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Chapter 16 Solutions
Chapter 16 Solutions
and
Mixtures
a presentation by
GREDA G. BALACUIT
What is a solution?
Mixtures – a review
• Mixture: a combination of two or
more substances that do not combine
chemically, but remain the same
individual substances; can be
separated by physical means.
• Two types:
– Heterogeneous
– Homogeneous
Heterogeneous Mixture
• “Hetero” means “different”
• Example:
Homogeneous Mixture
• “Homo” means the same
• has the same uniform appearance and
composition throughout; maintain one phase
(solid, liquid, gas)
• Commonly referred to as solutions
• Example:
Salt Water
Solution
• Solution: a mixture of two or more substances
that is identical throughout (homogeneous)
• can be physically separated Salt water is
• composed of solutes and solvents considered a
solution. How can it
be physically
separated?
the substance being dissolved
the substance that dissolves the solute
S OL V E N T
S OL U T E
Chemistry-Borders IPC-Solutions-Borders
Types of Solutions
Gaseous solutions
Liquid solutions
Solid solutions
Gaseous Solution
• Gas in gas – solvent is gas, solute is gas
ex. air
Gaseous Solution
• Gas in gas – solvent is gas, solute is gas
ex. air
• Liquid in gas – solvent is gas, solute is liquid
ex. fog
Gaseous Solution
• Gas in gas – solvent is gas, solute is gas
ex. air
• Liquid in gas – solvent is gas, solute is liquid
ex. fog
• Solid in gas – solvent is gas, solute is solid
ex. smoke
Liquid Solution
• Gas in liquid – solvent is liquid, solute is
gas. ex. Softdrink
Liquid Solution
• Gas in liquid – solvent is liquid, solute is
gas. ex. Softdrink
• Liquid in liquid – solvent is liquid, solute
is liquid. ex. wine
Liquid Solution
• Gas in liquid – solvent is liquid, solute is
gas. ex. Softdrink
• Liquid in liquid – solvent is liquid, solute
is liquid. ex. wine
• Solid in liquid - solvent is liquid, solute is
solid ex. brine
Solid Solution
• Gas in solid – solvent is solid, solute is
gas. Ex. foam
Solid Solution
• Gas in solid – solvent is solid, solute is
gas. Ex. Solid foam
• Liquid in solid – solvent is solid, solute
is liquid. Ex. amalgam
Solid Solution
• Gas in solid – solvent is solid, solute is
gas. Ex. foam
• Liquid in solid – solvent is solid, solute
is liquid. Ex. amalgam
• Solid in solid – solvent is solid, solute is
solid. Ex. Metal alloy,
brass, bronze
Concentration
• the amount of solute dissolved in a
solvent at a given temperature
•described as dilute if it has
a low concentration of solute
dissolved
•described as concentrated
if it has a high concentration
of solute dissolved
Concentration
•Unsaturated - has a less than the
maximum concentration of solute
dissolved
Temperature Shaking
nonpolar solvents.
Solubility Curves
Generally, the
solubility of solid
solutes in liquid
solvents increases
with increasing
temperature.
To read the
graph, find the
line for the
substance. The
amount that
dissolves at a
given
temperature is
on the y- axis.
How much KNO3dissolves
in 100g (or 100mL H2O at
50oC?
1.Find the line (green)
2.Find the temperature
and follow up to the line.
(red arrow)
3. Read across to the
y- axis and this is the
answer. (blue arrow)
4. Since it is more than ½-way
between 80 and 90, it is 87.
n A point on the line is a saturated solution.
n Above the line is supersaturated.
n Below the line is unsaturated.
Using Solubility Curves
What is the solubility of
NaNO3 in 100 g of H2O at
0°C?
Using Solubility Curves
Example 2
Calculate the grams of NaOCl (6.15% by mass) in 285
grams of a billboard bleach solution.
Example 1
Find the percent by mass in which 41.0 g of NaCl is
dissolved in 331 grams of water.
Example 2
Calculate the grams of NaOCl (6.15% by mass) in 285
grams of a billboard bleach solution.
Example 3
How many grams of water is needed to dissolve 6.2 g
CaCl2 in order to prepare 12.5% solution?
Percent volume
• Percent volume is the amount of solute in ml
present in 100 ml of the solution.
• Therefore, the formula will be:
!"#$%& "' ("#$)&
Volume percentage = x 100
!"#$%& "' ("#$)*"+
Example 2:
What volume of acetic acid is present in a bottle
Containing 350.0 ml of a solution which measures
5.00% concentration?
Parts per million (ppm)
• When a solute is present in trace quantities, it is
convenient to express the concentration of solutions
in parts per million (ppm).
• The formula is as follows:
Example 2
The concentration of Cl– ion in a sample of H2O is 15.0
ppm. What mass of Cl– ion is present in 240.0 mL of
H2O, which has a density of 1.00 g/mL?
Molality (m)
• Molality of a solution is the number of moles of solute
dissolved in 1 Kg of the solvent.
%,((
• Mole(mol) =
%"#,- %,((
Example 2.
Suppose you had 58.44 grams of NaCl and you
dissolved it in exactly 2.00 kg of pure water (the
solvent). What would be the molality of the solution?
Molality
Example 1.
What is the molality when 0.750 mol is dissolved in
2.50 L of solvent?
Example 2.
Suppose you had 58.44 grams of NaCl and you
dissolved it in exactly 2.00 kg of pure water (the
solvent). What would be the molality of the solution?
Example 3.
How many grams glucose is present in 1kg solution
with a concentration of 0.5 molal
Molarity (M)
• Molarity is the concentration of a solution
expressed in moles of solute per Liter of
solution.
• Molarity is a conversion factor for calculations
• The unit for molarity is mol/L or molar
g = M x L x molar mass
Making Solutions
• How many grams of NaCl would you need to prepare
200.0 mL of a 5 M solution?
g = M x L x molar mass
g = (5mol/L) (0.2L) (58.44g/mol)
g = 58.44 g
Molarity (M)
Example 1:
What is the molarity of a solution that has
2.3 moles of sodium chloride in 0.45 liters
of solution?
M = mol (solute)
L (solution)
Molarity
Example 2:
How many moles of Na2CO3 are there in
10.0 L of 2.0 M solution?
M = mol (solute)
L (solution)
M x L (solution) = mol (solute)
Molarity
Example 3:
How many grams of KNO3 are needed to
make 450. mL of 1.5 molar solution?
M x L(solution) = mol(solute)
Molarity
Example 4:
How many grams of NaCl are needed to
make 3.0 L of 1.5 M solution?
mass= M x L x molar mass
Molarity
• Example 5:
• How many L of 4.0 M solution can be made
with 132g of NaCl ?
L (solution) = M x mol (solute)
Normality(N)
• Normality is mainly used as a measure of reactive
species in a solution and during titration reactions or
particularly in situations involving acid-base
chemistry.
• The normality of a solution gives the number of gram
equivalents of the solute present in one litre of the
solution.
#*11 1'/"0%
Number of Gram Eq. =
%,"-.*/%!0 2%-340
!"## #$%&'(
N= !"#$% !$&& &"#'()
%)'(* #$%&')$+ ,# %)+#$,)$-#) ./"% 0.1
Normality(N)
Example 2.
Calculate the normality of the solution obtained by
dissolving 0.321 g of the salt sodium carbonate
(Na2CO3) in 250 mL water.
Differences Between Normality and Molarity
Chemistry-Borders IPC-Solutions-Borders
Diluting Solutions
• Often once you have made a stock solution,
you need to dilute it to a working
concentration.
• To determine how to dilute the stock solution,
use the formula:
C1 – concentration of stock
C1 V 1 = C 2 V 2 C2 - concentration of diluted solution
V1 – volume needed of stock
V2 – final volume of dilution
Dilutions and Molarity
M1V1 = M2V2
Example 1
M1 = 2.5 M
V1 = ?
M2 = 1.0 M
V2 = 1.5 L
(2.5M) V1 = (1.0M) (1.5 L)
= 0.60L
2.5M 2.5M
Example 1
M1 = 2.5M V1 = 0.60L M2 = 1.0 M V2= 1.5 L
P= X2 P10
6.793
mole fraction CH3OH = 6.793-3.33 =0.072
3.33
mole fraction H2O = 6.793-3.33 = 0.928
Vapor Pressure Lowering
Example 1
Calculate the vapor pressure of a solution made by
dissolving 50.0 g glucose, C6H12O6 , in 500 g of water.
The vapor pressure of pure water is 47.1 torr at 37°C
Vapor Pressure lowering
Example 2
Glycerin (C3H8O3) is a nonvolatile nonelectrolyte with
a density of 1.26 g/mL at 25 0C. Calculate the vapor
pressure at 25 0C of a solution made by adding 50.0
mLof glycerin to 500.0 mL of water. The vapor
pressure of pure water at 25 0C is 23.8 torr .
Boiling Point Elevation
• Boiling point elevation is a colligative property related
to vapor pressure lowering.
• The boiling point is defined as the temperature at
which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the
atmospheric pressure.
• Due to vapor pressure lowering, a solution will
require a higher temperature to reach its boiling point
than the pure solvent.
tb = i kb m
Tb = TbO + Δtb
-"+#+,.%/"+,*%0#$1(*+",
Boiling Point Elevation
Example 1
What is the new boiling point of a solution prepared by
adding 96.0 g of sodium acetate to 383 mL of water?
The boiling point constant for water is 0.52 °C/m.
Δtb = i Kb m
Example 2
A solution of 10.0 g of a nonvolatile, nondissociating
compound dissolved in 0.200 kg of benzene boils at
81.2 °C. Calculate the molecular weight of the
compound. Boiling point of pure benzene: 80.1 °C
ebullioscopic constant (Kb)for benzene: 2.53 °C/m
Boiling Point Elevation
Example 3
What is the boiling point elevation when 147 g of lactic
acid (C6H10O5) is dissolved in 647 g of cyclohexane
(C6H12)? The boiling point constant for cyclohexane is
2.79 °C/m.
Freezing point Depression
• Freezing point is the temperature at which a liquid
undergoes a phase change from liquid to solid.
• When solutes are added to a liquid, forming a solution,
the solute molecules disrupt the formation of crystals of
the solvent.
• That disruption in the freezing process results in a
depression of the freezing point for the solution relative
to the pure solvent.
Δtf = i Kf m
Tf = Tf O - Δtf
Freezing Point Diagram
Freezing Point Depression
Example1
What is the freezing point depression when 62.2 g of
toluene (C7H8) is dissolved in 481 g of naphthalene? The
freezing point constant(cryosscopic constant, Kf) for
naphthalene is 7.00 °C/m.
Freezing Point Depression
Example1
What is the freezing point depression when 62.2 g of
toluene (C7H8) is dissolved in 481 g of naphthalene? The
freezing point constant(cryosscopic constant, Kf) for
naphthalene is 7.00 °C/m.
Example 2
What is the freezing point of a solution prepared by
adding 140. g trichothecin (C19H24O5) to 0.746 kg of
benzene? The freezing point of pure benzene is 5.5 °C.
The freezing point constant for benzene is 5.12 °C/m.
Freezing Point Depression
Example 3
A solution that contain 55.0 g of ascorbic acid
(vitamin C) in 250. g of water freezes at −2.34 °C.
Calculate the molar mass (in g/mol) of the solute.
Kf of water is 1.86 oC/m
Osmotic Pressure
• When a solution is separated from a volume of pure
solvent by a semi-permeable membrane that allows
only the passage of solvent molecules, the height of
the solution begins to rise.
• The pressure needed to stop the osmotic flow is the
osmotic pressure of a solution.
• The amount of osmotic pressure is directly related to
the concentration of the solute.
P = MRT PV = nRT P = nRT
V
Where: R = is the gas constant (0.0821 L atm/mol K)
T = is the absolute temperature.
Osmotic Pressure
Example 2
The osmotic pressure of a benzene solution containing
5.0 g of polystyrene per liter was found to be 7.6 torr at
25°C. Estimate the average molecular weight of the
polystyrene in this sample.