Professional Documents
Culture Documents
3rd Quarter PerDev Notes
3rd Quarter PerDev Notes
Sigmund Freud
Father of Psychology
psychology – study of behavior
✓ Born: May 6, 1856 Freiberg in Mahren, Moravia, Austrian Empire (now Pribor,
Czech Republic)
✓ Died: September 23, 1939 (aged 83) Hampstead, London, United Kingdom
✓ Nationality: Austrian
✓ Spouse: Martha Bernays
✓ Children: 6
Summary:
Erikson claimed that personality develops in a fixed order via eight phases of
psychosocial development, from infancy to adulthood. During each stage, the person goes
through a psychological crisis, which can have a beneficial or bad impact on his or her
personality development. According to the idea, the completion of each stage leads in a
healthy personality and the development of basic qualities. Basic virtues are character
characteristics that the ego may employ to address later crises. Failure to effectively
complete a stage can result in a diminished capacity to complete subsequent stages and, as
a result, an unhealthier personality and sense of self. These stages, on the other hand, can
be effectively handled later.
3. Initiative Vs Guilt
o 4 to 5 years old
o virtue: purpose
4. Industry Vs Inferiority
o 6 to 11 years (school age)
o virtue: competency
7. Generativity/ Stagnation
o middle adulthood
o virtue: care
Summary:
Cognitive development, according to Piaget, was a gradual restructuring of mental
processes as a result of biological maturation and contextual experience. Children build a
grasp of the world around them, then encounter disparities between what they already
know and what they learn in their surroundings. Cognitive development gives children the
capacity to pay attention to thinking about the world around them, as well as the ability to
regulate and respond to the events and information they encounter on a regular basis.
Piaget regarded the kid as continually building and re-creating their own model of reality,
attaining mental progress at each stage of development by integrating basic notions into
higher-level conceptions.
1. Sensori
o Motor Stage (birth to 2 years)
o The child learns through sensory experiences. Knowledge is based on the senses
and the child responds to people and things through reflex movements.
o Example: Sucking
2. Pre-Operational Stage (2 – 7 years)
o The child continues to improve using mental images and begins to use symbols
to represent what he/she knows, significantly through language.
o Example: Children may engage in imaginary play.
Summary:
Kohlberg's theory of moral development examines how children learn morality and
moral reasoning. According to Kohlberg's thesis, moral growth develops in six phases.
According to the view, moral logic is essentially concerned with obtaining and sustaining
justice. Moral development is the process through which children learn what is good and
wrong in their society, depending on social and cultural norms and regulations.
Lawrence Kohlberg
✓ American Psychologist
✓ Born: October 25, 1927, Bronxville, New York, United States
✓ Died: January 19, 1987, Winthrop, Massachusetts, United States
✓ Spouse: Lucille Stigberg
✓ Studied how children understand what is right and wrong and how we develop a
sense of morality.
Stages of Cognitive Development
LEVEL STAGES ORIENTATION
> Stage 2:
Deciding what is right or wrong is
Mutual
based on what is rewarded.
Benefit
Conventional (8-13 age) (There
> Stage 3: Deciding what is right and wrong is
is understanding that there are
Social based on what others approve or
rules to follow to be accepted
Approval disapprove.
and to maintain order.)
Deciding what is right or wrong is
> Stage 4: Law
based on the rules that should be
and Order
followed.
Postconventional (Adulthood)
(There is flexibility in accepting Deciding what is right and wrong is
rules. An individual may not > Stage 5: based on laws, however one
necessarily accept or follow Social recognizes that they change. An
given rules as he/she develops Contract individual acts based on what will be
his/her own personal code of good for the majority.
ethics. )
Deciding what is right or wrong is
> Stage 6:
based on universal principles. One
Universal
looks into one's conscience, pursues
Principles
justice and seeks equality at all costs.