SAS 11

1. The Twenty-One Nursing Problems Theory was developed by Faye Glenn Abdellah. The
twenty-one nursing
problems identified in the nursing theory are _____ steps used to identify the patient’s problems
and eleven skills
used in developing a treatment typology or nursing care plan.
a. 11
b. 12
c. 10
d. 9
Answer: C
Rationale: The twenty-one nursing problems identified in the nursing theory are 10 steps used
to identify the patient’s
problems and eleven skills used in developing a treatment typology or nursing care plan.
2. The most important impact of Abdellah’s theory to the nursing practice is that it helped
transform the focus of the
profession from being ________________ to ________________________.
a. disease-centered; client-centered
b. client-centered; disease-centered
c. disease-centered; nursing-centered
d. nursing-centered; client-centered.

Answer: A
Rationale: The nursing-centered orientation to client care seems contrary to the client-centered
approach that Abdellah
professes to uphold. The apparent contradiction can be explained by her desire to move away
from a disease-centered
orientation.
3. Which of the following is the primary concern of Abdellah’s theory?

a. Disease orientation
b. Client orientation
c. Medical interventions
d. Nursing-centered orientation

Answer: B
Rationale: Professors and educators realized the importance of client centered care rather than
focusing on medical
interventions. Nursing education then slowly deviated its concentration from the complex,
medical concepts, into
exercising better attention to the client as the primary concern of the theory.
4. The nursing process is an evidence-based, five-step scientific method used to ensure that the
patient is assessed,
diagnosed and receives continuity of care across appropriate healthcare providers and
departments. Once a nurse
assesses a client’s condition and identifies appropriate nursing diagnoses, a:
a. Nurses develop a plan of care.
b. Nurses begin physical assessments
c. Determining list of priorities.
d. Team members conducts a review of assessment

Answer: B
Rationale: Once the problem has been diagnosed, a plan of care is developed prior to the
implementation phase.
5. Nurse Pepper is done performing assessment and is identifying a nursing diagnosis of acute
shoulder pain. Which of
the following is an appropriate client-centered goal?
a. Encourage clients to focus on positive thoughts when pain begins.
b. Assess the effect of pain intensity on client function using the pain rating scale
c. Obtain an order for a PRN analgesic 30 minutes before physical therapy treatment.
d. Client reports a decrease of pain intensity of 4 or less during hospital stay.

Answer: D
Rationale: This is measurable and objective.
6. Which of the following is the correct order of the nursing process?
a. Assessing, Planning, Diagnosing, Evaluating, Implementing
b. Planning, Assessing, Implementing, Diagnosing, Evaluating
c. Diagnosing, Planning, Assessing, Implementing, Evaluating
d. Assessing, Diagnosing, Planning, Implementing, Evaluating

Answer: D
Rationale: The correct order of the nursing process is Assessing, Diagnosing, Planning,
Implementing and Evaluating.
7. According to Abdellah, the most appropriate evaluation would be the nurse's progress or lack
of progress toward the
achievement of the stated goals.
a. True
b. False
c. Both
d. Neither

Answer: A
Rationale: The evaluation takes place after the interventions have been carried out. The most
convenient evaluation
would be the nurse’s progress or lack of progress toward the achievement of the goals
established in the planning phase.
8. Which of the following is/are NOT included in Abdellah’s 21 Nursing Problem Theory?
a. Spirituality
b. Sensory Functions
c. Sub-optimal activity and rest
d. Interrelatedness of emotions and illness

Answer: C
Rationale: Sub-optimal activity and rest is not included in Abdellah’s 21 nursing problem theory.
9. An 85-year-old female client experienced severe chest pain. In addition, she experienced
shortness of breath,
tachycardia and profuse diaphoresis. Which of the following statements pertain to the basic
nursing care should this
client receive?
a. Teach early signs and symptoms of cardiac distress
b. Teach the appropriate course of action in resolving the problem
c. Explore his work-related goals
d. Elevate the head of bed

Answer: D
Rationale: Elevating the head of bed is an example of basic care that will aid the patient to
maintain physical comfort.
Options A and B are examples of restorative care needs while Option C is an example of
remedial care need.
10. Which of the following is the identified limitation of Abdellah’s 21 nursing problem theory?

a. It’s problem solving approach

b. The language used by Abdellah in creating the theory’s framework
c. The emphasis in providing medical attention to client’s needs
d. The very strong nurse-centered orientation

Answer: D
Rationale: The major limitation to Abdellah’s theory and the 21 nursing problems is their very
strong nurse-centered
orientation. She rather conceptualized nurses’ actions in nursing care which is contrary to her
aim.

SAS 12

1. In Henderson’s definition of health, she stated that “individuals will achieve or maintain health
if they have the
necessary strength, will or knowledge”. Based on the overview of Henderson's philosophy
presented in the chapter, it
would be most accurate to consider her theory as a:
a. Needs theory
b. Practice theory

c. Outcome theory
d. Middle-range theory

Answer: A
Rationale: The theory focuses on the importance of increasing the patient's independence to
hasten their progress in the
hospital. Henderson's theory emphasizes on the basic human needs and how nurses can assist
in meeting those needs
2. Virginia Henderson is a nurse, theorist, and author known for her Need Theory. She is still
fondly referred to as
the:
a. Girl Next Door
b. Lady with the Lamp

c. Nursing Pioneer
d. First Lady of Nursing

Answer: D
Rationale: Virginia Henderson is a nurse, theorist, and author known for her Need Theory. She
is also referred to as “The
First Lady of Nursing,”, “The Nightingale of Modern Nursing,” “Modern-Day Mother of Nursing,”
and “The 20th Century
Florence Nightingale.”
3. Henderson considered the person to be of primary importance and that is the reason why we
categorize her theory as
client-centered. How many activities did Virginia Henderson have in her "nursing activities for
client assistance”?
a. 12 activities
b. 14 activities

c. 11 activities
d. 10 activities

Answer: B
Rationale: Henderson enumerated 14 activities for client assistance
4. Henderson states that individuals have basic needs that are components of health and
require assistance to achieve
health and independence or a peaceful death. Henderson believed that the nursing theory
should be centered around:
a. The family
b. Patient/ Patient needs
c. The health care team
d. The nurse

Answer: B
Rationale: The Need Theory emphasizes on the importance of increasing the patient’s
independence and focuses on the
basic human needs so that progress after hospitalization would not be delayed.
5. Nurse Pepper is caring for a diabetic client. Her patient suffered from peripheral neuropathy
and could not feed
herself. According to Henderson, which of the following roles of nursing is NOT included?
a. A substitute for the nurse
b. A helper to the patient

c. A partner with the patient

d. A substitute for the patient

Answer: A
Rationale: A substitute for the nurse is not included in Henderson’s theory.
6. Virginia Henderson also believed that it was important that nursing be based on evidence,
and that research was a
critical component of improving nursing practice. Using Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, which of
the following is an
example of physiological needs?
a. Worship according to one’s faith
b. Work at something providing a sense of accomplishment
c. Move and maintain desirable posture
d. Avoid environmental dangers

Answer: D
Rationale: Moving and maintaining desirable posture is an example of physiological needs.
7. The nurse’s goal is to make the patient complete, whole, or independent. In turn, the nurse
collaborates with the
physician’s therapeutic plan. The third level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs is what?
a. Safety needs
b. Love and belonging
c. Self-Actualization
d. Esteem and Value

Answer: B
Rationale: The third level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs is love and belonging.
8. What is Maslow's highest level of need in the hierarchy pyramid?

a. Safety needs
b. Love and belonging
c. Self-Actualization
d. Esteem and Value

Answer: C
Rationale: Maslow's highest level of need in the hierarchy pyramid is Self-Actualization.
9. Which of the following is Virginia Henderson’s definition of nursing?
a. Nursing is an art and science that is humanistic and humanitarian.
b. Nursing is a participation in care, core and cure aspects of patient care, where CARE is the
sole function
of nurses
c. The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of
those
activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to peaceful death).
d. Nursing is an interpersonal, therapeutic process that takes place when professionals,
specifically
educated to be nurses, engage in therapeutic relationships with people who are in need of
health
services.

Answer: C
Rationale: Virginia Henderson’s definition of nursing is “"The unique function of the nurse is to
assist the individual, sick
or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to peaceful
death) that he would
perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge. And to do this in such a
way as to help him gain
independence as rapidly as possible"
10. Henderson stressed that an individual person or client is a whole, complete and
independent being with biological,
sociological, and spiritual components. These components are operationalized in the 14
fundamental or basic human
needs. Based on Henderson's theory, the following are examples of psychological components
except?
a. Learn, discover, or satisfy the curiosity that leads to normal development and health and use
the available
health facilities
b. Select suitable clothes-dress and undress.
c. Avoid dangers in the environment and avoid injuring others.
d. Both B and C

Answer: D
Rationale: Choice D contains the physiological components of Henderson’s Basic Human
Needs Theory.
SAS 13

1. The Health Promotion Model was designed to be a “complementary counterpart to models of

health protection. How
does Pender's Health Promotion Model describe nurses?
a. As part of a client’s interpersonal environment
b. As agents of change
c. As partners
d. All of the above

Answer: A

Rationale: The Health Promotion Model notes that each person has unique personal
characteristics and experiences that
affect subsequent actions. The set of variables for behavioral specific knowledge and affect
have important motivational
significance. These variables can be modified through nursing actions. Thus, nurses become a
part of a client's
interpersonal environment.
2. Pender's Health Promotion Model examines the multi-dimensional nature of persons as they
interact within their
environment to pursue health. Which of the following is/are NOT a behavior-specific cognition
and affect variable?
a. Perceived self-efficacy
b. Perceived benefits of action
c. Situational influences
d. Prior related behavior

Answer: D
Rationale: Behavior-specific cognition and affect concepts are considered of major motivational
significance. These
variables are modifiable through nursing actions. Option D is an individual characteristics and
experiences variable.
3. Individual's likelihood of taking action- results from a person's perception of benefits and
barriers to taking action.
Which of the following major concepts of Pender’s health model pertains to the frequency of the
same or similar
behavior in the past?
a. Prior related behavior
b. Personal factors
c. Perceived benefits of action
d. Health promoting behavior
Answer: A
Rationale: Prior related behavior pertains to the frequency of the similar behavior in the past.
4. The end result directed toward accomplishing beneficial health outcome such as optimal well-
being, personal
fulfillment, and personal living
a. personal psychological factors
b. health promoting behaviors
c. activity-related affect
d. perceived self-efficacy

Answer: B
Rationale: Health promoting behaviors are the endpoint or action outcome directed toward
attaining positive health
outcomes such as optimal well-being, personal fulfilment, and personal living.
5. Pender’s health promotion model defines health as “a positive dynamic state not merely the
absence of disease.”
Which of the following include variables such as self-esteem, self-motivation, personal
competence, perceived health
status, and definition of health:
a. Personal socio-cultural factors
b. Perceived self-efficacy
c. Perceived barriers to action
d. Personal factors

Answer: A
Rationale: Personal socio-cultural factors include variables such as race, ethnicity,
acculturation, education, and
socioeconomic status.
6. Describes subjective positive or negative feelings that occur before, during and after
behavior.

a. Interpersonal influences
b. Situational influences
c. Commitment to a plan of action
d. Activity related affect

Answer: D
Rationale: Activity related affect describes subjective positive or negative feelings that occur
before, during and after
behavior based on the stimulus properties of the behavior itself. It influences perceived self-
efficacy.
7. Health promotion is directed at increasing a client’s level of well-being. Which of the following
variables pertains to
age, gender, race, basal metabolic rate?
a. Personal factors
b. Psychological factors

c. Biological factors
d. Socio cultural factors

Answer: C
Rationale: Personal biological factors include variables such as age gender body mass index
pubertal status, aerobic
capacity, strength, agility, or balance.
8. The health promotion model (HPM) proposed by Nola J Pender (1982; revised, 1996) was
designed to be a
“complementary counterpart to models of health protection.” Which of the following personal
factors include race,
ethnicity, and acculturation?
a. Personal factors
b. Psychological factors
c. Biological factors
d. Socio cultural factors

Answer: D
Rationale: Personal socio-cultural factors include variables such as race, ethnicity,
acculturation, education, and
socioeconomic status.
9. Which of the following personal factors include self-esteem and self-motivation?

a. Personal factors
b. Psychological factors
c. Biological factors
d. Socio cultural factors

Answer: B
Rationale: Personal psychological factors include variables such as self-esteem, self-motivation,
personal competence,
perceived health status, and definition of health.
10. The Health Promotion Model is similar in construction to the health belief model, which
explains disease prevention
behavior. Which of the following involves anticipated, imagined or real barriers preventing the
change?
a. Perceived self-efficacy
b. Health promoting behavior.
c. Perceived barriers to action
d. Perceived benefit of action
Answer: D
Rationale: Perceived Benefits of Action pertains to anticipated positive outcomes that will occur
from health behavior.

SAS 14

1. According to Leininger, the true essence of nursing is caring. Which of the following pertains
to commonalities of
care?
a. Universality
b. Culture care
c. Diversity
d. Goal of Transcultural Nursing

Answer: A
Rationale: Universality pertains to the common care or similar meanings that are evident among
many cultures.
2. What are the dominant, distinctive, and unifying features of nursing that are essential for a
person’s survival,
development, and ability to deal with life events?
a. Spiritual aspect of care
b. Goal of Transcultural Nursing
c. Diversity
d. Caring

Answer: D
Rationale: Caring is the dominant, distinctive and unifying feature of nursing as it refers to the
nurse’s role of assisting,
supporting or enabling behaviors that ease or improve a person’s condition.
3. Which of the following is/ are NOT true about culture?

a. Refers to learned, shared, and transmitted values, beliefs, norms and life ways of a particular
place.
b. Provides the basis for cultural values, which identify ways thinking or acting.
c. Both exhibit diversity and universality
d. Refers to the outlook of a person or group on the world or their universe to form a picture or a
value
perception about their life or world around them

Answer: D
Rationale: Options A, B and C refer to culture as it guides thinking, decisions, and actions in
specific ways. Option D is
worldview.
4. What are the three types of nursing actions according to Madeleine Leininger, except?

a. Cultural Care Preservation or Maintenance

b. Cultural Care Accommodation or Negotiation
c. Cultural Care Re-patterning or Restructuring
d. Culture Care Assimilation

Answer: D
Rationale: Culture Care Assimilation is not among the three nursing actions according to
Madeleine Leininger.

This document and the information thereon is the property of

PHINMA Education (Department of Nursing) 7 of 9

5. Pepper, a 79-year old diabetic patient is conscious about what she eats by eating foods rich
in fiber. She also makes it
a point to take her insulin shots on time. Which of the following types of nursing actions
demonstrates Martha’s
behavior?
a. Cultural Care Preservation or Maintenance
b. Cultural Care Accommodation or Negotiation
c. Cultural Care Repatterning or Restructuring
d. Culture Care Assimilation

Answer: A
Rationale: Culture Care Preservation or Maintenance is a caring skilled action and decision that
people of a certain
culture retain so that they can keep up with their well-being, recover from illness, or face
handicaps or death.
6. Encouraging direct care such as bathing, feeding, and other activities of daily living by family
members who may be
interested in actively contributing in the care of a loved one is referring to ________________.
a. Cultural Care Preservation or Maintenance
b. Cultural Care Accommodation or Negotiation
c. Cultural Care Repatterning or Restructuring
d. Culture Care Assimilation

Answer: A
Rationale: Cultural Care Preservation or Maintenance refers to the choices that would “maintain
and preserve desirable
and helpful values and beliefs”.
7. Nurse Pepper teaches Arnold, a 67-year-old Filipino-American patient that although garlic
may lower his blood
pressure; he still needs to take the prescribed antihypertensive medications. Which of the
following explains Nurse
Pepper’s nursing action?
a. Cultural Care Preservation or Maintenance
b. Cultural Care Accommodation or Negotiation
c. Cultural Care Repatterning or Restructuring
d. None of these

Answer: B
Rationale: Negotiation and Accommodation: this is helpful in “adaptation and transaction for
care that is fitting for the
culture of the individual, families or groups.
8. Orah is an 89-year-old patient who does not believe that she needs an advance directive
because “death is up to
God.” Nurse Pepper, who is taking care of her, can educate her about having her wishes
followed when she can no
longer make decisions or speak for herself. Explaining that by creating advance directives, her
wishes will be
followed. Which of the following explains Nurse Pepper’s nursing action?
a. Cultural Care Preservation or Maintenance
b. Cultural Care Accommodation or Negotiation
c. Cultural Care Repatterning or Restructuring
d. None of these

Answer: C
Rationale: Repatterning or Restructuring: this involves working with the individual in a “mutual
decision-making process
as the nurse modifies or changes the nursing action to achieve better health outcomes”. The
nurse sets mutual decisions
with the patient to use change or modification in the care plan to achieve improved health
outcomes.
9. Refers to cultural variability or differences in care beliefs, meanings, patterns, values,
symbols, and lifeways within
and between cultures and human beings.
a. Globalization
b. Culture Care Universality

c. Culture Care Diversity

d. World view

Answer: D
Rationale: Culture care diversity indicates the variabilities and/or differences in meanings,
patterns, values, lifeways, or
symbols of care within or between collectives that are related to assistive, supportive, or
enabling human care
expressions.

10. Past facts, events and experiences of individuals, groups, and various cultures and
institutions that are mainly
people-centered (ethnic) and that explains, and interprets human lifeways within particular
cultural trends refers to:
a. Acculturation
b. Bicultural

c. Ethnohistory
d. Ethnicity

Answer: C
Rationale: Ethnohistory refers to past facts, events and experiences of individuals, groups, and
various cultures and
institutions that are mainly people-centered (ethnic) and that explains, and interprets human
lifeways within particular
cultural trends

SAS 15

1. The theory explains that health and illness are synthesized as health. In this model, nursing is
regarded as “caring in
the human health experience.” Which of the following choices is true regarding this statement?
a. Nursing is seen as a partnership between the nurse and the patient’s immediate family
members
b. Nursing is seen as a partnership between the nurse and patient
c. Nursing is seen as a partnership between the nurse and the other members of the healthcare
team
d. Nursing is seen as the sole responsibility of the nurse in caring for the patient

Answer: B
Rationale: In this model, nursing is “caring in the human health experience.” It is seen as a
partnership between the
nurse and patient, with both growing in the “sense of higher levels of consciousness.
2. Newman’s Health as Expanding Consciousness Theory is beneficial because it can be
applied in any setting and
“generates caring interventions.” Which of the following is the reason why it is considered as a
grand nursing theory?
a. It addresses more narrowly defined phenomena and can be used to suggest an intervention.
b. It addresses more narrowly defined phenomena and can be used to suggest a nursing
diagnosis.
c. It is broader and provides an overall framework for structuring ideas.
d. It is broader and provides a specific framework for structuring ideas.

Answer: C
Rationale: A grand nursing theory is broader and provides an overall framework for structuring
ideas. She also states that
people cannot be divided into parts.

3. The theory asserts that every person in every situation, no matter how disordered and
hopeless it may seem, is part
of the universal process of expanding consciousness. Which among the following is NOT
among the three correlates
of consciousness?
a. Space
b. Movement

c. Time
d. Motion

Answer: D
Rationale: Options D is not among the three correlates of consciousness.
4. A concept of Newman's theory which refers to the depicts the whole and is characterized by
movement, diversity, and
rhythm.
a. Pattern
b. Consciousness
c. Time and Timing
d. Pattern Recognition

Answer: A
Rationale: Pattern pertains to information that depicts the whole and understanding of the
meaning of all the relationships
at once.
5. Newman emphasizes the importance of examining ___________ together as dimensions of
emerging patterns of
consciousness rather than as separate concepts of the theory.
a. Pattern recognition
b. Movement-Space-Time
c. Consciousness
d. Health
Answer: B
Rationale: Newman emphasizes the importance of examining movement-space-time together
as dimensions of emerging
patterns of consciousness rather than as separate concepts of the theory (M. Newman,
personal communication, 2004).
6. The theory, Health as Expanding Consciousness, stems from Rogers’ (1970) science of
unitary human beings and
other theories. Which among the following theorists implicates order and supports Newman’s
postulate that disease is
a manifestation of the pattern of health?
a. David Bohm
b. Martha Rogers;
c. Itzak Bentov
d. Arthur Young

Answer: A
Rationale: David Bohm's Theory of Implicate asserts order and supports Newman’s postulate
that disease is a
manifestation of the pattern of health.
7. Persons are centers of consciousness. Which among the following theory and theorists
provided impetus for Newman
to integrate the basic concepts of her new theory, movement, space, time, and consciousness,
into a dynamic
portrayal of life and health?
a. David Bohm’s; The Theory of Implicate
b. Martha Rogers; Theory of Unitary Human Beings
c. Itzak Bentov; The concept of evolution of consciousness
d. Arthur Young; Theory of Process

Answer: D
Rationale: Arthur Young’s theory of human evolution pinpointed the role of pattern recognition
for Newman. She
explained that Young’s ideas provided impetus for her to integrate the basic concepts of her
new theory, movement,
space, time, and consciousness, into a dynamic portrayal of life and health
8. Which among the following nursing paradigms under Newman’s theory is the key process
that creates unique
configurations for each individual?
a. Person
b. Health
c. Environment
d. Nursing
Answer: C

Rationale: Environment is described as a “universe of open systems”. It is the key process that
creates unique
configurations for each individual as it serves as a pattern of person consciousness that
interacts within the pattern of
family consciousness and within the pattern of community interactions
9. Newman suggested the use of nine patterns of interaction in the health assessment
framework of NANDA. Which of
the following is/are NOT one of them?
a. Communicating
b. Assumption
c. Choosing
d. Feeling

Answer: B
Rationale: The nine patterns of interaction are choosing, communicating, exchanging, feeling,
knowing, moving,
perceiving, relating and valuing.
10. This pertains to the manifestations of the rhythmic fluctuations of the life process. (Select all
that apply)

a. Illness
b. Consciousness
c. Pattern
d. Health
e. Disease

Answer: AD
Rationale: Health and illness are simply manifestations of the rhythmic fluctuations of the life
process is the foundation for
viewing health and illness as a unitary process moving through variations in order-disorder.