A):400 km2 : l62kr&
Watershed length (L):45 km
Length to centre (Lc) : 25 krn
C1: l'257 04. Ans: (c)
Cr:0.576 SoI: Given:
Estimate
(i). Basin lag"to" Catchment area, : 7 20 kfl]
(ii). Peak discharge "Qo" Duration, D:4 hours
(iii). Time base "t6" of UHG.
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I I I
A@ - :28: Hydrolory
nngineerlngAcad€my
u.25
1.2 -R L: max length of travel of width
6 S: slope of catchments : AH / L
R: - 0.30 cm: 0 AH =difference in elevation between remote
point on catchments and as outlet.
08. Ans: (b) 09. Ans: (c) 10. Ans: (c)
4 hr UHG ordinate
:4hr DRII/R
Time 2hr UHG ordinate 4 hr DRH ordinate
. a, (m3/sec)
(hr) (m-/sec) (m"/sec)
R:2cm
0 0 0 0
2 T2 0 T2 6
aa
4 54 t2 66 JJ
6 t26 54 180 90
8 T12 r26 238 IT9
l0 94 I12 206 103
t2 64 94 158 19
14 36 64 100 50
t6 I4 36 50 25
18 0 I4 t4
0 0 0
HydenbadlDelhilBhopallPue!BhubmeswlBengalmlLucknowlParrnlChemilvijayawdalYizg lTirupati lGuurl KukaQanyHyd)
ACE : 30: Hydrolory
EnginecriogAcadcmy
.f,l
til
t
t'
Volumeof runoff
Area of catchment:
depthof runoff
I storm DRH =
II storm 12h DRII 12h FHG
6h UHG
Time
ordinate 6h UHGxRT
DRII:6h ordinate: I+II
Base flow
ordinate
UHG xR"
0 0 0 0 25 25
6 25 50 0 50 25 75
72 0 50 50 25 75
04.
Sol:
Effective Rainfall hydrograph Ordinates above $-index
=
32 0 16f t6f 48
36 0 0 0
20
30
20
t2
6
a
J
0
8e:404-16x20-3x12
:48
e:6
16f:48
f:3
Fasm rag,
06.
540 tp : ct (LL.)o'o
Sol: Q.n* =2.778xL: 2.778x
te : 1.50 (110 x 70)o'o :22lus
D
:250.02 m3/sec
07.
Sol: Given:
Peak ordinate of UHG:96 m3/sec"'
D' :4h
$-Index
:2.5 mmlh:0.25 cmJh
, D'_D
P": 18.3 cm tp=tp--
+
t": 6 hour , 4-4
: P_R
- €
+ _
L^ -11LL -T-
'4
t
$-Index
t"
:22hrs
18.3 - R
u.2): , 2.l8co 2.78x0.60
6
rr
vn_----------]-
tP 22
R:16.8 cm
Peak ordinate of DRH: Peak ordinate of q; = 0.0758mt lslkm'
UHGXR :
Q, A.9, :2500x 0.0758
:96x16.8
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:34: Hydrology
W.^:-+2.14 =34.70h
(0.0758)'""
1.22
Wzs =
(o.ozss)'o'
volume of runoff
Area of catchment =
19.78h depth of runoff
Volume of runoff : Area of UHG
09. Ans: (c)
Sol: Volume of runoff : Area of DRH :- x 100 x72x 60 x 60
1
I
2
- -x30x60x60x60 : I
2 Runoff lcm =-m
: 3.24 x 106 m1 100
I
Volumeof runoff
Rain fall excess -2 x 100 x72x 60 x 60
Area of catchment Area of catchment - I (tooo)'
_ 3.24x106
x 1000 100 '
300 x 10" : I296kri
: 10.8 mm .
12.
..,,,it:':.;;;1:
ili_::____:rr::
:..1.. ]:j1:.
Qp:2.78xCrx4
tp
p-- 20 hr { :2.78x0.576, 100 : 6I.94m'lsec
r0.34
Volumeof Runoff
Runoff depth: (iii) Timebase, to =:*l
Areaof catchment
8
1>.10 x20x60x60
2 =3 *lo:4 :4.29 days
x 100 = 3.6cm 8
to x (tooo)'
Maximum Flood
Estimation
rEvEr - 1 QUESTIONS 05. The term mean annual flood denotes
(a) mean of floods in partial-duration series
ft) mean annual flow
01. A culvert is designed for a peak flow Qp on (c) a flood with a recurrence interval of
the basis of the rational formula. If a storm of 2.33yrs
the same intensity as used in the design but of (d) a flood with a reculrence interval of
duration twice larger occws, the resulting N/2yrs, where N : number of years of
peak discharge will be record
(a) Q' (b) 2 Qp (c) Qp/2 (d) Q*'
06. The probable maximum flood is
02. Of the various empirical formulae relating the (a) the standard project flood of an extremely
flood peak to the catchment area, large river
(a) Ryves formula is used all over the country (b) a flood adopted in the design of all kinds
(b) Dickens formula is used all over the of spillways
country (c) a flood adopted in all hydraulic sttuctures
(c) Inglis formula is in use in a large part (d) an extremely large but physically possible
of north India. flood in the region
(d) Dickens formula is in use in a large part
of nonh India 07. The design flood commonly adopted in India
for barrages and minor dams is
03. The general equation for hydrological (ESE -2012)
frequency analysis states that : value of a
Xr (a) Probable maximum flood
variate with a return period of T years is (b) a flood of 50- 100 years retum period
given by Xr: (c) Peak flood
(a) x -Ko (b)x+Ko (d) Standard project flood or a 100 year
(c)Ko (d)x/Ko flood, whichever is higher
Hydembad I Delhi ! Bhopal I Pme I Bhubmesw I Bengalm I Lucknow I Patn I Chemi I Vijayawada lvizag lTirupari I Guuuj Kukatpally(I{yd)
ffi-tm^-r*' : 36: Maximum Flood Estimation
Common Data for Questions 02 to 06 06. The discharge at the end of 5 hours period, at
the measuring site, is
A three hour rain of average intensity 1.2 (a) 0.933 m'lsec (b) 0.5 m'lsec
cm/hr falls over the fern leaf type catchment (c) 0.9 m'lsec (d) 1.73 m'lsec
as shown below:
tEVEt - I SOIUTIONS
H Zone
I 3oha
The time of concentration from the lines AA, 07. Ans: (d)
BB and CC are 7hr,2hr, and 3hr, respectively Sol: Barrages design flood-+ SPF (or)
to the discharging measuring site. The values T: 100 yr
of the run off coefficients are 0.5, 0.6 and 0.7 Spillways - PMF (or) T: 100 yr
for the 1", 2"d and 3'd hours of rainfall
respectively and there after it attains a
constant value of 0.75. TEVEL - 2 SOTUTIONS
05. The discharge at the end of4 hours period, at 2"d hr rain, lz:0.6
the measuring site. is 3'd hr rain, b:0.7
(a) 0.933 m3/sec (b) 1.5 mt/sec
(c) 0.9 m'/sec (d) 1.73 -3lsec A1:20ha, Az:30ha, A::40ha
20ha + [360/\360)
20 0.7 xl2 30x0.6x12 40x0.5x12
Q=-:oo +
36-+- 360
: I.73 m'/sec
360
: 1.50 -t/r""
Ans: (a)
t: At the end of 5tn hr,
= 0.933 m'/sec
Hydenbad i Delhi I Bhopal I Pue I Bhubmesw j Bengalm I Lucknow Patra I Chemi lvlfayamda lViag iTirupati I Gutu I KukaOally(Hyd)
: 39 : Flood Routing
01. Ans: (d) 02. Ans: (c) 03. Ans: (d) kx + 0.5At _ o+0.5x6 =0.23
Cr=
04. Ans: (a) 05. Ans: (a) 06. Ans: (d) k-kx+0.5At 10+0.5x6
07. Ans: (b)
Cz: I - Co- Cr : I - 0.23 - 0.23 : 0.54
08. Ans: (b)
dt A'
sol: I -o:
-dtat= Qz: CoIz + CrIr + CzQr
-lo,
: (0.23 x 70) + (0.23 x 10) + (0.54 x l0)
- [Q' t2l
Q,
t!+lo,
L2l 'lo, L = As= Sz - Sr
:23.8 m'lsec
* t, g,_4]
It, * [r, _ = [r, * a.o,'l : (0.23 x 40) + (0.23 x 70) + (0.54 x 23.8)
| 2l L', 2l L' 2 I Q3
:38.152 m'lsec
Q4
: (0.23 x 20) + (0.23 x 40) + (0.s+ x Cr:0.612
38.152) :34'40 m'lsec Cz:0'356
Q5
: (0.23 x 10) + (0.23 x 20) + (0.54 x Qr2
: 0.032 x7 50+0.612x 100+0.356x 100
Qz+
: 0.032 x780+0.612x750+0.356x 120.8
Hydmbad I Dethi I Bhopal I Pme I Bhubmew I Bengalm I Lucknow I Patra I Chemi I Vijalawada ] Vizg I Tirupati I Gmur I Kuka$ally(Ilyd)
Well Hydrcrulics
06. A sand sample was found to have a porosity
rEVEL -I QUESTrONS of 40 %o. For an aquifer of this material, the
specific yield is
01. A geological formation which is essentially @) : a0% @)> 40% (c)<40%
impermeable for flow of water even though it (d) data is insufficient
may contain water in its pores is called
(a) aquifer (b) aquituge 07. The unit of intrinsic permeability is
(c) Aquitard (d) aquiclude (a) cm/day (b) m / day
(c) darcy / day (d) cm2
02. An aquifer confined at the bottom but not at
the top is called 08. The dimensions of the storage coefhcient S
(a) semi-confined aquifer afe
(b) unconfrned aquifer (u) rl 1u) Lr
-l
(c) confined aquifer (c) L'lT (d) dimensionless
(d) perched aquifer
09. The specifrc storage is
03. The surface joining the static water levels in (a) storage coefficient/ (aquifer depth )
several wells penetrating a confined aquifer (b) same as specific yield
represents (c) specif,rc capacity per unit depth of
(a) water table surface aquifer
(b) capillary fringe (d) (Porosity - specific retention)
(c) piezometric surface of the aquifer
(d) cone ofdepression. 10. Specific capacity
(a) a constant for a given well
04. The volume of water that can be extracted by (b) depends on aquifer characteristics only
force of gravity from a unit volume of aquifer (c) increases with discharge rate
material is called (d) decrease with time from the start of
(a) specific retention (b) specifrc yield pumping
(c) specific capactty (d) specific storage
1 1. The discharge per unit drawdown at a well
05. Darcy's law is valid in a porous media flow if known as
the Reynolds number, is less than unity. This (a) specific yield (b) specihc storage
Reynolds number is defined as (c) safe yield (d) specific capacity
(a) (Discharge velocity x maximum grain
12.The specific capacity of a well in a confined
size) I p,
aquifer under equilibrium conditions and
(b) (actual velocity x average grain size)l v
within the working limits of drawdown
(c) (Discharge velocity x mean particle (a) can be taken as constant
size)lv (b) decreases as the drawdown increases
(d) (discharge velocity x pore size ) I p, (c) increases as the drawdown increases
(d) none ofthe above
Hydenbad I Delhi I Bhopal I Pme I Bhubanesw I Bengalm I Lucknow I Patra I Chemai I Vijavarada i VizS I Tirupari I Gmnu I Kukatrally(Ilvd)
42 Hydrology
13. A soil formation through which only seepage 19. In a pumping artesian - well, the well loss is
is possible, being partly permeable and (a) the head drop required to cause laminar
capable of giving insignificant yield, is porous media flow
classif,red as (b) the head drop required to cause turbulent
(a) Aquituge (b) Aquifer porous media flow
(c) Aquiclude (d) Aquitard (c) the head drop through well screens and
casing
14. A leaky aquifer consists of (d) the sum of head losses through screens,
(a) an artesian aquifer confined by aquicludes casing, etc. and that due to turbulent
on its top and bottom porous media flow
(b) an aquitard confined by aquicludes on its
top and bottom 20. Safe yield of an aquifer is the rate at which
(c) an aquiclude confined on the top by an GW can be withdrawn without
aquifer and by an aquitard on its bottom (a) the pumping machinery getting
(d) an artesian aquifer confined by an overloaded
aquitard either on its top, or bottom, or on (b) causing long-term decline of the
both sides piezometric surface
(c) the sand entering the well
15. If Sy : specific yield and S'. : specific (d) the cone of depression going below a
retention, then predetermined safe level
(a) S,1 S, : void ratio
(b) Sr+ S,: porosity 2l.For open wells the ratio of safe depression
(c) S, + S. : 1.9 head to critical depression head is
(d) S,1 S. : permeability @) 3ta @) 4t3 (c) It3 (d) 2t3
24. Which of the following pairs of terms used in (c) A geological formation which is neither
GW hydrology are not identical? porous not permeable
(a) permeability and hydraulic conductivity (d) A geological formation which is
(b) storage coefficient and storativity essentially impermeable to the flow of
(c) actual velocity of flow and discharge water
velocity
(d) water table aquifer and unconfined aquifer
LEVEL - 2 QUESTTONS
25. The dimensions of the coefficient of
transmissibility T are
(a) dimensionless (b)L2 lT 01. A fully penetrating well of diameter 30 cm
(c) t3 t2 (d) L T2 drawn water from a confined aquifer of 'K' ,2
x10-3m/sec and thickness 12m, if the steady
26. Match Lisfl (well hydraulics parameter) with discharge is 0.03 cumes, compute draw down
List-II (Definition) and select the correct at 10 m from centre of well, take radius of
answer using the codes given below the lists. influence as 500 m.
(ESE - 2003)
List-I
A. Specific yield B. Safe yield
02. A 30 'cm well completely penetrates an
C. Specific capacity D. Field capacity
"" 2,5 m. Determine the discharge from the well
List-II
'when the drawdown at the pumping well is
1. Discharge per unit drawdown ofwell
4.0 m, The boefficient of permeability of the
2. Same as specific retention ,l
4quifei is,::45 mlday. Assume the radius of
3. Measure of water that can be removed by
influence of the well as 350 m.
pumping
4. Limit of withdrawal from well withoul
03. The discharge from a fully penetrating well
depletion of the aquifer
operating under steady state in a confined
5. Water-bearing capacity of aquifer
aquifer of 35 m thickness is 2000 /pm. Values
Codes:
of drawdown at two observation wells 12 and
ABCD ABCD I20 m away from the well are 3.0 and 0.30 m
(a)4 3 2 s (b) 3412 respectively. Determine the permeability of
(c)4 3 I 2 (d) 3425 the aquifer.
05. During a recuperation test, the water in an well with any depresses
open well as depressed by pumping by 2.5 m of aquifer (4)
it recuperated 1.8 m in 80 minutes. Calculate (C) Specific capacity -+ discharge per unit
the yield from a well of 4.0 m diameter under drawdown (1)
a depression heat of 3.0 m. (D) Field capacity -+ specific retention
(t: S, + S. ) (2)
06. During a recuperation test, the water in an
open well was depressed, by pumping, by 27. Ans: (d)
2.50 m and it recuperated 1.8 m in 80 Sol: Aquiclude: Geological formation which is
minutes. Find essentially impermeable to flow of water,
(i) yield from a well of 4 m diameter under a even though it contain large amounts of
depression head of 3 m. water.
Eg: clay
07. An aquifer has a coefficient of permeability
of 1.96 cmls. If the kinematic viscositv of
water'is 1 x 10 -6 m' /s. the intrinsic
permeability in darcys is
(a) 1.96 (b) r27
LEVEL - 2 SOLUTIONS
(c) 1000 (d) 2026
01.
Sol: Diameter of well d-:30 cm
k: 2x10-'m/sec ,B: 12m
LEVET -l SOLUTIONS
Q:0.03 -'/r"", R :500 m
. 'i l:, .: l: Drawdown @ l0 m from centre of well
01.Ans: (d) 02. Ans: (b) 03. , i.s., otrl : 10 m, 51 : ?
takerz -+ R: 500 m, Sz : 0
i:.,,
Q:
07. Ans: (d) 08. Ans: (d) 09. Ans: (a) Rl
10. Ans: (d) 11. Ans: (d) 12. Ans: (b) i) r
13. Ans: (d) 14. Ans: (d) 15. Ans: (b) 2nx2 x10 xtz[s, -o]
0.03 =
16. Ans: (b) 17. Ans: (a) 18. Ans: (a)
19. Ans: (d) 20. Ans: (b) 21. Ans: (c) Sr :0.778 m
22. Ans: (a) 23. Ans: (a) 24. Ans: (c)
02.
25. Ans: (b)
Sol: d*:30 cm
r*: 15 cm
S*:4 m
26. Ans: (b)
B:25 m
Sol: (A) Specific yield -+ water that can be K: 45 mlday
removed by pumping (3)
(B) Safe yield -+ limit of withdrawn from
HydenbadlDelhi BhopallPuelBhubmemlBengalmlLuchow]PahalChemilvljayawadalvizg lTinpari lGunrl ItukaOallvGlvd)
nxz.3t+xrcuQ5.g' -252\
Q= (lo)
"
{nl
-l
\.15/
2nx5.208x10* x25x4 a: 0.0426 m'ls"c
Q: 0.0426 x 1000 x 60: 2556lpm
h*: 19'46 m
Drawdown at the well, S*: -
30 19.46
2000 x 10-3 2nxKx:5(3 - 0.30) S*: 10.54 m
05.
Sol: Given:
K: In a recuperation test
K_ Depression head: 3 m
K_ Diameter of well :4 m
04.
Sol: hz: 30 - 4.2:25.8 m
hr:30-5 :25m
rz:30 m
11:15m
K:20 m I day
20
K - mlsec
24x60x60
K:2.314 x l0-4 m/sec
Where,
- C --' Specific capacity of well
t --+ recuperated time
ecaAemy z 46: Hydrology
;:2024.3 Darcy
d:4m H2:3^ iik,
?tti
The science and practice of water flow (a) 284 m'ls (b) 200 m'/s
07.
measurement is known as
(c) 164 m'/s (d) 96 m'ls
(a) Hypsometry (b) Hydro-meteorology
(c) Fluvimetry (d) Hydrometry
Hydenbad I Delhi I Bhopal I Pme I Bhubanew I Bengalm I hcknow I Patn I Chemi Vijarawada
I I Viag Tirupati I Guol I Kulatrally(tlyd)
I
ffi-*9"-.-' :48: Hydrology
e, * (h)"'(sr)"'
Qz:500 m3ls