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Hamburgers Answer Guide
Hamburgers Answer Guide
Editors and Advisors: Michelle Fifield (Education Officer Schools, NSW DPI Orange), Jo Hathway (Project
Officer School programs, NSW DPI Tocal College) and David Brouwer (NSW DPI Tocal College).
Designer: Romina Barbagallo (Communications Officer, NSW DPI Orange).
Disclaimer: This resource is produced for use by NSW Agriculture and Technology Mandatory teachers and
students. The information contained in this resource is based on knowledge and understanding at the time
of writing (October, 2018). However, because of advances in knowledge and technology, users are
reminded to ensure that the information upon which they rely is up to date and to check the currency of
the information and content hyperlinks.
To the extent permitted by law, NSW Department of Industry excludes all liability for any direct or indirect
losses, damages, costs or expenses, incurred by, or arising by reason of, any person using or relying on this
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the publisher take no responsibility for the accuracy, currency, reliability and correctness of any information
included in the document provided by third parties. NSW Department of Industry expressly disclaims
responsibility for any error in, or omission from, this report arising from, or in connection, with any of the
assumptions being incorrect or otherwise.
Copyright
© State of NSW through the Department of Industry 2018, except where indicated otherwise. This work is
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Contents
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Answer guide
Sample answers have been provided for learning activities where applicable for this document. The
following suggested answers should be used as a guide. Note that these are suggested answers only, and
not necessarily the very best answer, nor are they the only possible answers.
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Answer guide
economy. The Macarthurs’ merino breed produced high quality fine wool, but was a small framed animal
not well suited to the dry climate and inland environment.
Maria Anne ‘Granny’ Smith (1868-78). Maria is attributed to developing the green, cooking ‘Granny
Smith’ apple cultivar from growing trees from seeds of a French crab apple.
Samuel McCaughey,(1880-1900s) introduced the ‘wrinkled’ bloodline into the Australian merino breed
using American bloodlines (Rambouillet and Vermont lines), to produce sheep with higher wool yield. The
wrinkled skin has a greater surface area for wool to grow on therefore increased yield. Unfortunately, the
sheep were neither drought tolerant or easy to shear and had issues with flystrike because the extra
wrinkles provide the perfect environment for flies to lay eggs.
John Ridley. In the 1840s John Ridley invented a mechanised, horse drawn stripper and harvester for
harvesting wheat crops. The invention sped up harvesting which prior to then, occurred by hand.
Professor William Lowrie. Professor William Lowrie was an agriculture educationalist and scientist in
South Australia. Throughout 1880-1890 he carried out research into Australian soils, especially the need for
phosphate fertilisers (superphosphate) to increase the soil’s nutrient value and increase plant growth and
yield. He also conducted research into the benefits of ‘fallowing’ which is a management practice whereby
soils are not over-cultivated.
William Farrer. William Farrer used selective breeding to develop a wheat cultivar called ‘Federation’.
Federation wheat was distributed around the country in 1903. The Federation variety had been selectively
bred as a disease (rust) resistant, early maturing variety that was productive in dry Australian soils. The new
variety overcame many of the problems with wheat production until this time. Federation wheat allowed
for expansion of wheat growing into areas previously unsuited to growing wheat.
George and William Peppin- Throughout 1850- 1870, the Peppin brothers developed a Merino strain
which revolutionised the Australian Merino industry. The Peppin merino was a large-framed sheep with
high quality and high yield wool. The animals were bred to survive well in the hot and dry inland of
Australia.
2. Use Figure 2 to list the top 10 contributors to NSW Primary Industries 2016-2017 GVP.
The top 10 contributors are wheat, beef cattle, horticulture, cotton, wool, poultry, sheep/goat, pulses, milk
and barley.
NSW and Australian agriculture produces high quality products that are free from most pests and
diseases.
Australia is geographically close to these destinations, which reduces costs involved with transport and
also reduces time in transport which allows fresh, high quality produce to be available quickly.
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Answer guide
The Australian government has developed trade agreements to secure export markets with countries in
this region to assist our farmers and the Australian economy.
Wheat grain is also used as stock feed. The use of wheat straw for bioenergy production is also being
investigated.
Follow this link to the Eatforhealth.gov.au Grains and cereals page to complete activities 4-6
4. Identify and explain the healthier option between refined grain and wholegrain products
Wholemeal products are healthier than refined grain products. Cereal grain seeds contain bran and germ
which contain high levels of fibre, vitamins, minerals, protein and antioxidants and the inner endosperm
layer which has a high carbohydrate (starch) content. Through the refining process to create products such
as white flour the outer grain layers are removed which also removes much of the nutritional value of the
cereal grain. To maintain a balanced and healthy diet, wholemeal or whole grain products should be
substituted for highly refined grain products whenever possible.
5. Complete the table to identify what a standard serve of grain or cereal is equivalent to
Grain type Serving size and
weight
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Answer guide
6. Complete the table to identify how many serves children and adolescents should have of
grain cereals each day
Age Serving of wholemeal
Group grains
(years
old) Boys Girls
1-2 4 4
4-8 4 4
12-13 6 5
14-18 7 7
2. In 2016-17 how much beef and veal did Australia export and to how many countries?
In 2016-17, Australia exported 68% of its total beef and veal production to 77 countries.
4. Fill the spaces to complete the sentence. “Australia produces 3% of the worlds beef supply and
is the third largest beef exporter in the world.
Follow this link to investigate The Conversation article ‘Organic, grass fed and hormone-free: does
this make red meat any healthier?’ Use your findings here to answer questions 5-10
5. Explain the nutritional difference between organic and non-organic red meat.
There is little to no nutritional difference between the two products. An assumption is that organically
produced red meat has been grass fed which may result in higher omega-3 levels than grain fed animals.
However, there is little evidence to prove this.
6. How much beef would an Australian have to eat from a hormone treated animal to get the
same level of naturally occurring oestrogen found in an egg?
An Australian would have to eat 77 kg of beef to have consumed the same levels of naturally occurring
oestrogen found in an egg.
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Answer guide
Follow this link to investigate to the ‘AgriFutures Dairy’ page to answer 3-4.
3. List 4 export destinations for Australian dairy products.
Four export destinations are Japan, China, Indonesia and Malaysia.
4. Explain why you think there is no or little dairy production carried out in the Northern
Territory?
There is little to no dairy production carried out in the Northern Territory for a number of reasons
including:
Temperature- the temperature and climate and rainfall frequency is unsuitable to grow the
productive pastures to support dairy production. Also the breeds of cows primarily used in
Australian dairy are not suitable for production in the NT as they cannot handle the heat and
humidity.
Facilities and transport- there are no milk processing facilities or the infrastructure for milk
transport.
Population of NT is small compared to surrounding states and territories. The population and
demand for fresh dairy production in the state is not large enough for infrastructure investment
and industry start up for milk processing and distribution. As a result, fresh milk and dairy
products are transported in from other states.
Follow this link to investigate to the ‘Eatforhealth.gov.au Milk, yoghurt, cheese and alternatives
page’ to answer 5-6.
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Answer guide
6. Complete the table to identify how many serves children and adolescents should have of
dairy each day?
Age Serving of lean red meat
Group
(years Male Female
old)
1-2 1.5 1.5
4-8 2 1.5
70+ 3.5 4
Use the internet and carry out research to answer questions 3-6. A great site to start your
research at is Australian Pork factsheet ‘Get the Facts on your pork industry’
3. Describe the characteristics of the Australian pig farming method of indoor housing systems
Indoor housing systems are used for pigs from birth through to finisher animals (for sale or
slaughter) as well as lactating and weaned sows. This type of housing protects the animals from
climate variations, predators and sunburn and can accommodate pigs of similar age and size to be
housed together in small, medium and large groups.
4. Describe the characteristics of the Australian pig farming method of deep litter systems
Deep litter housing systems are usually large open-sided sheds or hoop–like structures with deep
litter flooring (rice hulls, straw, sawdust). These systems are used extensively for growing pigs and
for group housing of dry sows.
5. Describe the characteristics of the Australian pig farming method of free range systems
APIQ free range means that pigs are kept permanently outdoors for their entire lives with shelter
provided from the elements, and suitable bedding available. All paddocks should include areas for
grazing, as well as areas for wallows. All free range pigs should have access to paddocks at all
times of their lives.
6. Describe the characteristics of the Australian pig farming method of outdoor bred systems
APIQ outdoor bred means that adult breeding sows live in open spaces with free access to
paddocks for their entire adult life, with grazing areas, wallows where conditions and local
regulations allow. Bedded shelter, adequate feed and water are provided. The piglets from these
sows are born and raised under these conditions until weaning. At weaning the piglets can be
moved to indoor grow-out housing until sale or slaughter; usually these are deep litter.
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Answer guide
Follow this link to the Eatforhealth.gov.au Lean meat page to complete activities 7-10
7. What is the maximum amount of serves you should have of lean red meat in a week for a
balanced healthy diet?
Maximum should be seven serves.
8. Complete the table to identify what a standard serve of lean red meat is equivalent to
Lean red meat Serving size and
raw weight
Beef (90 g) 65 g
Lamb (90 g) 65 g
Veal (90 g) 65 g
Pork (90 g) 65 g
Goat (90 g) 65 g
Kangaroo (90 g) 65 g
9. Complete the table to identify how many serves children and adolescents should have of Lean
meat and poultry, fish, eggs, nuts and seeds, and legumes/beans each day?
Age Serving of lean red meat
Group
(years Male Female
old)
1-2 1 1
19-50 3 2.5
70+ 2.5 2
10. List high protein food sources that could be substituted for lean red meat?
Examples could include: cooked lean poultry, cooked fish, legumes such as beans, lentils and
chickpeas, tofu and eggs.
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Answer guide
5. List 3 animal welfare requirements that Australian livestock exporters and supply chain
participants must comply with.
Australian live export operates under strict regulations and is committed to maintaining Australia's
world leading reputation. Live exporters must be licensed by the Australian Government and
livestock vessels must meet strict requirements governed by the Australian Maritime Safety
Authority. These standards, along with strict regulation and the industry's commitment to caring
for livestock on their voyages overseas, mean that over 99% of all Australian animals arrive fit and
healthy at their destinations.
Three examples of requirements include:
Livestock must be selected, prepared and cared for in compliance with legislated animal
welfare standards.
Livestock must only be prepared in Australian Government approved quarantine premises,
known as registered premises.
Exporters must maintain control, traceability and ensure animal welfare of livestock from
discharge through to the point of processing in the overseas market.
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Answer guide
5. Rank the cooking methods it terms of apparent healthiest to least healthy, based on
saturated fat content.
Healthiest Least healthy
Stir fry without oil Grill Baked Casserole Fried
6. List other healthy cooking methods.
Answers will vary, could include poach, boil, barbecue, braise, sear and steam.
7. Foods with high saturated fat contents should be consumed in moderation. According to the
table, which type of chicken cut and cooking technique should be consumed in moderation?
Takeaway chicken nuggets fried in canola oil.
Go to the Australian Chicken Meat Federation Nutritional Database and explore the online meat
comparison tool to complete activities 8-15.
Meat Meat cut Energy Protein Saturated Total Iron Potassium Niacin Cholesterol
type (100g) (kJ) (g) fat (g) Fat (mg) (mg) (B3) (mg)
(g) (mg)
Chicken Raw lean 438 22.3 0.5 1.6 0.4 300 16.15 59
breast
Beef Raw fillet 608 22 2.4 6.3 2.18 376 9.93 58
steak, fully
trimmed
Duck Lean raw 506 17.8 1.7 5.5 1.8 270 8.32 110
whole
Lamb Raw loin 737 27.9 2.8 7.1 1.84 320 11.25 73
chop, fully
trimmed
Mutton Raw leg 582 21.1 2.2 6 4.17 332 11.03 57
roast, fully
trimmed
Pork Raw 469 24.1 0.5 1.6 0.54 420 13.42 48
medallion or
loin steak,
separable
fat,
Turkey Raw, lean 490 21.6 0.9 3.3 0.4 370 12.54 45
breast
Veal Raw loin 461 22.5 0.8 2.1 1.21 319 18.84 82
chop, fully
trimmed
8. Are all these meats healthy? Explain your answer.
Yes, all these meats are healthy because they are lean, trimmed cuts.
9. Do you think that the cooking method has a big impact on nutritional value of food? Explain
your answer.
Cooking method definitely has an impact on the nutritional content of the food. Generally, foods
cooked with or in oils increase the energy content and increase the saturated fat content.
10. A person has high cholesterol. Which type of meat should they consume in moderation?
This person should consume duck in moderation.
11. A person has an iron deficiency. Which type of meat should they plan to include in their
diet?
This person could consume more mutton in their diet as a meat source.
12. Which meat has the highest potassium content?
The pork medallions have the highest potassium content.
13. Which meat has the highest niacin content?
The veal loin chops have the highest niacin content.
14. Which meat has the lowest saturated fat content?
The chicken breast and pork medallions have the lowest saturated fat contents.
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Answer guide
15. Does total fat content indicate how healthy the food is? What should you look at as well?
Total fat content is not a nutritional indicator of healthiness of a food. Fats are an important part of a
healthy diet, and should be consumed in moderation. They provide essential fatty acids, keep
our skin soft, deliver fat-soluble vitamins, and are a great source of energizing fuel. Fats or fatty acids
can be broken down into many different types, some good and some bad. Unsaturated fats include
polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats, which are good fats, essential to healthy body
function. The bad fats are saturated or Trans fatty acids. Most foods contain a combination of fats
but are classified according to the dominant fat. You should therefore look at the types of fats present,
the content of saturated fat as compared to total fat as well, which will allow you to determine the
dominant fat present. You should limit consuming foods high in saturated fat and substitute these with
foods with higher unsaturated fatty acid contents.
Banana, pineapple, mandarin, avocado, mango, fresh tomato, capsicum, and zucchini production is
concentrated in Queensland; stone fruit, oranges, blueberries, and grapes in New South Wales, Victoria;
potatoes, nuts, citrus, stone fruit and grapes in South Australia; processing potatoes in Tasmania; fresh
pears, canning fruit and processing tomatoes in Victoria; and apples and fresh vegetables in all states.
Australia has a significant tropical horticultural industry including large irrigation schemes in the Ord River
in Western Australia and the Burdekin River in Queensland. Bananas, mangoes, avocados, papaya, lychees,
cucurbits (rockmelons, watermelons, pumpkins) together with tropical nursery plants and vegetables are
important industries. There is also a growing ‘rare and exotic fruit’ industry producing fruits such as abiu,
carambola, durian, jackfruit, mangosteen, pitaya, rambutan, and tamarillo.
Nursery production generally occurs close to the capital cities. Some horticultural produce from the
southern states is directed to processing. Queensland vegetables typically supply the southern states with
fresh produce during the cooler June to October period.
Trees producing nuts are grown throughout Australia and include almonds, cashews, chestnuts, hazelnuts,
macadamias, peanuts, pecans, pistachios and walnuts.
The Riverina and Northern Rivers regions of New South Wales, supplying water for irrigation, are major
producers of almonds, chestnuts, hazelnuts, macadamias, pecans and walnuts. In Victoria, the Sunraysia,
Swan Hill, central west and north eastern regions of Victoria produce almonds, chestnuts, hazelnuts and
pistachios. Mount Hotham in Victoria produces a small amount of pine nuts. The Riverland and Adelaide
Hills regions of South Australia produce chestnuts, walnuts and some pistachios. Queensland produces
macadamias, pecan and cashews. The Swan Valley region of Western Australia produces almonds,
chestnuts, and hazelnuts. Tasmania produces a small amount of hazelnuts and walnuts.
1. Explain why you cannot successfully grow bananas, avocado and mangoes in much of NSW?
Every plant has a specific set of environmental requirements for growth including temperature range,
pH, hours of darkness, hours of cold temperature, moisture etc. Tropical and sub-tropical plants
cannot grow in much of NSW because the temperature range does not allow or promote growth; as
well frosts may kill the plant.
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Answer guide
2. For the following list of horticultural products identify what part of the plant is consumed.
Product Plant part consumed Product Plant part consumed
Snow pea Seeds and seed casing or seed Spinach Leaves and stem
pod
3. List 6 types of specific environmental plant requirements which determine where plants can
be grown in Australia.
Every plant has specific environmental requirements for moisture, soil type, pH,
temperature ranges, amount of light and cold temperature. These determine where
plants can be successfully grown around Australia.
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Answer guide
Tomato 1 medium
6. Are all vegetables and fruits nutritionally the same? Use research to give a specific example
comparing a fruit and a vegetable
Fruit and vegetable all have different nutritional values. Characteristically fruits are higher in sugar
than vegetables. This varies between plants. Examples: brussel sprouts are rich in vitamin C and K,
folic acid, and dietary fibre. They are high in protein compared to many other vegetables.
Blueberries are high in fibre, potassium and Vitamins C, B6 and K. They are also high in
antioxidants.
7. Explain the benefits of eating fresh produce compared to processed food products?
Fresh produce has many nutritional and flavour benefits compared to processed foods because
through the manufacturing and preservation process nutritional qualities and flavour can be
decreased. As well through manufacturing, additives such as salt, sugar, artificial colours and
preservatives can be added which can reduce the nutritional value of the product.
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