3rd Quarter PerDev Notes

Summary:
Human behavior, according to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality,

is the result of interactions between three component components of the mind: the id, ego,
and superego. Freud claimed that personality development in childhood occurs via five
psychosexual stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. At each stage, sexual energy
(libido) is expressed differently and through different parts of the body. Each stage is
referred to as a psychosexual stage because it shows the focus of libido (roughly translated
as sexual urges or instincts) on a distinct portion of the body. Certain parts of a person's
body become more essential as sources of potential annoyance (erogenous zones),
pleasure, or both as they grow physically.
Sigmund Freud
 Father of Psychology
 psychology – study of behavior
✓ Born: May 6, 1856 Freiberg in Mahren, Moravia, Austrian Empire (now Pribor,
Czech Republic)
✓ Died: September 23, 1939 (aged 83) Hampstead, London, United Kingdom
✓ Nationality: Austrian
✓ Spouse: Martha Bernays
✓ Children: 6
Freud’s Theory of the Personality (Psychoanalytic Theory)

1. ID
o pleasure (masama)
o aggressive and impulsive
o present at birth
2. EGO
o reality (balance)
o realization
o mediator of ID and SUPEREGO
o remains infantile
3. SUPEREGO
o moral (mabuti)
o morality, rational
o final part of the personality
Five Stages of Psychosexual Development

1. Oral
o 1 year old
o focus: pleasure centers on the mouth
o e.g., drinking, biting, chewing, cursing
2. Anal
o 2-4 years old
o focus: pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; toilet training
o e.g., coping with demands for control, child become perfectionist, orderliness,
rigidity
3. Phallic
o 4-6 years old
o focus: pleasure through genitals
 Oedipus – attachment of boy to his mom.
✓ Freud: Castration Anxiety
✓ Electra: girl to her dad
✓ e.g., The child starts to recognize what it means to be a boy girl with their
physical differences
4. Latent/ Latency
o 7 years onwards
o focus: developing academic and social skills, physical abilities, and talents
o e.g., The child develops closeness with parents
5. Genital
o puberty/ 12 years old – - focus: sex or role identity formation
o maturation of sexual interest
o sexual interest is awakened
o period of adolescence
Summary:
Erikson claimed that personality develops in a fixed order via eight phases of
psychosocial development, from infancy to adulthood. During each stage, the person goes
through a psychological crisis, which can have a beneficial or bad impact on his or her
personality development. According to the idea, the completion of each stage leads in a
healthy personality and the development of basic qualities. Basic virtues are character
characteristics that the ego may employ to address later crises. Failure to effectively
complete a stage can result in a diminished capacity to complete subsequent stages and, as
a result, an unhealthier personality and sense of self. These stages, on the other hand, can
be effectively handled later.
Erik Homburger Erikson

✓ Born: Erik Salomonsen; June 15, 1902; Frankfurt, Hesse, Germany
✓ Died: 91 years old; May 12, 1994; Harwich, Massachusetts, U.S.
✓ Citizenship: American, German
✓ Spouse: Joan Mowat Serson Erikson
Erikson’ 8 Stages
1. Trust Vs Mistrust
o birth to 1 year infancy
o virtue: hope
2. Autonomy Vs Shame And Doubt

o 2 to 3 years early childhood
o virtue: will
3. Initiative Vs Guilt
o 4 to 5 years old
o virtue: purpose
4. Industry Vs Inferiority
o 6 to 11 years (school age)
o virtue: competency
5. Identity Vs Identity Diffusion

o 12 to 18 years (adolescence)
o virtue: fidelity
6. Intimacy Vs Isolation
o early adulthood
o virtue: love
7. Generativity/ Stagnation
o middle adulthood
o virtue: care
Summary:
Cognitive development, according to Piaget, was a gradual restructuring of mental
processes as a result of biological maturation and contextual experience. Children build a
grasp of the world around them, then encounter disparities between what they already
know and what they learn in their surroundings. Cognitive development gives children the
capacity to pay attention to thinking about the world around them, as well as the ability to
regulate and respond to the events and information they encounter on a regular basis.
Piaget regarded the kid as continually building and re-creating their own model of reality,
attaining mental progress at each stage of development by integrating basic notions into
higher-level conceptions.
Jean William Fritz Piaget

✓ Born: August 9,1896 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
✓ Died: September 16, 1980 (aged 84) Geneva, Switzerland
✓ Believe: He believes that an individual grows through a dynamic process in which
the body’s internal system interacts with the environment.
Stages of Cognitive Development

 (Explain how a child understands the world: how he thinks, reasons out, remembers,
and solves problems.)
1. Sensori
o Motor Stage (birth to 2 years)
o The child learns through sensory experiences. Knowledge is based on the senses
and the child responds to people and things through reflex movements.
o Example: Sucking
2. Pre-Operational Stage (2 – 7 years)
o The child continues to improve using mental images and begins to use symbols
to represent what he/she knows, significantly through language.
o Example: Children may engage in imaginary play.
3. Concrete Operational Stage (8 – 11 years)

o The child begins to be more logical and able to perform simple operations, begin
to understand classifications, and can understand reversibility.
o Example: Living things and non-living things.
4. Formal Operational Stage (11 – 15 years)

o At this point, he/she is no longer just dependent on concrete perceptual
experiences in the present. In dealing with situations, the past or the future can
be a reference to know what to do.
o Example:
▪ I failed the math test; I am not really good at Math.
▪ Maybe it’s not that I am bad at Math, I just didn’t work hard enough.
Summary:
Kohlberg's theory of moral development examines how children learn morality and
moral reasoning. According to Kohlberg's thesis, moral growth develops in six phases.
According to the view, moral logic is essentially concerned with obtaining and sustaining
justice. Moral development is the process through which children learn what is good and
wrong in their society, depending on social and cultural norms and regulations.
Lawrence Kohlberg
✓ American Psychologist
✓ Born: October 25, 1927, Bronxville, New York, United States
✓ Died: January 19, 1987, Winthrop, Massachusetts, United States
✓ Spouse: Lucille Stigberg
✓ Studied how children understand what is right and wrong and how we develop a
sense of morality.
Stages of Cognitive Development
LEVEL STAGES ORIENTATION
Preconventional (3-7 age) Deciding what is right and wrong is

> Stage 1:
(There is recognition of based on what action is punished.
Punishment /
authority who gives punishment The Child obeys to avoid
Obedience
or reward. ) punishment.
> Stage 2:
Deciding what is right or wrong is
Mutual
based on what is rewarded.
Benefit
Conventional (8-13 age) (There
> Stage 3: Deciding what is right and wrong is
is understanding that there are
Social based on what others approve or
rules to follow to be accepted
Approval disapprove.
and to maintain order.)
> Stage 4: Law
based on the rules that should be
and Order
followed.
Postconventional (Adulthood)
(There is flexibility in accepting Deciding what is right and wrong is
rules. An individual may not > Stage 5: based on laws, however one
necessarily accept or follow Social recognizes that they change. An
given rules as he/she develops Contract individual acts based on what will be
his/her own personal code of good for the majority.
ethics. )
> Stage 6:
based on universal principles. One
Universal
looks into one's conscience, pursues
Principles
justice and seeks equality at all costs.

3rd Quarter PerDev Notes

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3rd Quarter PerDev Notes

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Summary:

Human behavior, according to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality,

Freud’s Theory of the Personality (Psychoanalytic Theory)

Five Stages of Psychosexual Development

Erik Homburger Erikson

2. Autonomy Vs Shame And Doubt

5. Identity Vs Identity Diffusion

Jean William Fritz Piaget

Stages of Cognitive Development

3. Concrete Operational Stage (8 – 11 years)

4. Formal Operational Stage (11 – 15 years)

Preconventional (3-7 age) Deciding what is right and wrong is

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