Question Types Self-Study

QUESTION
TYPES
SELF STUDY
YDS-YÖKDİL
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Question Types Self-Study

YDS ve YÖKDİL Soru Tipleri Kitabı
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Vocabulary
▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4. . .
Vocabulary
Phrasal Verb
. . . . . . .Verb
Phrasal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 ▢
....
Preposition
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
Preposition ▢
....
Tense
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
Tense ▢
....
Verbal
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
Verbal ▢
....
Conditionals
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
Conditionals ....▢
Connectors
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
Connectors ....▢
Clauses
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
Clauses ▢
....
Other Grammar
. . . . . .Grammar
Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48 ▢
....
Cloze Test
. . . . . Test
Cloze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52 ▢
....
Sentence Completion
. . . . . . . . Completion
Sentence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60 ▢
....
Translation
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70
Translation ▢
....
Paragraph Completion
. . . . . . . . . Completion
Paragraph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85 ▢
....
Irrelevant Sentence
. . . . . . . . Sentence
Irrelevant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100 ▢
.....
Reading Comprehension
. . . . . . . .Comprehension
Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110
..... ▢
Dialogue Completion
. . . . . . . .Completion
Dialogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127
..... ▢
Restatement
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139
Restatement .....▢
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Vocabulary
Bu ünitede; isim, sıfat, fiil ve zarf soruları yer almaktadır.
• Vocabulary
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Vocabulary > Self-Study
1. For the chemists of the 18th and 19th 6. In the Philippines, with its numerous
centuries, an understanding of the chemical scandals and continuing power struggle, the
nature of food was a major ----. public is frustrated, and economic ---- is in
jeopardy.
A) objective
B) agreement A) progress
C) submission B) decline
D) significance C) recession
E) estimation D) depression
E) failure
2. An effectively implemented drug testing

program not only fetches ---- results but also 7. Malnutrition and undernutrition are not ----
plays a vital role in eliminating the habit of to the Third World; they also occur in
drug abuse. affluent societies.
A) preventive A) exposed
B) respective B) permitted
C) accurate C) restricted
D) desperate D) disposed
E) reluctant E) convinced
3. About 550 volcanoes have erupted on 8. Some evidence suggests that weight training
Earth’s surface since the beginning of can raise HDL if undertaken regularly, but
recorded history, but far more have erupted - frequent and sustained aerobic activity may
--- on the ocean floor. be more ---- in lowering LDL and raising
HDL.
A) unobserved
B) noticeably A) tentative
C) seldom B) irrelevant
D) deeply C) factual
E) fast D) effective
E) protective
4. A vegetative state can be caused by a

traumatic or non-traumatic brain injury, and 9. There is new ---- that dinosaurs were warm-
if non-trauma patients do not make progress blooded like birds and mammals rather than
in the first few months, they are usually cold-blooded like reptiles.
considered beyond hope of ----.
A) compulsion
A) challenge B) frustration
B) elimination C) evidence
C) examination D) significance
D) recovery E) fulfillment
E) observation
10. Nearly half of the world's countries have ----

5. Anaesthetics are drugs given to patients capital punishment in law or in practice, and
before undergoing surgery to ---- the sense some two dozen of them have done so
of feeling either in a localized area or across formally since 1985.
the whole body.
A) accused
A) attract B) abolished
B) reflect C) executed
C) reduce D) entailed
D) approve E) frustrated
E) evaluate
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11. Song and dance are the ---- elements of 16. Although money is not the only means of
ballet, which distinguishes it from theatre, in payment for goods and services, it is the
which song and dance may be present, but one which is most ---- used.
are not necessary elements.
A) densely
A) sufficient B) widely
B) fragile C) closely
C) temporary D) suddenly
D) essential E) inclusively
E) vague
17. The Abel Prize in mathematics is intended

12. The ---- of overweight in the US has been to finally ---- the gap left by Alfred Nobel,
increasing and is specially high among who chose to ignore mathematics when he
women, the poor and some ethnic groups. established the Nobel prizes.
A) reason A) fill
B) suspicion B) link
C) prevalence C) avoid
D) variety D) refuse
E) maintenance E) exceed
13. In the early years of the post-Second World 18. The fact is that, right now, the Sumatran
War and Cold War eras, Western Europe’s tiger faces a number of very serious threats,
number one ---- was to achieve self- which are putting their very survival in ----.
sufficiency in food.
A) extension
A) priority B) resistance
B) apology C) jeopardy
C) distribution D) distinction
D) independence E) corruption
E) location
19. Feelings of stress in humans result from

14. For the world‘s automotive industry, this interactions between individuals and their
year‘s Dubai Motor Show is a rare environment that exceeds their adaptive
opportunity to ---- serious business with capacities and ---- their well-being.
wealthy customers in the Middle East.
A) demonstrates
A) lift B) constructs
B) purchase C) underpins
C) relate D) stimulates
D) conduct E) threatens
E) satisfy
20. Although most scientists agree that our

15. Reef scientists have compiled, what could planet will continue to warm, they disagree
be the most compelling ---- yet, that farming over how ---- the warming will proceed.
is harming the Great Barrier Reef.
A) hideously
A) circumstance B) suitably
B) proposal C) profoundly
C) evidence D) rapidly
D) discussion E) decadently
E) controversy
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21. When the company’s production started to -- 26. Consumers know that food labels such as
-- the demands of the home market, the “organic” and “natural” do not ---- guarantee
director began to look for an overseas good conditions for the animals that
market. produced the meat, milk or eggs found
inside the packaging.
A) exceed
B) replace A) respectively
C) avoid B) relatively
D) supplement C) necessarily
E) undermine D) severely
E) falsely
22. As regards the proposals for the treaty on

economic co-operation, my government has 27. Each year, large amounts of carbon
certain ---- concerning them. monoxide are ---- into the atmosphere by
automobiles and factories.
A) complications
B) reservations A) absorbed
C) disturbances B) emitted
D) restrictions C) exchanged
E) reductions D) repulsed
E) compelled
23. For the past 40 years, the ---- view about the
formation of our universe has been that it 28. Where land is ----, floating solar farms make
began about 14 billion years ago in a cosmic it possible to generate renewable energy
fireball known as the 'Big Bang.' without taking up space that might be
needed for farming or other purposes.
A) complete
B) common A) contaminated
C) profound B) vacant
D) bearable C) scarce
E) vulnerable D) endurable
E) communal
24. The foundations of international law as it is

understood today lie ---- in the development 29. Progress in materials research is ---- to
of Western culture and political overcoming such problems as the finiteness
organisation. of the world’s resources and possible
shortages of strategic materials.
A) eligibly
B) instantly A) crucial
C) adequately B) inexpensive
D) firmly C) adamant
E) convertibly D) subversive
E) subsequent
25. The army psychologists ---- initiated

treatment, and so he soon regained his 30. Red blood cells contain haemoglobin, which
confidence as a soldier. enables them to carry oxygen from the lungs
and ---- it to all parts of the body.
A) promptly
B) vaguely A) contribute
C) obviously B) organize
D) reluctantly C) deliver
E) imminently D) transform
E) guide
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31. Any child left to its own devices for too long 36. The thin, invisible layer of gas surrounding
is likely to ---- on some dangerous the Earth, which is called the atmosphere,
enterprise. shields us from the vacuum of space and
protects us from ---- solar radiation.
A) assert
B) entice A) delicate
C) embark B) excessive
D) reproach C) vigorous
E) reduce D) elaborate
E) swift
32. The tendency towards increasingly bitter

chocolate has its origins in the ---- fall in 37. No one has to read a textbook to learn that
cocoa prices in the 1980s. children’s problem solving abilities improve
---- across childhood.
A) dramatic
B) permanent A) deliberately
C) empirical B) dramatically
D) subtle C) approximately
E) hectic D) respectively
E) incidentally
33. Certain new findings suggest that young

calves may be more ---- than older cows to 38. In December 1831, at the age of 22, Darwin
bovine spongiform encephalopathy(BSE). began a round-the-world sea voyage that ----
influenced his thinking.
A) reluctant
B) hazardous A) obscurely
C) intimate B) legitimately
D) susceptible C) hopefully
E) relative D) respectfully
E) profoundly
34. A recent study has found that coffee

contains ---- higher levels of soluble dietary 39. As the conditions of the expedition are likely
fiber than other common beverages, even to be severe, you had better take necessary --
orange juice. --.
A) significantly A) trials
B) ambiguously B) precautions
C) dangerously C) efforts
D) compulsively D) objections
E) elaborately E) attempts
35. Both Saudi Arabia and China know that it is 40. Due to a ---- of safety systems and units,
in their ---- interest to cooperate elevators are the safest means of mass
economically and increase trade between transportation, without which it would be
them. impossible to imagine buildings higher than
a few stories.
A) notable
B) precious A) portrayal
C) mutual B) foundation
D) responsible C) combination
E) implicit D) proportion
E) reassurance
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41. Carbon monoxide is a relatively toxic gas 46. Though ankle injuries are common athletic
because it combines strongly with the mishaps, they also ---- during routine
haemoglobin of blood, thereby restricting activities, such as walking on uneven
the ability of the circulation system to surfaces.
transport an ---- supply of oxygen to the
various parts of the body to function A) compete
properly. B) perform
C) occur
A) abrupt
D) dislike
B) adequate
E) allow
C) excessive
D) implicit
E) eligible 47. The adult brain can grow new brain cells or
re-organize itself in response to new
experiences, which is a biological ---- called
42. Before they are allowed to be used, all neuroplasticity.
medicines, including vaccines, are ---- tested
to assess how safe and effective they are. A) refusal
B) prediction
A) incidentally
C) outbreak
B) hazardously
D) process
C) thoroughly
E) lecture
D) fatally
E) offensively
48. Mobile learning, the role of which in
education is becoming quite important, is
43. Implantation surgery is very complex often applied outside classrooms to ---- the
because it needs a high level of expertise to learning that takes place inside classrooms.
reach the surgical site ----.
A) enhance
A) heavily B) insist
B) fluently C) require
C) dominantly D) suspect
D) efficiently E) provide
E) accidentally
49. The assassination by terrorists of Signor

44. When taken in doses of more than 10 times Aldo Moro, five times Prime Minister of Italy,
the recommended daily ----, vitamins A and in May 1978 was ---- by everyone as an act of
D are toxic. barbarism.
A) maintenance A) applauded
B) exposure B) appealed
C) application C) reiterated
D) advice D) condemned
E) allowance E) restrained
45. The ozone layer may still act like a 50. To meet expected demands, health
protective blanket, but scientists continue to authorities must know what medical
worry about the sun's ---- lethal effects. supplies are ---- and how best to distribute
them.
A) potentially
B) equivalently A) acceptable
C) indifferently B) exhaustive
D) abruptly C) inspiring
E) approximately D) available
E) urgent
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Vocabulary > Self-Study Cevap Anahtarı
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
A C A D C A C D C C D C A D C B A C E D
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
A B B D A C B C A C C A D A C B B E B C
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
B C D E A C D A D D
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Phrasal Verb
Bu ünitede, phrasal verb soruları yer almaktadır.
• Phrasal Verb
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Phrasal Verb > Self-Study
1. All species of plants and animals tend to 6. The amount of fish caught did not ---- the
produce more offspring than the massive increase in vessel tonnage and
environment can support, and this ---- fishing effort.
intense competition for living space,
resources, and mates. A) pull through
B) make do with
A) results in
C) keep pace with
B) sets out
D) come across
C) works out
E) break out of
D) puts off
E) takes on
7. As Egypt ---- its biggest irrigation project,
the Pharaohs' dream of spreading their
2. Because critical periods occur throughout kingdoms into the deserts coming true.
pregnancy, a woman should continuously ---
- her health. A) puts off
B) embarks on
A) keep in with
C) breaks up
B) put up with
D) tries on
C) find out
E) shows up
D) take good care of
E) look up to
8. A mystery virus has ---- more than 90 per
cent of some bird species in India.
3. How a person ---- stress is more important
than the number of stressors in that A) found out
person’s life. B) broken through
C) turned up
A) copes with
D) wiped out
B) relies on
E) put off
C) leads to
D) puts aside
E) pertains to 9. A great many so-called useful gadgets
sound great in theory but ---- in practice,
don’t you agree?
4. Osteoclasts are cells that ---- bone in
the normal course of bone replenishment. A) make do
B) pull down
A) show off
C) turn over
B) pull through
D) fall short
C) break down
E) keep up
D) put out
E) cut off
10. The subject of the statistics is ---- the
calculation of the forces acting on and
5. Hunter-gatherer societies usually ---- bands within structures that are in equilibrium.
of approximately 50 individuals who are
related to each other through marriage or A) taken care of
some other ceremonies. B) turned up
C) kept off
A) fall behind
D) given rise to
B) put on
E) concerned with
C) bring down
D) consist of
E) come through

11. Kosrae is the smallest of the four island 16. After World War II, the United States began
states that ---- the Federated States of to ---- Britain‘s role as the leading foreign
Micronesia (FSM), the largest and most player in Iranian politics.
populous political entity that emerged after
World War II. A) take over
B) hold up
A) keep away
C) put off
B) tie up with
D) keep out
C) make up
E) look after
D) set down
E) take on
17. The sun ---- electromagnetic radiation that
ranges from infrared to ultraviolet.
12. The term “geography” ---- the English
language in the 16th century from Latin and A) throws into
ultimately Greek, at the time when European B) gives off
navigators were beginning to explore Africa C) breaks down
and the New World.
D) brings up
A) broke into E) makes up for
B) turned out
C) carried away 18. The Cyrillic alphabet originally had 43
D) went on letters, the majority of which appear to have
E) came into been ---- the Greek scripts of the time.
A) looked into
13. There are digest magazines that gather B) turned down
articles and even books from a variety of C) derived from
sources and condense them for us so that
D) taken away
we can easily ---- new developments.
E) divided into
A) get along with
B) look up to
19. Solar heating never ---- in the US because of
C) keep up with the cost and limited winter sunlight in most
D) make away with areas.
E) take over from
A) caught on
B) played up
14. Most of our exposure to organic mercury ---- C) turned over
eating oily fish such as tuna.
D) waited on
A) plays up E) looked back
B) turns into
C) comes from 20. The moon maps are incomplete but it is
D) finds out hoped that the 2008 lunar orbiter will ---- the
E) puts up with gaps for us.
A) make up
15. There has been increasing pressure in the B) fill in
US to ---- the amount of funding allocated to C) lay out
foreign aid, and instead, use the funds to
D) put over
improve the domestic economy.
E) work out
A) make up for
B) point out to
C) keep up with
D) cut down on
E) take up with

21. Geology, the science of the Earth, is ---- 26. She's certainly recovering quite well from
several branches including mineralogy, the operation, but she doesn't ---- going back
petrology, stratigraphy, palaeontology and to teaching a class of 8-year-olds!
tectonics.
A) do well by
A) divided into B) look down on
B) designed for C) feel up to
C) troubled by D) make up for
D) brought upon E) find out about
E) settled into
27. The Spanish Civil War ---- when the Spanish

22. In 1944, there was general acceptance and army in Morocco, led by General Francisco
support for the ---- of the first International Franco, rose up against the democratically
Monetary Fund and the World Bank to help elected Republican government.
stabilize the world economy.
A) broke out
A) setting up B) fell off
B) making up C) came along
C) taking up D) turned on
D) holding up E) blew up
E) bringing up
28. A motion study of assembly procedures ----

23. Rice is by far China’s most important the design and disposition of the bench,
agricultural product and ---- over half the tools, containers and materials used.
total cereal production.
A) gets on with
A) lets in B) makes up for
B) accounts for C) puts pressure on
C) sets forth D) takes into account
D) falls through E) cuts free from
E) looks after
29. Iron must be in the reduced or ferrous form

24. Patients seeking to ---- scars have for absorption to ----.
several options, depending on the depth of
the scar. A) come across
B) make do
A) get rid of
C) turn on
B) sort out
D) take place
C) take back
E) get across
D) get along with
E) fold over
30. Apparently, the drop in farm incomes
had nothing to ---- the introduction of
25. As people mature and gain experience in a modern farming methods.
variety of situations, they learn strategies for
---- their emotions. A) close down
B) make out
A) sending out
C) sort out
B) clearing out
D) force out
C) going off
E) do with
D) dealing with
E) stepping down

Phrasal Verb > Self-Study Cevap Anahtarı
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
A D A C D C B D D E C E C C D A B C A B
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
A A B A D C A D D E

Preposition
Bu ünitede, preposition soruları yer almaktadır.
• Preposition

Preposition > Self-Study
1. The analysis of a story ---- its central conflict 6. ---- some cancers, the best therapy is a
is likely to be especially fruitful, for it rapidly combination ---- surgery, radiation, and
takes us to what is truly ---- issue in the chemotherapy.
story.
A) With / through
A) by / over B) About / in
B) from / with C) For / of
C) through / at D) At / within
D) with / about E) On / to
E) towards / above
7. Research into the causes of cancer is ----

2. They claim that their aim is to establish long vital importance if we are to learn how to
term cooperation ---- their customers, ---- a control the disease.
basis of partnership and mutual trust.
A) on
A) for / over B) with
B) with / on C) in
C) by / through D) of
D) from / in E) under
E) among / for
8. ---- World War II, many of the factories that

3. Some of these new drugs, capable ---- curing had been devoted to military production ----
a variety of diseases, are sometimes the fighting were converted back to their
hazardous ---- use or disposal. original, civilian uses.
A) about / with A) At / with
B) for / at B) Following / during
C) by / through C) Along / over
D) in / by D) Through / within
E) of / in E) Across / for
4. It took him several months to set ---- 9. Two factors that contribute ---- the Eastern
the experiment, but results are beginning to Sierra’s wildflower diversity are its local
come ---- now. habitat diversity and the fact that it is the
meeting point ---- three floristic regions.
A) up / in
B) off / over A) over / from
C) in / up B) for / in
D) over / out C) into / at
E) back / through D) on / about
E) to / for
5. The Gulf countries have achieved substantial

progress ---- regional integration ---- the past 10. The Enlightenment was a period
20 years. characterised by a decline ---- religious
authority and the replacement of the
A) through / of medieval focus on the next world by a
B) into / with greater emphasis ---- mankind’s place in this
C) for / on world.
D) over / by A) off / to
E) towards / over B) for / at
C) from / with
D) about / by
E) in / upon

11. Some delicate fruits and vegetables need to 16. ---- its natural parks, lakes and desert areas,
ripen gradually as they make their way ---- the Dominican Republic encompasses the
producer nations to consumer markets ---- diversity of an entire continent ---- an island
the globe. setting.
A) from / around A) With / within

B) with / on B) By / on
C) for / in C) From / in
D) of / over D) Of / for
E) through / at E) Along / over
12. Claims ---- damages resulting ---- climate 17. ---- the chaos that arose after the political
change could leave insurers facing very high and economic changes in the Union of
bills. Soviet Socialist Republics, the newly formed
republics were anxious to make deals ----
A) from / with foreign investors.
B) with / by
A) During / with
C) for / from
B) After / upon
D) about / at
C) Through / off
E) of / in
D) Before / into
E) Until / from
13. A great effort is presently being made to
document the complex relationships ---- the
malaria parasite, mosquitoes and people. 18. The biological basis ---- variations in human
intelligence is not well understood, but
A) through research in neuroscience, psychology, and
B) for other fields has begun to yield insights ----
C) between what may underpin such differences.
D) over A) through / to
E) across B) in / about
C) of / by
14. Although the American writer Katherine D) for / into
Anne Porter used a variety of places ---- the E) at / from
setting of her short stories and novels, she
frequently came ---- to the scenes of her early
days. 19. The Hollywood studio system in film
making, which began ---- 1920 and flourished
A) through / over from the early 1930s ---- the 1950s is unique
B) within / in in Western culture.
C) for / back
A) throughout / into
D) without / for
B) around / through
E) under / up
C) by / until
D) within / over
15. Moreover, ---- its own statutes, the EU itself E) along / till
is obliged to consult the trade unions ---- a
number of topics.
20. The Janissaries were mainly recruited ---
A) under / on - conquered Christian lands and gained
B) with / at great power ---- Süleyman the Magnificent in
C) from / for the sixteenth century.
D) on / against A) across / after
E) to / over B) from / over
C) within / by
D) in / under
E) over / before

21. The world's first complex societies arose in 26. The preference ---- increasingly bitter
the Near East ---- the fertile area, known as chocolate has its origins ---- the dramatic fall
Mesopotamia, ---- the Tigris and Euphrates in cocoa prices in the years around 1985.
rivers.
A) at / to
A) around / to B) for / in
B) within / between C) with / about
C) about / with D) towards / over
D) for / along E) by / from
E) at / among
27. The conditions ---- which speaking occurs

22. Geochronology is the branch ---- geology play a major role ---- determining the degree
that deals with the dating ---- the Earth by of fluency a speaker may be capable of.
studying rocks and contained fossils.
A) by / upon
A) in / from B) through / about
B) of / of C) of / at
C) within / through D) for / with
D) among / in E) under / in
E) about / inside
28. The US President and the executive branch

23. Researchers have listed a number of myths - have responsibility ---- the operation of
--- the nature and cause of happiness, and foreign policy and diplomacy, but this is
the most striking one is that children add subject ---- significant controls imposed by
significantly ---- the happiness of married Congress.
couples.
A) at / for
A) on / towards B) from / at
B) about / to C) on / in
C) at / through D) for / to
D) in / from E) to / for
E) of / by
29. A gene giving humans a preference ---- sweet

24. Despite the official ban ---- demonstrations, foods was recently identified ---- researchers.
2008 has seen Egyptians take to the streets --
-- massive numbers on several occasions. A) over / among
B) on / with
A) about / by
C) to / at
B) for / with
D) for / by
C) over / at
E) into / within
D) of / through
E) on / in
30. The first European mission to another planet
is ---- its way, ---- the delight and relief of
25. As regards breast changes, our definition ---- all involved.
“normal” varies ---- age and experience.
A) about / by
A) of / with B) off / for
B) for / from C) in / over
C) at / over D) through / with
D) in / for E) on / to
E) with / by

31. Insects that live in colonies, such as ants, 36. The tension in Britain ---- modernism and the
bees, wasps, and termites, have long bourgeois theatre that had surfaced before
fascinated everyone, ---- naturalists ---- the First World War was not resolved ----
artists. after the Second.
A) among / with A) between / until

B) about / between B) among / by
C) in / of C) from / over
D) between / above D) towards / with
E) from / to E) through / for
32. Low-dose aspirin is often recommended ---- 37. Many famous people, including Charles
patients ---- risk of heart attack. Dickens and Marie Curie, had childhoods
blighted ---- financial disasters ranging ----
A) towards / off debt to the collapse of family businesses.
B) to / at
A) in / at
C) by / to
B) with / in
D) with / for
C) by / from
E) in / from
D) for / through
E) through / of
33. Recent research on the psychology of
infants has made a compelling case ---- the
view that new-borns come into the world 38. Sunspots, a barometer ---- solar activity in
already equipped ---- a lot of innate general, seem to have been unusually
knowledge. numerous ---- the last century.
A) of / from A) for / at
B) towards / by B) of / over
C) on / through C) within / by
D) for / with D) for / about
E) about / in E) above / from
34. Lung cancer is the most common cause of 39. People in some countries are brainwashed --
death ---- cancer ---- both men and women. -- an early age to love junk food and fast
food ---- advertising on television and many
A) about / with other mechanisms.
B) from / in
A) by / about
C) with / for
B) from / through
D) in / over
C) in / to
E) through / about
D) on / for
E) with / over
35. Nursing has evolved from an unstructured
method ---- caring for the ill ---- a scientific
profession. 40. Experts from Montana University are
studying microorganisms which have been
A) of / to living under the ice of Antarctica ---- the last
B) in / for 500,000 years.
C) under / from
A) since
D) with / over
B) after
E) between / on
C) before
D) for
E) once

41. Orchids are divided ---- two major 46. The geographical spread of English is
categories, based ---- where they grow. unique ---- the languages of the world and it
is an official language in about 50 countries,
A) between / to where it is used in addition to the
B) among / upon indigenous first languages ---- a variety of
C) into / on public and personal functions.
D) to / in A) from / at
E) within / at B) to / on
C) through / with
42. To protect whales and dolphins ---- the coast D) among / in
of Hawaii, a court in California has E) about / in
temporarily banned the US navy from using
powerful sonar equipment ---- a military
exercise in the area. 47. Because of Earth’s rotation, a person near
the equator travels a longer distance ---- a
A) at / over given time than does a person ---- higher
B) in / on latitudes.
C) before / through
A) of / on
D) off / during
B) for / to
E) within / with
C) over / with
D) within / from
43. Waste heat can be turned ---- electricity using E) in / at
a type of solar cell powered ---- heat rather
than light.
48. Meanwhile, unemployment ---- a vast scale
A) from / with hit basic industries, and a series of
B) on / to strikes emphasized the contrast ---- Labour
C) by / from ideals and post-war facts.
D) into / by A) through / through
E) off / through B) in / over
C) to / among
44. Research ---- media has primarily examined D) over / under
the effects of media on children ---- a E) on / between
developmental perspective with a
psychological focus on the correlation or
causal variables between the media and 49. Centenarians appear more resistant ----
children's behaviour. disease because of their genetic make-up.
A) against / under A) from
B) on / from B) to
C) through / across C) by
D) in / beyond D) over
E) at / over E) off
45. For the time being, people are concentrating 50. More than 60 percent of new infectious
---- making use ---- the irrigation systems diseases in the world have been transmitted
that have already been installed. from animals to people ---- the last 80 years.
A) by / with A) over
B) for / in B) without
C) at / into C) before
D) over / from D) between
E) on / of E) about

Preposition > Self-Study Cevap Anahtarı
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
C B E A E C D B E E A C C C A A A D B B
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
B B B E A B E D D E E B D B A A C B B D
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
C D D B E D E E B A

Tense
Bu ünitede, tense soruları yer almaktadır.
• Tense

Tense > Self-Study
1. The tradition of sculpting in clay ---- as early 6. The basin of the Amazon River ---- by
as AD 800, and ultimately it ---- as the point rainforests and, therefore, ---- the wettest
of departure for related works that were cast region on Earth.
in metal.
A) had been covered / would be
A) should have developed / has served B) was covered / had been
B) has developed / had served C) covers / has been
C) may have developed / served D) was covering / was
D) would have developed / will serve E) is covered / is
E) could have developed / will have served
7. After the Germanic invasions, Celtic

2. At the Brussels meeting over the last cultures, which in pre-Roman times ---- most
weekend Madeleine Albright, The American of Western Europe, ---- almost entirely to the
secretary of State, ---- her allies that future British Isles.
NATO missions ---- them further a field, but
not all over the world. A) had covered / were confined
B) have been covering / have been confined
A) assures / is taking
C) had been covering / would be confined
B) has assured / will have taken
D) have covered / could have been confined
C) assured / would take
E) were covering / had been confined
D) had assured / took
E) was assuring / will take
8. The potential dangers of global warming ----
by a wide consortium of scientists, who ----
3. In his report he ---- that the scanning about its long-term effects on the planet.
technology ---- with novel textile
manufacturing techniques. A) had been studied / might be increasingly
concerned
A) may recommend / has been combined B) have been studied / were increasingly
B) recommends / was combined concerned
C) has recommended / had been combined C) will have been studied / would be
D) recommended / should be combined increasingly concerned
E) had recommended / would have been D) are being studied / are increasingly
combined concerned
E) are studied / had been increasingly
concerned
4. For a long time, scientists ---- by the fact that
the French ---- to eat fatty diets rich in red
meat but to live as long as those on lean and 9. NASA ---- experiments on the surface of the
vegetarian diets. moon for eight years when they ---- them
down in 1977 for financial reasons.
A) had been intrigued / are tending
B) were intrigued / would have tended A) conducted / would have to shut
C) would be intrigued / have been tending B) has been conducting / have to shut
D) will have been intrigued / would tend C) had been conducting / had to shut
E) have been intrigued / tend D) was conducting / have had to shut
E) would have conducted / would have had to
shut
5. Although their responses ---- as obvious as
those of animals, plants ---- the capacity to
respond to light, gravity, water, touch, and 10. The controversy ---- in 1924 by Edwin P.
other stimuli. Hubble who ---- that the great spiral nebula
in Andromeda contained Cepheid variables.
A) may not be / have
B) have not been / had A) was being settled / has found
C) were not / have had B) has been settled / finds
D) had not been / are having C) had been settled / found
E) would not be / would have had D) was settled / found
E) would be settled / will find

11. By the end of the week, he ---- the first stage 16. By the time Halsted died in 1922, surgeons
of the treatment, and, we’ll know then if he -- he ---- at Johns Hopkins ---- his ideas and
-- well to it. techniques right across the country.
A) would have completed / responded A) was training / would be disseminating

B) has completed / was responding B) has trained / disseminated
C) will have completed / is responding C) trained / have disseminated
D) is completing / has responded D) had trained / were disseminating
E) will complete / will respond E) would have trained / will disseminate
12. Recently, biologists ---- mini-kidneys that can 17. One hundred years ago, 30% of the energy
produce urine, which ---- a big step toward used in farm and factory work ---- from
repairing damaged organs. muscle power; today only 1% ----.
A) can grow / had been A) had come / did
B) had grown / will be B) was coming / has done
C) used to grow / has been C) would have come / is doing
D) are growing / was D) came / does
E) have grown / is E) would come / will do
13. Of every 10,000 children born in the US, 18. Janet Malcolm, who is an admired
almost 7 ---- from health problems because photographer and ---- pictures since the early
their mothers ---- alcohol during pregnancy. 1960s, generally ---- her summers
photographing people and places in Africa.
A) suffered / have consumed
B) were suffering / consume A) took / has been spending
C) had suffered / were consuming B) had been taking / will spend
D) will have suffered / will consume C) has been taking / spends
E) suffer / consumed D) takes / has spent
E) had taken / would spend
14. Lately with the help of brain-imaging

techniques, neuroscientists ---- a map of the 19. Making friends ---- a number of positive
brain, which ---- once a mysterious part of effects on the ways children interact, and
the body. these effects ---- short-term or long-term.
A) would create / is A) can have / could be
B) create / will be B) would have / may be
C) were creating / had been C) might have / used to be
D) have created / was D) must have / should be
E) would be created / was E) may have / would have been
15. The Society ---- to assist scientific 20. Most of the writers of grammars of English --
achievement and ---- forward to a century of -- teachers, but some early grammar books
even greater innovation and exploration. of English ---- by men such as playwrights,
scientists or philosophers.
A) will continue / has looked
B) has continued / had looked A) are / can be written
C) continues / is looking B) have been / were written
D) had continued / looks C) were / could have been written
E) would continue / will be looking D) had been / were written
E) may be / have been written

21. Experts ---- that by 2030, robots ---- for many 26. All the speculations of engineers about the
of the elderly people in the world. mechanism of the collapse of the World
Trade Center towers ----, in fact, hypotheses,
A) will have believed / are caring theories of what ----.
B) have believed / would be caring
A) were / might happen
C) believed / had cared
B) are / might have happened
D) will believe / will have been caring
C) will be / has happened
E) believe / will be caring
D) would have been / might happen
E) have been / may happen
22. Coal, which at one time ---- vital to the
British economy, ---- in importance with the
gradual increase in use of other sources, 27. Later on in the article he points out that the
such as oil and natural gas. creation of the single currency ---- out the
competitive advantage that German
A) was / has decreased companies ---- enjoy over their European
B) is / is decreasing neighbours.
C) will be / decreases
A) wipes / were used to
D) has been / would decrease
B) has wiped / used to
E) had been / would have decreased
C) had wiped / had used to
D) would wipe / are used to
23. With the help of two earth-orbiting E) is wiping / have been used to
infrared cameras, scientists ---- eleven active
volcanoes for the past two years.
28. Although the commercial banks ultimately ---
A) are observing - as a link between millions of lenders and
B) will have observed borrowers, they still ---- with other financial
C) have been observing intermediaries to attract their deposits.
D) were observing A) have acted / would have to compete
E) had observed B) will act / had to compete
C) would act / have had to compete
24. Heatstroke is a life-threatening condition D) are acting / had to be competing
which ---- from extreme exposure to heat, in E) act / have to compete
which a person ---- enough to lower body
temperature.
29. Tablet computers ---- some advantages for
A) had resulted / does not sweat form-filling or updating your status on a
B) resulted / won’t sweat social network, but you ---- it hard to get any
C) has resulted / would not sweat real work done.
D) results / cannot sweat A) are offering / must find
E) will result / did not sweat B) have been offering / should find
C) can offer / will have to find
25. Applicants ---- the ability to work well in a D) had offered / would have found
multicultural environment and ---- to work to E) might offer / could find
tight deadlines.
A) have had / had been able 30. In southern California, half the regions water
B) should have / be able needs ---- by rainfall, but most of its rain ----
C) must have / were able straight into the sea.
D) will have / had had A) are being met / would be channelled
E) could have / have had B) could be met / is channelled
C) could have been met / will be channelled
D) had been met / is being channelled
E) were being met / will have been channelled

Tense > Self-Study Cevap Anahtarı
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
C C D E A E A D C D C E E D C D D C A B
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
E A C D B B B E E B

Verbal
Bu ünitede, fiilimsi soruları yer almaktadır.
• Verbal

Verbal > Self-Study
1. The first of the great steel arch bridges ---- by 6. The Erie Canal was the first of the US
James Eads ---- the Mississippi at St Louis. artificial waterways built ---- the Great Lakes
with the sea.
A) designed / to be spanning
B) had been designed / spanning A) to be connected
C) has been designed / having spanned B) connecting
D) was designed / to span C) to have connected
E) was being designed / to have spanned D) to connect
E) having connected
2. A good way ---- understanding of the

geodynamo ---- to compare computer 7. A green consulting business ---- an
dynamos (which lack turbulence) with entrepreneur who’s planning a business ----
laboratory dynamos (which lack convection). aware of environmentally friendly options.
A) to be improved / will be A) has helped / becoming

B) to have improved / has been B) can help / become
C) having improved / could be C) is to help / became
D) improving / could have been D) will be able to help / having become
E) to improve / would be E) may be helped / to become
3. By 1508, Nicolaus Copernicus ---- to create 8. When I ---- as a fully licensed geneticist in
his model of the planetary system, ---- the 1961, I thought I knew everything there was -
sun instead of our earth was the centre of --- about genetics.
the universe.
A) had been graduated / to be known
A) had begun / suggesting B) graduated / to know
B) begins / having suggested C) was graduated / to have known
C) was beginning / suggested D) have been graduated / known
D) has begun / to suggest E) have graduated / to have been known
E) began / being suggested
9. Dinosaurs are believed ---- because an 8 mile

4. One way of ---- waste is ---- such things as long meteor hit the Earth ---- a cloud of dust
glass and paper. that lowered the climate.
A) to cut down / recycling A) died / to be caused

B) cutting down / to recycle B) to have died / causing
C) cutting down / recycle C) dying / to cause
D) cut down / recycling D) would die / having caused
E) being cut down / to have recycled E) to die / caused
5. Weren't they supposed ---- a detailed study of 10. The physicist I work with was bitterly
the area before they chose the site for the disappointed ---- that his experiments had
new factory? not produced the desired results.
A) to have to make A) learning

B) to have made B) on learning
C) making C) having learned
D) having made D) to be learned
E) to be made E) to be learning

11. In 2012, NASA's Voyager 1 is believed ---- the 16. Water has a moderating effect on
transition zone ---- to the solar system's temperature, ---- summer and midday heat,
outer limit. and winter and midnight cold.
A) to reach / led A) diminished

B) reaching / to lead B) having diminished
C) being reached / having led C) to diminish
D) to have reached / leading D) being diminished
E) reached / to have led E) diminishing
12. The now-extinct sabre-tooth cat ---- one of 17. The massive scale of melting of the glaciers
the most dangerous creatures ever ---- in the ---- in the Polar Bears and other animals ----
world. extinct.
A) is / having lived A) resulted / would become
B) was / to have lived B) had resulted / became
C) had been / to live C) could result / becoming
D) would be / to be living D) will result / become
E) has been / living E) has resulted / to become
13. A number of studies have concluded that a 18. ---- missing heat-shield tiles or a failed
given level of carbon dioxide in the undercarriage door have allowed the
atmosphere ---- less warming than airframe ----?
previously ----.
A) Could / to melt
A) is producing / to think B) Would / melt
B) has produced / thinking C) Might / to be melting
C) produces / thought D) Can / melting
D) has been producing / having thought E) Will / be melting
E) had produced / being thought
19. The American astronomer Edwin Hubble

14. Earth's atmosphere is radically different made the observations in 1925 and was the
from those of the other planets, ---- by the first ---- that the universe ----.
presence of life ---- 21 percent free oxygen.
A) having proved / to be expanding
A) altered / contained B) proving / had expanded
B) being altered / contains C) to prove / is expanding
C) having been altered / to contain D) proved / has expanded
D) to be altered / having contained E) being proved / expands
E) to alter / containing
20. The Great Barrier Reef is one of the longest

15. The recovery and identification of plant reefs in the world, ---- more than 2000
remains from archaeological contexts are kilometres along the northeastern coast of
merely the first steps in a wide-ranging Australia.
series of research issues that ---- up
paleoethnobotany, also ---- as A) to have extended
archaeobotany. B) to extend
C) having been extended
A) made / knowing
D) extending
B) will make / is known
E) having extended
C) make / known
D) has made / having known
E) had made / is to be known

Verbal > Self-Study Cevap Anahtarı
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
D E A B B D B B B B D B C C C E C A C D

Conditionals
Bu ünitede, conditionals soruları yer almaktadır.
• Conditionals

Conditionals > Self-Study
1. If warm air ---- off while it is inside of a wall, 6. As long as the two applications ---- similar
the vapor ---- to water inside of the wall. with comparable requirements for paint
protection and performance, the experiences
A) cooled / may revert of others ---- valuable lessons.
B) has cooled / would have reverted
A) were / had taught
C) may cool / reverts
B) will be / teach
D) cools / will revert
C) may be / taught
E) must cool / is reverted
D) has been / would have taught
E) are / can teach
2. Sustainability ---- an urgent imperative for
humanity if we ---- as a species.
7. If the drinking water ----, the numerous
A) will be / had to survive hydrocarbons and chemicals present in oil --
B) is / are to survive -- highly carcinogenic.
C) has been / survive
A) will be contaminated / had been
D) was / would survive
B) might have contaminated / were
E) must be / will survive
C) may be contaminated / might be
D) was contaminated / have to be
3. If a murderer ---- someone by strangling E) is contaminated / are
them, he ---- to burn the body to prevent the
cause of death being established.
8. If things ---- according to plan, the book ----
A) was killed / attempts by this time next year.
B) had killed / will attempt
A) go / will have been published
C) would kill / may attempt
B) have gone / would have been published
D) killed / attempted
C) went / was to be published
E) has killed / may attempt
D) were going / has been published
E) will go / will be published
4. If we only ---- how many protons krypton
has, we ---- out how many neutrons it has.
9. If the crime rate in a city ---- dramatically in a
A) know / will figure given year, it ---- certain health factors.
B) should know / may figure
A) increased / had impacted
C) knew / could figure
B) increases / impacts
D) would know / can figure
C) might increase / could impact
E) have known / might have figured
D) had increased / must have impacted
E) will increase / is impacted
5. If you ---- 1,000$ in Microsoft in 1986, you ----
close to half a million now.
10. If only I ---- out an accident insurance policy,
A) invested / have I ---- to pay this bill myself.
B) had invested / would have
A) had taken / wouldn’t have had
C) would have invested / had
B) have taken / wouldn’t have
D) were invested / could have
C) took / don’t have
E) were investing / will have had
D) should take / won’t have had
E) would take / won’t have

11. He recommended that I ---- the letters of 16. Originally, international law ---- unaccepting
Pliny the Younger if I ---- curious to hear a of treaty reservations, rejecting them unless
survivor's story. all parties to the treaty ---- the same
reservations.
A) should look up / might be
B) may look up / may be A) had been / has accepted
C) looked up / must be B) will be / is accepted
D) will be looked up / am C) was / accepted
E) look up / were D) has been / accepts
E) will have been / has accepted
12. If all of Earth's water, oceans, icecaps and

glaciers, lakes, rivers, groundwater, and 17. If the proportion of carbon dioxide in the
water in the atmosphere ---- into a sphere, atmosphere ---- as a result of air pollution,
then the diameter of that water ball ---- about the temperature of the atmosphere ----.
860 miles.
A) had been increased / would rise
A) were put / would be B) is increased / may rise
B) have been put / will have been C) has been increased / rose
C) should put / will be D) will be increased / rises
D) are to put / may have been E) increased / has risen
E) would be put / might be
18. If they ---- what sort of a person he was, they

13. If the previous government ---- so much, the ---- him their support.
country ---- better off economically now.
A) would know / didn’t give
A) had not borrowed / would be B) knew / won’t give
B) has not borrowed / will have been C) had known / wouldn’t have given
C) would not have borrowed / has been D) would have known / hadn’t given
D) did not borrow / had been E) have known / haven’t given
E) were not borrowing / was
19. If one Olympic sporting event ---- to require

14. If a public qualification ---- to asking a the most physical skills, one ---- a strong
student to talk, in however simple terms, in argument for water polo.
a foreign language, then you ---- what
possible use the qualification is. A) says / will make
B) has been said / may have made
A) doesn’t stretch / would ask
C) could be said / could made
B) won’t stretch / may ask
D) are said / would make
C) might not have stretched / have asked
E) said / makes
D) shouldn’t stretch / will be asked
E) cannot stretch / have to ask
20. If mass production of overdrive
transmissions ----, there ---- any vehicle
15. He ---- alive now if only he ---- to go back into downsizing.
the burning house for something.
A) had been introduced / would not have been
A) will be / wouldn't have decided B) have to introduce / will not be
B) is / hasn't decided C) is to be introduced / has not been
C) could be / wouldn't decide D) introduce / is not
D) would be / hadn't decided E) were introduced / must not be
E) should be / hasn't decided

Conditionals > Self-Study Cevap Anahtarı
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
D B E C B E E A B A E A A E D C B C C A

Connectors
Bu ünitede, bağlaç soruları yer almaktadır.
• Connectors

Connectors > Self-Study
1. ---- using renewable energy is potentially a 6. ---- populating both the inner and outer
means of combating global warming, surfaces of the human body, microbes
renewable energy facilities can be very abound in the soil, the seas, and the air.
expensive to establish.
A) According to
A) Unless B) As to
B) Although C) In contrast to
C) Just as D) In addition to
D) Until E) In order to
E) When
7. Activists are those in a political movement

2. ---- the increasing number of protected areas who insist on taking active steps towards
in recent decades, the rate of extinction in their objectives ---- merely putting forward an
species has not dropped. action program.
A) Thanks to A) in order to
B) Before B) rather than
C) Unless C) as far as
D) Now that D) in that
E) Despite E) so long as
3. Many ordinary people don't realize that fat is 8. ---- concentrating on creating
not digested in the stomach, ---- in the small training opportunities, their government
intestine. ought to turn its attention to creating more
jobs.
A) although
B) but A) Far from
C) because B) More than
D) unless C) Instead of
E) while D) In accordance with
E) In case of
4. On the night we went to the opera, Domingo

was not singing, but ---- we enjoyed 9. Perhaps the most influential and far-
ourselves enormously. reaching overseas engagement with
Shakespeare has been ---- on the page ---- on
A) in case the stage, but through the medium of film.
B) on the contrary
A) neither / nor
C) moreover
B) either / or
D) whatever
C) both / and
E) nevertheless
D) whether / or
E) rather / than
5. In infants 'low-level' lead exposure
may produce serious impairment of
mental development ---- there is any 10. ---- the bubonic plague overturned the
awareness of the intoxication. social order in Medieval Europe, ---- AIDS
seems likely to reshape Africa.
A) as if
B) once again A) Even so / though
C) just as B) Similarly / even
D) even if C) In case / moreover
E) even before D) Accordingly / as
E) Just as / so

11. The capacity of the kidneys to alter their 16. Relaxing with friends and enjoying people's
excretion of sodium, ---- changes in sodium company can help us unwind, which
intake, is enormous. decreases our stress levels ---- we feel
revived and revitalized.
A) apart from
B) in addition to A) after
C) with reference to B) even if
D) in response to C) although
E) so far as D) unless
E) so that
12. When modern coastal fish-farming began 30

years ago, no one was doing things right, ---- 17. ---- the growth in e-mail and fax
for the environment ---- the industry’s long- transmissions, many communications are
term sustainability. still best handled by face-to-face or voice-to-
voice contact.
A) whether / or
B) such / as A) Contrary to
C) so / that B) In spite of
D) either / or C) By means of
E) as / as D) Since
E) As regards
13. His criticism of the ancient Greeks is largely

---- their reluctance to back up theories with 18. The town of Ushuaia lies at the southern tip
experiments. of Argentina, ---- close to the Antarctic ---- it
is bitterly cold for much of the year.
A) on account of
B) in case of A) such / that
C) according to B) as / as
D) in spite of C) the more / the more
E) compared with D) either / or
E) so / that
14. When medical professionals are treating dog

bites, some wounds are left open and 19. Genetic engineering is primarily considered
allowed to heal on their own, ---- others a field of applied microbiology, ----, the
require stitches. exploitation of microorganisms for a specific
product or use.
A) while
B) before A) but rather
C) likewise B) as such
D) since C) and then
E) instead D) for example
E) that is
15. The next model the company produced was

well engineered and finely built but, ----, it 20. Children can benefit from their experiences -
never became popular and sales were poor. --- they retain information from these
experiences over time.
A) on the contrary
B) even so A) that
C) just as B) even though
D) such as C) so long as
E) in accordance with D) so
E) while

21. Song learning in birds is studied in detail ---- 26. Artists use perspective ---- to make the object
it is thought to share many characteristics of appear to have dimensions ---- to cause it to
language acquisition in humans. appear close up or in the distance or to
suggest a feeling of space.
A) as if
B) as A) so / that
C) however B) not only / but also
D) though C) such / that
E) provided D) the more / the more
E) as / as
22. ---- the ancient Greeks did not invent the

style of sandals, they created many types of 27. They were immensely pleased with their
them such as leather ones. find, ----, although the crater’s size is not
particularly noteworthy, its structure is
A) As unique.
B) Even though
A) nevertheless
C) If
B) but
D) Once
C) however
E) Given that
D) for
E) unless
23. Made out of metal so that it conducts the
charge, the lightning rod is usually located --
-- high ---- possible because of lightning‘s 28. The position of a dog’s tail can tell a lot
tendency to strike the nearest object to it. about how a dog is feeling; when low it
suggests submission ---- when high it is a
A) so / as sign of dominance.
B) as / as
A) whereas
C) more / than
B) otherwise
D) both / and
C) only if
E) not only / but also
D) until
E) unless
24. ---- doctors advise their patients to eat well
and exercise for their health, they should be
telling them to sleep well. 29. Telecommunication companies install cell
towers in places where the network will get
A) Even sufficient use, ---- sparsely populated areas
B) Because do not qualify, which means people there
C) Just as lack access to reliable phone service.
D) Although A) in case
E) As if B) even if
C) so
25. The recycling of materials ---- paper, glass D) although
and plastics is considered to be harmful for E) just as
the environment, since this process needs
more energy and creates more pollution.
30. ---- little respect the British people may feel
A) such as for the monarchy, they are still not likely to
B) as well as change to a republic.
C) more than
A) As far as
D) as much as
B) Whatever
E) at least
C) Such a
D) However
E) just as

31. France is a large country and, although it 36. In Scandinavia, wild life in many rivers has
has over 56 million inhabitants, is ---- been destroyed ---- the devastating power of
densely populated ---- most of its western acid rain.
European neighbours.
A) in spite of
A) so / that B) because of
B) more / as C) as opposed to
C) less / than D) in terms of
D) either / or E) as regards
E) not only / but
37. Edinburgh Castle, located on the tip of an

32. Bees pollinate crops, and ---- we want to extinct volcano, is an enduring symbol ---- of
transfer pollen from flower to flower by the city ---- of Scotland itself.
hand, we need to protect them.
A) such / as
A) when B) just / as
B) unless C) both / and
C) if D) least / than
D) while E) so / that
E) once
38. The panda has become an international

33. The interiors of planets are totally symbol for conservation since 1990, winning
inaccessible, ---- what we know about them the public’s affection ---- their distinctive
comes from indirect measurements and black and white markings and clumsy
analysis. behaviour.
A) so A) in spite of
B) whereas B) on behalf of
C) even though C) thanks to
D) since D) in contrast to
E) so as E) except for
34. The fundamental problem for North Africa is 39. The crimes of the rich and the powerful can
that the region has ---- people ---- the arid be explained ---- the same motives as any
environment can support. other criminal act.
A) not only / but also A) prior to

B) so many / that B) apart from
C) such / as C) instead of
D) more / than D) in spite of
E) as much / as E) in terms of
35. Hopefully, ---- science can provide evidence 40. ---- jet engines, which are also reaction
of the physical damage done to a neglected engines, modern rockets carry their own
young brain ---- money will be poured into oxygen supply to burn their fuel and do not
preventing the neglect in the first place. require any surrounding atmosphere.
A) more / even so A) Instead of

B) the more / the more B) Even
C) either / or C) Whereas
D) so / as D) Unlike
E) as if / so E) Whereby

41. The idea of the Internet was initially to 46. Excess vitamin A can cause toxicity, ---- it is
provide redundancy of communications ---- a taken all at once (acute toxicity) ---- over a
catastrophic event like a nuclear blast, which long period of time (chronic toxicity).
might destroy a single connection or
computer but not the entire network. A) whether / or
B) not only / but also
A) such as
C) both / and
B) on behalf of
D) neither / nor
C) in terms of
E) so long as / and
D) in addition to
E) in case of
47. The existence of galaxies was not
recognized until the early 20th century, ----
42. Among the drawbacks of aging is a creeping since then galaxies have become one of the
tendency to put on weight, ---- our resting focal points of astronomical investigation.
metabolism slows down – by roughly 1 to 2
percent every decade. A) even
B) because
A) but
C) but
B) since
D) if
C) as if
E) whether
D) if only
E) even if
48. The testimony of the second witness didn’t
surprise me at all; ---- the account he gave
43. Unlike many other European nations, was more or less what I had expected from
Finland has not been the destination of large him.
groups of foreign workers, ---- has it ever
been a colonial power. A) on the other hand
B) as a matter of fact
A) and
C) conversely
B) nor
D) consequently
C) or
E) nevertheless
D) also
E) not
49. The rise of Japan into the ranks of the
industrial powers in the 20th century
44. Much of the immune system‘s machinery is surprised everyone ---- it had no iron ore and
geared towards killing or eliminating very little coal.
invading microbes ---- they have been
recognized. A) if only
B) because
A) once
C) yet
B) although
D) so that
C) even if
E) just as
D) in case
E) whereby
50. In Renaissance England, though the
European influence was strong ---- poetry
45. Artificial intelligence techniques might be was concerned, the native drama continued
used to improve the ability of a system to to develop and gain popularity.
adapt to unusual conditions; ----, any such
programming then becomes prone to bugs A) as well as
and risks itself. B) in that
C) so that
A) however
D) as far as
B) therefore
E) in case
C) similarly
D) in addition
E) thus

Connectors > Self-Study Cevap Anahtarı
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
B E B E E D B C A E D D A A B E B E E C
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
B B B C A B D A B D C B A D B B C C E D
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
E B B A A A C C B D

Clauses
Bu ünitede, relative clause ve noun clause soruları yer almaktadır.
• Clauses

Clauses > Self-Study
1. Risk management has to do with 6. Bennett's novel the Old Wives Tale is the
anticipating and analysing ---- types of risks one ---- he is likely to be best known by
a person may face and how to avoid or deal posterity.
with them.
A) whose
A) what B) for whom
B) if ever C) by which
C) where D) in which
D) whose E) that
E) whether
7. Babies ---- are having more than 500 ml of

2. Salsify is a root vegetable native to the infant formula a day shouldn't be given
Mediterranean region of Europe, ---- it has vitamin supplements because formula is
been cultivated and used in food for already fortified with nutrients.
centuries.
A) whom
A) since B) if
B) which C) that
C) whereby D) when
D) where E) what
E) of whom
8. Drugs have been developed that can

3. While sugar cane is mostly grown outside of pinpoint a molecule and affect ---- it reacts in
the Amazon, some groups allege ---- this the body.
cultivation displaces cattle ranching,
encouraging deforestation in the Amazon. A) whenever
B) what
A) that
C) since
B) when
D) how
C) how
E) unless
D) who
E) why
9. Some businesses only hire professionals ----
have obtained specialized business degrees
4. The Great Pyramid of Khufu, ---- is near from accredited colleges and universities.
Cairo, is one of the most famous
monuments in the world. A) if
B) whom
A) who
C) whoever
B) where
D) that
C) which
E) whose
D) whom
E) what
10. Social identity is defined by ---- the
individual socializes with, its friends,
5. Lack of energy is an indication ---- the body colleagues and family.
is not functioning efficiently, which could
affect the very quality of life. A) where
B) why
A) that
C) when
B) whom
D) whom
C) who
E) whose
D) which
E) what

11. One type of family is the single-parent 16. The anaemia of folate deficiency, ---- DNA
family, in ---- children live with an unmarried, synthesis slows and the body’s cells lose
divorced or widowed mother or father. their ability to divide, is characterized by
large, immature blood cells.
A) which
B) that A) in which
C) them B) for whom
D) where C) how
E) whom D) in that
E) why
12. One of the earliest recorded instances of

revolution occurred in 615 BC, ---- the 17. Economic feasibility analysis is the process
Babylonians revolted against the Assyrians. of determining ---- a new venture is worth the
cost and time investment.
A) if
B) when A) because
C) how B) whether
D) which C) whom
E) why D) what
E) so
13. While the technology of hydrogen fuel cells

is still evolving, it addresses the possibility - 18. The reason ---- Mars is called the Red Planet
--- we will run out of available fuel. is because of the many particles of iron
oxide in the atmosphere especially found on
A) whose the surface of the planet.
B) what
A) so
C) which
B) as
D) who
C) too
E) that
D) why
E) but
14. Many history scholars believe that Asian-
style drums might date to at least 500 BC, ----
Chinese explorers took them to Japan. 19. People who purchase clothing, especially
women, should be aware ---- sizes are not
A) when standard between manufacturers.
B) who
A) which
C) what
B) whose
D) which
C) that
E) whose
D) what
E) who
15. ---- physical gestures and body language
have different meanings in different cultures
is a commonly-accepted phenomenon. 20. The high value of the pound at the moment
explains ---- manufacturers and exporters are
A) What suffering.
B) That
A) that
C) How
B) why
D) If
C) whom
E) Whether
D) if ever
E) who

21. The rule of law is a legal doctrine ---- 26. Social and economic forces strongly
governmental decisions are made by influence ---- technologies will be developed
applying known legal principles. and used.
A) whereby A) that
B) in case B) although
C) that C) because
D) what D) which
E) which E) as
22. The Reichenbach Falls, in Switzerland, is 27. The major problem in taking energy
such a waterfall which is famous for being --- resources from the sea is ---- they tend to be
- fictional detective Sherlock Holmes diffused over a large lateral area.
allegedly fell to his death.
A) that
A) when B) if
B) whom C) who
C) whose D) what
D) why E) but
E) where
28. Transpiration is the process ---- water

23. The Sumerian King Ur-Engur was a great evaporates from plant leaves into the
ruler ---- dominions extended from the Gulf atmosphere.
to the Mediterranean.
A) whichever
A) whom B) where
B) who C) that
C) which D) by which
D) whose E) however
E) that
29. Scientists have been proposing since 1986 --

24. People that access areas where avalanches -- we explore the viability of mining helium
are known to occur need to find out from from the moon.
park rangers ---- that part of the mountain
has been declared to be safe or not. A) why
B) when
A) which
C) which
B) what
D) that
C) who
E) what
D) if
E) how
30. About 4 million people live in the Arctic, ----
approximately 10 per cent are indigenous.
25. The practice of charging money for
education and providing wisdom only to A) about what
those ---- could pay lead to a number of B) of whom
debates. C) yet
A) who D) where
B) which E) who
C) whether
D) whose
E) whom

Clauses > Self-Study Cevap Anahtarı
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
A D A C A C C D D D A B E A B A B D C B
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
A E D D A D A D D B

Other Grammar
Bu ünitede, diğer gramer soruları yer almaktadır.
• Other Grammar

Other Grammar > Self-Study
1. Dutch economy was more dependent on 6. The two men walked back to the village
foreign trade than ---- economy in Europe together, but ---- of them spoke.
with the exception of Portugal.
A) any
A) some other B) either
B) any other C) some
C) the other D) neither
D) other E) the other
E) one another
7. It is quite important to keep body as well as

2. Security conditions have deteriorated ---- that mind healthy and stress free, which is
families are afraid to send their kids to possible ---- by doing regular exercise.
school.
A) still
A) so far B) while
B) to such an extent C) only
C) even so D) until
D) as a result E) just as
E) even more
8. People still place much confidence in the

3. The physician says that there is always the markets and have ---- strong a belief that
possibility that the cancer might return, but - paying attention to the gyrations in their
--- there has been no sign of a recurrence. investments will someday make them rich.
A) so long A) too
B) on time B) which
C) until then C) such
D) even later D) as
E) so far E) little
4. Power interruptions due to the vulnerability 9. By 1933, when the Great Depression reached
of central power plants cost the United its lowest point, ---- 15 million Americans
States ---- $80 billion annually. were unemployed and nearly half the
country’s banks had failed.
A) as much as
B) the most A) enough
C) so much more B) same
D) equal to C) as much as
E) even more D) far more
E) some
5. Of all the policies put into effect by the

Thatcher governments ---- controversial was 10. ---- every nation in the modern world is faced
the economic one. with problems of ethnic division.
A) most A) Fortunately
B) the more B) Hardly
C) the most C) The most
D) more D) Almost
E) mostly E) Particularly

11. Like coal and oil, methane is especially 16. Though some claimed to have proof of the
useful as a fuel for cooking, heating, and ---- existence of Atlantis, ---- of it was definitive.
the operation of some motor vehicles.
A) many
A) sooner B) most
B) even C) any
C) yet D) least
D) only E) none
E) rather
17. The troops Carthaginians employ were

12. It looks ---- the hiring committee isn't foreign and mercenary, whereas ---- of the
impressed by his qualifications, and I don't Romans were natives of the soil and
think the manager of the company is, ----. citizens.
A) like / also A) that

B) as if / either B) those
C) so that / as well C) the one
D) though / too D) every
E) just as / neither E) such
13. The new personnel manager told us that he 18. There were many casualties on both sides,
had visited ---- countries in Europe. but more on the enemy side than ----.
A) a great deal of A) ours
B) a number of B) them
C) much C) we
D) as many D) their
E) any E) our
14. They haven’t met for twelve years or more, 19. An hour after the accident he was conscious
but I understand they still write to ---- at a ---- to describe how it had happened.
regular interval.
A) enough
A) the other B) more
B) each other C) as well
C) themselves D) so much
D) the others E) fairly
E) one other
20. In addition to its role in natural processes,

15. Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, is ---- carbon dioxide has ---- commercial and
crowded that every park and footpath has industrial applications.
been colonized by the homeless.
A) a majority
A) as B) many
B) too C) a little
C) more D) much
D) so E) a lot
E) very

Other Grammar > Self-Study Cevap Anahtarı
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
B B E A C D C A E D B B B B D E B A A B

Cloze Test
Bu ünitede, cloze test soruları yer almaktadır.
• Cloze Test

Cloze Test > Self-Study
The Atacama Desert in South America is peppered

with odd, cushion-like plants known as the llareta, a
spongy cousin of parsley. Despite the harsh weather
conditions that they have to (1) ----, some of these
plants are up to 3,000 years old. Though looking like
a rock covered by small green plants without flowers,
the plant has a tightly packed structure of branches,
each adorned (2) ---- clusters of tiny leaves. The
resulting plant is so strong that you (3) ---- on top of it
very comfortably. (4) ----, this hardiness comes at a
price: the plants are thought to grow just 1.5 cm a
year. According to Catherine Kleier, a researcher
from Regis University, Colorado, the llareta became
very strong (5) ---- a combination of environmental
factors (cold at night and hot in the day) and it is
compact to trap heat. The more compact the plant,
the more successfully it protects itself.
1.
A) endure
B) influence
C) avoid
D) trigger
E) improve
2.
A) on
B) at
C) with
D) fot
E) over
3.
A) had better stand
B) may have stood
C) can stand
D) used to stand
E) must stand
4.
A) For instance
B) However
C) Therefore
D) Similarly
E) Otherwise
5.
A) rather than
B) contrary to
C) in addition to
D) except for
E) because of

The health risks of artificial feeding of infants in the Education is both a consumption and an investment
industrialized world are now (6) ----. Breast-fed infants good. The (11) ---- of knowledge by reading a book
receive protection (7) ---- many illnesses including can give pleasure and benefits to an individual
gastroenteritis, respiratory infections, and otitis equivalent to consuming an ice-cream or seeing a
media, and have a lower risk of a topic disease and film at the cinema. But education can also help
insulin-dependent diabetes in childhood, (8) ---- advance in a chosen career (12) ---- success is
women who breast-feed may have less risk of some achieved in specific examinations. If a financial gain
cancers and hip fractures in later life. In addition to is thereby achieved, then the time spent in the
the health benefits, there are also significant cost educational process (13) ---- seen as an investment.
implications. The United States Department of By investing in yourself you hope that your enhanced
Agriculture has estimated that a minimum of $3.6 skills add to your potential earning power in the
billion per year (9) ---- if breast-feeding rates were labour market; your qualifications should help you to
increased from current levels to (10) ---- compete that much better against those (14) ----
recommended by the United States Surgeon qualified for a particular job. As far as an employer is
General. concerned, your educational qualification is a means
(15) ---- filtering where there is keen competition for a
6. post.
A) well-connected 11.
B) well-preserved
A) contribution
C) well-established
B) exclusion
D) well-built
C) obscurity
E) well-kept
D) acquisition
E) continuation
7.
A) about 12.
B) towards
A) even so
C) to
B) since
D) against
C) if
E) for
D) as if
E) unless
8.
A) as if 13.
B) since
A) might have been
C) while
B) would be
D) as though
C) was
E) even if
D) had been
E) can be
9.
A) could save 14.
B) were to be saved
A) as much
C) should save
B) less
D) would be saved
C) least
E) has been saved
D) the same
E) fewer
10.
A) those 15.
B) what
A) of
C) whose
B) by
D) which
C) over
E) them
D) with
E) through

Most scholars agree that Attention-Deficit Statutes are usually framed in more or less general
Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is over-diagnosed terms, and, in order to apply these general terms to
today. To them, such over-diagnosis leads to relying particular cases, interpretation becomes necessary.
too heavily on pills (16) ---- skills, such as teaching (21) ---- the famous Byzantine Emperor Justinian but
children better ways of coping with stress. The also the framers of the Prussian and Napoleonic
American Psychiatric Association’s diagnostic Codes (22) ---- to take away this power of
manual of the past 20 years outlines three sets of interpretation from the judiciary. But these efforts and
(17) ---- for ADHD: inattention, hyperactivity and similar ones all failed because interpretation is (23) --
impulsivity – the child (18) ---- answers too quickly. -- whenever a written formula has to be applied to a
For accurate diagnosis, a child must display at least particular case. When interpreting the meaning of a
six of the nine listed symptoms for at least half a legal rule, the judge must first discover the true facts
year across these categories. (19) ----, at least some of the case before him, and secondly, he must find
problems must be present before the age of seven out (24) ---- the legislator intended him to do (25) ----
and produce impairment (20) ---- at least two different the existing circumstances.
settings such as school or home.
21.
16.
A) Not only
A) by means of B) Even if
B) owing to C) The more
C) rather than D) Both
D) with regard to E) As
E) in terms of
22.
17.
A) may have attempted
A) assessments B) attempted
B) prescriptions C) are attempting
C) adoptions D) have been attemping
D) treatments E) could have been attempted
E) indicators
23.
18.
A) influential
A) should have given B) incomparable
B) could have given C) impressive
C) used to give D) plausible
D) may give E) unavoidable
E) ought to give
24.
19.
A) that
A) In addition B) which
B) Therefore C) why
C) Nonetheless D) what
D) Otherwise E) whoever
E) Still
25.
20.
A) after
A) on B) towards
B) in C) on
C) at D) over
D) to E) under
E) from

The English Revolution of 1688, confirming that The humble plastic bottle is now one of the most
Parliament had power (26) ---- the king, meant, in commonly recycled objects. However, it was the
economic terms, the supremacy of the more affluent cheapness and durability of the product that (31) ----
classes. From 1688 to 1832, the British government its popularity over glass bottles. Nathaniel Wyeth, a
was (27) ---- in the hands of the land owners. The US engineer, worked on the invention (32) ---- almost
result was a thorough transformation of farming, an a decade. When he asked a colleague if plastic
Agricultural Revolution without which the Industrial might be used to store carbonated beverages (33) ----
Revolution (28) ----. Many land owners began coke, he was told that they would explode. A series
experimenting with improved methods of cultivation of early experiments proved that carbonated
and stock raising. They made more use of fertilizers beverages caused the plastic to expand. Obviously,
(29) ---- introducing new equipment such as horse- the plastic was too weak, but it (34) ---- if the long
hoes and drill seeders. Further improvement required strands of molecules that form plastic were made up
an investment of capital, which was impossible (30) - together. Wyeth knew that nylon gets stronger when
--- the soil was cultivated by numerous poor and its molecules are stretched and aligned, and he
custom-bound small farmers. developed a pre-formed mold. (35) ---- initial results
were far from successful and it took 10,000 attempts
26. to solve that problem, he finally replaced the nylon
with polyethylene-terphathalate (PET) — an artificial
A) within substance used to make materials for packaging
B) along food, including plastic drink bottles — and the bottle
C) into was quickly taken up by the booming soft drink
industry.
D) to
E) over 31.
A) led to
27.
B) sold off
A) primarily C) wore out
B) delicately D) brought down
C) diligently E) called back
D) thoughtfully
E) inquisitively 32.
A) with
28.
B) for
A) need not have occurred C) at
B) should not have occurred D) to
C) shall not have occurred E) by
D) could not have occurred
E) will not have occurred 33.
A) contrary to
29.
B) rather than
A) opposite of C) by means of
B) besides D) such as
C) because of E) in terms of
D) as regards
E) at least 34.
A) used to be strengthened
30.
B) had to be strengthened
A) only if C) would have been strengthened
B) as much as D) must have been strengthened
C) so long as E) should be strengthened
D) as though
E) however

35. Music educators give us many good reasons for

playing. It is said to feed our intelligence and (36) ----
A) Once our self-esteem. It removes us from the anxieties of
B) As long as daily life, placing us in the curious world of self-
C) In order that expression, (37) ---- the linear passage of time
seems to vanish. Of course, the roots of British
D) Although
musicianship go far deeper than a list of healthy
E) In case lifestyle tips. Britain’s history has shaped a great
diversity of musical traditions, many of which (38) ----
flourish. The patchwork of Anglo-Saxon and Celtic
nations, the myths of a rural created (39) ---- rapid
urbanization, the close relationship with America and
the immigration from the West Indies, south Asia and
Africa — all (40) ---- to the wealth of music literature
and recordings.
36.
A) raise
B) appreciate
C) afflict
D) represent
E) provoke
37.
A) wherever
B) which
C) where
D) how
E) whom
38.
A) then
B) still
C) thus
D) almost
E) too
39.
A) of
B) in
C) at
D) with
E) by
40.
A) have contributed
B) would contribute
C) had contributed
D) will contribute
E) to have contributed

Towards the end of the 19th century, the typewriter In the later part of the Middle Ages, cities created
was already becoming popular, and new models asylums to cope with the mentally ill. These asylums
rapidly followed (41) ----. In particular, designers (42) - were simply prisons; the inmates were kept on
--- ways of making them smaller and lighter. chains in dark, filthy cells and were treated more as
Aluminium came to their aid. Up to that time animals (46) ---- as human beings. It (47) ---- until
aluminium had been (43) ---- expensive for use in 1792, when Philippe Pinel was placed in charge of an
anything except luxury items. But, following the asylum in Paris, that some improvements were
discovery in 1886 of an electrolytic refining method made. As an experiment, Pinel removed the chains
the (44) ---- had increased and the price had that (48) ---- the inmates. Much (49) ---- the
accordingly (45) ----. amazement of sceptics, who thought Pinel was mad
to unchain such 'animals', the experiment was a
41. success. When placed in clean, sunny rooms, and
treated kindly, many people who for years (50) ----
A) one another hopelessly insane improved enough to leave the
B) each one asylum.
C) the next
46.
D) another
E) the other one A) than
B) like
42. C) such
D) so
A) are seeking
E) much
B) would seek
C) have sought
47.
D) sought
E) would be seeking A) has not been
B) had not been
43. C) was not
D) would not be
A) such
E) would not have been
B) too
C) more
48.
D) as
E) so A) compelled
B) restrained
44. C) overloaded
D) withdrew
A) supply
E) sustained
B) excess
C) cost
49.
D) amount
E) process A) to
B) of
45. C) with
D) for
A) risen
E) at
B) fallen
C) exchanged
50.
D) ceased
E) delayed A) will be considered
B) have been considered
C) were being considered
D) had been considered
E) are considered

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A C C B E C D C D A D C E B A C E D A B
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A B E D E E A D B C A B D C D A C B E A
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A D B A B A C B A D

Sentence Completion
Bu ünitede, cümle tamamlama soruları yer almaktadır.
• Sentence Completion

Sentence Completion > Self-Study
1. The exposure to childhood trauma should 5. ---- that delaying vaccines very often results
be routinely assessed in first-episode in incomplete inoculation.
psychosis ----.
A) Drug companies are working to eliminate
A) as a result of a relation with a lower risk that thiomersol from vaccines
has been hospitalized B) Some people still claim that thiomersol in
B) although it was once considered to cause an vaccines has not proved harmful
epidemic disease C) It has been convincingly established
C) because it appears to be related to an D) The vaccine schedule can be modified
increased risk of developing a more severe
E) The new vaccine is gradually becoming
illness
available everywhere
D) however, they are connected to an increased
risk of developing diabetes
E) despite the significant risk of development of 6. Because the public theatres in Renaissance
mental illnesses England attracted large audiences from all
levels of society, ----.
2. As well as getting rid of waste chemicals, --- A) Thomas Campion was one of the most
-. popular songwriters of the period
B) other places of entertainment had also been
A) the urinary system includes two kidneys and built along the river Thames
various tubes for carrying urine
C) pickpockets and other criminals were drawn
B) the urinary system helps us maintain a there
healthy level of water in the body
D) in fact native English drama had existed at
C) urine has a yellow colour because of waste least since medieval times
chemicals produced in the body
E) William Shakespeare played a very important
D) urine can be studied by doctors while part in the development of English drama
diagnosing certain diseases
E) the urinary system is known as an internal
cleaning service as it removes toxic wastes 7. ----, Pythagoras developed both scientific
and eccentric theories about the physical
universe.
3. Some 200 tribal languages were in use in
Australia ----. A) Even if new inventions had replaced the
tools that were used in prehistoric times
A) when British settlers arrived there in the B) Since he was favoured neither by the public
eighteenth century nor by any influential government authorities
B) although immigrant languages spoken are C) Despite having computed the distance
Italian, Turkish, Greek, Chinese, Arabic and between the Sun and the Moon
German
D) Because Greece was threatened by an
C) but multilingualism has been encouraged invading army
since the 1970s
E) In addition to figuring out useful things
D) even if they live in remote parts of the world related to triangles
E) that communication between tribes had been
impossible
8. A colour-blind person cannot see any
difference between two colours ----.
4. ---- after strong winds and a heat wave
started dozens of forest fires. A) while to people with normal sight they are
clearly different
A) Many villages in the area will be evacuated B) as if red and green were completely different
B) No precautions had been taken C) if this were the case with traffic-lights
C) The government would have set up a special D) since this is a potentially dangerous situation
team of fire fighters
E) whether the top light or the bottom light
D) Many fire fighting teams will have been signals stop
called in
E) Last summer, Athens was engulfed in thick
smoke

9. ----, it is not surprising that an increasing 12. ---- in which it plans further expenditure cuts
amount of attention has been given to and an increase in revenue to close the
investigating the treatment of them. fiscal deficit.
A) As there is currently little data on the rate of A) The Ministry of Finance has appointed some
anxiety disorders in the elderly population new tax inspectors
B) Providing that there are several potential B) The Nigerian government has prepared an
explanations for the occurrence of anxiety ambitious budget for 2011
disorders C) The delegation will soon sign an important
C) Given that anxiety disorders are getting more treaty
and more prevalent around the world D) The government had already made an
D) Although it is generally believed that anxiety unexpected decision
disorders occur less frequently in the elderly E) The Central Bank has issued a report on the
population economy of the country
E) Even though rates for anxiety disorders vary
across studies and differ between males and
females 13. People are more likely to adhere to treatment
----.
10. Although the greenhouse gas emissions A) because only about half the people who
generated by pollution were relatively small leave a doctor’s office with a prescription
at first, ----. take the drug as instructed
B) even though they participate in decisions
A) they grew dramatically as more countries about their treatment plan
industrialized
C) if they have a good relationship with their
B) it was in no country’s interest to reduce them doctor and pharmacist
until recently
D) while they may have good reasons for
C) carbon dioxide emissions by the US have rejecting the treatment
decreased since the 1950s
E) although doctors give clear explanations
D) in 2007, the EU decided to take further about how to take the drugs and what to
essential steps towards reducing them expect during treatment
E) the effects of the emissions on climate
change have been ignored by a number of
countries 14. Within the following years, satellites capable
of monitoring what people are doing will be
coming online ----.
11. As investigators learn more about what is
happening in the brain during the exact A) so that polluters will easily be spotted from
moment of insight, ----. space and penalized
B) because it is vital to come up with big ideas
A) physicians are placing their hopes on stem about small satellites
cells, which have reversed some symptoms
C) in spite of the fact that there is a team of
in monkeys
researchers working on detecting carbon
B) one aspect of mental imagery has been dioxide levels from space
more or less neglected
D) although penalties for adding pollution to the
C) the primary visual cortex seemed to be atmosphere have become more strict
activated during the process of imagination
E) even if the goal of developing a better
D) people are able to attribute new meanings to understanding of what causes pollution most
objects in their inner eye is achieved
E) all of us want to know what we can do to
maximize the conditions that allow us to
have brilliant thoughts

15. Germany is similar in many ways to France, 19. ----, it will not be possible to turn a draft into
Italy and the UK ----. a finished piece of work.
A) unless it attaches primary importance to both A) Although an author may have a hard time
multilateral and bilateral diplomacy evaluating what he or she has written
B) as though the EU were essentially in control B) Even if an author thinks that characterisation
of environmental policies is poor in his or her work
C) where the foreign policy process in Germany C) Unless an author knows the strengths and
had to agree to a compromise in recent weaknesses of a manuscript
years D) Because an author should realise that
D) although this had led to arguments revision turns an amateur into a professional
concerning the proper role of the German E) When rewriting and polishing lead an author
Foreign Ministry in shaping and implementing to produce a good novel
policy
E) in that it is one of just a few European states
which attempt to maintain worldwide 20. Even if we were to stabilize greenhouse gas
representation emissions today, ----.
A) both temperatures and sea levels would

16. As the daily temperature change on the continue to rise for many hundred years
planet Mercury is extreme, ----. B) we cannot immediately stop various global
cultural phenomena that are in action
A) its rocky surface cracks, producing cliffs and
C) this problem can be attributed to the
canyons
variations in the output of the Sun
B) there hasn't been sufficient atmosphere to
D) some environmental problems are the results
hold the heat
of centuries of pollution
C) the explorations carried out so far would
E) the rising temperature trend that we are
have been very costly
witnessing today might destabilize
D) the craters in its surface were formed by automobile emissions
rocks from outer space
E) there was no evidence to suggest that this
was due to volcanic activity 21. Many of Europe's museums and
cultural institutions are in financial trouble, -
---.
17. To cope with the increasing number of
tourists visiting Saudi Arabia ----. A) even though most of America's cultural
institutions get little cash from the federal
A) investment in the tourism sector is not government
among the top priorities of the government B) since plans by the Italian government to
B) hotel managers say that average stay for a privatize parts of the country's cultural
tourist is between two and seven days heritage have fallen through
C) the government has outlined a plan to invest C) as governments find themselves forced to
more money in its airports and transportation cut subsidies
D) officials have been concerned about the D) because the Italian government has come up
potential oversupply of hotels in the country with a bold plan to ease the cash crisis
E) the country’s four main international airports facing the museums
handle most of the domestic air travel E) if France's new culture minister has come
out in favour of a plan for more independence
for national museums
18. ---- since Gutenberg invented the printing
press in 1450.
A) The Internet is the greatest advance in

information technology
B) The web offers information to everyone at all
times
C) To start with, the web was really only a
handy aid for academics
D) Information technology did not develop at a
steady rate
E) Information technology could not continue at
the present rate

22. ----, it is still a useful, essential and integral 26. Some species become extinct every year due
part of the foreign language acquisition. to hunting, ----.
A) Whereas children start learning a foreign A) as animals like foxes and racoons have
language with their teacher’s support adapted to increased urbanization and now
B) Because the grammar structures of a foreign live in parks
language can be challenging for young B) yet, in some parts of the world, animals such
learners as zebras and rhinos are protected in wildlife
C) Although a reading list can be used to reserves
develop learners' language skills C) so pollution of oceans kills animals and
D) Even if there are difficulties in writing in the plants and poisons their habitats
foreign language D) though cultivating more and more land has
E) Whenever a young learner is trying to tell you led to the loss of habitats like rainforests
something E) and ecology explains how individual species
fit into the natural world
23. Manufacturers could bring down the prices

of their products ----. 27. Keeping track of body weight and counting
calories carefully may provide objective
A) in spite of careful market research feedback on ----.
B) as companies misjudge the market
A) whether or not fast food companies are
C) knowing how much the public was prepared
responsible for the obesity of our children
to pay
B) which of the ingredients of a sugary drink are
D) instead of spending so much on advertising
responsible for tooth decay
E) not only must you supply good product
C) why some bacteria are harmful whereas
others aren't
24. Once the immune system has weakened, ----. D) what food companies do in order to steer us
towards unhealthy but profitable fare
A) it is not clear why some people get recurring E) how effective individuals are in changing
infections their eating habits when they go on a diet
B) a virus can overcome the body’s primary
defences and cause colds and flu
C) antibiotics will only be suggested if there is 28. ----, the Turkish rituals attached to serving
another bacterial infection tea to guests are almost as elaborate.
D) taking painkillers will probably ease the early A) Even if an invitation to tea in Korea does not
symptoms of the disease always mean a long visit
E) one can use menthol products to help clear a B) Although people normally associate the idea
runny nose of a tea ceremony with Japan
C) Just as tea is prepared in a teapot over the
25. Over the past decade, doctors have stove in Egypt
become increasingly concerned about ----. D) Now that it is customary in England to drink
at least three glasses of tea
A) even though natural sources pump 10 times E) Because of the fact that few people are fond
as much particulate matter into the of drinking tea
atmosphere as humans do
B) that people with lung and heart disease are
the most vulnerable 29. Oxygen, sugars and amino acids are allowed
C) whether heart disease and airborne pollution into the brain ----.
would have been deadly enemies
A) as toxins could severely impair the brain‘s
D) how the tiniest particles in the air adversely functioning
affect health
B) which provided early evidence of the blood-
E) if hospital admissions for asthma and heart brain barrier
conditions start to go up
C) but most other substances are kept out
D) that controls which molecules in the
bloodstream can enter the brain
E) just as no other organ is equally efficient

30. ----, a committee will be set up to determine 33. Since virtually all cultures on earth have
just how to turn the museum into private some form of fortune-telling, ----.
non-profit corporation.
A) most people are no longer curious about
A) As long as there were no rival claims what their future will bring to them
B) As soon as the board has approved the B) it is an incomprehensible temptation to get
project information about what awaits us in the
C) However much disappointment it would have future
caused them C) it would be somewhat undesirable for a
D) If such a crisis could have been avoided person to know what is ahead in the future
E) Whoever managed to deceive you D) the desire to predict what will happen in the
future can be a permanent feature of the
human mind
31. Mountains rarely occur as isolated E) it is considered to be a science by some,
individuals; ----. whereas others claim that it is nothing more
than speculation
A) still, they generally have steep slopes and a
relatively small summit area
B) instead, they are usually found in circular 34. Whereas the aeroplanes of the future were
groups expected to cross oceans and continents as
C) yet, some mountains have been constructed fast as possible in the 1980s, ----.
upon the surface by eruptions of volcanic
A) we now focus on noise reduction, lighter and
ash
stronger materials, and lower fuel
D) even so, their most perceived effects are consumption
related to the blocking of air flow
B) the race to develop new aircraft technologies
E) conversely, their systems occur both on is at least as intense now as it was 30 years
continents and in ocean basins ago
C) the first heavier-than-air machines to fly were
32. ----, such animal foods typically contribute kites, invented by the Chinese in about 1000
only a small percentage to their annual diet, BC
most of which is made up of ripe fruits. D) the needs of aircraft travellers are very well-
matched with the technological development
A) Because several species of primates show of airlines
the ability to digest high-protein foods E) designers have improved the conditions of
B) Even if many smaller monkeys get as much both the terminals and neighbourhoods of
as 65 percent of their diet from concentrated airports all over the world
plant foods such as leaves and grasses
C) Though wild chimpanzees are known to hunt,
kill, and eat small mammals, termites and 35. While the mouth initiates the digestive
ants process with chewing, ----.
D) Since some plant-eating animals, such as A) the saliva also contains an enzyme called
deer, cows, or rabbits, show the tendency to ptyalin, or salivary amylase
consume animal proteins
B) the salivary glands produce saliva to wet
E) Despite most monkeys and apes living in down the food for digestion
social groups which dictate the types of
C) a large group of unchewed food may also
foods they should consume
give harm to the stomach
D) all enzymes are sensitive to the level of acid
in their environment
E) chewing contributes a lot to the digestion
process

36. Until China becomes the most powerful 40. ----, it takes about 6 to 12 weeks before
nation in the world, with Chinese spoken laboratory tests can confirm a diagnosis.
universally, ----.
A) Once a person has been infected with HIV
A) the problems of wide variations in English B) As people with AIDS frequently experience
may well be lessened malnutrition and wasting
B) English will remain the primary language of C) Even if attention to nutrition cannot change
science and diplomacy the ultimate outcome of an HIV
C) many countries in the world have shifted to D) Since people with HIV infection are more
printing their scientific journals only in susceptible to food-borne infections
English
E) Although the exact vitamin and mineral
D) immigrants to the United States or Britain needs of people with AIDS have not been
acquire English rapidly and well determined
E) people who speak English and another
language have an advantage over those who
speak only English 41. Anaemia means a deficiency of red blood
cells, ----.
37. Despite profound differences in their morals A) whereas the body replaces the plasma within
and ideas, ----. 1 to 3 days after rapid haemorrhage
B) but red blood cells are delivered from the
A) these forms of cultural exchanges might bone marrow into the circulatory system
cause bigger problems
C) so in sickle cell anaemia, the cells contain
B) the Spanish and the Aztecs were similar in an abnormal type of haemoglobin called
their cultural aspects haemoglobin S
C) in 1519, the Spanish conquers landed on the D) which can be caused by either too rapid a
coast of Veracruz loss or too slow a production of red blood
D) the gap between the Aztecs and the cells
Europeans was huge E) yet a person cannot absorb enough iron from
E) these peoples had had so little contact that the intestines in chronic blood loss
they were alien to one another
42. Whether you are interested in the ancient,

38. Medications that boost red blood cells medieval, or modern world, ----.
become necessary to prevent anaemia from
progressing; ----. A) the Cities of the Dead are cemeteries in
Cairo that have become home to thousands
A) in other words, the decrease in red blood of the city’s poorest
cells may be caused by a genetic disorder B) you can visit the Old City of Jerusalem,
B) that is why doctors prescribe iron pills to which is home to countless Jewish,
increase patients’ red blood cells Christian, and Muslim sacred sites, such as
C) so, low iron levels impair the body’s ability to the Wailing Wall
produce hemoglobin C) you can see the ancient cities of Harappa
D) for example, one must be careful about and Mohenjo-Daro in Pakistan dating back to
getting plastic surgery 3000 BC that are still under excavation
E) that is to say, vitamin B12 is normally found D) you can find art and architecture from each
in many meats and vegetables time period anywhere people resided in the
Middle East
E) the Egyptian Museum in Cairo is a treasure
39. All parents struggle to find the right balance chest of mummies, statues, and thousands
between encouragement and discipline ----. of other items of historic value
A) when it comes to raising their kids
B) although they already know the causes
C) since they have accomplished this important
duty
D) because neighbours always complain about
their children
E) as children need to be loved by their parents

43. While some of the tapestries at the 47. Children learn that some types of lying are
exhibition are representations of local life, --- permissible and encouraged; ----.
-.
A) for example, they can pretend to be happy
A) they were created by individuals without any with a gift they dislike to avoid hurting the
formal art training giver’s feelings
B) few observers appreciated the colour or the B) however, lying to protect oneself from
creativity of the abstract designs punishment is a behaviour that appears in
C) others depict fruit, flowers, trees and the like very young children
D) one wonders whether they have taken up to C) therefore, lying to others is most often seen
18 months to complete as an interpersonal failure because it
damages trust
E) the exhibition itself will continue until the end
of the year D) on the contrary, it may seem reasonable to
assume that the maintenance of social
interaction can require lying
44. As soon as the possibility of their joining E) as a result, parents are generally upset about
the European Union arose, ----. their children’s lying since it is considered
socially unacceptable
A) a great many young Norwegians came out
strongly against the proposal
B) several of the member countries are not 48. Even though bacteria have a bad reputation
even trying to hide their disapproval for causing disease, ----.
C) politicians everywhere have awaited the next
A) more bacteria have become resistant to
stage with interest
treatment
D) there is still a strong lobby among young
B) yet various antitoxins have been used to
people not to join
treat infections
E) Norway is now the only Scandinavian
C) in reality, very few species of bacteria infect
country outside the Union
humans
D) bacterial disease can have several serious
45. When microscopes were introduced in the outcomes
early 1600s, ----. E) it is not used to kill the harmful bacteria in
humans
A) this imaging technique had already
developed thanks to scientific efforts
B) light microscopy can produce sharp, detailed 49. Most viruses cannot survive very long
images of tissues and cells outside a living host cell, ----.
C) the types of microscopy introduced so far
A) although temperate bacteriophages do not
have been used to view cells and tissues
always destroy their hosts
D) two main types of microscopes are used to
B) but the type of attachment proteins on the
investigate the structure of organs and cells
surface of a virus determines what type of
E) they opened up a tiny new universe whose cell it can infect
existence was unknown before that time
C) since viruses have several ways to penetrate
animal cells
46. ---- even before Europe started interfering in D) so their survival depends to a great extent on
its local affairs. their being transmitted from animal to animal
E) yet under a microscope, most bacteria
A) Some countries certainly had strategic appear similar in size and form
importance
B) The 19th century was a time of great
scientific advances
C) North Africa had many serious problems
D) The potential for the exploitation of resources
in Europe was limited
E) Libya and Sudan had a peaceful period of
economic development

50. In trying to understand the development of

language, ----.
A) the grammar of a language represents the
linguistic knowledge or capacity of its
speakers
B) human language utilizes a fairly small
number of sounds
C) language is a part of our essential human
nature and was never invented
D) our curiosity about ourselves has also led to
numerous theories about language origin
E) scholars, for ages, have been debating the
role played by the vocal tract and the ear

Sentence Completion > Self-Study Cevap Anahtarı
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C B A E C C E A C A E B C A E A C A C A
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C D D B D B E B C B B C D A B B B B A A
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Translation
Bu ünitede, çeviri soruları yer almaktadır.
• Translation

Translation > Self-Study
1. James Hansen, a climatologist at Columbia 3. Advanced data analysis is now on the verge
University, critically expressed that as long of breaking free of its confines in hospitals
as fossil fuels are the cheapest fuels in the and computer labs and making its way into
market, they will continue to be used. our daily lives.
A) James Hansen, fosil yakıtların piyasadaki en A) Gelişmiş veri analizi artık sınırlarından
ucuz yakıtlar oldugu sürece kullanılmaya kurtulup hastanelerde ve bilgisayar
devam edileceğini eleştirel bir şekilde ifade laboratuvarlarında olduğu gibi günlük
ettiğinde Kolombiya Üniversitesi’nde iklim hayatımıza girmek üzere.
bilimciydi. B) Hastanelerdeki ve bilgisayar
B) İlkim bilimci James Hansen, fosil yakıtların laboratuvarlarındaki sınırlarından kurtuluyor
piyasadaki en ucuz yakıtlar olduğu sürece olması, gelişmiş veri analizinin artık günlük
kullanılmaya devam edileceğini Kolombiya hayatımıza gireceğini göstermekte.
Üniversitesi’nde eleştirel bir şekilde ifade etti. C) Gelişmiş veri analizi artık hastanelerdeki ve
C) Kolombiya Üniversitesi’ nde iklim bilimci bilgisayar laboratuvarlarındaki sınırlarından
olanJames Hansen, fosil yakıtların kurtulup günlük hayatımıza girmek üzere.
piyasadaki en ucuz yakıtlar olduğu sürece D) Hastanelerdeki ve bilgisayar
kullanılmaya devam edileceğini eleştirel bir laboratuvarlarındaki sınırlarından kurtulan
şekilde ifade etmiştir. gelişmiş veri analizi artık günlük hayatımıza
D) Fosil yakıtların, piyasadaki en ucuz yakıtlar girmek üzere.
olduğu sürece, kullanılmaya devam E) Günlük hayatımıza girmek üzere olan
edileceğini eleştirel bir şekilde ifade eden, gelişmiş veri analizi artık hastanelerdeki ve
Kolombiya Üniveristesi’ndeki iklim bilimci bilgisayar laboratuvarlarındaki sınırlarından
James Hansen’dı. kurtuluyor.
E) Kolombiya Üniversitesi’nde iklim bilimci olan
James Hansen, fosil yakıtların piyasadaki en
ucuz yakıtlar oldukları için kullanılmaya 4. Kurşun zehirlenmesinin yol açtığı kansızlık,
devam edileceğini eleştirel bir şekilde ifade yanlışlıkla, basit bir demir eksikliği
etti. olarak algılanabilir ve bunun sonucu olarak
yanlış tedavi edilebilir.
2. Galaksinin bir başka önemli özelliği de zayıf A) Lead poisoning can lead to an anemia, which
fakat son derece yaygın bir manyetik alana is often wrongly diagnosed as mere iron
sahip olmasıdır. deficiency, and accordingly incorrectly
treated.
A) The galaxy is also important because its B) The anemia, which is caused by lead
wide magnetic field is very strong. poisoning, is often mistaken for mere iron
B) Another important feature of the galaxy is deficiency, and hence incorrectly treated.
that it has a weak but enormously extensive C) The anemia caused by load poisoning may
magnetic field. be mistaken for a simple iron deficiency and,
C) The other important fact about galaxy is that as a result, may be incorrectly treated.
its magnetic field is actually very weak. D) The anemia that accompanies lead poisoning
D) Another special feature of the galaxy is the closely resembles a mere iron deficiency and
fact that its magnetic field is very weak. frequently gets treated as such.
E) Another important feature of the magnetic E) Load poisoning can result in an anemia that
field of the galaxy is that, though week, it is is hardly distinguishable from a simple iron
extremely extensive. deficiency and gets treated as such.

5. Specialists suggest that patients who 7. Bazı kanser türlerine bağlı ölüm oranları son
complain about joint pains stemming from yıllarda düşmüştür, ancak kanserin yol açtığı
calcification should take short walks ölümlerin genel oranı, endişe verici bir
regularly or apply to alternative medicine şekilde artmaktadır.
methods like hydrotherapy.
A) In recent years, death rates connected with
A) Uzmanlar, planlı bir şekilde kısa yürüyüşler some kinds of cancer have fallen
yapmanın veya su tedavisi gibi alternatif tıp dramatically, while the number of deaths
yöntemlerine başvurmanın, hastaların caused by other types of cancer has shown
kireçlenme yüzünden yakındıkları eklem much increase.
ağrılarını ortadan kaldırdığını dile getiriyor. B) There has been a noticeable decrease in
B) Uzmanlar, hastalar kireçlenmenin yol açtığı recent years in certain cancer death rates
eklem ağrılarından yakındıklarında onlara sık even though the average rate of deaths
sık kısa yürüyüşler yapmalarını veya su related to cancer in general has been
tedavisi gibi alternatif tıp yöntemlerine increasing seriously.
başvurmalarını tavsiye ediyor. C) In recent years, a remarkable decrease of
C) Uzmanların, kireçlenmenin neden olduğu deaths related to various types of cancer has
eklem ağrılarından yakınan hastalara tavsiye been noticed, although there is a worrying
ettikleri şey, belirli aralıklarla kısa yürüyüşler increase in the number of deaths due to
yapmaları veya su tedavisi gibi alternatif tıp cancer in general.
yöntemlerine başvurmalarıdır. D) Some types of cancer have a low rate of
D) Uzmanlar, kireçlenmeden dolayı eklem death, but in recent years there has been a
ağrıları olan hastalara, bu ağrılardan daha worrying increase in the overall rate of
fazla yakınmamaları için sık sık kısa deaths due to cancer in general.
yürüyüşler yapmalarını veya su tedavisi gibi E) Death rates due to some types of cancer
alternatif tıp yöntemlerine başvurmalarını have decreased in recent years, but the
tavsiye ediyor. overall rate of deaths caused by cancer is
E) Uzmanlar, kireçlenmeden kaynaklanan eklem alarmingly on the rise.
ağrılarından yakınan hastalara, düzenli
olarak kısa yürüyüşler yapmalarını veya su
tedavisi gibi alternatif tıp yöntemlerine 8. Evlerde kömür kullanımı da azaltılmadıkça,
başvurmalarını tavsiye ediyor. Çin’in enerji santrallerinden karbon
salınımını azaltma planları çok etkili
olmayabilir.
6. On dokuzuncu yüzyılın sonunda inşa edilen
Pera Palas, Agatha Christie gibi birçok ünlü A) China’s plans to reduce emissions from
konuğa ev sahipliği yapmıştır. power plants will not be effective as long as
the household use of coal is encouraged.
A) Many famous guests like Agatha Christie B) China’s plans to reduce emissions from
wanted to stay at Pera Palace, which was power plants may not be effective if the use
built at the end of the nineteenth century. of health-damaging coal is also reduced.
B) Pera Palace, which was built at the end of C) If household use of coal is also reduced,
the nineteenth century, has hosted a famous China’s plans to reduce emissions from
writer called Agatha Christie power plants will have significant effects.
C) Pera Palace, which was built at the end of D) China’s plans to reduce harmful emissions
the nineteenth century, has hosted many from power plants will not be very effective if
famous guests like Agatha Christie. people keep using coal for heating.
D) Pera Palace, which was built in the E) As long as the household use of coal is not
nineteenth century, has hosted many famous also reduced, China’s plans to reduce carbon
writers such as Agatha Christie. emission from power plants may not be very
E) Built before the end of the nineteenth effective.
century, Pera Palace was visited by many
guests like Agatha Christie.

9. New Zealand, separated from other land 11. Kutup ayıları iklim değişikliğinin sadece
masses, has unique plant and animal sembolü değil, aynı zamanda her yaz biraz
species, which are vulnerable to the impacts daha seyrekleşen doğal yaşam alanlarını terk
of non-native species. eden asıl kurbanlarıdır.
A) Eşsiz bitki ve hayvan türlerinin bulunduğu A) Polar bears are both the symbol of climate
Yeni Zelanda diğer kara parçalarından ayrıdır, change and true victims of it, because they
dolayısıyla bu türler yabancı türlerin have to leave their habitat which has become
etkilerine karşı savunmasızdır. sparser every summer.
B) Yeni Zelanda’nın diğer kara parçalarından B) Climate change is not only responsible for
ayrı olması, eşsiz bitki ve hayvan türlerini making polar bears a symbol but also a
yabancı türlerin etkilerine karşı savunmasız victim of it, as they have to leave their
hâle getirmiştir. habitat becoming sparser every summer.
C) Yeni Zelanda diğer kara parçalarından C) Polar bears are known as both the symbol
ayrılmış olsa da yabancı türlerin etkilerine and the victims of climate change since they
karşı savunmasız hâlde bulunan eşsiz bitki have to leave their habitat every summer as
ve hayvan türlerine sahiptir. it becomes sparser.
D) Diğer kara parçalarından ayrı olan Yeni D) Polar bears are not just the symbol of
Zelanda, yabancı türlerin etkilerine karşı climate change but they are also true
savunmasız hâlde bulunan eşsiz bitki ve victims, leaving their habitat which has
hayvan türlerine sahiptir. become sparser each summer.
E) Yeni Zelanda diğer kara parçalarından ayrı E) Polar bears have become the symbol of
olduğu için burada bulunan eşsiz bitki ve climate change; however, they are also the
hayvan türleri, yabancı türlerin etkilerine victims of it due to the necessity of leaving
karşı savunmasızdır. their habitat every summer.
10. Aromatherapy is a scientifically unproven 12. Although they have been searching for
alternative medicine practice involving the years, astronomers have yet to find
use of aromatic oils obtained from plants to anywhere in the universe that remotely
affect mood or to promote health. resembles the Earth.
A) Aromaterapi, ruh hâlini etkilemek ya da A) Gökbilimcilerin yıllarca süren arayışına
sağlığı güçlendirmek için bitkilerden elde rağmen, evrende Dünya'ya az da olsa
edilen aromatik yağların kullanımını benzeyen bir yer henüz bulunamamıştır.
kapsayan bilimsel olarak kanıtlanmamış bir B) Yıllarca araştırma yapan gökbilimciler,
alternatif tıp uygulamasıdır. evrende Dünya'ya az da olsa benzeyen bir
B) Aromaterapi, ruh hâlini etkilemek ve sağlığı yer henüz bulamamışlardır.
güçlendirmek için bitkilerden elde edilen C) Yıllardır aramalarına rağmen, gökbilimciler
aromatik yağların kullanımını kapsasa da evrende Dünya'ya az da olsa benzeyen bir
bilimsel olarak kanıtlanmamış bir alternatif yer henüz bulamamışlardır.
tıp uygulamasıdır.
D) Yıllardır evrende Dünya'ya uzaktan da olsa
C) Ruh hâlini etkileyerek sağlığı güçlendirmek benzeyen bir yer aramalarına rağmen,
için bitkilerden elde edilen aromatik yağların gökbilimciler henüz böyle bir yer
kullanımını kapsayan aromaterapi, bilimsel bulamamışlardır.
olarak kanıtlanmamış bir alternatif tıp
E) Yıllardır aranmasına rağmen, gökbilimciler
uygulamasıdır.
tarafından evrende Dünya'ya uzaktan da olsa
D) Bilimsel olarak kanıtlanmamış bir alternatif benzeyen herhangi bir yer henüz
tıp uygulaması olan aromaterapi, ruh hâlini bulunamamıştır.
etkilemek ya da sağlığı güçlendirmek için
bitkilerden elde edilen aromatik yağların
kullanımını kapsar.
E) Bitkilerden elde edilen aromatik yağların
kullanımını kapsayan ve ruh hâlini etkilemeyi
ve sağlığı güçlendirmeyi hedefleyen
aromaterapi, bilimsel olarak kanıtlanmamış
bir alternatif tıp uygulamasıdır.

13. When energy output is greater than 15. Besin kaynaklarının dağılımı, bolluğu ve
energy input in the body, stored fat is mevsimselliği, insanların göçebe veya
utilized, and body weight decreases. yerleşik bir yaşam sürme tercihini
etkilemiştir.
A) Vücudun enerji kaybı, enerji kazanımından
daha fazla olduğunda, depolanmış yağ A) The distribution, abundance and seasonality
kullanılarak vücudun ağırlığının azalmasına of food resources affected people's choice to
neden olabilir. live a nomadic or settled existence.
B) Vücuttaki enerji çıkışı, enerji girişinden daha B) What affected people's choice to live a
büyükse, depolanmış yağ kullanılır ve vücut nomadic or settled existence were the
ağırlığı azalır. distribution, abundance and seasonality of
C) Vücudun enerji harcaması, elde edilen food resources.
enerjiden daha çok ise depolanmış yağ C) People's choice to live a nomadic or settled
kullanılmaya başlanır ve bu da vücut existence was affected by the distribution,
ağırlığının azalmasını doğurur. abundance and seasonality of food
D) Vücuttaki enerji kaybı, elde edilen enerjiden resources.
çok daha yüksek ise depolanmış yağ D) Food resources, with their distribution,
kullanılarak vücudun ağırlığı azaltılır. abundance and seasonality, affected
E) Vücudun kaybettiği enerji, kazandığı people's choice to live a nomadic or settled
enerjiden çok daha büyükse, depolanmış yağ existence.
kullanılarak vücudun ağırlığı düşürülür. E) People's choice to live a nomadic or settled
existence was affected by food resources,
based on their distribution, abundance and
14. Music in Western Europe in the fifteenth and seasonality.
sixteenth centuries reached such a high
point of development that, like painting and
sculpture, it constituted one of the most 16. Though stars appear to the eye as single
brilliant aspects of the era. points of light, very many of them turn out to
be double when seen through a telescope.
A) Batı Avrupa‘da müzik, on beşinci ve on
altıncı yüzyıllarda yüksek bir gelişme A) Teleskopla bakıldığında çift ışık olan
noktasına ulaşmış olup, resim ve heykelin yıldızların çoğu göze tek ışık noktası gibi
yanı sıra, döneminin parlak bir yönünü ortaya görünür.
koymuştur. B) Çıplak gözle bakıldığında yıldızlar tek ışık
B) On beşinci ve on altıncı yüzyıllarda Batı noktası gibi görünür, çoğuna sadece
Avrupa‘da müzik, öylesine yüksek bir teleskopla bakıldığında çift olduğu
gelişme noktasına ulaştı ki, resim ve heykel anlaşılabilir.
gibi, dönemin en parlak yönlerinden birini C) Göze tek ışık noktası gibi görünen yıldızlara
oluşturmuştur. teleskopla bakıldığında çoğunun çift olduğu
C) Müzik, on beşinci ve on altıncı yüzyıllarda, gözlenir.
resim ve heykele benzer yüksek bir gelişme D) Yıldızlar çıplak gözle bakıldığında tek ışık
göstermiş ve döneminin parlak bir yönünü noktası gibi algılansa da teleskopla
oluşturmuştur. bakıldığında aslında çift olduğu görülür.
D) On beşinci ve on altıncı yüzyıllarda Batı E) Her ne kadar yıldızlar göze tek ışık noktası
Avrupa‘da yüksek bir gelişme gösteren gibi görünse de pek çoğunun teleskopla
müzik, tıpkı resim ve heykel gibi, döneminin bakıldığında çift olduğu ortaya çıkar.
en parlak yönünü temsil etmektedir.
E) Müziğin, on beşinci ve on altıncı yüzyıllarda
Batı Avrupa‘da yüksek bir gelişme düzeyine
ulaşmış olması, tıpkı resim ve heykel gibi,
dönemin çok parlak bir yönünü ortaya
koymaktadır.

17. Sağlık okuryazarlığı, bireylerin sağlık 19. Paul Fisher, an economist with an interest in
konusunda uygun kararlar vermek için science, left his mark in the business world
gerekli olan temel sağlık bilgi ve by designing a better ballpoint pen.
hizmetlerinin elde etme ve anlama
kapasitesine sahip olma derecesi olarak A) İş dünyasında iz bırakan iktisatçı Paul
tanımlanabilir. Fisher, daha iyi bir tükenmez kalem
tasarlamayı, fen bilimlerine ilgisi sayesinde
A) Health literacy can be defined as the degree başarmıştır.
to which individuals have the capacity to B) Fen bilimlerine ilgisiyle tanınan iktisatçı Paul
obtain and understand basic health Fisher, daha iyi bir tükenmez kalem
information and services, and to make tasarlayarak iş dünyasında adından söz
necessary health decisions in an appropriate ettirmiştir.
way.
C) Daha iyi bir tükenmez kalem tasarlayan
B) Health literacy, which is required to make iktisatçı Paul Fisher, iş dünyasında fen
appropriate health decisions, can be defined bilimlerine katkısıyla adını duyurmuştur.
as the degree to which individuals have the
D) Fen bilimlerine ilgi duyan bir iktisatçı olan
capacity to obtain and understand basic
Paul Fisher, daha iyi bir tükenmez kalem
health information and services.
tasarlayarak iş dünyasında iz bırakmıştır.
C) Defined as the degree to which individuals
E) Paul Fisher, fen bilimlerine ilgi duyan bir
have the capacity to obtain and understand
iktisatçı olarak daha iyi bir tükenmez kalem
basic health information and services, health
tasarlamış ve böylece iş dünyasında adını
literacy is necessary to make appropriate
duyurmuştur.
health decisions.
D) Health literacy can be defined as the degree
to which individuals have the capacity to 20. Yoksul ülkelerdeki çoğu insan, sıtma, AIDS,
obtain and understand basic health verem ile zengin ülkelerde daha az bilinen
information and services required to make birçok hastalık çekmektedir; çünkü,
appropriate health decisions. hükümetleri, ilâç şirketlerinin istediği
E) The degree to which individuals have the fiyatları karşılayamamaktadır.
capacity to obtain and understand basic
health information and services needed to A) Malaria, AIDS, tuberculosis and a number of
make health decisions appropriately can be other diseases not known in rich countries
defined as health literacy. affect many people in poor countries, where
the governments are reluctant to pay the
prices companies demand for drugs.
18. Gerekli türbinlerin kurulum maliyeti, rüzgâr B) Most people in poor countries suffer from
gücünün yaygın kullanımının önünde her malaria, AIDS, tuberculosis and many
zaman bir engel olmuştur. diseases lesser known in rich countries,
since their governments cannot afford the
A) Despite the installation cost of necessary prices drug companies want.
turbines being inexpensive, wind power has
C) Since malaria, AIDS, tuberculosis and
never become widespread.
various other diseases little-known in rich
B) The installation cost of necessary turbines countries are very common among the
has always been an obstacle to the people of poor countries, the governments
widespread use of wind power. find it hard to pay the prices demanded by
C) Wind power has always been considered too companies for drugs.
expensive due to the installation cost of D) While a growing number of people in poor
necessary turbines. countries suffer from malaria, AIDS,
D) The high installation cost of necessary tuberculosis and several other diseases
turbines for wind power has hardly stopped unknown in rich countries, their governments
us from using it widely. refuse to pay the prices companies ask for
E) The widespread use of wind power has their drugs.
slowed down because of the high installation E) The governments in poor countries cannot
cost of necessary turbines. afford to pay the prices companies want for
their drugs, but more and more people are
being affected by malaria, AIDS,
tuberculosis and other diseases that do not
occur in rich countries.

21. Şubat 2001'de Jüpiter'in ayı İo'da meydana 23. Robots are becoming easier to program and
gelen volkanik patlama, güneş sisteminde more flexible to use, which enables a single
bugüne kadar bu türde görülen en büyük factory to manufacture many different
olaydı. products.
A) The volcanic eruption which took place on Io, A) Giderek daha kolay programlanabilir ve daha
a moon of Jupiter, in February 2001, was the esnek şekilde kullanılabilir robotların ortaya
largest such event ever seen in the solar çıkması sayesinde fabrikalar birçok farklı
system. ürünü imal edebilir.
B) In February 2001, the volcanic eruption that B) Fabrikaların birçok ürünü imal edebilmesinin
occurred on Io, one of the moons of Jupiter, arkasında, giderek daha kolay
was the largest event of its kind ever programlanabilir ve daha esnek şekilde
recorded in the solar system. kullanılabilir hale gelen robotlar vardır.
C) The largest volcanic eruption ever witnessed C) Bir fabrikanın birçok farklı ürünü imal
in the solar system occurred in February edebilmesi, ancak robotların daha kolay
2001 on Io, a moon of Jupiter. programlanabilir ve daha esnek şekilde
D) The most violent volcanic activity of this kullanılabilir olmasıyla mümkündür.
kind ever to have been recorded took place D) Robotlar giderek daha kolay programlanabilir
on one of the moons of Jupiter, known as Io, ve daha esnek şekilde kullanılabilir bir hâle
in February 2001. gelmekte, bu da tek bir fabrikanın birçok
E) It was on Io, one of the moons of Jupiter, farklı ürünü imal etmesine olanak
that the most violent volcanic action ever to sağlamaktadır.
have been detected in the solar system E) Giderek daha kolay programlanabilir ve daha
actually took place, in February 2001. esnek şekilde kullanılabilir robotların
sayısının artmasıyla birlikte, tek bir fabrika
birçok farklı ürünü imal edebilir hale
22. Mısırlılar, sadece gökyüzünün haritasını gelecektir.
çıkarmakla kalmayıp gözlemledikleri
yıldızların bazılarına isim de veren ilk antik
uygarlıklardan biriydi. 24. Göreceli olarak yüksek olan nüfus artışları
nedeniyle, Ortadoğu’daki ülkeler yaşam
A) The Egyptians were one of the first ancient standartlarında gerçek ilerlemeler sağlamak
cultures to not only map the sky but to name için ekonomilerinin yıllık % 5’in üzerinde
some of the stars they observed. büyümesine gereksinim duyarlar.
B) It was the ancient Egypt culture that both
mapped the sky and named some of the A) Since their population growth is relatively
stars they observed. high, countries in the Middle East need to
make real improvements in living standards
C) The culture of ancient Egypt was
by maintaining economic growth at over 5%.
sophisticated enough to map the sky and
name some of the stars they observed. B) The relatively high population growth of
Middle Eastern countries forces them to
D) Having named some of the stars they
maintain economic growth at over 5% so that
observed, the Egyptians were one of the first
they can make real improvements in living
ancient cultures to map the sky.
standards.
E) If Egyptians had mapped the sky, they would
C) Countries in the Middle East can make real
have become one of the first ancient cultures
improvements in living standards only if they
to name some of the stars they observed.
can maintain economic growth at over 5%
due to the fact that their population growth is
relatively high.
D) Due to the fact that their population growth is
relatively high, countries in the Middle East
want to make real improvements in living
standards, which is possible with economic
growth at over 5%.
E) Because of their relatively high population
growth, countries in the Middle East need
their economies to grow by over 5% per year
in order to make real improvements in living
standards.

25. The real reason cats avoid water is that their 27. Kemoterapinin yan etkileri, ilaçların, hızla
fur becomes soaked and loses its protecting bölünen normal hücreler üzerindeki
property. etkilerinden ileri gelmektedir.
A) Kedilerin sudan kaçınmasının asıl nedeni A) It is the adverse effects drugs have on
kürklerinin ıslanması ve koruyucu özelliğini rapidly divided normal cells that lead to the
yitirmesidir. side effects of chemotherapy.
B) Kürklerinin koruyucu özelliğini tamamen B) Since drugs have adverse effects on normal
bozduğu için kediler sudan kaçınırlar. cells that divide very fast, this leads to the
C) Kediler sudan kaçınırlar; çünkü su, side effects of chemotherapy.
kürklerinin koruyucu özelliğini tamamen C) The side effects of chemotherapy are closely
bozar. related to the effects that drugs have on
D) Kedilerin sudan kaçınmasının nedenlerinden rapidly divided normal cells.
biri de kürklerinin koruyucu özelliğini D) The side effects of chemotherapy are due to
yitirmesidir. the drugs’ effects on normal cells that rapidly
E) Kürklerinin ıslanması ve koruyucu özelliğini divide.
yitirmesi kedilerin sudan korkmasının sebebi E) Due to the rapid division of normal cells,
olabilir. brought about by the effects of drugs,
chemotherapy has side effects.
26. Küresel ısınma hızlandıkça ve

enerji gereksinimlerimiz artmaya devam 28. Ekonomi, işsizlik, enflasyon, kalkınma ve
ettikçe, bizim daha temiz ve daha sürekli uluslararası para krizleri gibi geleneksel
enerji kaynaklarına sahip olmamız gerekir. meselelerle ilgilenir.
A) Cleaner and more reliable sources of energy A) Economics deals with traditional issues such
must be found or global warming will as unemployment, inflation, development
accelerate, and it will be impossible to meet and international monetary crises.
energy demands. B) Economics is not only related to traditional
B) As the process of global warming speeds up issues but also employment, inflation,
and demands for energy rise, we need to find development, and international monetary
cleaner and more sustainable sources of crises.
energy. C) Common problems including unemployment,
C) If global warming continues and the demands inflation, development, and international
for energy increase, we shall be forced to monetary crises are the subjects of
seek cleaner and more sustainable sources economics.
of energy. D) Economic studies include certain traditional
D) The demand for cleaner and more reliable problems like unemployment, inflation and
sources of energy will increase if global international monetary crises.
warming continues and energy requirement E) Traditional problems as well as
increase. unemployment, development and
E) As global warming accelerates and our international monetary crises are issues
energy demands continue to rise, we have to related to economics.
have cleaner and more sustainable source of
energy.

29. A great many inventions have been made 31. Avrupa'nın bir uydu ağı olan Galileo sistemi,
through history, but the invention of the Avrupa Birliği'ne üye devletler ve Avrupa
computer has probably been more Uzay Kurumu tarafından finanse
influential on our way of life than any other. edilmektedir.
A) Tarih boyunca birçok buluş yapılmıştır; A) The Galileo system forms part of Europe's
ancak, bilgisayarın icadı, yaşam biçimimiz network of satellites and is paid for by the
üzerinde muhtemelen diğerlerinden daha member states of the European Union and
fazla etkili olmuştur. the European Space Agency.
B) Tarihte birçok buluş yapılmıştır; ancak, B) Europe's network of satellites, still known as
bilgisayarın icadı, yaşamımızda çok büyük the Galileo system, is paid for by the
bir etki yapmıştır. member states of the European Union and
C) Tarih boyunca çok sayıda keşif vardır; ancak the European Space Agency,
aslında, yaşam biçimimizi muhtemelen en C) The Galileo system, which receives some
fazla etkileyen yenilik, bilgisayarın icadı financial support from the member states of
olmuştur. the European Union and the European Space
D) Tarihte yapılmış olan buluşların sayısı Agency, is a European network of satellites.
çoktur; ancak, hiçbiri yaşam biçimimiz D) The European Union and the European
üzerinde bilgisayarın icadı kadar etkili Space Agency jointly finance Europe's
olmamıştır. satellite network known as the Galileo
E) Tarihte çeşitli buluşlar yapılmıştır; ancak, system.
bilgisayarın icadının yaşam biçimimizi E) The Galileo system, which is a satellite
diğerlerinden çok daha fazla etkilediği network of Europe, is financed by the
görülmüştür. member states of the European Union and
the European space Agency.
30. Psychologists began to investigate how

science could measure human activity 32. Bacteria are an essential part of the life cycle
because unconscious thought is hard to because they feed on dead matter,
measure or quantify. decomposing it and recycling many of the
chemical constituents.
A) Bilinçdışı düşünceyi ölçmek veya nicelemek
güç olduğundan psikologlar bilimin insan A) Bakteriler, ölü maddeleri ayrıştırarak ve
etkinliğini nasıl ölçebileceğini araştırmaya kimyasal bileşenlerin çoğunu geri
başladılar. dönüştürerek bu maddelerle
B) Bilinçdışı düşünceyi ölçmekten ya da beslendiklerinden yaşam döngüsünün temel
nicelemekten daha zor olduğu için, bir parçasıdır.
psikologlar bilimin insan etkinliğini nasıl B) Yaşam döngüsünün temel bir parçası olan
ölçebildiğini araştırmaya başladılar. bakteriler, ölü maddeleri ayrıştırıp kimyasal
C) Bilinçdışı düşünceyi ölçmenin ya da bileşenlerin çoğunu geri dönüştürür ve bu
nicelemenin zor olması sebebiyle bilimin maddelerle beslenir.
insan etkinliğini nasıl ölçebileceği psikologlar C) Beslenmek için ölü maddelerin kimyasal
tarafından araştırılmaya başlandı. bileşenlerinin çoğunu geri dönüştürüp bu
D) Bilimin insan etkinliğini nasıl ölçebildiğini maddeleri ayrıştırdıklarından bakteriler,
araştırmaya başlayan psikologlar için yaşam döngüsünün temel bir parçası
bilinçdışı düşünceyi ölçmek ya da nicelemek durumundadır.
zordur. D) Ölü maddeleri ayrıştırıp kimyasal
E) Psikologların bilimin insan etkinliğini nasıl bileşenlerinin çoğunu geri dönüştürerek
ölçebildiğini araştırmaya başlamalarının beslenen bakteriler, yaşam döngüsünün
nedeni bilinçdışı düşünceyi ölçmenin ya da temel bir parçasıdır.
nicelemenin zorluğudur. E) Ölü maddeleri ayrıştıran ve kimyasal
bileşenlerinin çoğunu geri dönüştüren
bakteriler, yaşam döngüsünün temel bir
parçası olan bu maddelerle beslenir.

33. While the US and the European Union have 34. The weather was cold and wet, but it could
enacted legislation designed to prevent the not deter thousands of people from
importation of products obtained from gathering by the River Thames to watch the
endangered plants and animals, this 1,000-boat parade designed to celebrate
legislation has had little impact in the Third Queen Elizabeth’s 60th year on the throne.
World Countries that are home to many of
these species. A) Hava soğuk ve yağışlıydı ancak bu, Kraliçe
Elizabeth’in tahttaki 60. yılını kutlamak için
A) ABD ve Avrupa Birliği, soyu tükenmekte olan düzenlenen 1000 botluk geçit törenini
bitki ve hayvanlardan elde edilen ürünlerin izlemek üzere binlerce kişiyi Thames
ithalatını önlemek için bir yasa Nehri’nin kıyısında toplanmaktan
tasarlanmasını ve bu türlerin çoğunun ana caydıramadı.
vatanı olan Üçüncü Dünya ülkelerinde de bu B) Hava, soğuk ve yağışlı olmasına rağmen
yasanın yürürlüğe girmesini sağlamıştır. Kraliçe Elizabeth’in tahttaki 60. yılını
B) ABD ve Avrupa Birliği, soyu tükenmekte olan kutlamak için düzenlenen 1000 botluk geçit
bitki ve hayvanlardan elde edilen ürünlerin törenini izlemek isteyen binlerce kişiyi
ithalatını durdurmak için bir yasa tasarısı Thames Nehri’nin kıyısında toplanmaktan
hazırlamış ancak bu yasa, birçok türün ana vazgeçiremedi.
vatanı olan Üçüncü Dünya ülkelerinde etkili C) Hava soğuk ve yağışlıydı fakat Thames
olamamıştır. Nehri’nin kıyısında toplanan binlerce kişi
C) ABD ve Avrupa Birliği, soyu tükenmekte olan buna aldırış etmeden Kraliçe Elizabeth’in
bitki ve hayvan türlerini korumak için tahttaki 60. yılını kutlamak için düzenlenen
tasarlanan bir yasayı yürürlüğe koyarken, bu 1000 botluk geçit törenini izlemeye devam
türlerin çoğunun ana vatanı olan Üçüncü etti.
Dünya ülkelerinde tam tersine, bitki ve D) Hava soğuk ve yağışlıydı ancak Kraliçe
hayvanlardan elde edilen ürünlerin ithalatında Elizabeth’in tahttaki 60. yılını kutlamak için
artış görülmüştür. düzenlenen 1000 botluk geçit törenini
D) ABD ve Avrupa Birliği, soyu tükenmekte olan izlemeye gelen binlerce kişiyi Thames
bitki ve hayvanlardan elde edilen ürünlerin Nehri’nin kıyısında toplanmaktan
ithalatını önleyecek yasayı hazırlamış ancak vazgeçirecek kadar caydırıcı değildi.
birçok türün ana vatanı olan Üçüncü Dünya E) Hava soğuk ve yağışlıydı ama yine de
ülkelerinde bu yasayı yürürlüğe Kraliçe Elizabeth’in tahttaki 60. yılını
koyamamıştır. kutlamak için düzenlenen 1000 botluk geçit
E) ABD ve Avrupa Birliği, soyu tükenmekte olan törenini izlemek üzere binlerce kişiyi Thames
bitki ve hayvanlardan elde edilen ürünlerin Nehri’nin kıyısında toplanmaktan
ithalatını önlemek için tasarlanan yasayı alıkoyamadı.
yürürlüğe koymasına rağmen, bu türlerin
çoğunun ana vatanı olan Üçüncü Dünya
ülkelerinde bu yasanın etkisi az olmuştur. 35. Tropikal kereste ticareti, yağmur
ormanlarının tahribinde oynadığı rol
nedeniyle, uluslararası kaygının önemli bir
odağı olmuştur.
A) Rain forest destruction deserves to be a

focus of international concern as the tropical
timber trade continues to grow.
B) The tropical timber trade has caused a great
deal of international concern since it is held
to be a major cause of rain forest
destruction.
C) The tropical timber trade has been a major
focus of international concern because of the
role it plays in rain forest destruction.
D) The role played by the tropical timber trade in
the destruction of rain forests has been a
matter of international concern.
E) International concern has at last focused on
rain forest destruction which is caused by
the tropical timber trade.

36. Oil was first discovered in the 1960s in 38. The recent currency crisis which has shaken
Mauritania, but high production costs Europe constitutes a serious threat to the
discouraged oil exploration programmes; very existence of the European Community.
however, today’s high oil prices make
Mauritanian oil economically more viable. A) Avrupa'yı sarsan son para krizi, bizzat
Avrupa Topluluğu'nun varlığı için ciddi bir
A) Bugünün yüksek petrol fiyatları nedeniyle tehdit oluşturmaktadır.
çok karlı hale gelen Moritanya petrolü ilk B) Avrupa Topluluğu'nun varlığını tehdit eden en
olarak 1960’larda keşfedilmişti; ancak, ciddi olay, Avrupa’yı sarsan son para krizidir.
yüksek üretim maliyetleri nedeniyle petrol
C) Avrupa'da patlak veren son para krizi Avrupa
arama programından vazgeçilmişti.
Topluluğu'nun varlığına karşı bir tepkidir.
B) Moritanya’da petrolün ilk olarak 1960’larda
D) Avrupa’yı tehdit eden son para krizi, Avrupa
keşfedilmesine rağmen, yüksek üretim
Topluluğu'nun varlığına bir darbedir.
maliyetleri nedeniyle petrol arama
programları durduruldu; ancak, bugünün E) Avrupa Topluluğu'nun varlığını tehlikeye
yüksek petrol fiyatları ülkedeki petrolü düşüren en son olay, Avrupa’yı saran para
ekonomik olarak çok daha karlı hale getirdi. krizidir.
C) Moritanya’da petrol ilk olarak 1960’larda
keşfedildi, fakat yüksek üretim maliyetleri 39. Pek çok bulaşıcı hastalığın olduğu
petrol arama programlarının cesaretini kırdı; koşullarda büyüyen erkeklerin, ilerleyen
ancak, bugünün yüksek petrol fiyatları yaşlarda daha düşük testosteron seviyesine
Moritanya petrolünü ekonomik olarak daha sahip olması muhtemeldir.
uygun hale getiriyor.
D) Moritanya’da petrol arama programlarıyla ilk A) If men grow up in conditions where there are
olarak 1960’larda keşfedilen petrolün yüksek lots of infectious diseases, they will probably
üretim maliyetleri vardı; ama bugün yüksek have a low testosterone level at later ages
petrol fiyatları nedeniyle bu petrol ekonomik B) Men who grow up in a place where many
olarak daha uygun hâle geldi. people develop infectious diseases will have
E) Moritanya’da ilk olarak 1960’lardaki petrol a lower testosterone level at later ages.
arama programlarıyla keşfedilen petrolün C) Conditions in which there are lots of
yüksek üretim maliyetleri olmasına rağmen, infectious diseases are likely to determine
günümüzde yüksek petrol fiyatları bu petrolü whether a man will have a lower testosterone
ekonomik olarak daha uygun hale getiriyor. level at later ages or not.
D) Men who grow up in conditions where there
are lots of infectious diseases are likely to
37. Haritalar, çeşitli kültürlerin çevrelerindeki
have a lower testosterone level at later ages.
dünyayı nasıl betimlediklerinin mükemmel
örnekleridir. E) Men who are likely to have a lower
testosterone level at later ages could have
A) Various cultures use excellent maps in order grown up in conditions where there are lots of
to describe the world around them. infectious diseases.
B) Maps are examples of cultures, illustrating
how they describe the world around them.
C) Various cultures have been using maps to
show the ways they describe their own world.
D) Maps are examples of how various ancient
cultures imagined the world around them.
E) Maps are excellent examples of how various
cultures describe the world around them.

40. Eski zeka testleri kronolojik yaş ve zihinsel 42. Make-up artists prepare actors’ faces and
yaşı karşılaştırmaya odaklanırken, güncel bodies for the stage to effectively reflect the
yöntemler biyolojik ve çevresel faktörlerin physical properties of the characters to be
zekanın gelişimindeki ve ifade edilişindeki played.
değerini anlamaktadır.
A) Makyözler, canlandırılacak karakterlerin
A) Earlier intelligence tests paid attention to the fiziksel özelliklerini etkili bir biçimde
differences between chronological age and yansıtmak için oyuncuların yüzünü ve
mental age, but today’s methods value the vücudunu sahne için hazırlar.
factors of biology and environment in the B) Makyözler, oyuncuların yüzünü ve vücudunu
development and expression of intelligence. hazırlayarak, canlandırılacak karakterlerin
B) While early tests of intelligence concentrated fiziksel özelliklerinin sahnede etkili bir
on comparing chronological age with mental şekilde yansıtılmasını sağlar.
age, current methods appreciate the value of C) Makyözler, canlandırılacak karakterlerin
biological and environmental factors in the fiziksel özelliklerini etkili bir şekilde
development and expression of intelligence. yansıtabilmek için oyuncuların yüzünü ve
C) Early tests of intelligence paid attention to vücudunu sahneye hazırlayan kişilerdir.
the comparisons of chronological age with D) Makyözler, canlandırılacak karakterlerin
mental age, but not to biological and fiziksel özellikleri sahnede tam anlamıyla
environmental factors in the development yansıtılmak istendiği için oyuncuların yüzünü
and expression of intelligence, which is ve vücudunu etkili bir şekilde hazırlar.
appreciated in today’s methods.
E) Makyözler, canlandırılacak karakterlerin
D) Whereas early tests of intelligence focused fiziksel özelliklerini istenilen şekilde
on comparisons between chronological age yansıtmak amacıyla oyuncuların yüzünü ve
and mental age, current methods appreciate vücudunu sahne için etkili hale getirir.
how biological and environmental factors are
evaluated in the development and expression
of intelligence. 43. Şeker hastalığı olan yetişkinler şeker
E) Whereas the focus of early intelligence tests hastalığı olmayan yetişkinlere kıyasla günlük
was on the comparisons between etkinliklerinde daha çok sınırlamayla karşı
chronological and mental ages, current karşıya kalmaktadırlar.
methods value biological and environmental
factors in the development and expression of A) Adults with diabetes face more limitations in
intelligence. their daily activities compared to adults
without diabetes.
B) Adults who have diabetes have to restrict
41. Yok olma tehlikesiyle karşı karşıya kalan their daily activities more than those without
pandaları korumak için 2003'ten beri koruma diabetes.
alanları oluşturan Çin, şimdilerde gözetim C) Compared to those who do not have
altında üremiş pandaları vahşi yaşamla diabetes, some adults often have to limit
tanıştırıyor. their daily activities.
A) Since the beginning of 2003, China has been D) It is a serious problem that adults with
creating reserves to protect pandas on the diabetes meet more limitations in their daily
brink of extinction, and it is now releasing activities than those without diabetes.
captive-bred pandas into the wild. E) Adults without diabetes are not faced with
B) China, which has been creating reserves any limitations in their routine life, compared
since 2003 to protect pandas in danger of to adults with diabetes.
extinction, is now introducing captive-bred
pandas into the wild.
C) China, which has been creating reserves
where pandas on the edge of extinction have
been protected since 2003, is now releasing
captive-bred pandas into the nature.
D) China, which is now placing captive-bred
pandas into the wild, has been creating
reserves since 2003 to protect pandas
threatened with extinction.
E) Since 2003, pandas that are in danger of
extinction have been protected in areas
created by China, which is now introducing
captive-bred pandas into the wild.

44. Otoyollardan hızlı trenlere varıncaya kadar 46. Dil eğitiminde toplumsal sınıf farklılıklarını
şehirler arasındaki ulaşım bağlantıları ticari doğrudan inceleyen en verimli araştırma,
kuruluşların ülke çapında başarı elde İngiliz sosyolog Basil Bernstein’inkidir.
etmesine imkân sağlar.
A) The most fruitful research dealing directly
A) It is transport links between cities such as with language education in terms of social-
motorways and high-speed trains that enable class differences belongs to the English
businesses to be successful across a sociologist Basil Bernstein.
country. B) Basil Bernstein, who is an English
B) Transport links between cities, from sociologist, has dealt directly with social-
motorways to high-speed trains, contribute to class differences in language education and
the success of businesses countrywide. has come up with fruitful research.
C) What makes businesses successful C) The most fruitful research dealing directly
throughout a country is transport links with social-class differences in language
between cities like motorways and high- education is that of the English sociologist
speed trains. Basil Bernstein.
D) Businesses can become more successful D) The most fruitful research dealing directly
countrywide thanks to transport links with social-class differences in language
between cities such as motorways and high- education was done by the English
speed trains. sociologist Basil Bernstein.
E) From motorways to high-speed trains, E) The English sociologist Basil Bernstein has
transport links between cities allow done fruitful research dealing directly with
businesses to achieve success countrywide. social-class differences in language
education.
45. On the surface of Mars, the fourth nearest

planet to the sun, one sees vast plains which 47. Although sleep disorder has negative effects
have been subject to excessive rain over on almost all of the occupations throughout
hundreds of millions of years. the world, it is a particular source of concern
for those who work the night shift.
A) Mars, Güneş'e en yakın dördüncü gezegen
olmasına rağmen, yüzeyinde, yüz A) Gece vardiyasında çalışanlar için özel bir
milyonlarca yıl büyük yağışlar almış çok endişe kaynağı olan uyku bozukluğu, artık
büyük ovalar göze çarpmaktadır. tüm dünyada hemen hemen bütün meslekler
B) Yüzeyinde, yüz milyonlarca yıl büyük sel üzerinde olumsuz etkiler yaratmaktadır.
baskınlarına maruz kalmış ovaları olan Mars, B) Uyku bozukluğu, gece vardiyasında
Güneş'e en yakın dördüncü gezegendir. çalışanlar için özel bir endişe kaynağı
C) Mars, Güneş'e en yakın dördüncü gezegen oluştursa da dünya çapındaki hemen hemen
olduğu için, yüzeyindeki çok geniş ovalar bütün meslekler üzerinde olumsuz etkilere
yüz milyonlarca yıl şiddetli yağmurlara maruz sahiptir.
kalmıştır. C) Uyku bozukluğu, tüm dünyada neredeyse
D) Güneş'e en yakın dördüncü gezegen Mars'ın bütün meslekler üzerinde olumsuz etkilere
yüzeyinde, yüz milyonlarca yıl aşırı yağmura sahip olmasına rağmen, en çok gece
maruz kalmış geniş ovalar görülmektedir. vardiyasında çalışanlar için özel bir endişe
kaynağı oluşturmaktadır.
E) Güneş'e en yakın dördüncü gezegen olan
Mars'ın yüzeyi, yüz milyonlarca yıl aşırı D) Uyku bozukluğu, dünya genelinde hemen
yağmura maruz kalmış sınırsız ovalardan hemen bütün meslekler üzerinde olumsuz
oluşmaktadır. etkiler oluşturmaktadır ancak gece
vardiyasında çalışanlar için özel bir endişe
kaynağıdır.
E) Uyku bozukluğu, dünya çapında neredeyse
bütün meslekler üzerinde olumsuz etkilere
sahip olsa da gece vardiyasında çalışanlar
için özel bir endişe kaynağıdır.

48. The health care sector will have to alter its 50. At the 1994 Brussels NATO summit a
plans fundamentally, which are currently 'partnership for peace' programme was
failing to produce inexpensive and highly formally launched, enabling the old Warsaw
efficient drugs. Pact members and former Soviet republics
to take part in a wide range of military
A) Sağlık sektörünün planları, şu anda çok etkili cooperation with NATO.
ve ucuz ilaç üretmekte başarılı olmadığından
dolayı, tamamen değişmek zorunda A) Eski Varşova Paktı üyeleri ve Önceki Sovyet
kalacaktır. cumhuriyetleri, 1994 Brüksel NATO
B) Sağlık sektörünün hem ucuz hem de etkili zirvesinde kabul edilen 'barış için ortaklık'
ilaçlar üretmekte başarılı olamayan programı sayesinde NATO ile askeri alanda
planlarını, tamamiyle değiştirmesi çok kapsamlı işbirliği yapma olanağı
gerekmektedir. buldular.
C) Günümüzde ucuz ve etkili ilaç üretmekte B) Eski Varşova Paktı üyelerinin ve önceki
başarılı olamayan sağlık sektörü, planlarını Sovyet cumhuriyetlerinin NATO ile geniş
baştan aşağı değiştirmek zorunda kalacaktır. kapsamlı askeri işbirliği yapmalarını
sağlamaya yönelik 'barış için ortaklık'
D) Sağlık sektörü, günümüzde ucuz ve çok
programı, ancak 1994 Brüksel NATO
etkili ilaçları üretmede başarısız kalan
zirvesinde resmen hayata geçirilme olanağı
planlarını temelden değiştirmek zorunda
buldu.
kalacaktır.
C) 1994 Brüksel NATO zirvesinde ilk kez
E) Sağlık sektörü etkili ve ucuz ilaç üretiminde
önerilen 'barış için ortaklık' programı, eski
başarılı olamadığı için bütün planlarını
Varşova Paktı üyelerine ve önceki Sovyet
kökten değiştirmek zorundadır.
cumhuriyetlerine NATO ile askeri alanda sıkı
bir işbirliği yapma olanağı sağlamayı
49. Forensic investigators make a permanent amaçlıyordu,
record of anything at a crime scene that is D) 1994 Brüksel NATO zirvesinde, eski Varşova
relevant to the crime, and not only does this Paktı üyelerine ve önceki Sovyet
attention prevent dependence on highly cumhuriyetlerine NATO ile geniş kapsamlı bir
unreliable human memory, and it also askeri işbirliği yapma olanağı sağlayan 'barış
provided evidence that is likely to be için ortaklık' programı resmen yürürlüğe
accepted in court. kondu.
E) 'Barış için ortaklık', ilk kez 1994 Brüksel
A) Adli araştırmacıların olay yerinde suç ile ilgili NATO zirvesinde resmen kararlaştırılıp
her şeyin kalıcı kaydını tutmaları ve onların yürürlüğe konan ve eski Varşova Paktı
bu dikkatleri, oldukça güvenilmez olan insan üyeleri ile önceki Sovyet cumhuriyetlerine
hafızasına bağımlı olmayı engellemekle NATO ile askeri işbirliği olanağı sağlayan
kalmaz, mahkemede muhtemelen kabul geniş kapsamlı bir programdır.
edilebilecek kanıt da sağlar.
B) Olay yerinde suç ile ilgili her şeyin kalıcı
kaydını tutan adli araştırmacılar ve onların
bu dikkatleri, oldukça güvenilmez olan insan
hafızasına bağımlı olmayı engellemekle
birlikte mahkemeye muhtemelen kabul
edilebilecek kanıt sağlar.
C) Adli araştırmacılar, olay yerinde suç ile ilgili
her şeyin kalıcı kaydını tutarlar ve bu dikkat
sadece oldukça güvenilmez olan insan
hafızasına bağımlı olmayı engellemekle
kalmaz aynı zamanda mahkemede
muhtemelen kabul edilebilecek kanıt da
sağlar.
D) Adli araştırmacılar, olay yerinde suç ile ilgili
her şeyin kalıcı kaydını dikkatle tutarlar ve
bu, hem oldukça güvenilmez olan insan
hafızasına bağımlı olmalarını engeller hem
de mahkemede muhtemelen kabul
edilebilecek kanıt sunmalarını sağlar.
E) Adli araştırmacılar olay yerinde suç ile ilgili
her şeyin kalıcı kaydını dikkatli bir şekilde
tutarak hem oldukça güvenilmez olan insan
hafızasına bağımlı olmaktan kaçınırlar hem
de mahkemede muhtemelen kabul
edilebilecek kanıt elde ederler.

Translation > Self-Study Cevap Anahtarı
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
C B C C E C E E D A D C B B A E D B D B
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
A A D E A E D A D A E A E A C C E A D B
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
B A A E D C E D C D

Paragraph Completion
Bu ünitede, paragraf tamamlama soruları yer almaktadır.
• Paragraph Completion

Paragraph Completion > Self-Study
1. Thousands of individual parts make up the 3. The most important ideas of the 19th century
modern automobile. Much like the human was that everyone had the right to personal
body, these parts are arranged into several freedom which was the basis of capitalism.
semi-independent systems, each with a This idea had spread widely through Adam
different function. ---- The automobile Smith’s book Wealth of Nations, written in
contains similar circulatory systems to cool the 18th century. ---- Fewer laws, they
the engine using fluid (mostly water) and to claimed, meant more freedom, and freedom
circulate oil and fuel within the system. The for individuals would lead to happiness for
engine — the 'heart' of the automobile — is the greatest number of people.
comprised of pistons, cylinders, and other
components. Each system is necessary for A) The British government at this time was
making the automobile run and reducing reluctant to make use of his ideas.
noise and pollution. B) The result was a number of laws were
passed to prevent people carrying guns.
A) For example, our circulatory system
C) Obviously Adam Smith was well informed
comprises the heart, blood vessels, and
about working conditions in the factories.
blood.
D) After Adam Smith, several capitalist
B) The major systems of an automobile include
economists argued that governments should
the engine, fuel system, transmission, and
not interfere in trade and industry at all.
electrical system.
E) By the turn of the 20th century, capitalism
C) When n automobile is designed, the
had grown less popular outside England.
arrangement and type of components depend
on various factors.
D) Furthermore, the dependence on petroleum 4. Plants and livestock need air, water, and
fuel of automobiles leads to power struggles nourishment to stay alive. If a plant does not
and thus influences global politics. have the kind of soil it needs, it may die.
E) Automobiles have given freedom of Similarly, animals also need to have the
movement as well as comfort to their right climate and the right food to survive.
owners. Farmers try to raise the kinds of livestock
and plants that will do well in their particular
region. ---- For example, many farmers in dry
2. Anaemia is not a disease but a symptom of areas use irrigation, or artificial watering.
any of a number of different disorders. It can
be caused by poor diet, blood loss, A) Farmers raise crops and livestock in every
exposure to industrial poisons, diseases of climate and in all kinds of different soil.
the bone marrow and any other disorder that B) Plants and animals also supply such natural
upsets the balance between blood materials as cotton, flax, wool, and hides.
production and blood loss. Mild degrees of C) Agriculture provides the food and many of
anaemia often cause nothing more than a the raw materials that humans need to
lack of energy. ---- This may be accompanied survive.
by the pounding of the heart and a rapid
D) Some regions receive a lot of sunlight or
pulse and heart action.
rainfall while others have colder or drier
A) Treatment depends on how rapidly blood is weather.
lost and how severe the anaemia is. E) If they do not have perfect natural
B) This type of anaemia disappears when the conditions, they try to create the best
cause has been found and corrected. conditions possible.
C) A good basic diet is the best way to combat
diet deficiency anaemia.
D) However, in more severe cases of anaemia,
exertion causes shortness of breath.
E) Many nutrients are needed for red cell
production.

5. Streptococci are found in the mouth as well 7. Compared to its Balkan neighbours, Greece
as in the digestive tract of humans and some is a wealthy country, but it remains one of
other animals. Some are more harmful than the poorer members of the European Union.
others. ---- One particularly virulent strain is ---- Nevertheless, with a nominally capitalist
resistant to antibiotics and can cause death orientation, it has overcome its resemblance
within a few hours. to pre-1989 Eastern Europe. Loss-making
state enterprises have been sold off, and
A) Pathogens can enter the body in food or air, inflation and interest rates have fallen.
through damaged skin, or from contact with However, unemployment remains high.
infected organisms.
B) They are not, however, the cause of all A) It is still a developing economy, with the
middle ear infections. agriculture and service sectors accounting
for two-thirds of its GNP.
C) So a wide variety of bacteria normally inhabit
various parts of the human body. B) Still, the Greek islands attract thousands of
tourists, many of whom come simply to
D) As a result, some of the normal bacterial
enjoy the sun and sand and the relaxed pace
inhabitants are opportunist pathogens that
of life.
can cause disease only under certain
conditions. C) Accordingly, it now seems poised to become
a significant regional power.
E) Among the harmful species are those that
cause, for instance, strepthroaf, dental D) Furthermore, it has one of the lowest birth
caries and scarlet fever. rates in Europe.
E) Yet family life and social life are usually one
and the same, and tend to revolve around
6. The Merchant of Venice is a play written by eating out.
Shakespeare sometime between 1596 and
1598. Despite being classified as a comedy
and sharing certain aspects with his other 8. Astronomy is the study of the universe and
romantic comedies, the play is perhaps the celestial bodies, gas, and dust within it.
more remembered for its dramatic scenes, Astronomy includes observations and
particularly the trial scene, and is best theories about the solar system, the stars,
known for the character of Shylock. ---- the galaxies, and the general structure of
Though Shylock is a hateful character, he is space. People who study astronomy are
also a tormented one himself, so whether he called astronomers. ---- These methods
is to be viewed with scorn or sympathy is up usually involve ideas related to the laws of
to the audience. physics, so most astronomers are, at the
same time, astrophysicists.
A) The title character is the merchant Antonio,
but the wicked moneylender Shylock is the A) A wide range of astronomical objects are
play’s most prominent figure. accessible to astronomers.
B) His presence in the play makes for a B) Astronomy is the oldest science, dating back
delightful and laugh-filled theatrical thousands of years.
experience. C) Using a variety of equipment, they analyze
C) The play is named after the leading the objects in the sky.
character, a merchant living in Venice. D) They use a wide variety of methods while
D) All audiences develop positive feelings performing their research.
towards this character. E) The astronomers’ field of study is distinct
E) Shakespeare probably based his characters from that of the astrophysicists.
on the people living in his own environment.

9. There is some indication that children 11. The pharmaceutical industry is particularly
whose access to television is restricted are interested in new substances that could
less likely to be negatively affected by it, mask unpleasant flavours. ---- And
even when they do view it. A study has chronically ill people, such as AIDS patients,
found that children whose parents restrict who have to force down many unpleasant
viewing are less likely to be unnecessarily tablets daily, would greatly appreciate more
fearful of the outside world. ---- In other agreeable formulations.
words, children whose parents severely limit
access to television may actually become A) Such a quality might prove undesirable for
more aggressive, perhaps due to the sweets or soda.
frustration that results from the deprivation B) The idea of a bitter-blocker has still to be
of privileges. tested.
C) Flavour optimized drugs would be especially
A) It should be noted, however, that there is
valuable for treating children, who often
some evidence that very extreme levels of
refuse to swallow nasty tasting syrups.
restriction will backfire.
D) Nutritionists want to know how much these
B) Children with limited access to television are
choices could affect the health of individuals.
less likely to believe that what they see on
television is real. E) Widespread use could possibly undermine a
natural protective function.
C) It is possible that the mere presence of
parents while viewing makes children feel
happy. 12. Production must almost always take place in
D) Children who receive parental restriction are anticipation of demand. The successful
better able to quickly understand the plots of entrepreneur initiates production well ahead
television programmes. of demand. To do this, he has to estimate
E) Much of the research on the effects of likely consumer demand, market prices, and
television viewing has focused on children the actions of competitors. These are areas,
whose parents are more sophisticated of course, in which forecasting can never be
consumers of television. entirely accurate. ---- The entrepreneur must
bear the risk of any failure arising from such
forecasts.
10. Opera was a seventeenth-century creation,
developed most significantly by the Italian A) Techniques exist for such types of
Baroque composer Claudio Monteverdi forecasting but they produce no more than
(1567-1643). He combined music with theatre estimates of probable situations.
for greater dramatic intensity. Monteverdi’s B) In the case of a small productive unit the
new form of opera appealed immediately. ---- entrepreneur is usually the so-called
Staged within magnificent settings and proprietor.
calling on the talents of singers, musicians, C) In the short run, at least one factor of
dramatists, and stage designers, opera production is fixed.
expressed as clearly as any art form Baroque
D) When capital is productive, it yields a return
artists’ dedication to grandeur, drama, and
over all other costs of production.
display.
E) Developing countries need trustworthy
A) During the Enlightenment, intellectual entrepreneurs to increase their rate of
changes went hand in hand with social and economic growth.
cultural ones, and human equality and
freedom were regarded as natural.
B) Eighteenth-century musicians, like
eighteenth century writers, found their
careers and art shaped by changing
structures of culture.
C) In the Age of the Enlightenment, aristocratic
and court patronage remained the pillars of
support for musicians.
D) Mozart’s opera The Marriage of Figaro, which
was based on a French play, depicts
relations between masters and their servants
and satirizes the abuses of privilege.
E) Within one generation operas were performed
in all the leading cities of Italy, and by the
eighteenth century they had captured
attention across Europe.

13. The liver receives blood from both the 15. ---- The study found that the morale was low
intestine and the heart. Tiny capillaries in among secretaries. Many of them claimed
the intestinal wall drain into the portal vein, that they felt a lack of respect for their work
which enters the liver. ---- The hepatic artery and that they were not treated as full
brings blood to the liver from the heart. This members of the company's executive team.
blood carries oxygen for the liver tissue The study also revealed that they were
itself as well as cholesterol and other under-utilised.
substances for processing.
A) First of all, we have made a list of tasks that
A) The liver converts substances in digested secretaries can perform in addition to the
food into proteins. more traditional tasks of typing and filing.
B) The liver manufactures about half of the B) The changes we have made in the personnel
body’s cholesterol. system of the company were in part the
C) Abnormalities of liver function can be divided result of a study conducted about secretaries
broadly into two groups. over a six-month period.
D) Sugars are stored in the liver as glycogen. C) In addition to the language training that has
been offered, the company is designed a
E) The blood then flows through tiny channels
training programme on office management
inside the liver.
for secretaries.
D) In upgrading office efficiency, managers also
14. ---- This select group of mammals includes play an Important role by recognizing and
the higher primates, members of the horse appreciating the work and career aspirations
family, elephants, cetaceans and camelids. It of secretaries.
is no coincidence that all of these animals E) The questionnaire didn’t provide them with
live in stable, bonded social groups. Group any useful information.
living has its benefits, but it can also be
stressful and members cannot simply leave
when things gets tough, which is where 16. The fossil record of dinosaurs in Africa
friendship comes in. Friends form defensive extends from the Late Triassic Period, over
coalitions that keep everyone else just far 200 million years ago. until the Late
enough away, without driving them off Cretaceous Period, presumably 65 million
completely. years ago. However, the extinction event that
ended the reign of dinosaurs has yet to be
A) Grooming is a time consuming job, meaning documented. Throughout this length of time,
that primates cannot sustain social groups of Africa remained relatively stable
more than 50. geologically, changing position only slightly
B) Over the past two million years, there seems by drifting and rotating northward. ---- The
to have been increasing pressure to evolve changing geography of Africa and its
larger social groups. neighbours throughout the Mesozoic Period
C) Friendship gives social groups a different is fundamental to understanding the
structure from herds of deer or antelope. dinosaur fossils found there.
D) From the point of view of each animal within A) During the Late Triassic through the Early
it, a bonded society is made up of layers. Jurassic, major continental land masses
E) Most animals have acquaintances but only a were united into the supercontinent of
few species are capable of true friendship. Pangaea.
B) Late Triassic dinosaur sites are found
extensively in southern Africa (particularly
South Africa, Lesotho, and Zimbabwe) and to
a lesser extent in northern Africa (Morocco).
C) Thus, the dinosaur fauna of the Late Triassic
and Early Jurassic are generally similar
across the globe because there was only one
continent rather than several continents.
D) By contrast the continents surrounding Africa
moved greatly, resulting in ocean barriers
between what were once contiguous land
masses.
E) The boundary between the Triassic and
Jurassic Period is marked by extinctions
globally, but it has not been studied in detail
in Africa.

17. China is an easy target to blame for the 19. In order to cope with climate change, the
climate crisis. In the midst of its industrial world must reduce by half its greenhouse
revolution, China has overtaken the United gas emissions. Such a target is extremely
States as the world’s biggest carbon dioxide tough to meet because not everyone in the
producer. And everyone has read about the world accepts that it needs to be met. ----
one-a-week pace of power plant construction Furthermore, developing nations such as
there. But those numbers are misleading, China, Brazil and India have argued that they
and not just because a lot of that carbon should not bear the responsibility of
dioxide was emitted to build products for the significantly cutting their emissions.
West to consume. ----
A) For years, some countries like the US and
A) This is because the United States is only China, have remained unwilling to regulate
concerned about its own gross domestic their emissions for fear of damaging their
product. economies.
B) Each Chinese person is individually B) Combating climate change should be viewed
responsible for the carbon dioxide emission. as an insurance policy for future generations.
C) Because of China’s high development rate, C) Without some level of greenhouse gases, our
more carbon dioxide is emitted than ever. planet would be an average of about 15 °C
D) But also because China has four times the colder than at present.
population of the United States. D) It is the poorest countries located in the
E) The Chinese are as responsible for global tropics that are likely to be worst affected by
warming as the Americans. climate change.
E) Unfortunately, it is precisely younger
economies that are set to generate the vast
18. For the most part it seems, workers in majority of extra pollution in the coming
rich countries have little to fear from years.
globalization, and a lot to gain. ---- The
answer is that they are even more likely than
their rich-country counterparts to benefit 20. Isaac Newton presented the earliest scientific
because they have less to lose and more to definition of mass in 1687 in his landmark
gain. work Principium: The quantity of matter is
the measure of the same arising from its
A) But is the same true for workers in poor density and bulk conjointly. That very basic
countries? definition was good enough for Newton and
B) But the question is, can this be expected to other scientists for more than 200 years. ----
continue? In recent years, however, the why of mass
C) Is this really a satisfactory state of affairs? has become a research topic in physics.
D) Is this also the case in some of the poor A) The laws of gravity predict that gravity acts
countries? on mass and energy.
E) Can such a state of affairs be expected to B) Most people think they know what mass is,
continue indefinitely? but actually they understand only a very
small part of what it entails.
C) Fundamental particles have an intrinsic
mass known as their rest mass.
D) Energy and mass are related, as described
by Einstein’s famous equation, E=mc2.
E) They understood that science should
proceed first by describing how things work
and later by understanding why.

21. Paris, which is the capital of France, is 23. Law enforcement has relied on fingerprint
situated on the Seine. It is a beautiful and analysis to identify suspects and solve
historic city and has, therefore, become one crimes for more than 100 years.
of the world’s main tourist centres. ---- These Investigators use fingerprints to link a
might include things as diverse as a visit to criminal to a crime scene. Individual
the Louvre and to the Euro Disney Theme fingerprint identification records have also
Park. been used in sentencing, probation, and
parole decisions. Officers often rely on
A) It has for several centuries been a centre of chemical techniques to make the evidence
fashion. visible. ---- Recent wrongful convictions and
B) Paris is especially famous for its museums. scientific studies of forensic methods have
C) There are a great many things for a visitor to increased scrutiny of the validity and
do there. reliability of several forms of forensic
evidence, including fingerprints.
D) Many of the world’s luxury goods are
produced in Paris. A) Fingerprints on hard surfaces which are
E) The Palace of Versailles is just 23 kilometres visible can be photographed without the aid
south west of Paris. of chemicals to improve visibility.
B) Similarly, fingerprint analysis should be
automated to potentially reduce bias in
22. Ice climbing and rock climbing share some interpreting match results when fingerprints
important features. Both use ropes, at a scene are unclear.
harnesses, and other specialized equipment
for ascending steep granite or blue ice. ---- A C) Three-dimensional fingerprints left on soft
rock climber follows the natural cracks or surfaces, such as wax or wet paint, are often
weaknesses in the rock whereas, with ice clearly visible.
tools in each hand, an ice climber has more D) Crime scene fingerprints sometimes require
freedom to blaze a path up and is limited chemical techniques to make them visible
only by the ice conditions and the and thus can be used to find the evidence.
technology of the tools. E) However, inadequate proficiency testing of
investigators has led to inaccurate
A) Most ice climbing trips require an arduous interpretations of the evidence.
trek into the mountains and possibly several
nights out in the cold.
B) But, the method of climbing in each case is 24. ---- Many of these expectations have been
different. demonstrated by social anthropologists.
C) However, climbing itself has always been Margaret Mead, for example, showed that in
considered to be very dangerous. some societies, women are expected to be
subordinate, gentle and submissive, while in
D) There are many tragic stories of climbing
others, they are expected to be aggressive
accidents.
and competitive.
E) But once you find your footing, ice climbing
can become addictive. A) Gender refers to differences in the way that
men and women in a particular society are
expected to feel.
B) We have long known that there are big
differences between societies in the way
women are expected to behave.
C) Women today have a number of
expectations from the study of female
relations.
D) People may debate how different men and
women are in their expectations.
E) The relationships of power and inequality
between men and women have changed over
the centuries as expected.

25. ---- However, most of the African art known 27. In Britain at the head of the government
today is relatively recent; from the 19th structure is the Cabinet, which consists of
century or later. Very little earlier, African art the leading members of the majority party in
has survived, primarily because it was made the Commons, selected by the Prime
largely of perishable materials such as Minister. ---- Although legally ministers are
wood, cloth, and plant fibres, and because it individually responsible for the exercise of
typically met with intensive use in government powers, politically it is expected
ceremonies and in daily life. Scholars of that the Cabinet is collectively responsible
African art base suppositions about earlier for government policy. It thus acts as one
art mainly on the art of the last two man, and a minister who disagrees with the
centuries. But they can only guess at the Cabinet must either resign or remain silent.
earlier traditions from which the recent art
developed. A) The British Parliament consists of the
Houses of Commons and Lords.
A) Today, African art does not constitute a B) Most Cabinet ministers are the heads of
single tradition. government departments, which are staffed
B) Many surviving examples of African art date by civil servants.
from the 14th to the 17th century. C) In the British political system the monarch
C) Each African culture produces its own has no executive powers.
distinctive art and architecture. D) Local administrations enjoy considerable
D) African cultures design many utilitarian autonomy in decision-making.
objects with decorative schemes in mind. E) In the past British governments followed a
E) The earliest known African sculptures are policy of non-intervention in the world.
sculpted clay heads and human figures.
28. Eating too much fatty food, exercising too

26. Naming species is a convenience applied by little and smoking can raise your future risk
biologists as they try to group similar of heart disease. ---- Previous studies have
animals together. Ernst Mayer, long ago, linked exposure to environmental pollution
defined a species as a group of actually or to an increased risk of heart problems, but
potentially interbreeding natural the two analyses now show that poor air
populations. ---- But there are at least a quality can lead to a heart attack or stroke
dozen other ways to define and categorize within as little as a few hours after exposure.
species, involving evolutionary history, Scientists found that people exposed to high
morphology or DNA analysis. The problem levels of pollutants were up to 5% more
is that evolution does not act on species likely to suffer a heart attack within days of
directly. exposure than those with lower exposure.
A) Identification of species is not so easily done A) This can be reduced, however, if you
from a distance. exercise outside in the fresh air.
B) This is a working definition that many B) Heart disease is reversible if the underlying
biologists prefer to use. disease can be treated.
C) Definitions of species are easily broken down C) But there is another factor that can trigger
when examined closely. heart problems more immediately.
D) Definitions are so blurry that one can hardly D) The risks are relatively low for people who
find a workable one. “smoke socially” and have lower cholesterol
E) The definition based on interbreeding is the levels.
only one accepted. E) Strict regulation of pollutants may not only
improve air quality but could also become
necessary to protect public health.

29. The purpose of a research paper is to 31. There are some 100 billion galaxies in the
synthesize previous research and observable universe, with about 100 billion
scholarship with your ideas on the subject. stars in each of these galaxies. ---- In fact
Therefore, you should feel free to use other there are more planets in the universe than
people’s words, facts, and thoughts in your there are sand grains on all the beaches of
research paper, but the material you borrow all the coastlines of all the continents. Yet, in
must not be presented as if it were your own all this immensity, there is only one place
creation. Otherwise, you end up committing where we know there is life - the tiny, fragile
plagiarism, presenting somebody else’s blue dot we call Earth.
ideas as your own. ---- These notes should
always distinguish among three types of A) The reality is that finding life in remote
material: your ideas, your summaries, and planets will be very difficult and it will take
your paraphrases of others’ ideas and facts. quite a lot of time.
B) Many scientists are trying to explain the
A) To avoid this during research and writing, origin of the disparate bodies in the solar
keep careful notes about your sources. system.
B) Presenting an author’s exact wording without C) Since one of Saturn's moons has been found
marking it as a quotation is known as to have ice fountains, we should be looking
plagiarism. more widely for alive bodies.
C) When you copy and paste passages, make D) In recent years, we have discovered that
sure that you add quotation marks. there are probably more planets than there
D) Unfortunately, some students continue to are stars.
take this approach in high school. E) It is possible to find some kind of life in
E) For this reason, the best way of supporting space, but whether we can talk to it is a
your argument is to use quotations. matter of debate.
30. Forests, conserved land, and natural 32. The simplest of the nutrients are the
habitats are not important just for the sake of minerals. ---- Its atoms are all alike. As a
saving trees and animals. Forests and all result, its identity never changes. Iron, for
greenery are important in keeping the example, remains iron when a food is
climate in check. Plants take in the carbon in cooked, when a person eats the food, when
the atmosphere and give back oxygen, and iron becomes part of a red blood cell, when
older trees hold on to that carbon, storing it the cell is broken down, and when the iron
for the duration of their lives. By taking in is lost from the body by excretion.
carbon dioxide, they are reducing the
greenhouse effect. ---- And now, A) The nutrients that foods supply are essential
deforestation is responsible for about a nutrients, that is, they are needed from
quarter of greenhouse gas emissions. outside the body.
B) The body can make some nutrients, but it
A) In other words, greenhouse gases trap heat cannot make all of them.
in the Earth’s atmosphere, which increases
C) The amount of energy a food provides
global average temperature.
depends on how much carbohydrate, fat and
B) Unfortunately, many of the world’s forests protein it contains.
have been cut down to make way for
D) minerals are inorganic nutrients as they
farmland, highways, and cities.
contain no carbon.
C) Yet, some countries have chosen
E) Each mineral is a chemical element.
sustainable development plans instead of
economic plans that would produce
greenhouse gases.
D) In fact, it is not only the trees and oceans
that store carbon, soil does, too, and by
exposing the carbon to the oxygen in the air,
it helps to produce carbon dioxide.
E) Although the soil on a treeless hillside
washes away in a mudslide, a tree-covered
hillside’s soil stays put.

33. The eye’s cornea and retina are critical for 35. For decades, China has been content to let
vision. If the stem cells around the cornea the invisible hand of the market work its
are destroyed, sight is lost. ---- To replace magic on the country‘s economy. But there‘s
lost photoreceptors, researchers have tried one area where the government wants to
to implant neural stem cells or retinal stem reassert state control: healthcare. ---- Today,
cells in the retinas of research animals but nearly 40 per cent of the population can‘t
without much success. afford to see a doctor. The average hospital
stay for a Chinese citizen costs nearly as
A) An ophthalmic artery and a retinal artery much as an individual‘s annual per capita
provide blood to each eye, and an income in the country. Healthcare grievances
ophthalmic vein and a retinal vein drain blood have been at the heart of thousands of
from it. organized protests countrywide in recent
B) Diseases in the eye’s cornea and retina have years.
been a major concern for centuries in the
medical world. A) Some hospitals have had to hire security
personnel to protect medical staff from angry
C) The eye constantly produces continuous
mobs.
images that are instantly transmitted to the
brain. B) By comparison, Japanese pay just 15 per
cent of their medical spending out of pocket.
D) Yet, even greater problems can occur when
retina’s light-sensitive cells, the C) So the government has recently developed a
photoreceptors, are destroyed by genetic strategy to provide affordable medical
diseases. insurance to 90 per cent of its population by
2010.
E) Recent research with mice has shown
photoreceptors can be made more efficient. D) In fact, the free market reforms in China
were first initiated in the late 1970s and early
1980s.
34. Madagascar is renowned for its E) The Chinese government has already met
extraordinary animals, particularly lemurs, a many of its economic goals and is now
group of primates extinct elsewhere on the beginning to address scientific and
planet. ----The island was one of the last technological development.
places on earth to be settled by people,
receiving its earliest migrants in the middle
of the first millennium. Moreover, despite 36. ---- His principal equipment is a leather,
Madagascar’s proximity to Africa 400 km at couch for patients to lie on and a cabinet of
the closest point those settlers have long mysterious drugs of one kind or another to
been suspected of having arrived from the send them off to sleep. He is particularly
Malay islands modern Indonesia more than interested in the dreams of his clients and
6,000 km away. may use some form of hypnosis to study
their repressed thoughts and secret
A) Its history of human settlement, though, is emotions.
equally unusual.
B) Madagascar is quite an interesting holiday A) More and more large firms are realising the
destination. advantages offered by psychiatry.
C) The Islanders’ culture includes elements that B) No one may prescribe drugs or surgery in
are characteristically Asian. treating mentally sick individuals unless he
is medically qualified.
D) There were many Malay expeditions across
the Indian Ocean. C) It is important to realise that psychologists
are first and foremost trained as scientists
E) It is likely that a successful colonization
rather than as medical experts.
would have been followed by others.
D) Psychologists are primarily concerned with
behaviour and its abnormalities.
E) The popular image of a psychiatrist is a fairly
well defined one.

37. Each culture has some understanding of the 39. The emergence of the World Wide Web has
adult competencies needed for adequate been the most important technological
functioning. For example, children who need development of the last decade as regards
a formal education to succeed in their the spread of information. ---- As such, the
culture are likely to be exposed to these web is the biggest advance in information
values early in childhood. Thus, they may technology since the invention of the
receive books and instruction at a young printing press in 1450.
age. Children in another culture may have to
do spinning and weaving as part of their A) To start with, the web was simply a handy
adult livelihood. ---- aid for academics.
B) It was conceived as a means of giving
A) We are all truly integrated in our own everyone access to information anywhere
societies and cultures. and at any time.
B) But these children must learn the rules and C) A British scientist, Berners-Lee, was the
patterns of behaviour. visionary behind the web.
C) These children are likely to receive early D) These early browsers only worked on
exposure to these crafts. academic computers.
D) These learned patterns and rules influence E) With the launch of the Mosaic web browser,
much of our behaviour. the numbers of people using the web grew at
E) It is this pattern of thought that guides them a phenomenal rate.
to becoming academics.
40. One reason people prefer watching films in

38. A virus is an infectious organism that is cinemas to sitting at home with a DVD is that
much smaller than a fungus or bacterium, 35 mm-film projectors render a richer range
and it needs a living cell in order to of colours, closer to what the human eye can
reproduce. The virus attaches to a cell, often perceive. ---- The film shown in cinemas, by
a specific type of cell. Once inside the cell, contrast, manages around 60%. But such
the virus releases its DNA or RNA, which film has a fundamental problem: every time
contains the information needed to create a print is projected, it is degraded, and
new virus particles, and takes control of eventually it has to be replaced.
some aspects of the cell’s metabolism. ----
A) A conventional plasma-screen television set
A) The body has a number of specific and produces only 50% of the range of colour.
nonspecific defences against these viruses B) Projectionists thus take great pride in their
of animal origin. abilities.
B) Bacteria-caused diseases, however, are C) This has made the majority of DVDs more
treatable through simple antibiotics. popular lately.
C) The components of the virus are then D) Cinema films naturally have disadvantages
manufactured inside the cell. as well as advantages.
D) The most common viral infections are E) Hollywood studios, in fact, aim for a range of
probably those of the lungs and airways. colours that are as rich as the human eye
E) Vaccines resembling the virus can be given can perceive.
to people to help them overcome the
infection.

41. Piri Reis was a Turkish mariner who lived in 43. Aptitude can be defined as individual
the Ottoman Empire during the 16th century. differences that are related to subsequent
Besides his skills as a great seaman, he was learning during a fixed time frame. The
also interested in drawing maps of the learning or acquisition of knowledge or
places he visited. The details in his map of skills can occur in or outside a classroom.
the coasts of Africa, America, and Northern This definition can be further narrowed by
Antarctica caused great excitement when it specifying the domain of individual
was discovered in 1929. What is most differences and the type of relationship with
striking was that Reis’s map showed learning. ---- All of these can be considered
Antarctica as it looks underneath ice-cap. ---- aptitudes, and all can be evaluated in work
or school contexts. Aptitudes are discussed
A) Antarctica was the last continent to be fully most commonly in reference to cognitive
discovered and mapped. abilities within a formal educational or
B) The last time the area was ice-free, however, training context where the learning is
was at least 6,000 years ago. labelled achievement.
C) Piri Reis did his best to let the future
A) The failure to differentiate between these two
generations know how the world looked in his
conceptualisations can be the source of
time.
much confusion.
D) The map that belonged to Piri Reis was
B) If one also considers the nature of an
discovered in a museum in Istanbul.
aptitude, two fundamentally different
E) The discovery of Antarctica by Piri Reis was underlying definitions of aptitude can be
a very important event. found.
C) Aptitude is the raw material that either
42. ---- In fact, they can only use information that facilitates learning or is actively used to
is put into them. The most important job learn.
computers do is to process such D) However, this general definition defines
information much more quickly and aptitude mainly by its relationships with
accurately than a person could. Checking for learning outcomes.
spelling mistakes in a story or copying E) Numerous individual differences are related
pictures from one place to another, for to learning, including cognitive abilities,
example, are done much faster using a personality traits, interests, and values.
computer.
A) Some people believe that computers can 44. Hippopotamuses can be irritable and
think like people. aggressive when it comes to defending their
B) Computers are used in many different ways territory and their young. ---- They have
to do an enormous range of useful tasks. trampled or gored people who came too
C) Computers are composed of various units near, dragged them into lakes, tipped over
such as processor, monitor, keyboard and their boats, and bitten off their heads.
mouse.
A) Hippos are led by dominant males, which
D) Just as washing machines and cars are can weigh 6,000 pounds or more.
critically important today, we cannot live
B) Agricultural irrigation systems and other
without computers.
developments have depleted the hippos’
E) Computers can perform very complex wetland, river and lake habitats.
calculations, which makes them useful in
C) Although hippos occasionally fight with
various areas.
crocodiles, a growing number of their attacks
are on humans.
D) A decade ago there were about 160,000
hippos in Africa, but the population has
dwindled to between 125,000 and 148,000
today.
E) In countries beset by civil unrest, where
people are hungry and desperate, hippos are
hunted for their meat.

45. Researchers divide the symptoms of 47. Each year 300,000 people in England and
schizophrenia into two categories. The first Wales get food poisoning from the
comprises hallucinations, paranoia and Campylobacter bacterium. ---- If the meat is
delusions usually associated with the not cooked properly, or if raw meat is
disease. ---- The other group of symptoms, allowed to cross-contaminate cooked food,
categorized as 'negative', includes loss of you can end up swallowing live bacteria.
motivation, degraded social skills and an The bacteria are destroyed by stomach acid
inability to feel pleasure. but some will always survive.
A) Dopamine-receptor drugs, generally used in A) The most common way to become infected
the treatment of schizophrenia, usually have is by eating contaminated chicken.
a number of side effects. B) Vegetarians have a much higher tolerance to
B) These are called 'positive symptoms' this bacterium than non vegetarians.
because the patient is adding something to C) Obviously, eating vegetables is known as a
reality. safer method of nutrition.
C) New treatments may be on the horizon, D) Common symptoms include fever, diarrhoea
thanks to deeper insights into the nature of and abdominal cramps.
the disease.
E) It usually takes one or two days for the
D) In the1950s, scientists noted that some symptoms to appear, so it can be difficult to
drugs had antipsychotic effects when given identify what kind of food was eaten.
to schizophrenic patients.
E) For years, scientists have struggled to
untangle the complexities of certain 48. The Internet is a computer-based global
diseases. information system. ---- Each of these
networks may link tens, hundreds, or even
thousands of computers, enabling them to
46. Breakfast is the most important meal of the share information with one another. The
day. Young children and older adults are the Internet, in this sense, has made it possible
most regular consumers of breakfast. ---- for people all over the world to communicate
However, especially among young people, with one another effectively and
before they reach adulthood, breakfast inexpensively.
consumption decreases, and they give as
reasons lack of time or not wanting to eat so A) It does not have a centralized distribution
early. system as do radio and television.
B) It is composed of many interconnected
A) The type of breakfast preferred varies from computer networks.
country to country.
C) It has become increasingly common,
B) Missing breakfast can affect a child’s ability especially over the past two decades.
to manage complex information.
D) Anyone who has access to the Internet can
C) Popular breakfasts nowadays include reach a vast source of information..
cereals, toast and fruit juice.
E) Many individuals use the Internet for
D) Tests to see whether eating breakfast communication and research.
increases a child’s IQ remain controversial.
E) Studies show that over 90% of them have
breakfast every day.

49. There are many reasons why animal 50. Stephen Hawking, the famed theoretical
breeding is of paramount importance to physicist diagnosed with Lou Gehrig’s
those who use animals for their livelihood. disease, lost the ability to speak thirty years
Cats have been bred largely for aesthetic ago. In the meantime, a computerized voice
beauty; many people are willing to pay a generated by an infrared sensor inside
great deal of money for a Siamese or Hawking’s mouth has allowed him to
Persian cat, even though the affection felt for communicate. According to a recent report,
a pet has little to do with physical however, the muscles controlling the device
appearance. ---- For instance, most dog have been deteriorating, limiting him to as
breeds are the result of a deliberate attempt little as one word per minute. ---- This is a
to isolate traits that would produce better horrifying prospect for the scientific
hunting and herding dogs, although some, community that has benefitted greatly from
like toy poodles, were bred for traits that his findings. But a new device recording
would make them desirable pets. Horses brain functions at an unprecedented level of
have also been extensively bred for certain detail was developed and has been
useful qualities; some for size and strength, proposed to improve Hawking’s ability to
some for speed. communicate once again.
A) There is accumulating evidence that humans A) Such devices can be used to monitor the
tend to be attracted to pets that exhibit sleep pattern and the disorders of the deaf.
similar physical traits. B) The sensor in the mouth is an effective way
B) Although maximum food production is to continue communication with people
always a major goal, modern animal breeders unable to speak.
are also concerned about the ability of C) Without a new means of communication,
animals to survive in extreme environments. Hawking runs the risk of being rendered
C) Thus, animals are generally all bred for feed mute.
efficiency, growth rate, and resistance to D) The muscles in the mouth can be kept under
disease. control by using a great variety of
D) But the most extensive animal breeding has equipments.
occurred in those areas where animals have E) Thanks to recent developments, researchers
been used to serve specific practical are now able to keep the disease under
purposes. control as in Hawking’s condition.
E) And farm animals, particularly food animals,
have been the subject of the most intensive
breeding efforts.

Paragraph Completion > Self-Study Cevap Anahtarı
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
A D D E E A A D A E C A E E B D D A A E
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
C B E B B B B C A B D E D A C D C C B A
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
B A E C B E A B D C

Irrelevant Sentence
Bu ünitede, ilgisiz cümle soruları yer almaktadır.
• Irrelevant Sentence

Irrelevant Sentence > Self-Study
1. (I) Patriarchy does not simply mean that men 4. (I) Staring at the Sun without sunglasses hurts,
rule. (II) Otherwise, through a process of which is reason enough to avoid doing it. (II)
cultural evolution, societies that adopted this Too little sunshine leads to low vitamin D levels,
particular social system maximized their which put you at higher risk of certain cancers.
population. (III) Indeed, it is a particular value (III) But direct exposure to the ultraviolet
system that not only requires men to marry but radiation in intense sunlight can also damage
to marry a woman of proper station. (IV) It the eye and increase the likelihood of a cataract
competes with many other male visions of good developing. (IV) Cataracts affect the part of the
life, and for that reason alone is prone to come eye that focuses light - the lens - gradually
in cycles. (V) Yet before it degenerates, it is a clouding vision and leading to blindness. (V)
cultural regime that serves to keep birth-rates Surgery to restore vision involves making tiny
high among the affluent while also maximizing cuts in the eye to remove the cataract and
parents‘ investments in their children. replace the lens.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
2. (I) Hydrogen accounts for about 73% of the 5. (I) The traditional image of the computer gamer
observed mass of the universe and is the most is of a teenage boy addicted to sitting in the
common element in the universe. (II) dark in front of a screen. (II) Actually, an
Spectroscopes reveal that hydrogen exists in increasing percentage of users and buyers of
the Sun and in most, if not all, other stars. (III) computer games are women, who are thought to
Most scientists believe that hydrogen atoms be attracted by the appearance of sophisticated
were the first atoms to form in the early simulation games. (III) It has been argued that
universe and that the atoms of the other unlike film or television, computers permit
elements formed later from the hydrogen atoms. greater interaction between users. (IV)
(IV) Scientific experiments show that about Furthermore, the majority of computer gamers
90% of the atoms in the universe are hydrogen, have an avarage age around 30. (V) Some two-
about 9% are helium, and all the other elements fifths of the most frequent players are over 35.
account for less than 1%. (V) Under such
extreme pressures, hydrogen was found to act A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
like a metal by, for example, conducting
electricity and reflecting light.
6. (I) The woman’s body undergoes profound
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V changes during the course of pregnancy. (II)
Most health-care providers will do a pregnancy
blood test at the first prenatal visit to confirm
3. (I) Coffee is another beverage that tends to be the pregnancy. (III) Hundreds of hormones
prepared and served differently in different unique to pregnancy initiate and facilitate these
countries. (II) The continuing slump in the price changes, the most obvious of which are
of raw coffee is causing hardship for growers on enlarged breasts and a steadily expanding belly.
a scale unseen for decades. (III) The suffering (IV) This biochemical flood is also responsible
is the worst in Central America, where the drop for the emotional swings that characterize early
in coffee prices has coincided with drought. (IV) pregnancy. (V) Nearly every body system
In Nicaragua, coffee farmers with malnourished modifies its functions in a way to support the
children are begging for food by the roadsides. pregnancy and the developing fetus.
(V) In Peru, some families have abandoned
their land, while others have turned to growing A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
drug crops in their search for money.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

7. (I) While urbanisation has been a notable 10. (I) Nowadays many women prefer giving birth in
characteristic of European society for centuries, their 30s. (II) This may be due to changes in
the trend toward industralisation and social and economic structure of societies. (III)
urbanisation has accelerated phenomenally A report from the Centers for Disease Control
since World War II. (II) London and Paris, for and Prevention reveals that for the first time
example, have been major urban centres for women in their 30s are giving birth at a higher
centuries, but many other European cities have rate than women in their 20s. (IV) Taking care of
experienced rapid expansion of their populations more than one child is getting harder and harder
only since the late 1940s. (III) The clustering of every day. (V) The statistics in this study also
substantial populations into metropolitan regions shows that the birth rate among women ages
is a distinctive demographic feature of Europe. 30-34 increased from 101,5 per 1,000 in 2016 to
(IV) In countries such as Italy and Spain, which 102,6 births per 1,000 in 2017.
were largely agricultural and rural before World
War II, we find that many of their cities have A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
now become home to large numbers of people.
(V) For example, Madrid and Rome experienced
remarkable increases between 1960 and 1990, 11. (I) Why do people pursue self-esteem? (II) Most
in comparison with more moderate increases for people would answer that having self-esteem
most cities in the former West Germany, makes you feel good. (III) They found that
France, and the United Kingdom. participants who had their self-esteem raised
had lower psychological arousal and reported
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V less anxiety. (IV) There is probably a grain of
truth here, but on the other hand, there are
causality issues to be addressed. (V) So
8. (I) Dyslexia is a reading disorder that persists actually, rather than self-esteem producing
despite good schooling and normal or even happiness, feeling happy may inflate self-
above-average intelligence. (II) The more esteem.
severely dyslexic Chinese do encounter trouble
comprehending and writing characters. (III) The A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
exact nature of the disease has puzzled
doctors, teachers, parents and dyslexics
themselves since it was first described more 12. (I) The basic principle of veganism is to
than a century ago. (IV) Evidence suggests that abandon all animal-derived products, particularly
there is a flaw in the neurological wiring of in food. (II) That means no meat, fish, milk,
dyslexics that makes reading extremely difficult cheese or eggs – even those laid by free-range
for them. (V) Studies suggest that the right chickens. (III) Most dietary vegans also avoid
kinds of instruction provided early enough could honey, because it is produced by bees. (IV) As
rewire the brain so that the neurological flaw most celebrities promote vegan lifestyles and
disappears entirely. supermarkets cater for the trend, planning
meals has now become much easier. (V) Even
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V some wines and beers are off limits for vegans
since they might contain fish bladders, proteins
or yeast.
9. (I) Environmental protection includes all
measures intended to protect the natural A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
environment from damaging influences and to
improve the quality of polluted ecosystems. (II)
Currently, there is more carbon dioxide being 13. (I) There are two main categories of polluting
emitted than plants can take in and convert into materials, or pollutants. (II) Biodegradable
oxygen. (III) Such measures range from pollutants are materials, such as sewage, that
individual environmentally conscious behaviour rapidly decompose by natural processes. (III)
to international agreements to keep the air, Pollution has a dramatic effect on natural
water and soil clean. (IV) One of the most resources. (IV) These pollutants become a
important purposes of environmental protection problem when added to the environment faster
is the prevention of negative impacts on public than they can decompose. (V) Nondegradable
health. (V) Furthermore, the basic essentials pollutants are materials that either do not
required by individuals as well as society as a decompose or decompose slowly in the natural
whole need to be considered as much as the environment, and when these pollutants
interests of future generations. contaminate the environment, it is difficult or
impossible to remove them.

14. (I) Although excessive exercise can cause 17. (I) Although humans do not use smells to
short-term fatigue, long-term tiredness is communicate, many other mammals do. (II)
associated with too little activity. (II) A Odorous substances take a long time to fade
University of Georgia review of research found and can be left as signposts to mark out an
that 90 percent of studies conclude that people animal's territory. (III) Scents contain a lot of
who regularly exercise report less fatigue than information – they tell visitors the sex of the
those who do not. (III) Tired people increase animal, its age and may even identify the
their effort to make up for their diminished individual. (IV) Mammals can also use sound
capability when they want to accomplish a task. for a variety of reasons, for example, to attract
(IV) Exercise increases levels of energy- mates, to startle enemies, and to locate
promoting and mood-enhancing relatives. (V) For example, a male cheetah
neurotransmitters such as dopamine, marks its territory with a jet of strong‐smelling
norepinephrine and serotonin. (V) It also resets urine, and this warns visiting males to keep out.
the SCN, the part of the brain that regulates
sleep and wakefulness hormone, and it also A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
reduces fat stores, which seem to be
associated with long-term fatigue.
18. (I) Why do some people eat sweet or fatty foods
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V when they’ve heard bad news or feel
depressed? (II) A study of the link between
chronic stress and over-eating has found that
15. (I) One of the drawbacks of drugs in general is long-term stress over-stimulates the adrenal
that they have a variety of adverse side effects. system. (III) The consumption of sugar and fat
(II) Treatment of vertigo can be divided into counters that response by producing a feeling of
three general categories: specific, symptomatic, calm. (IV) Most people enjoy eating a meal
and rehabilitive. (III) In the first category are together with friends or family. (V) Besides the
included antibiotics, anticoagulants, and immediate effects of fats and sugar, there is a
surgery. (IV) In fact, many different classes of feeling of comfort caused by eating many of
drugs have been found to have antivertiginous these foods.
properties. (V) However, all of these drugs can
cause metabolic complications, so the decision A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
on which drug or combination to use is based
on their known properties and on the severity
and duration of the vertigo. 19. (I) The label homo sapiens was first attached to
man by Linnaeus in his classification of the
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V animal kingdom over two hundred years ago. (II)
That kingdom is now thought to include over
three quarters of a million species. (III) Still, the
16. (I) Seismic waves are the vibrations from physiology of the human body parallels, in a
earthquakes that travel through Earth. (II) The host of different ways, that of the animals. (IV)
Richter magnitude scale was developed in 1935 Though very many more species may be
by Charles F. Richter of the California Institute discovered, it is not likely that anything will ever
of Technology to compare the intensity of shake our conviction that we belong to a very
earthquakes. (III) They are recorded on special class. (V) This conviction is quite as
instruments called seismographs. (IV) strong today as it was in the eighteenth century.
Seismographs record a zigzag trace that shows
the varying amplitude of ground oscillations A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
beneath the instrument. (V) Sensitive
seismographs, which greatly magnify these
ground movements, can detect strong 20. (I) Adaptive behaviours are learned, people are
earthquakes from sources anywhere in the not born with them. (II) However, problems in
world. developing adaptive skills can occur in children
of any age. (III) They involve the ability to adapt
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V to and manage one’s surroundings to effectively
function and meet social or community
expectations. (IV) Infants learn to walk, to talk,
and to eat with a spoon whereas older children
learn to cross the street, to go to the store, and
to follow a great variety of rules while interacting
with people, such as when to say please and
thank you. (V) Good adaptive behaviour
promotes independence at home, at school and
in the community but maladaptive behaviour,
which is problematic, interferes with child’s
achievement of independence.

21. (I) The Industrial Revolution brought great 24. (I) Earthquakes are the result of forces deep
wealth to factory owners and made basic goods within Earth's interior that continuously affect its
such as food and clothing cheaper than ever surface. (II) The energy from these forces is
before. (II) During the Industrial Revolution, a stored in a variety of ways within the rocks. (III)
great majority of workers in factories were Although the Richter Scale has no upper limit,
children; as a result, accidents were very the largest known shocks have had magnitudes
common. (III) However, the Industrial Revolution in the 8.8 to 8.9 range. (IV) When this energy is
also created a new kind of poverty. (IV) Large released suddenly by rupturing movements
numbers of people moved to the cities in search along faults in the crust of Earth, an earthquake
of work, where they were packed into crowded, results. (V) The area of the fault where the
dirty housing. (V) Many were unemployed and sudden rupture takes place is called the focus
ended up in prison for debt, or forced to move of the earthquake, while the point on Earth s
into harsh lodgings called workhouses, where surface directly above the focus is called the
they performed hard labour for low wages. epicentre of the earthquake.
22. (I) Cerebral palsy (CP) is a term used to 25. (I) The use of computers in tests of psychology
describe a group of chronic disorders that impair represents only one aspect of the increasing
control of movement. (II) Early childhood utilization of computers. (II) For example, Allian
educators can play a critical role in creating a described computerized systems for measuring
supportive, inclusive environment for children physical strength. (III) Furthermore,
with CP. (III) The effects of CP include computerized sensors are able to recognize and
impairments such as paralysis, muscle indicate the existence, size and location of
weakness, loss of coordination, or functional potential lung abnormalities. (IV) Besides,
abnormality of the motor system due to irregular computerization is most likely to be necessary
brain pathology. (IV) This disorder was initially when the tasks in the test require precise
known as Little’s Disease, named after an timing. (V) However, psychological
English surgeon John Little in the 19th century. measurement represents a special case in
(V) Dr. Winthrop Phelps later coined the term which the use of computers might change the
‘cerebral palsy’, and in 1937 founded the first meaning of the test scores.
treatment facility in the United States (located
in Baltimore, Maryland) dedicated solely to A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
children suffering from CP.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 26. (I) Transport yourself back to the early 1960s

before the now-famous television series Star
Trek first appeared. (II) At that time, only
23. (I) The first successful head transplant, in which visionaries would have dared imagine that
one head was replaced by another, was carried people of the 23rd century would be learning
out in 1970. (II) A team led by Robert White at about the world on huge flat-panel video
Case Western Reserve University School of screens and talking to one another across the
Medicine in Cleveland, Ohio, transplanted the width of the planet using wireless devices. (III)
head of one monkey onto the body of another. Future weapons will dispense entirely with the
(III) They did not attempt to join the spinal clumsy darts and wires. (IV) Yet today these
cords, though, so the monkey could not move scenes are commonplace. (V) So it is fitting
its body, but it was able to breathe with artificial that new high-tech devices also have
assistance. (IV) Implanted electrodes would similarities with fictional technology as it was
provide regular electrical stimulation to the first presented on that famous science-fiction
spinal cord, because research suggests this series.
can strengthen new nerve connections. (V)
Although few head transplants have been A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
carried out since, many of the surgical
procedures involved have progressed.
27. (I) The eruption of Nevada del Ruiz in Columbia
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V in 1985 illustrates how a lack of monitoring and
poor evacuation can lead to loss of life. (II) The
eruption itself was a small one and didn't kill
anyone. (III) Disaster came later when molten
rock melted the ice cap. (IV) This caused
mudflows which wiped out 230,000 people. (V)
Sometimes there are early signs that an
eruption is imminent.

28. (I) It is clear that nuclear power presents many 32. (I) The declaration of Human Rights gives great
risks. (II) Other large-scale energy-conversion emphasis to education. (II) After all, the
methods, such as conventional coal-burning declaration shows how near the world is to
steam plants, also present health and being ideal. (III) This is natural as advances in
environmental hazards. (III) When we speak of the cause of freedom and of social rights
a vibration or an oscillation, we mean the depend very largely on education. (IV) Indeed,
motion of an object that regularly repeats itself, educators must accept a major share of the
back and forth, over the same path. (IV) These responsibility for shaping a society's attitudes
include air pollution, oil spills, and the release of towards Human Rights. (V) If they do not do so,
carbon dioxide. (V) In fact, while trying to meet the document will remain ineffective.
the world’s needs for energy, we must find ways
to overcome all these environmental hazards. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
33. (I) Galileo attempted to measure the speed of
light by trying to measure the time required for
29. (I) If computers can be programmed to light to travel a known distance between two
understand, reason, make decisions and act hilltops. (II) Galileo stationed an assistant on
upon them, will they eventually take over from one hilltop, and himself on another, and ordered
mankind and may be become the master? (II) the assistant to lift the cover from a lamp the
We should be very careful in handling all kinds instant he saw a flash from Galileo’s lamp. (III)
of computers not to give us any harm. (III) This When the person’s head moved to one side, a
question has been worrying people for different bundle of rays would enter the eye
sometime. (IV) Today there are scientists from each point. (IV) The time was so short that
working with 'artificial intelligence' who believe he concluded it merely represented human
that there is nothing the human mind can do reaction time, and that the speed of light must
that computers will soon do just as well and be extremely high. (V) Galileo measured the
someday infinitely better. (V) Is it possible that time between the flash of his lamp and when he
artificial intelligence will match our own? received the light from his assistant’s lamp.
30. (I) Most egg-laying animals go to great lengths 34. (I) Manganese requirements in the human body
to give their developing offspring the best start are low, and many plant foods contain
in life by protecting them from the weather and significant amounts of this trace mineral, so
from predators. (II) The developing egg is deficiencies are rare. (II) For instance, those
protected by a tough, leathery capsule. (III) who inhale large quantities of manganese dust
Rather than abandoning eggs or young unable in the course of their work, may show
to fend for themselves, a parent can adopt one symptoms of brain disease. (III) As is true of
of several methods to protect them. (IV) It other trace minerals, however, dietary factors
might carry its eggs around, place them in inhibit its absorption. (IV) In addition, high
tough protective cases, or gather them in a safe intakes of iron and calcium limit manganese
haven, such as a nest, over which they stand absorption. (V) Therefore, people who use
guard. (V) A nest can be anything from a scrape supplements of these minerals regularly, may
in the sand or the underside of a rock to a experience depressed manganese status.
complicated structure that the parents have
taken many days to build. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
35. (I) X-rays are a form of electromagnetic
radiation that readily penetrates human flesh.
31. (I) The World Health Organisation estimates (II) As soon as the existence of X-rays had
that 246 million people have poor vision. (II) been reported, the medical applications with
Among these, almost 90 percent live in low- radioactive materials were recognized. (III)
income areas without good access to health However, it took quite a while longer for people
care or expensive diagnostic machines. (III) To to detect the dangers of these mysterious new
solve this problem, a private laboratory has rays. (IV) All X-rays are not man-made;
combined a tool often used for eye tests into a extremely hot stars, such as neutron stars, also
single inexpensive and portable device. (IV) produce huge amounts of X-rays. (V) For
Fitting people for glasses is also important, but example, Major John Hall-Edwards, who helped
it is only half of the battle. (V) It calculates pioneer the use of X-rays in medical treatments,
whether someone is shortsighted by measuring lost an arm because of excessive exposure.
the size and shape of their eyes.

36. (I) Unlike most men of his day Columbus 40. (I) Bats live in caves to avoid danger and save
believed the world to be sphere. (II) Some years energy. (II) Some species spend their daytime
before the Cape of Good Hope was discovered, in caves while others hibernate there for the
he'd formed the ideas of reaching India by winter because caves provide optimal humidity,
sailing westwards. (III) He'd got this idea upon a stable low temperature, and few disturbances
studying his father-in-law's logs and charts. (IV) from light or noise. (III) Temperature is
The prospect of a voyage in such small ships important because bats are warm-blooded but
into the unknown seas was so terrible that few very small. (IV) Hibernation is a deep state on
men volunteered to go with him. (V) But the inactivity in which the animals’ body
distance proved to be much greater than he temperature decreases. (V) Unlike many other
thought, for he didn't know that between India mammals, bats let their internal temperature
and Portugal lay a great unknown continent. drop when they are resting, going into a state of
decreased activity to conserve energy.
37. (I) Humans communicate their inner thoughts

via language. (II) But some linguists think that 41. (I) Since his first appearance in Action Comics
this is not a strict, one-way case of cause and in 1938, Superman has adapted to the changing
effect; the language we speak may determine times. (II) After the Second World War, he
the thoughts that we try to express. (III) If changed his slogan from fighting for truth and
language influences our thoughts, could it also justice’ to fighting for truth, justice and the
affect the way we look at the world? (IV) In the American way’. (III) Such figures as Superman
early 20th century, Edward Safirand Benjamin are seen as fulfilling the same societal function
Whorf first supported the theory that language as the myths of ancient Greece or Rome. (IV)
affects the way humans interact with the world. As the nation grappled with the turmoil of the
(V) In the late 1950s, Chomsky came up with 1970s and embraced a more diverse culture,
the idea that language is a natural ability with a self-sacrifice’ suddenly became part of
deep, unified structure. Superman’s appeal. (V) As for the Superman of
the first half of the 21st century, with his alter
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V ego Clark Kent, he is likely to reflect our
modern world, which is fearful of a collapse,
whether economic or environmental.
38. (I) For governments and institutions, disaster
preparedness is of vital importance. (II) This is A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
especially so in countries where the risk of
disaster is real. (III) Since disaster
preparedness is a multi-sectoral activity, the 42. (I) Children, like adults, use three visible cues –
functions and respective responsibilities of each race, gender and age – to arrange their social
sector must be clearly defined. (IV) In fact, few world. (II) The next step might be to see
types of natural disaster can be predicted whether living in multilingual countries can
accurately. (V) Moreover, a precise division of change this early tendency. (III) They prefer to
labour among institutions and agencies, and make friends with kids similar to them based on
detailed pre-disaster planning will reduce these traits. (IV) New research, however, shows
enormously the adverse effects of a disaster. that language accents may be equally important
in guiding youngsters’ social decisions. (V) In
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V fact, accents may be even more meaningful
than race in signifying whether someone
belongs in your social group.
39. (I) Labour unions arose in the late 1800s and
early 1900s largely in response to the awful A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
working conditions in factories. (II) Unions try to
increase the wages of their members in three
ways. (III) In garment factories, iron plants and 43. (I) In half of the 23 developing countries,
textile mills, labourers worked about 14 hours citizens and officials interviewed considered
per day, seven days a week. (IV) The long corruption in the health sector to be a major
workweek was not new to those who had problem. (II) Many even identified health as the
worked on farms, but the working conditions most corrupt sector in the government. (III) The
were. (V) Men, women and children as young as solution is to enforce existing rules and hold
5 operated clattering machinery so dangerous managers more accountable. (IV) Systematic
that many workers lost their sight, hearing and audits, clear contracting rules, and adequate
limbs. oversight can help prevent corruption in the
sector. (V) In the developing world, going to
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V public health clinics means long waits and large
gaps between diagnosis and treatment.

44. (I) There are several reasons why conventional 47. (I) Identifying bacteria is a critical business for
medicine distrust the practitioners of alternative doctors and food safety experts, but involves
medicine. (II) Herbalists believe they can cure either culturing the bacteria until there are
wide range of conditions with plant substances enough to look at under a microscope or
alone. (III) These people like to look beyond the amplifying the bacteria’s DNA. (II) Both these
immediate symptoms to the body's total state. processes take hours, sometimes days. (III)
(IV) They aim to restore health by helping the The sensor is 25 times smaller than previously
body to heal itself. (V) Their skill lies in knowing tested sensors, and is made of silicon, so it
which plants are beneficial in which requires the same fabrication technique as
circumstances. computer chips and costs just eight cents. (IV)
Now bacteriophages, the viruses that prey on
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V bacteria and are notoriously choosy about which
species they attack, are being put to work in an
electrical sensor that detects bacteria within
45. (I) More people than ever before live in minutes. (V) The sensors take up less than a
areas vulnerable to natural disasters. (II) For square millimetre each, so to identify unknown
average citizens, this research translates to bacteria, hundreds could be integrated onto a
better preparedness when faced with the single microchip with a different bacteriophage
unexpected. (III) Over a billion people live under in each sensor.
the shadow of the world’s 1, 900 active
volcanoes, yet only a few of these volcanoes A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
are adequately monitored. (IV) Accurate
weather forecasting is the best defense against
hurricanes, but landfall predictions 48. (I) The global climate is changing as it always
remain inaccurate by an average of 70 miles, has; species will go extinct as they always
and many hurricane warnings go unheeded. (V) have; other species will prosper. (II) Humans
Tsunamis can form too quickly for an official may be influencing the change, but they didn’t
warning, but recognizing the immediate signs, create the change. (III) Global warming is as
such as a rapidly receding ocean, can give dynamic as many other earthly processes. (IV)
people precious minutes to reach safety. Of course it is important to monitor which
changes are being influenced by humans, but it
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V must be remembered that change is natural,
and Earth will continue to change no
matter what humans may or may not do. (V)
46. (I) The governments of the EU, the US, China, Humans as a species must accept this, and
India, Japan, Russia and Korea initialled a figure out how best to adapt to the change, not
treaty to build the International Thermonuclear how to control it.
Experimental Reactor (ITER), the world‘s
largest fusion machine, in Provence, France. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
(II) It will take a decade to build and will then
run for two further decades, performing tens of
thousands of fusion experiments. (III) At the 49. (I) Fish farming, which is practiced in many
end of that time, say its backers, the world will countries, has developed into an industry in
know once and for all if nuclear fusion is recent years. (II) This has made scientific
technically viable. (IV) Once this point has been research into fish biology of vital importance.
settled, the costs can be taken into (III) Hence, advances in disease control and in
consideration. (V) As well as being the largest, fish nutrition are likely to be impressive in the
the fusion reactor known as JET in Culham, years ahead. (IV) Fish farming has succeeded
Britain, is, by common consent, the world‘s only where it can compete with other forms of
most successful. food production in terms of costs. (V) Moreover,
for most fish species, genetic improvements
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V through breeding have already been achieved to
make the industry profitable.

50. (I) The Anacostia River, which flows through the

heart of Washington, DC, is just one of dozens
of severely polluted rivers in the US. (II) It is
contaminated with the molecular remnants of
dyes, plastics, asphalt, and pesticides. (III)
Recent tests have shown that up to 68% of the
river’s brown bullhead catfish suffer from liver
cancer. (IV) Water pollution comes from many
sources, such as wastewater from textile and
pulp mills, agricultural waste, and residential
sewage. (V) Wildlife officials recommend that
anyone who catches the river’s fish toss them
back uneaten, and swimming has been banned.

Irrelevant Sentence > Self-Study Cevap Anahtarı
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
B E A B C B C B B D C D C C A B D D C B
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
B B D C D C E C B B D B C B D D E D B D
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
C B E A B E C C D D

Reading Comprehension
Bu ünitede, paragraf soruları yer almaktadır.
• Reading Comprehension

Reading Comprehension > Self-Study
What controls our breathing? We obviously have 4. The passage explains in a relatively detailed
some conscious control over it because we can way ----.
voluntarily hold our breath for a short while or breathe
faster and deeper. Most of the time, however, A) how breathing is regulated by the automatic
automatic control centres in our brain regulate our control centres in the brain
breathing movements. Automatic control is essential, B) the functions of the diaphragm and rib
for it ensures coordination between the respiratory muscles
and circulatory systems and the body’s metabolic C) the side effects that the conscious control of
needs for gas exchange. Anatomically, our breathing the breath causes
control centres are located in parts of the brain called
D) why the pons and the medulla cannot have a
'the pons' and 'the medulla. ' Nerves from the
coordinated function
medulla’s control centre signal the diaphragm and rib
muscles to contract, making us inhale. These nerves E) why our breathing movements vary from 10
send out signals that result in about 10-14 to 14 inhalations per minute
inhalations-per minute when we are at rest. Between
inhalations, the muscles relax, and we exhale. The
control centre in the pons smooths out the basic
rhythm of breathing set by the medulla.
1. It is clear from the passage that the pons

and the medulla ----.
A) are mainly responsible for the efficient

performance of the circulatory system
B) perform functions that are interrelated and
complementary
C) work together to ensure motor coordination
D) hardly have any effect on our breathing rate
and movements
E) have no effect upon the circulatory system
2. According to the passage, when we hold our

breath, ----.
A) we show we have some conscious control
over our breathing
B) the automatic breathing control centres in the
brain begin to work much faster
C) the rate of gas exchange through the
respiratory system increases rapidly
D) the movements of the diaphragm and rib
muscles get out of control
E) the number of signals from the medulla to
the respiratory system begins to increase
3. One understands from the passage that the

automatic rather than conscious control of
the breath ----.
A) limits the body’s ability to meet its metabolic
needs
B) causes a sudden fall in the number of
inhalations per minute
C) disrupts the movements of rib muscles and
undermines the rhythm of inhalation
D) is very complicated due to the lack of
coordination between the pons and the
medulla
E) is of vital importance for gas exchange to
take place in the body

For decades, nets and sprays have been the only 7. It can be inferred from the passage that ----.
effective methods for controlling the mosquitoes that
cause malaria. However, Spanish chemist Pilar A) the paint may not be as common as sprays,
Mateo thinks she can do better with her invention of since they have long been in use for pest
embedding pesticides in microcapsules stirred into control
house paints at her Valencia company. The B) Mateo will also contribute to the economy of
insecticides are released from the paint slowly, a less well-off nation with her new project
remaining effective for two to four years, while C) greater amounts of pesticides are required in
sprays need to be reapplied at least every six Latin American countries
months. “The paint acts like a vaccine for houses,”
D) the use of the paint will be restricted to
she says. The amounts of pesticides released from
fifteen countries around the world
the paint are harmless to people but are devastating
to insects, according to the tests made by scientists. E) people in poor countries may not be able to
The paint has already been approved for use in afford to buy the paint because of its high
fifteen countries, including China and England. Mateo cost
is seeking approval in the US and a recommendation
from the World Health Organization. She says she 8. It can be understood from the passage that
has received offers to buy her patent but refuses to Mateo ----.
sell out. Instead, her new venture, another company
in Africa, will produce it commercially at a factory in A) has made important donations to Latin
Ghana and employ a great number of workers. “By American countries with the help of the US
taking production outside Spain, we can reduce the B) is thought to be the most successful inventor
cost and make it more accessible,” she says. Her in the field of pest control
idea is to sell the paint as an affordable alternative to
C) has tried to sell her patent, but could not
sprays. After years of donating paint to poor people
manage to do so
in Latin America, Mateo wants to fund her broader
humanitarian efforts. “It’s not just the insects that are D) is the first to make use of
the problem”, she says, “It’s the poverty. ” microencapsulation technology
E) ultimately plans to fight against poverty
5. According to the passage, Mateo’s invention through her lucrative enterprises
----.
A) provides easy application and proves to be
more effective than other methods
B) has been guided by the World Health
Organization and initially applied in the US
C) is supported primarily by the funds from
China and England
D) has resulted from a collaborative work of
scientists from different countries
E) has attracted much attention especially from
developed countries
6. According to the passage, the paint ----.
A) reveals different results in some parts of the

world
B) needs to be stirred well before application
C) has a long-lasting effect when compared to
sprays
D) releases pesticides every six months
E) should be used in houses where people have
been vaccinated

Scientists have thought about the brain's intricate 11. According to the passage, Wilhelm His's
form for centuries. In the early 1800s, German work involved ----.
physician Franz Joseph Gall proposed that the shape
of a person's brain and skull spoke volumes about A) the theory that the shapes of structures
that individual's intelligence and personality which is came from physical self-organization
a theory known as 'phrenology'. This influential, even B) physical differentiation between the brains of
though scientifically unsupported, idea led to the geniuses and those considered to be
collection of 'criminal', 'degenerate' and 'genius' criminals
brains. Then, in the latter part of the 19th century, C) discovering how to educate criminals so that
Swiss anatomist Wilhelm His claimed that the brain they can become geniuses
develops as a sequence of events guided by
D) the Idea that the brain develops through a
physical forces. British polymath D'Arcy Thompson
series of physical events
built on that foundation, showing that the shapes of
many structures, biological and inanimate, result E) finding out why certain individuals become
from physical self-organization. Provocative though criminals
they were, these early suppositions eventually faded
from view. Phrenology became known as a 12. According to the writer, ----.
pseudoscience, and modern genetic theories
replaced the biomechanical approach of the 19th A) the work done in the 19th century involving
century and furthered our understanding of the phrenology is not taken as real science now
structure of the human brain. Thus, no matter how B) the modern genetic theories of today owe a
exciting the theories may be more reliable great deal to 19th century phrenology
information is a prerequisite for their acceptance.
C) intelligence and personality develop as a
result of physical forces
9. According to the passage, Franz Joseph Gall
supported the idea that ----. D) the biomechanical approach will replace
current genetic theory
A) criminal, degenerate and genius brains E) it is possible to scientifically distinguish
should be examined in the light of modern between the brains of criminals and geniuses
genetic theories
B) the Swiss anatomist Wilhelm His's ideas
should be followed instead of D'Arcy
Thompson's
C) intelligence and personality could be linked
with the shape of the head
D) phrenology theory should not be taken
seriously as a method to understand a
person's personality
E) phrenology theory was unscientific and so
instantly eliminated
10. According to the passage, the writer ----.
A) disapproves of the 19th century theories

focusing on modern genetic theory
B) thinks that medical ideas popular in the 19th
century did not contribute considerably to
modern science
C) thinks that more brains need to be studied
before categorization can be done
D) believes that the theories of Franz Joseph
Gall had a scientific basis
E) is angered by the theories of the past which
threaten modem science

The Wireless Museum has several of the earliest 16. This passage is concerned with ----.
crystal wireless sets from the 1920s which ran on
electromagnetic waves with no external power A) the exhibits of a wireless museum which
source, and were easily made at home. Valve radios, cover a considerable variety
which came along in the 1930s, needed electricity to B) the government’s war efforts and production
heat up the valves and the museum has both mains policies regarding radios
and battery-powered valve radios on display. The C) the technical features of transistor radios
collection also has some rare war time civilian
D) the way a valve radio works
receivers — the only type of valve radio
manufactured during the Second World War. This E) why the wireless museum was originally set
was by order of the government, because at this time up
most manufacturing was focused on the war effort.
There are also plenty of modern day transistor radios
including a collection of novelty radios dating from
the sixties and seventies.
13. It is pointed out in the passage that, during

World War II, ----.
A) transistor radios began to replace traditional

valve radios
B) the production of wireless sets was almost
entirely for military purposes
C) various types of radios requiring no external
power source were developed
D) the government banned all kinds of civilian
receivers
E) the efficiency of valve radios was upgraded
through the introduction of new designs
14. We learn from the passage that the very early

crystal wireless sets ----.
A) were the models out of which transistor

radios were later developed
B) were manufactured in large quantities before
the arrival of valve radios
C) are among the museum’s most precious
exhibits
D) were still in use during World War II, though
in limited numbers
E) were unconnected to an outside power
system
15. It is clear from the passage that valve radios

----.
A) were still in widespread use in the sixties and

seventies
B) originally operated on electromagnetic waves
C) consumed more electricity than one might
expect
D) are of two types: mains and battery-powered
E) were costly products and the government
disapproved of them

In a crowded job market, success in getting a prime 19. It is understood from the passage that ----.
position is closely linked to making a great first
impression. But you might be surprised to discover A) those who regard themselves as nice are
what that first impression should be. Victoria Brescoll more liable to lose their temper
of Yale University showed test subjects one of two B) Asian cultures consider anger to be an
recorded job interviews in which the candidate talked important factor that helps businesses
about losing an important client at their previous job. improve
Half the subjects were shown a video where the C) Western business culture disapproves of
candidate behaved angrily and blamed his co- anger if it is used to express power
workers. The other subjects were shown a version
D) the interpretation of anger in the workplace
where the candidate expressed sadness at the lost
varies from culture to culture
client. Taking responsibility for your mistakes may
sound praiseworthy, but the angry candidate was E) the reasons why people behave angrily are
rated as more competent than the sad one, and quite similar both in Western and Eastern
better able to cope with a position of high cultures
responsibility. “ "For anger to have positive effects, it
needs to be used occasionally, targeted carefully and 20. It can be inferred from the passage that ----.
expressed appropriately. " Dr. Hajo Adam, of
Northwestern University, says. ” Dr. Losing your A) expressing sadness instead of anger for your
temper is also perceived differently. Western mistakes is more acceptable in many
business culture regards anger as an expression of cultures
dominance whereas in Asia it is seen as a loss of B) there is a general agreement among scholars
control. In addition, according to a recent study, men about why anger is considered negative
who self-identify as being disagreeable earn 18
C) when it is controlled, anger might be the key
percent more than who think themselves as nice.
to dealing with difficult situations
17. According to the passage, Dr. Brescoll’s D) anger management studies are becoming
study puts forward that ----. increasingly popular
E) Brescoll’s and Adam’s findings appear to be
A) losing your temper can help you appear more contradictory
skilful at workplace
B) career success is best accomplished when
you take more responsibilities
C) analyzing job interviews provides both
reliable and unreliable findings on anger-
control
D) blaming someone else for a mistake that you
have made is seen as being rude
E) expressing your feelings is not a quality that
is generally admired
18. It is clear from the passage that if anger is to

be used in a beneficial way, ----.
A) it should be aimed only at people who also
behave in a similar manner
B) it needs to be used excessively so that it
can act as a deterrent to others
C) the appropriate expression becomes
necessary while talking to your co-workers
D) it should benefit a person who wants to be
nice rather than disagreeable
E) for whom, when and how it will be used
should be taken into account

Wildfires are an important environmental hazard in 23. As one learns from the passage, the reason
many geographical areas. Those areas most prone to why a wildfire is followed by vegetation
wildfires have wet seasons followed by dry seasons. growth is that ----.
Vegetation that grows and accumulates during the
wet season dries out enough during the dry season A) the minerals in the soil, especially
to burn easily. When lightning hits the ground, it potassium, phosphorus, and calcium, are
ignites the dry organic material, and a fire spreads preserved perfectly
through the area. Actually fires have several effects B) soil erosion takes a long time and, therefore,
on the environment. First, burning frees the minerals plants have time to grow up
that are locked in organic matter. The ashes C) plant seeds in the soil are unaffected by the
remaining after a fire are rich in potassium, fire and begin to germinate in the wet season
phosphorus, calcium, and other minerals essential
D) the ashes of the burnt organic matter contain
for plant growth. Thus, vegetation flourishes following
many minerals indispensable for plants
afire. Second, fire removes plant cover and exposes
the soil, which stimulates the germination of seeds E) the area where the fires have taken place
requiring bare soil, and encourages the growth of becomes suitable for shade-intolerant plants
shade-intolerant plants. Third, fire can cause
increased soil erosion because it removes plant 24. One understands from the passage that,
cover, leaving the soil more vulnerable to wind and while the wet season is favourable for
water. vegetation, ----.
21. According to the passage, soil erosion ----. A) the dry season ushers in the danger of fire
B) it causes a great deal of soil erosion
A) is undoubtedly the most adverse effect that
wildfires have on areas where plant cover is C) it leads to the depletion of minerals in the
thick due to heavy vegetation soil
B) can happen in an area which, due to D) the dry season stimulates the germination of
wildfires, has lost its plant cover, whereby seeds
the soil has become exposed to wind and E) the growth of plants largely depends on the
water condition of the soil
C) can be prevented in areas prone to wildfires
just as strict measures are taken to maintain
adequate plant cover
D) extensively undermines environmental
sustainability because it not only removes
plant cover, but also prevents plant growth
E) is mainly caused by wind and water, which
destroy the plant cover of an area and turn
the area into an arid land
22. It is clear from the passage that the areas

with vegetation, where a wet season is
followed by a dry season, ----.
A) are most suitable for the germination of plant

seeds
B) usually have a vast range of environmental
diversity
C) maintain their plant cover and, therefore, are
much prone to soil erosion
D) are usually rich in various minerals that are
essential for plant growth
E) are most vulnerable to wildfires

The vertebrae of the spinal column are separated by 27. According to the passage, a disk rupture in
disks made of cartilage. Each disk has a strong the lower back ----.
outer layer and a softer inner part that acts as a
shock absorber to cushion the vertebrae during A) leads to unusual defecation or urination,
movement. If the disk degenerates, for example especially among the aged
following an injury or with aging, the inner part of the B) can affect the sciatic nerve and cause pain
disk can bulge or rupture through the outer layer. The down the length of it
ruptured inner part of the disk can compress or C) has a very damaging effect on both legs and
irritate a nerve root and may even injure it. Most can cause paralysis
ruptured disks are in the lower back and usually
D) always causes a great deal of pain
affect only one leg. Such a rupture can cause pain
throughout the spinal column
not only in the lower back but also down the sciatic
nerve, which runs from the spinal column to the E) rarely has any serious adverse effects
buttocks, leg, and heel. Ruptured disks in the lower except on the movement of a person’s feet
back can also cause leg weakness, and a person
may especially have difficulty lifting the front part of 28. It is clear that the passage ----.
the foot. A ruptured disk that is very large and
centrally located in the spinal column can affect A) is solely concerned with the problems arising
nerves that regulate bowel and bladder function, from the spinal column and emphasizes the
impairing the ability to defecate or urinate and need for urgent medical attention
making urgent medical attention necessary. B) gives a full account of how the disks in the
lower back function, and explains their inner
25. It is clear from the passage that a ruptured structure
disk ----.
C) describes not only the structure of a disk in
A) is a serious problem commonly faced by the spinal column but also the harmful
most elderly people consequences of a ruptured disk
B) should be suspected when movement in both D) deals in great detail with the question of how
the legs becomes limited the degeneration of disks in the spinal
column can be prevented
C) can easily be treated if it is diagnosed early
enough E) is largely concerned with the functions of the
sciatic nerve
D) can have various adverse effects, depending
on its position and severity
E) regularly has an adverse effect on the whole
of the spinal column
26. As pointed out in the passage, the structure

of a disk ----.
A) is standard, so everyone is equally likely to
develop a ruptured disk
B) is so complicated that all injuries to it require
urgent medical attention
C) is so strong that it is rarely damaged except
in extraordinary conditions
D) can be extremely fragile, but regular exercise
can help increase strength
E) consists of two parts, and it is the inner part
that enables the vertebrae to move
comfortably

It is to a plant’s advantage to be visually attractive to 32. The passage is mainly concerned with ----.
a specific pollinator so that those animals will seek
out and concentrate on that particular plant during A) the significance of plants in the food chain
their search for nectar. This keeps pollen from being B) the question of why birds and insects have
spread to other plant species, where pollination won’t common traits
take place. Flowers appeal to their pollinators’ C) how colour and smell play a major role in
sensory systems by using signals such as alluring plant pollination
odours or colours. Flowers pollinated by nocturnal
D) the kinds of nocturnal animals that are active
animals like bats and moths, which rely more on
in pollination
hearing than smell and sight, usually have dull
colours but powerful scents. Flowers pollinated by E) the process of pollination that takes place in
daytime animals like birds and bees, however, rely the plant world
on a range of colours. Birds see a spectrum
somewhat similar to ours but are especially receptive
to red, so blossoms pollinated by them tend to be red
or orange. Bees, on the other hand, see a different
spectrum composed of yellow, blue, green, and
ultraviolet. Flowers pollinated by bees, hence, tend to
be in those colours and usually have special
markings that are visible only in ultraviolet. Like
runway lights, these markings guide insects to the
right place to land and find nectar, and in the
process, pollinate the plant.
29. According to the passage, birds ----.

A) see a colour spectrum that is identical to
humans’
B) are attracted to plants that have red or
orange blossoms
C) can see dull colours much better than bees
and other insects
D) play a little part in pollination
E) and bees are far more sensitive to colours
than insects
30. It can be understood from the passage that

special markings on some flowers ----.
A) enable nocturnal animals to pollinate flowers

B) repel insects with ultraviolet vision
C) help certain pollinators to find the right spot
to land
D) are often misleading to the pollinators
E) can be seen by both birds and humans
31. The passage makes it clear that animals that

are active at night ----.
A) follow and catch insects and moths by using

their sense of hearing and smell
B) have a strong sense of vision, which helps
them to find food more easily
C) see things that are invisible to other animals
with the help of their ultraviolet vision
D) rely on powerful scents to attract other
animals
E) are attracted mostly to flowers with dull
colours but strong scents

Dreams defy the laws of physics, the principles of 35. Which of the following describes the
logic, and personal morality, and may reflect fears, scientific world's perspective of dreams?
frustrations, and personal desires. Often occurring in
story form with the dreamer as participant or A) Scientists claim that dreams are important in
observer, dreams usually involve several characters, exploring human psychology even if they are
motion, and may include sensations of taste, smell, simple by-products.
hearing, o pain. The content of dreams clearly B) Some scientists devalue dreams because
reflects daytime activities, even though these may people are unable to recollect what they have
be distorted to various degrees. 'Lucid dreaming', in in their dreams.
which the sleeper is actually aware of dreaming while C) Scientists are far from reaching a prevailing
the dream is taking place, is not uncommon. consensus over the value of dreams in
Although research has indicated that everyone human life.
dreams during every night of normal sleep, many
D) More scientists than analysts consider
people do not remember their dreams or they recall
dreams as something that can be used to
only the last dream prior to awakening. However,
understand people.
anything remembered might be useful as some
scientists, some of whom are dream analysts, E) A good majority of scientists consider
maintain that dreams contain the dreamer's thoughts dreams as a means for freeing our minds
or feelings not yet expressed or made conscious. On from undesirable content.
the other hand, some others have attempted to
discount the significance of dreams entirely. For 36. Which could be the best title for the
example, one hypothesis holds that dreaming is a passage?
simple and unimportant by-product of random
simulation of brain cells activated during REM sleep. A) The Incomprehensible World of Dreams
Another dream theory suggests that we dream to rid B) The use of Dreams in Psychoanalysis
our brains of useless or redundant information.
C) Common Forms of Dreams
33. Which of the following is a characteristic of D) The Effects of Dreaming in Daily Life
dreams? E) Intellectual Benefits of Having Dreams
A) Dreams rarely express everyday activities in
a deformed manner.
B) Dreamers are the participants in their dreams
most of the time.
C) Dreams comply with the general rules of
physics, but they counter moral values.
D) Fears and disappointments may be a result
of bad dreams.
E) It is possible for dreamers to have some
sensory experience while dreaming.
34. According to the passage, 'lucid dreaming' --

--.
A) is a type of dream in which dreamers

recognise that they are dreaming
B) is apparently the most type of dream that
people have
C) is a kind of dream in which dreamers are
fully awake
D) reveals more subconscious thoughts than
common dreams do
E) is related with whether the dreamer is having
a disturbing dream or not

History is one of the few school subjects commonly 39. According to the passage, regardless of how
mandated in education systems throughout the impartially they are written, history
world. Furthermore, the use of history textbooks to textbooks ----.
support student learning is an almost universally
accepted practice. However, the widespread A) need to teach both the past and the future
international presence of the humble history textbook B) serve a purpose other than intended
should not disguise its ideological and cultural C) are the best options for cultural transmission
potency. Indeed, essential to understanding the
D) affect ideologically the youth more than
power and importance of history textbooks is to
adults
appreciate that in any given culture they typically
exist as the keepers of ideas, values and knowledge. E) can never be completely objective and
No matter how neutral history textbooks may appear, neutral
they are ideologically important, because they often
seek to inject the youth with a shared set of values, 40. It can be inferred from the passage that the
national ethos and an incontrovertible sense of author ----.
political orthodoxy. Textbooks stand as cultural
artefacts that embody a range of issues associated A) is in favour of using history textbooks to
with ideology, politics and values which in inform people about international relations
themselves function at a variety of different levels of B) sets out to emphasize the use of history
power, status and influence. Embedded in history textbooks to instil national values in the
textbooks are narratives and stories that nation young generation
states choose to tell about themselves and their
C) is of the opinion that textbooks on history are
relations with other nations. Typically, they represent
easy to write
a core of cultural knowledge which future generations
are expected both to assimilate and support. D) believes in the necessity of locally produced
history textbooks to bring about world peace
37. According to the passage, history textbooks E) is trying to persuade the reader of the
----. importance of understanding history
A) are now being rewritten with a more
international and universal outlook to rectify
past misunderstandings between nations
B) are not appropriate for teaching history
because they are always ideologically biased
C) should be written in a neutral and unbiased
way so that future generations can have a
healthy understanding of history
D) not only have educational, but also
ideological functions, serving to transmit a
nation state’s values
E) consist of baseless stories and narratives
rather than historical facts that are more
important for a nation state’s survival
38. It is stated in the passage that ----.
A) some countries have been more successful

in producing more neutral and less
ideological history textbooks than others
B) in many nations, debates over the content
and format of history textbooks continue to
generate considerable political conflict
C) nations attempt to provide future generations
with particular values that will ensure the
continuation of existing structures
D) history textbooks have become more
politicized after the emergence of nation
states to preserve national identity
E) many educational systems throughout the
world include history in their curriculum to
enhance political literacy

The story of Hansel and Gretel, in which two children 43. The saddest part of Hansel and Gretel is that
outsmart a witch who is about to destroy them, was ----.
passed down to us from the brothers Jacob and
Wilhelm Grimm. They began recording various folk A) a giant in France is pushed into a fire by a
tales told to them by villagers and farmers near the little girl
town of Kassel, Germany, in about 1807. Hansel and B) the children's parents are not aware of the
Gretel was told to the brothers by a young girl, dangers of wild beasts in the forest
Doretchen Wild, who years later became Wilhelm C) the parents do not care for their children and
Grimm's wife. The fairy tale gained wide popularity cause them to get caught by a witch
after German composer Engelbert Humperdinck
D) despite the presence of wild beasts, the
made it the basis of a children's opera, first
children are left alone in the forest without
introduced in Munich in 1893. However, the opera, as
any concern
well as subsequent versions of the story, omits the
most traumatising aspect of the traditional tale: the E) a young girl is captured in a giant's house
parents’ deliberate abandonment of their children to
the wild beasts of the forest. Another important 44. What is the Grimm brothers' impact on the
feature of Hansel and Gretel is that it was not only story of Hansel and Gretel?
known through German oral tradition. A version
circulating in France as early as the late 17th century A) They gave inspiration to many other arts,
had a house made not of gingerbread but of gold and and showed a fairy tale can be a product of
jewels, in which a young girl is held by a giant whom popular culture.
she eventually pushes into his own fire. However, it B) They recorded one of the diverse versions of
was the Grimm brothers who immortalised the tale the story and made it universally known as a
for future generations – an excellent story that every children's literature must-read.
child throughout the world should come across.
C) They added a new dimension to children's
literature by telling a story which has wild
41. Which of the following can be said about the
beasts and witches trying to catch children.
story of Hansel and Gretel?
D) They proved that the important thing is to
A) It was initially written by the Grimm brothers record a story so it can be used in other
and became very popular in a short time. cultural activities.
B) It illustrates the dangers faced by two E) They showed that traumatising events can
children who lived in Kassel, Germany, in be used as instructions for children.
about 1807.
C) It reveals the typical features of German
culture because it is told by villagers and
farmers.
D) It was verbally transferred to the Grimm
brothers like some other stories.
E) It was told by Doretchen Wild to the villagers
and farmers in Kassel, Germany.
42. What can be understood about

Humperdinck?
A) He was criticised for presenting Hansel and
Gretel differently from the previous versions
of it.
B) He intentionally highlighted some details of
Hansel and Gretel to increase its popularity.
C) He reached a large audience especially
attracted to the opera but not to the story of
Hansel and Gretel.
D) He made Hansel and Gretel quite famous by
producing a children's opera inspired by the
story.
E) He removed the traumatising part of Hansel
and Gretel to create a more cheerful story.

A symbol is a term or a picture that may be familiar 48. The main purpose of the passage is to ----.
in daily life, yet possessing specific connotations in
addition to its obvious meaning. It implies something A) explain the way symbols are absorbed by the
vague or hidden from us. Thus, a word or an image is mind
symbolic when it implies something more than its B) define the meaning of commonly used
immediate meaning. It has a wider 'unconscious symbols
‘aspect that is never precisely defined or fully C) compare everyday symbols to those found in
explained. As the mind explores the symbol, it is led some dreams
to ideas that lie beyond the grasp of reason. Since
D) show the connection between symbols and
there are many things beyond the range of human
religion
understanding, we use symbolic terms to represent
concepts that we cannot define or fully comprehend. E) draw attention to the importance of symbols
This is one reason why historically all religions have
employed symbolic language or images. However,
this conscious use of symbols is only one aspect of
a psychological fact of great importance. Man also
produces symbols unconsciously and spontaneously,
in the form of dreams. It is not easy to grasp this
point, but we must if we are to know more about the
ways in which the human mind works.
45. According to the passage, man’s

relationship with symbols ----.
A) is a fairly new and recent phenomenon
B) always happens outside of his experiences
of daily life
C) can be explained by most religious traditions
D) is limited to their occurrence in dreams
E) is seen at both conscious and unconscious
levels
46. One reason why symbols are used by all

religions is that they ----.
A) are easily interpreted by everyone

B) occur frequently in all religious books
C) allow people to develop symbols for use in
their daily lives
D) help to convey ideas that are difficult to
define thoroughly
E) are generally associated with spiritual
concepts
47. According to the passage, symbols are

important as they ----.
A) can help us understand the workings of the
human mind
B) have an impact on the formation of our
dreams
C) are defined as reflections of our personalities
D) become less meaningful when we try to
define them
E) are significant only when produced
consciously

During the preschool period, hand-eye coordination 51. According to the passage, what does tying
progresses to the point of near independence at self- shoelaces signify?
care activities. A four-year-old is learning to handle
eating cutlery well and fasten even small buttons. A) It shows that the child has obtained total
Four-year olds can also handle a pencil competently, independence in self-care.
copy geometric shapes and letters, and use B) It is a major breakthrough in the process of
scissors. By the age of five, a child's hand-eye acquiring hand-eye coordination.
coordination appears quite advanced, although it will C) It is the ultimate achievement that the child
still continue to be five-tuned for several more years. can reach in terms of hand-eye coordination.
He approaches, grasps, and releases objects with
D) By doing it, the child is able to demonstrate
precision and accuracy. He may use the same toys
a clear change in his/her visual orientation.
as pre-schoolers, but he manipulates them with
greater skill and purpose and can complete a familiar E) It represents the high speed at which pre-
jigsaw puzzle with lightning speed. An important school children could do some manual tasks.
milestone at this stage in learning hand-eye
coordination is the child's ability to tie his own 52. Which of the following is the passage mainly
shoelaces. At the age of six, a child's visual concerned with?
orientation changes somewhat. Children of this age
and older shift their gaze more frequently than A) Phases of development in the acquisition of
younger children. They also have a tendency to hand-eye coordination as a key skill
follow the progress of an object rather than looking B) Differences and similarities between motor
directly at it, a fact that has been linked to the development of pre-school and school-age
practice of some six-year-olds using their fingers to children
mark their places when they are reading. Even when
C) What kind of challenges different
absorbed in tasks, they look away frequently,
developmental periods in childhood lead to
although their hands remain active.
D) How pre-school children use their hands and
49. The author clearly states that hand-eye fingers to fulfil certain tasks
coordination ----. E) Hand-eye coordination as one of the easily
acquired skills for school-age children
A) reaches its final level well before the child
reaches the age of six
B) can hardly be seen in kids that are in the pre-
school period
C) is ultimately achieved when the child
becomes much younger than five
D) is apparent in four-year olds as they can use
some equipment well
E) is said to have been completed when the
child does a puzzle very fast
50. In which of the following does the age or

period correctly match the corresponding
skill?
A) Pre-school children – almost no autonomy in
caring oneself
B) Four-year olds – possible use of a spoon to
eat independently
C) Five-year olds – low to moderate
competency in hand-eye coordination
D) Six-year olds – discernible pause in the
improvement in visual orientation
E) Children beyond six years of age – lack of
preciseness in hand-eye coordination

For fifty years, scientists have been trying to create 55. It is stated in the passage that ----.
tiny gadgets that travel around a patient’s
bloodstream, detecting and even fixing diseases. But A) implantable gadgets have been on trial for
how to power them has been a problem. Formerly- some patients before actual experiments can
used batteries have shrunk over the years but have be conducted
not been miniaturized sufficiently to fit into a medical B) the size of the implants used within the body
device small enough to travel through veins and affected the level of the transmission
arteries. So instead of using them, engineers at C) shrinking the batteries has helped scientists
Stanford University have developed tiny implants to insert the device more comfortably into
that can be powered by radio waves beamed from a the arteries
transmitter outside the body. The idea of using
D) the self-moving devices recently developed
electromagnetic waves to transfer power to
need additional power-transfer improvement
implantable medical devices is not new, and in
principle, it sounds simple. A transmitter outside the E) using batteries instead of implants provides
body emits radio waves travelling through the more productive results
tissues. They are then picked up by an antenna on
the internal device where they induce a voltage. The 56. It can be inferred from the passage that ----.
trouble is, scientists previously thought that radio
waves would struggle to get through human tissue. A) removing the medical device from the body
But a researcher at Stanford University found strong has been the scientists’ main concern
evidence that they do pass through. He used a B) inserting medical devices into the body may
chunk of beef as a stand-in for human flesh and have harmful effects on people
found that sufficient energy moved through it to
C) prototypes should first be tested on people
make electromagnetic power transfer feasible.
for a period of time
Already, working prototypes that can propel
themselves have been developed, but the distance D) diagnosis and treatment of some diseases
through which power can be transferred inside the may be easier in the long run
body still needs improvement. E) attempts to discover new methods of
powering the implants will probably fail
53. It is clear from the passage that inserting a
gadget into a patient’s bloodstream ----.
A) has depended on the size of the radio

transmitters
B) has challenged scientists for half a century
C) will be widely used in many hospitals in
Stanford
D) showed promising results in people with
narrow arteries
E) has led to quite a dramatic reduction in the
size of batteries
54. It is pointed out in the passage that radio

waves ----.
A) are transferred to a transmitter in the body

B) have long been used to transfer power to
move gadgets in veins
C) have been found to be capable of penetrating
the tissues
D) are created by expanding the implants’
mechanical component
E) have been proven to be effective without the
assistance of a secondary unit

Astrology has been the single most influential 59. As claimed in the passage, every culture in
pseudo-science in human history. The notion that our the world today ----.
fate may be connected with the stars is present in
almost all human cultures and dates from mankind’s A) values the teachings of astrology as the
earliest days. Indeed, the pyramids, chamber tombs most scientific facts
and megaliths of ancient history were built to align B) embodies the idea that a man’s destiny is
with the heavens. Yet as science has replaced controlled by the stars
superstition in man’s affairs, astrology’s influence C) attaches much importance to priest-
has, so to speak, declined enormously. In ancient magicians as leaders of social life
times, men believed that the stars and planets
D) makes use of astrology in order to settle
played a direct role in human affairs, and the first
various problems
astrologers were priest-magicians of unlimited power.
After the Middle Ages, astrologers no longer believed E) has various types of historic buildings such
the stars controlled our destinies but thought signs as pyramids and tombs
involving human affairs could be read in the heavens.
Today, the powers claimed for astrology are much 60. As stated in the passage, the astrologers in
diminished, and the discipline is valued by most of the post-medieval period ----.
its users for the insights it is believed to offer into
personality types. A) rejected the traditional view that human
destiny was controlled by the stars
57. It is pointed out in the passage that, in our B) began to be regarded as priest-magicians
time, astrology ----. with infinite power
A) has once again drawn the attention of C) were hardly skilled in the interpretation of
scientists since it is connected with the stars heavenly signs
and planets D) played a pioneering role in the development
B) is very popular throughout the world because of modern science
people study it to manage their daily affairs E) contributed to the development of astronomy
C) is a major rival of science since it provides as a modern science
valuable insights into human affairs
D) has contributed enormously to our
understanding of other cultures and
communities
E) is generally used as a means whereby, for
some people, personality traits are revealed
58. According to the passage, in ancient times, -

---.
A) it was commonly believed that man’s life

was directly influenced by the stars and
planets
B) astrologers were believed to have super
human powers given to them by the gods
with whom they were in direct contact
C) every community respected astrologers, who
played a leading role in the solution of their
political problems
D) monumental structures were designed in
order to control human destiny
E) astrology was the single most important
branch of science, which was carefully
studied by every member of a community

Reading Comprehension > Self-Study Cevap Anahtarı
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
B A E A A C B E C B D A B E D A A E D C
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
B E D A D E B C B C E C E A C A D C E B
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
D D D B E D A E D B B A B C D D E A B A

Dialogue Completion
Bu ünitede, diyalog tamamlama soruları yer almaktadır. Bu soru tipi sadece YDS'de sorulmaktadır. YÖKDİL'de bu
soru tipinden soru yoktur.
• Dialogue Completion

Dialogue Completion > Self-Study
1. Brian: – What is to be learned from the collapse 4. Andrew: – Do you happen to know anything
of the viaduct when the tornado hit it? about the Nye Committee?
Harry: – Perhaps we should simply admit that Colin: – Yes, it was appointed in 1934 to
we can’t as yet build major structures capable investigate the munitions industry following
of resisting tornadoes. allegations that armament firms were working
Brian: – ---- against the cause of peace.
Harry: – I suppose it is. But I believe it’s better Andrew: – ----
to be safe than sorry. Colin: – The allegations were found to be true,
and therefore, the industry was nationalized.
A) After all, it was an unusually violent tornado.
B) Are you sure that we can‘t? A) What were the results of their investigations?
C) Aren‘t you overlooking the fact that the B) What a world we live in!
anchor-bolt systems had started to corrode? C) How is it you know all this?
D) Perhaps we can develop ways of doing so. D) I wonder just how much money these people
E) Isn‘t that being rather defeatist? make out of armaments.
E) How long did these investigations take
them?
2. Diane: – Everyone knows that physical
exercise lowers our risk for diabetes and heart
disease, but do you know why? 5. Brian: – Have you ever heard of ‘exoplanets’?
Ed: – ---- Duncan: – Exoplanets? No. What are they?
Diane: – No, it’s because our bodies have Brian: – ----
evolved in such a way that our muscles need to Duncan: – So you mean they are extrasolar
be used in order for the rest of our bodies to planets orbiting their own suns.
remain healthy.
A) The vast majority of exoplanets use what is
A) Which types of exercise are best for people called 'the radial-velocity method'.
with heart disease? B) Well, most of these planets are of a type
B) I am afraid over exercising makes joints, known as hot gas giants.
muscles, tendons, and bones ache. Don’t C) So far, some 300 such bodies have been
you agree? detected.
C) I think swimming is one of the best forms of D) Put simply, they are planets outside our own
exercise, isn’t it? solar system.
D) Is it because exercise lowers the percentage E) They are planets with their own life forms.
of fat in our bodies?
E) Well, the recommended heart rate for
exercise is 60 per cent of a person’s 6. Charles: – Have you heard from your brother
estimated maximum heart rate. recently?
Pat: – Yes, I have. He's really enjoying himself
at the Military Academy.
3. Jane: – If I use the contraceptive pill now, will it Charles: – ----
hinder my chances of conceiving at a later Pat: – That was only natural. It really meant a
date? new start for him and he'd never even been
Doctor: – ---- away from home before.
Jane: – Really?
Doctor: – Yes. Recent studies show that A) He'll do fine there. He's a natural leader you
women who have been on the pill conceive know.
quicker than those who haven’t. B) I knew he would be. That's why I encouraged
him to go there.
A) Oh no. Quite the opposite.
C) Of course he is! An active life like that is
B) Many other factors are involved such as exactly right for him.
smoking.
D) I'm sure he will be very satisfied with the
C) I don't think so; and besides there are many training offered.
ways to boost fertility.
E) I'm glad to hear that. He seemed a bit
D) That's a difficult question to answer. worried about whether he would like it.
E) Age is another relevant constituent that has
to be taken into consideration.

7. Reporter: – Antibiotic resistance is on the rise, 9. Kevin: – Did you pass your final exams last
and we are potentially facing a time when semester?
standard antibiotics simply won't work anymore. Richard: – Yes, just barely. I was sure I had
Why is antibiotic resistance becoming more failed at least in two of them.
widespread? Kevin: – ----
Chemist: – One reason could be that a type of Richard: – Actually, I was hanging out at my
bacteria has developed molecular mechanisms friends’. If I had failed, I would have deserved it.
that actually make an antibiotic drug ineffective.
Reporter: – Why is the increase in bacterial A) If you had studied harder, you would have
resistance considered a threatening issue? passed them.
Chemist: – ---- B) I knew you would get the highest grades.
Reporter: – This sounds horrible! Congratulations!
C) So you will have to repeat these courses
A) The misuse of antibiotics has certainly
next semester.
contributed to the resistance phenomena. A
lot of antibiotics are used in farming, which is D) Do you mean that the questions were hard?
practised without complete control. E) But you stayed up so late studying
B) We should prevent them from producing throughout the week, didn’t you?
toxins that lead to illness rather than kill
them. That kind of intervention can reduce
the chances that the bacteria will develop 10. Sharon: – I need a memory card that is
resistance. compatible with my laptop.
Shop Assistant: – ----
C) Whenever any pressure is put on bacteria, it Sharon: – I think two gigabytes will be enough
will resist. If such pressure is not created, to store all my files.
there will be no evolutionary pressure for the Shop Assistant: – Then I suggest this one. It
bacteria to develop resistance. has the memory volume you want, and it is
D) If new drugs are not developed against these quite user-friendly.
resistant bacteria, by the year 2050, death
from antimicrobial resistant bacteria could A) Do you have enough money for a two-
actually even surpass death from cancer. gigabyte card?
E) I'm encouraged by the fact that there are B) What is the operating system on your
more than 200 different bacteria species that laptop?
live in our guts, and the majority of them are C) How much memory capacity do you need?
actually beneficial to us. D) Where do you store your files?
E) What do you think about this memory card?
8. Lecturer: – Before I finish the lecture, let’s just
go over the main points again. Is there
anywhere you would like to start? 11. Robert: – Millions of hectares of land are
Student: – Well, we examined the importance affected by salt in the world. Do you think we’re
of hospital gardens, particularly in the treatment dealing with this effectively?
of young children. Tom: – Not really. There should be a better
Lecturer: – ---- strategy for preventing the formation of salty
Student: – You mentioned a 3-year-old who had soil.
a heart transplant and who loved to go out and Robert: – ----
feed the birds. He recovered really quickly. Tom: – In my opinion, one of the first solutions
is the safe disposal of drainage water, which,
A) That’s right, and what makes them when it evaporates in the sun, deposits the salt
attractive? it contains on the crops.
B) Yes, and what about hospitals that don’t A) Do you think we’ve solved the problem?
have a garden?
B) Could you give an example of what could be
C) And what conclusions did we reach? done?
D) Good. Now can you give me a specific C) What would be the impact of crops tolerant
example? to salt on world agriculture?
E) OK, and do such gardens only contain D) Is it really difficult to set up salt-tolerant
plants? agriculture?
E) Do you think that some countries are more
affected than others?

12. Polly: – This is terrible! Have you read this 15. Mrs. Fenton: – The sewing machine needs
article on dirty needles being used for oiling. Will any oil do?
vaccinations in poor countries? Mr. Fenton: – No. Any oil will not do.
Karin: – Yes, and it is terrible. Apparently, anti- Mrs. Fenton: – ----
tetanus shots given with used needles are Mr. Fenton: – You are quite wrong. The
spreading HIV. selection of the correct lubricant is extremely
Polly: – ---- important and depends on many factors.
Karin: – Well, you know, they may not have
enough needles, so they may have to use them A) I used the baby's oil last time, too.
more than once. B) Well, you’d better do the job yourself.
C) People are always talking about them, but do
A) I think wealthy countries should donate
they do any good?
disposable needles to poorer countries.
D) So what oil will do?
B) How can the health workers in those
countries do such a thing? E) But why not? Surely oil is oil!
C) They should test everyone’s blood before
giving a vaccine. 16. Jennifer: – Can you give me some advice on
D) Tetanus and HIV are both dangerous choosing a programme for my Master’s degree?
infectious diseases. Sylvia: – ----
E) The health workers are probably selling the Jennifer: – What do you mean by that? Money?
clean needles illegally. Sylvia: – Well, that too. But more important will
be time, energy and effort.
13. Helen: – How long have the TV's nature A) What’s your aim in choosing our university?
documentaries been going? B) Yes; but I need to know how much you are
Beth: – For at least 40 years, I should think. ---- prepared to give.
Helen: – Indeed, they have. In one of the latest, C) Most programmes are more or less the
they actually show a penguin chick developing same.
inside its egg!
D) Forget it! You’re sufficiently well-qualified as
A) The series explores the limits of animal you are.
endurance in hostile environments. E) First let me find out whether or not you are
B) And over that time, they’ve been transformed serious of purpose.
beyond recognition.
C) Moreover, the films grow even more 17. Chris: – Did you know that several years ago
spectacular and sophisticated. Luciano Pavarotti released his first solo album
D) Some of the world‘s leading wildlife camera of Italian pop songs?
teams are with the BBC’s national history Robert: – No, I didn’t. I wonder what other
unit. tenors thought of this.
E) Some remarkable footage has been shot. Chris: – ----
Robert: – In which case, I suppose opera fans
are also accepting the situation.
14. Alan: – From music sets to cell phones they’re
making everything smaller and smaller. But A) Well, at first, they were not in favour of it, but
how? now they are doing the same thing
Joe: – It’s partly due to miniaturized themselves!
electronics, but they’re making the motors B) It was at least 20 years ago that his record
smaller, too. company asked him to make this album.
Alan: – ---- C) As far as I know, it was the song Caruso that
Joe: – No; the physics principles remain the made him do it.
same. The key is design and manufacturing
D) He asked three well-known singers to join
ingenuity.
him, but for some reason they said no.
A) Are the new, smaller motors very different E) I don‘t know. Presumably, they were
from earlier ones? annoyed.
B) Is it true that MP3 players usually have two
motors?
C) Do they still turn on small ball or cylinder
bearings?
D) Well, what’s happening to the prices?
E) Everything is becoming so small that we
shall soon be unable to find anything!

18. Art: – Did you know that as many as 235,000 21. Dorian: – Do you feel good about all the
hospital patients in the US die unnecessarily possibilities a new day will bring when you
each year? spring out of bed in the morning?
Ed: – ---- Joanne: – ----
Art: – About 45 per cent of the deaths are due Dorian: – Lucky you! A current study suggests
to medical errors, and the rest are because of that those with a feeling that life is worth living
adverse reactions to medication. are 23 percent less likely to die from all causes
than their numerous pessimistic counterparts.
A) When are you going to begin your residency? Joanne: – I always favour positive thinking and
B) I don’t believe it. Where did you read that? try to be optimistic about life.
C) That must result in a lot of malpractice
A) I generally feel positive about life, but I'm
lawsuits.
more likely to worry about my daily routine.
D) I think there must be some sort of mistake in
B) I think it partly depends on your social life,
that article.
as it can make you feel very happy or vice
E) That’s a staggering number! What causes versa.
them?
C) No, not really. What I expect from a new day
changes very often.
19. Andy: – Here is an article about the latest D) Actually, I like to enjoy the pleasures of life,
epidemic of swine flu. It says that it started in though I get frustrated at times.
Mexico and it has now infected at least one E) Yes, I believe that something great will
hundred people in ten other countries. happen, and this thought excites me.
Beth: – ----
Andy: – Well, some airlines stopped their flights
to the country and some governments urged 22. Larry: – There seems to be no end to the things
their citizens not to travel there. scientists can invent!
Beth: – Those precautions certainly seem Donald: – ----
reasonable. Larry: – Listen to this. Engineers at a Japanese
telecom company have designed a head-
A) What's being done to stop the spread of the mounted camera that allows you to take
disease? photographs with the blink of an eye.
B) Do they have any research to support their Donald: – If a camera like that gets into the
claims? wrong hands, it could cause a great deal of
C) Should we go to the doctor to get a flu shot? trouble.
D) Do you think we should fly to Mexico for A) Are you reading that article on cyber
holiday? warfare?
E) Are the drug companies taking advantage of B) That's why they say that necessity is the
the disease? mother of invention.
C) You know, I'd love to invent something like
20. Pam: – Do you know anything about Maxwell? that.
James Clerk Maxwell? I’ve never heard of him! D) In your opinion, what is the best thing ever to
Father: – Few people have. And it’s really most have been invented?
unfair. He was a very great physicist and much E) Well, what have you come across this time?
admired by Einstein.
Pam: – ----
Father: – He demonstrated that electricity and
magnetism were just different aspects of the
same phenomenon - electromagnetism.
A) Really? What did he do?
B) Then why isn't he better known?
C) Do his theories have any practical
application?
D) Are his theories of light really basic to colour
television?
E) That's interesting! Did he ever meet
Einstein?

23. Leman: – The next time an illness like SARS 25. Stephen: – Currently, the plastics industry is
threatens large numbers of people around the undergoing a major change.
world, airports should be more prepared and use Timothy: – How do you mean?
a better technology to help them prevent a Stephen: – ----
pandemic. Timothy: – That is good news because, as you
Pelin: – Do you think this is plausible for Asia? know, petrochemicals have adverse
Leman: – Well, it seems it is; I read a science environmental effects.
blog and it says the transportation officials and
public experts are pilot‐testing a website, A) Plastic shopping bags, which are produced
calculating the risk that passengers coming off from petrochemical materials, are widely
any given flight may be carrying a potentially used throughout the world.
infectious disease. B) As you know, the plastics industry has
Pelin: – ---- always depended on petrochemicals as raw
Leman: – The blog says that these tests are material.
funded by the transportation board and that they C) It is a fact that the production and burning of
are already being carried out at most of the petrochemical plastics in creases CO2 levels
airports on the east coast. in the atmosphere.
A) The tests should not only target people at D) Evidently, recycling bioplastics into fuel
the airports, but they should also include could reduce concerns about the use of food
train and ferry passengers. crops in biofuels production.
B) In my opinion, the researchers should plan to E) There is a radical shift in the industry from
expand the program to track infectious petrochemicals to bio-based renewable
diseases. polymers.
C) I believe that the program will fail to show
effective results, as its use will be restricted 26. Fiona:- I find many ancient Roman buildings
to the continent only. simply beautiful. It's really amazing how they
D) Such an early diagnosis of diseases sounds were able to create such complex structures.
great, but I don’t think the results will be Mary:- ----
worth the cost. Fiona:- What do you mean?
E) I think the actual implementation of this Mary:- Well, it was in ancient Greece that
system will require a lot of money as well as classical architecture emerged and it was the
time. Romans who contributed much to its
advancement in terms of complexity.
24. Martin: – I read Tom Jenkinson has built his A) The Romans are known for their
entire career out of doing the unexpected. contributions to wide range of subjects from
Jack: – ---- postal services to astronomy.
Martin: – No, not necessarily. I think he doesn’t B) There are some art historians who claim that
want to repeat himself or imitate his the Romans came up with nothing novel to
predecessors. the art of architecture.
Jack: – It must be really interesting and C) The Romans were not the only ones adopting
challenging for him. the Greek styles and techniques in their
architectural design.
A) I’m sure teenage girls are passionate fans of
him. D) The Roman baths are one of the most
distinguished examples of the Roman
B) That sounds disappointing. Why bother to
architectural style.
please others?
E) I guess you should thank both the Greeks
C) It is just the atmosphere of the scenes that
and Romans for the elaborate Roman
makes him so amazing.
constructions.
D) Does it mean that his all life is based on
surprising the others?
E) Then, he must be really proud of himself.

27. Doctor: – Could you tell me exactly what your 29. Ian: – According to some estimates, there are
complaints are? now more than one billion video-gamers in the
Patient: – I have to urinate very frequently, and world.
when I do, I feel a burning pain. Michael: – ----
Doctor: – Then, you probably have urinary tract Ian: – Well, they offer a lot with their fantastic
infection, and I will prescribe you a short course environments, fabulous design, some social
of antibiotics. content, and competition. There are many
Patient: – ---- people addicted to online games.
Doctor: – Increasing your fluid intake will Michael: – I agree. I do hear stories about
definitely help, and when you have pain, fill two people who just play games endlessly and start
bottles with hot water, wrap them in towels, and to ignore the other aspects of their lives.
put one on your lower back and one between
your thighs. A) The media and some experts often talk
about some potential risks of gaming, like
A) What other measures should I take or how violent video games. What’s the current
can I help myself at home? thinking on that?
B) I forgot to mention that I’m breastfeeding. Is B) How do you think we could integrate some
it safe to use antibiotics at the same time? educational content to videogames so that
C) Would you like me to visit you again if it young people would benefit from them?
continues for longer than a week? C) I think play is ubiquitous. I mean, everybody
D) I’ve also seen blood in my urine. Can it be a likes to play. Even most animals enjoy
symptom of a more serious disease? playing. But why do you think videogames
are particularly popular?
E) It’s not the first time that I’ve got it. Do I
need further investigation or treatment? D) We’ve witnessed dramatic changes in both
content and design of the videogames over
the past several decades. Where do you
28. Reg: – Have you read this new book on Isaac think games might be heading?
Newton that everyone’s talking about? E) When we talk about addiction, we mean a
Harry: – ---- psychological condition. Is it really possible
Reg: – Why not? to associate videogaming to addiction or
Harry: – I gather it’s not very scholarly and it’s dependence?
rather disparaging of Newton.
A) I'm still only half-way through it. 30. Lisa: – Many people say robots in the near
B) I really didn't know everyone was talking future will do most of the housework, leaving
about it! plenty of time for leisure activities.
C) No, I haven't. And I don't intend to, either. Martha: – ----
Lisa: – Interesting! Why do you think so?
D) I'm not surprised. But it won't be popular.
Martha: – Well, having to work for a living gives
E) I gather it throws a new light on him; is that us a feeling of self‐worth, and this feeling
so? makes leisure time enjoyable.
A) Robots can also allow us to rediscover the

rich cultural life enjoyed by our less
pressured ancestors.
B) I wouldn't like that. A world where virtually all
work is carried out by robots would be a sad
place.
C) The idea of limitless leisure time sounds
attractive, and I'm looking forward to living in
such an environment.
D) I don't think robots will ever be sophisticated
enough to be able to do complicated tasks
humans perform.
E) That's good news, especially for those who
hate going to work every day, as they'll have
more time to do the things they enjoy.

31. Interviewer: – David, you’ve just published your 34. Marry: – I hear your mother is to have an
new biography about Einstein. What’s the operation.
biggest misconception about him? Jenny: – Oh, she’s already had it. Last
David: – Well, most people think that because Tuesday in fact. We’re taking her home
he was very smart he was kind of nerdy, but, in tomorrow.
fact he was attractive, very popular with Marry: – ----
women, and had quite a muscular physique. Jenny: – Yes, do. She’ll be very pleased.
Interviewer: – ----
David: – True, usually his Theory of Relativity A) I didn’t realise the situation was so serious.
overshadows his more personal attributes. Did B) Simpson is her doctor, isn’t he? Does he
you know he spent most of his income in the realise how ill she is?
1930s to help people escape from the war? C) Then I’ll come around to see her in a day or
Interviewer: – That is something I’ve never two.
heard before! How wonderful.
D) It will be very hard for you. You’d better get
A) This isn’t what we expect from famous someone to help with the housework.
scientists. E) Thank goodness it’s no worse. You must be
B) That sounds typical for a famous scientist. feeling yourself very tired.
C) I think this is a fact that most people would
find normal to hear. 35. Kathy: – I went to a lecture yesterday given by
D) So, it seems we know a lot about his a microbiologist. He focused on bacteria caught
personal life. in Antarctic ice millions of years ago, and
E) Because he was so famous, it seems likely stressed their importance in understanding how
that he was a social person. life on Earth works over long periods of time.
Bruce: – ----
Kathy: – He said that life on Earth consists
32. Patrick: – Why are you so insistent that we mostly of microbes, and they can adapt to
must find a framework of collective security that every possible environment.
does not rely on nuclear deterrence? Bruce: – That sounds interesting. Did he
Mark: – ---- suggest any reading material on the subject?
Patrick: – Why is that?
Mark: – Surely it’s obvious: they have no cities A) What is the lecturer’s special area of study
that can be bombed in reply and they are not within the field of microbiology?
focused on self-preservation. B) Did you ask him any questions after the
lecture?
A) l am convinced that reliance on nuclear
C) I find microbiology incredibly interesting;
weapons will be obsolete in the near future.
don’t you?
B) Because the very existence of nuclear
D) Who else attended the lecture besides you?
weapons gives rise to the pursuit of them.
E) How can anything so tiny have an influence
C) Because we need to work towards global
on the planet as a whole? Amazing. Anything
security.
else?
D) Actually I’m not: I don't think it's feasible.
E) Because the rise of terrorist groups makes
this essential. 36. Mavis: – How are you getting on with that
book? Gertrude Stein is supposed to be difficult
to read.
33. Brian: – There really has been a spate of Pat: – Let’s say her style is unusual and you do
scandals in the business world recently. need to get used to it.
Gordon: – Yes. But they are serving to impress Mavis: – ----
on us what the hallmarks of good management Pat: – Oh certainly. Her ideas are really very
are. interesting and stimulating.
Brian: – ----
Gordon: – Integrity, straightforwardness and A) And how long does that take?
openness. B) I suppose all good writers have their own
individual style.
A) That's a positive way of looking at it.
C) Well, in the end, is it worth all the effort?
B) In your opinion, what are they?
D) I don't think I'd enjoy her.
C) I hadn't thought about that at all.
E) Does this special style of hers serve any
D) How do you account for that? useful purpose?
E) What's the worst one as far as you're
concerned?

37. Manager: – Bill, are you having a problem 40. Journalist: – Do you believe planting a row of
getting here? I noticed that you signed in quite trees down the middle of an avenue in an urban
late three times last week. area is really good for a city?
Bill: – I’m so sorry, but I now live far from here, Scientist: – I think it could be highly beneficial,
and the buses do not run frequently. because trees have been said to reduce urban
Manager: – ---- heat and pollution.
Bill: – I didn’t know I set a bad example. I’ll try Journalist: – ----
to be in office in time. Scientist: – I’ve never heard of it. Though it
seems to be true, trees are a great source of
A) If you show up late again, you’ll have to stay oxygen, which means cleaner air.
overtime.
B) It may be so. Yet, your coming late has an A) You’re right. Having trees, regardless of their
adverse effect on other staff members. location in an urban area, always helps to
deal with pollution.
C) Everybody appreciates the way I run this
workplace. B) That's true, but research shows that a line of
trees along a road may prevent the flow of
D) You know, I don’t want to hear excuses.
fresh air.
E) Other workers have always been quite
C) Absolutely! Trees play an important role in
understanding though.
reducing heat and pollution, but it largely
depends on the size of a city.
38. Debby: – I was recently offered a job at a D) Not only can they combat heat and pollution
different firm with a higher salary. I feel as if I'm but also they provide people with areas for
at a crossroads in my career. I'll have to make a leisure and recreational activities.
decision soon. E) Actually, people should plant more trees to
Lucy: – ---- cope with urban heat, because we’ve already
Debby: – I love my job and the team, but I feel been threatened by climate change.
the company is asking too much of me.
Lucy: – I think you'll easily get used to working
with a new team. And this change will be to 41. Amanda: – Don't you think people attach too
your advantage. You know it's much easier to much of their personal happiness to their
set your limits at the beginning. If you do so, weight?
I'm sure you'll manage your professional life Jane: – Definitely! They're even willing to spend
more easily. huge sums of money for the slightest chance of
being thinner, especially overweight people and
A) What stops you from negotiating a better the ones who suffer from obesity.
deal with your current employer? Amanda: – Yeah, but so many of them get
B) Until now you seemed really happy with your frustrated in the process because it's more
current job. What's the problem? complicated than it looks.
C) I know it's quite challenging. What's Jane: – What do you mean?
attractive about the new offer? Amanda: – ----
Jane: – Oh, so dietary advice won't work in the
D) You've always dreamed of working in a big
same way for everybody.
company. Why would you let yourself miss
such an opportunity? A) The vast majority of people place such a
E) Do you think you've practised building high value on being thin that overweight
appropriate boundaries in your professional people face prejudice and discrimination.
life? B) The view that undisciplined eating habits are
the major cause of weight gain has been
widespread for a long time.
39. Harry: – Research seems to suggest that there
are genuine differences in the way men and C) Fortunately, dieticians have been coming up
women view the world. with a variety of new treatments to fight un
Sue: – Do you mean that it’s genetic? healthy weight gain.
Harry: – Partially. How else can you explain D) The reality is weight-gain has many causes
men’s superior ability to visualize 3D shapes? and there can be various combinations of
Sue: – ---- these causes in different people.
Harry: – Yes, but nowhere near as well as men E) Permanent life-style changes like making
can. healthy food choices can promote long-term
weight loss.
A) Well, can you explain it to them?
B) I’m afraid I can’t give you an answer.
C) Women can do this, too.
D) Both men and women have this ability.
E) I think it can’t be associated with genes.

42. Peter: – How much time do you spend each 45. Sarah: – Recently, I've read a magazine article,
day with your computer? and it says over the first four years of marriage,
Judy: – Quite a lot. Sometimes as much as 8 spouses report a gradual increase in their
hours a day. willingness to forgive each other.
Peter: – ---- Francis: – So, it means they learn to forgive
Judy: – I know. But I prefer to be by myself. each other as they spend more time together.
Sarah: – ----
A) Do you play games mostly, or read articles? Francis: – What do you mean?
B) So do I. It’s fun, isn’t it? Sarah: – The article says forgiving benefits
C) That’s far too much. You need to spend more both partners only if the forgiven partner is
time with people. agreeable and cooperative. If not, he or she
tends to offend again.
D) Some people regard it as a waste of time.
But I get a lot of useful information out of it. A) I think anyone who is in a close relationship
E) I hope you take some exercise every day as will, at some point, have to decide whether or
well! not to forgive.
B) Well, I believe the most important thing in
relations is mutual trust. If you have it, you
43. Teacher: – When we look at the periodic table, don't experience such forgiveness problems.
we can see that there are 120 or so known
elements. C) It's also possible that even if someone wants
Student: – Are they all naturally occurring? to forgive, they might not think that the
Teacher: – There are 92 naturally occurring wrongdoer or offender really deserves it.
ones. D) One needs to be cautious, though, as
Student: – ---- forgiveness could backfire, depending on the
Teacher: – Well, there are others that have offending partner’s personality.
been created in labs. E) Maybe the reason is that being exposed to
situations where forgiveness is required
A) What about the rest? helps one improve that skill.
B) Which ones are natural?
C) How many are there in total?
46. Jack: – By the way, did you watch that film on
D) Have they always existed or are they new?
Napoleon to the end? What happened?
E) Why do we need the periodic table? Mary: – ----
Jack: – What? But I was enjoying it. I thought a
little known portion of his life had been well
44. Professor: – Can you please tell me what the researched and sensitively presented!
science of psychology is? Mary: – So did I. Until the end of the film!
Student: – It focuses on people's emotions,
perceptions, and thoughts. It's also concerned A) I don't know. I got bored and turned the TV
with the consistency and change in an off.
individual's behaviour. B) Oh! The end was a terrible let down. It turned
Professor: – ---- out that there was no historical basis for
Student: – Even so, most people think of anything at all!
psychology as a field that particularly studies
how we behave in certain situations. C) As you'd expect, it ended with his death; and
really, I felt sorry for him.
A) It's very important to recognise the relevance D) The trouble is I missed the beginning, and
of basic concepts and principles of that might have helped me understand the
psychology to real-life situations. end better.
B) I certainly agree that studying psychology E) Throughout the film, excitement was given
helps us a lot to better understand others' preference over historical fact.
feelings and behaviours.
C) So you mean psychologists often limit
themselves to the study of outward,
observable behaviour.
D) It deals with not just what people think or
feel, but it also studies our mental
processes, personality traits, dreaming and
motivation.
E) It has many subfields such as educational
psychology, but most people think that it
focuses solely on human behaviour.

47. Patient: – The pain in my stomach still hasn’t 49. Patient:- I’ve been trying really hard to lose
gone away. weight but no success so far.
Doctor: – ---- Dietician:- ----
Patient: – Well, I did for a day or two. But it Patient:- A couple of times. But nothing
didn’t seem to help. actually worked, though I did my best.
Doctor: – If you’d done as I’d said then, you’d Dietician:- OK, don’t worry. We’ll find out what
be feeling a lot better now. makes it hard for you to lose weight.
A) It will, in time, don’t worry. A) Well, have you ever consulted a professional
B) In that case I’ll give you some more before?
medicine. B) How many times do you eat in a typical day?
C) Have you been taking the medicine as I C) What kind of diets have you tried until now?
prescribed? D) How often do you eat junk food?
D) How long has this been going on? E) How long have you been on this particular
E) I should have come to see you earlier. diet?
48. David: – Wouldn’t it be wonderful if there were 50. Fatma: – Did you know that plastic bags
no flies or insects in the world? damage the environment?
Mark: – ---- Hatice: – Yes, because plastic isn't
David: – Really? Why not? biodegradable, meaning it can't decay naturally.
Mark: – Because, for one thing, insect Fatma: – ----
pollination plays a role in producing about one- Hatice: – There are indeed some efforts to that
third of a human’s diet. end in the US. For example, California is the
first state to ban single-use plastic bags.
A) I'm not sure that it would. Some of them are
fun to watch. A) Are there any alternatives to plastic bags?
B) Well, it may sound like a fine idea; but B) Can you give me an example of plastic
actually we couldn't go on living without recycling?
them. C) Then, why is no one taking any measures
C) Those that bite and sting can go. But it against plastic bags?
would be wrong to get rid of them all. D) How many countries are fighting against the
D) Bees make honey so you'd keep them, use of plastic?
wouldn't you? E) What evidence shows that plastic is harmful
E) What's the matter? Have you just been bitten to the environment?
by one?

Dialogue Completion > Self-Study Cevap Anahtarı
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E D A A D E D D E C B B B A E B A E A A
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
E E E D E E A C C B A E B C E E B B C B
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
D C A D D B C B A C

Restatement
Bu ünitede, eş anlamlı cümle soruları yer almaktadır. Bu soru tipi sadece YDS'de sorulmaktadır. YÖKDİL'de bu soru
tipinden soru yoktur.
• Restatement

Restatement > Self-Study
1. While professional advertisers scoff at the 3. Though diplomatic efforts to forestall the
idea, the general public seems to assume bombardment have been intensified, there is
that subliminal advertising is widely and apparently no progress towards an
effectively practiced. agreement.
A) Despite the fact that professional advertisers A) Every known means of diplomacy has been
ridicule the public for believing in the tried, but peace seems to recede and the
widespread and efficient use of subliminal expected attack to be quickly approaching.
advertising, the public still insists on doing B) Reconciliation remains a remote hope, for
so. diplomatic channels apparently lack the
B) As professional advertisers praise this necessary authority to check an attack.
concept, an increasing portion of the C) In spite of diplomatic efforts to the contrary,
population also believes that subliminal the bombardment was a violent one and all
advertising is commonly and efficiently used. hopes of an agreement were shattered.
C) Professional advertisers appear to be D) Though they are desperately in need of a
praising the idea that subliminal advertising truce, they can find no way to achieve one
is generally practiced, an assumption and now await the attack.
commonly held by the general public.
E) Reconciliation seems no nearer, even though
D) It appears that ordinary people believe a massive effort is being made to find a
subliminal advertising is extensively and diplomatic solution and so avoid a
successfully carried out although bombardment.
professional advertisers laugh at this notion.
E) The general population thinks that there are
some people who make use of subliminal 4. Paediatricians warn parents to avoid
advertising efficiently; however, professional excessive food restriction which may cause
advertisers seem to think the opposite. nutritional deficiencies in children.
A) As put forward by the paediatricians,
2. Even if one forgets about the dangers nutritional deficiencies in children are
involved, coal-mining cannot be a very inevitable and harmful results of excessive
attractive way of earning a living. food limitation.
B) Both parents and paediatricians share the
A) It’s the risks that are involved that really same opinion that excessive food restriction
make coal-mining such an unattractive form causes children to lack essential nutrients.
of employment.
C) What paediatricians warn parents about is
B) Working in a coal mine must be rather an that excessive amounts of nutrients children
unpleasant form of employment even when take may require food restriction.
one ignores the risks.
D) According to the paediatricians, parents
C) Work in a coal mine may still be unpleasant should not go extremes when it comes to
but there are no more risks than in other food restriction, otherwise children may end
forms of employment. up having nutritional deficiencies.
D) Work in a coal mine is not the only form of E) Parents sometimes ignore the warnings of
employment that has unpleasant aspects paediatricians about excessive food
and even risks. restriction, and their children have nutritional
E) It’s hard to imagine anyone enjoying working deficiencies.
for a living in a coal mine even if it is
perfectly safe.

5. Science does not produce a unified picture 7. The new health system is likely to prove
of the environment on which all can agree, unsettling for physicians and patients alike.
instead it provides multiple views, each of
which may be valid from a particular A) The new health service has caused
ideological angle. considerable unrest among both doctors and
patients.
A) There is not one single view of the B) Physicians and patients are disturbed by
environment that can be provided through reports concerning the new health service.
science that everyone will agree on, rather it
C) Both physicians and patients will probably
gives different perspectives, all of which are
find it hard to adapt to the new medical
valid depending on the ide
system.
B) The environment has been described by
D) Patients, unlike doctors, cannot be counted
scientists in many different ways rather than
on to give their support to the new medical
in just one way, and each of these have their
system.
own validity according to the observer’s own
ideology. E) The medical service is going through a crisis
and this affects medical staff and patients
C) Science represents many diverse and
alike.
particular ideological angles, and from these
a valid and unified description of the
environment can be produced that respects 8. Nausea is a symptom that is not only
multiple views. uncomfortable, but also dangerous to
D) Scientists from different ideological health, as it is usually indicative of an
backgrounds have come together to agree underlying infection.
upon a unified picture of the environment on
which scientists can all agree upon its A) Although nausea is a condition in which
validity. patients feel uncomfortable, what is more
E) Multiple views on the environment are the dangerous about nausea is that it sometimes
result of science being unable to produce a indicates a serious infection.
unified description upon which those from B) Nausea is considered as a dangerous
different ideological backgrounds can agree. condition to health not because it makes the
sufferer uncomfortable but because it is a
symptom of a more serious infection.
6. In the 19th century, Afghanistan became a C) In addition to making the sufferer feel
battle ground in the rivalry between Britain uncomfortable, nausea is usually an indicator
and Russia for control of Central Asia. of an important infection, which makes it
dangerous to health.
A) During the 19th century, the invasion of
Afghanistan by Britain and Russia led to D) One should be warned against nausea as it
serious hostilities in Central Asia. is dangerous to health for either being an
uncomfortable symptom or being indicative
B) It was in the 19th century that there emerged
of an important infection.
hostilities between Britain and Russia in
Afghanistan, since Central Asia was E) Regardless of whether it is uncomfortable or
important for them. an indicator of a serious infection, nausea is
a symptom that is dangerous to health.
C) In the 19th century, both Britain and Russia
got into a fierce conflict with each other in
Afghanistan in order to dominate Central 9. There are a multitude of factors that
Asia. contribute to our decisions, many of which
D) Throughout the 19th century, the hostilities are unconscious.
between Britain and Russia in Afghanistan
were essentially for the possession of A) While making decisions, some factors, which
Central Asia. are usually unconscious, affect us more than
E) In the 19th century, Central Asia was so others.
important for Britain and Russia that they B) Our decisions are shaped by a great number
first tried to conquer Afghanistan. of influences; some of them are clear, while
others are uncertain.
C) A great number of factors play a part in our
decisions, and we are not aware of most of
them.
D) The fact that there are too many factors
leading us to make a decision means we
may not realize many of them.
E) Although we are unaware of most of the
factors that help us make a decision, we
indirectly benefit from them.

10. In the 1950s, popular demand for more 12. Though the Germans were not the most
powerful cars was met by manufacturers by enthusiastic colonialists, they were still
further increasing the size of the engine and fascinated by other European powers‘
the rotation speed, although these changes imperial policies.
were at the expense of fuel economy.
A) The imperial policies put into effect by other
A) In the 1950s, powerful cars with larger European powers exceedingly exasperated
engines and faster rotation speed had a the Germans who were themselves utterly
negative impact on fuel economy, so people indifferent to colonialism.
wanted manufacturers to produce cars that B) The Germans did not cherish a keen interest
would be fuel-efficient. in colonialism, but they were immensely
B) Had there been no attempt by manufacturers interested in the imperial policies pursued by
in the 1950s to increase the size of the other European powers.
engine and the rotation speed, people might C) Since colonialism did not appeal to the
not have demanded more powerful cars, and Germans, their interest in the imperial
thus fuel economy would have remained policies of other European powers was rather
stable. superficial.
C) Even though it led to less economical fuel D) The Germans, for whom colonialism did not
use, in the 1950s, manufacturers started to matter much, were fully aware of the imperial
make bigger engines and increase the policies that other European powers were
rotation speed to persuade people into pursuing.
buying cars that would become more
E) While the Germans refused to practise
powerful.
colonialism, other European powers
D) People started to seek more powerful cars in developed imperial policies that caught the
the 1950s, and manufacturers responded to German attention.
this by making engines bigger and the
rotation speed faster, while it meant
damaging the fuel economy. 13. So many books have been written about
E) In the 1950s, manufacturers met people's Einstein that you might expect there would
demand for more powerful cars by making be little left to say.
the engine bigger and the rotation speed
faster, but they were not able to predict that A) You might think that Einstein is such a
it would result in a worse fuel economy. person that needs to be the subject of many
more books.
B) After hundreds of books have been written
11. According to de-miners, up to 90 per cent of about Einstein, you might expect there is still
their time is spent combing areas that much more to say.
ultimately prove to be free of mines. C) Given the high number of books published on
Einstein, one would think there is hardly
A) De-miners point out that they spend almost
anything left to say about him.
all of their time searching thoroughly for
mines in areas which, in the end, turn out to D) Seeing what has been said about Einstein,
be without them. one is forced to think what else is left to
write.
B) As de-miners have pointed out, the search
for mines in areas which in fact do not have E) The fact that so many books have been
any mines usually takes quite a long time. written about Einstein leaves very little room
for you to write anything else about him.
C) As far as de-miners are concerned, a lot of
time is needed to undertake a search for
mines in areas where it is almost impossible
to discover them.
D) As we learn from de-miners, it takes some
time to look for mines in areas in which one
discovers that actually there are no mines.
E) For de-miners, it takes little time to search
for mines in areas which in fact do not have
them.

14. With brain-imaging techniques becoming 16. The major drawbacks for the Indian
ever more sophisticated, some economy had mainly been due to the lack of
neuroscientists have felt the need to draw a electricity, but these problems are now being
map of the brain’s connections. solved.
A) Most neuroscientists may find it useful to A) The problems related to the Indian economy
draw a map of the brain’s connections now have now been solved thanks to the
that brain-imaging techniques have become increased supply of electricity.
more advanced. B) The development of the Indian economy had
B) Since brain-imaging techniques are more focused principally on providing electricity,
sophisticated today, neuroscientists must but this is no longer the case.
carefully draw a map of the brain’s C) In the past, it was mainly a shortage of
connections. electricity that hindered the Indian economy,
C) Although brain-imaging techniques are more but this is now being addressed.
advanced today, some neuroscientists still D) Previously, the Indian economy had suffered
find it difficult to map the brain’s because of the high cost of electricity, yet
connections. this has been solved.
D) What made some neuroscientists draw a E) There was a need to improve the Indian
map of the brain’s connections is that brain- economy by reducing its dependence on the
imaging techniques have become more provision of electricity, a problem not yet
efficient. solved.
E) As brain-imaging techniques are getting more
complex, some neuroscientists have found it
necessary to map the brain’s connections. 17. Unlike the rocks at the Earth's surface, the
rocks deep within its centre are at such high
temperatures that even though they are
15. Although the cost of living goes up steeply, solid, they can flow like glacial ice.
people can still afford what they need, since
the salaries rise too. A) High temperatures cause the rocks deep
within the Earth's centre to behave like
A) The more the cost of living rises, the less glacial ice, therefore they are not as solid as
people can afford to buy what they need. the rocks at the Earth's surface.
B) People don’t seem to suffer much from the B) The rocks at the Earth's surface are solid
sharp increase in prices because salaries because they are not at high temperatures
and prices rise accordingly. as the rocks deep within the Earth's centre
C) Because of the rapid increase in prices, it’s are, which can flow like glacial ice.
becoming more and more difficult to keep C) The Earth's surface and centre rocks are
pace with them. different from each other in that when they
D) Prices are going up very fast, so people are exposed to high temperatures, the centre
should try to increase their salaries to keep rocks flow like glacial ice, while the surface
up with them. rocks remain solid.
E) Whether the cost of living goes up or not, D) Rocks at the Earth's surface and those deep
people have no difficulty buying the things within its centre are different in that the latter,
they need because the increase in salaries is despite being solid, can move like glacial ice
bigger. because of high temperatures.
E) Although both the rocks at the Earth's
surface and those deep within its centre are
solid, they are at different temperatures, so
the latter can move like glacial ice.

18. The root cause of the crisis is that the legal 20. Before the arrival of European explorers, the
basis for asylum was drawn up when very people of the Americas had built
few had the means to seek it. civilizations and empires.
A) Though few of them have any way at all of A) Inhabitants of the Americas had to wait for
escaping it is now that the legal basis for the arrival of European explorers to build
asylum must be revised so that such a crisis their civilizations and empires.
may be avoided. B) The people living in the Americas were able
B) We must face the fact that the legal basis for to create civilizations and empires after
asylum should not have been drawn up when European explorers arrived there.
hardly anyone had a chance to escape. C) The folks living in the Americas had already
C) Basic to the whole disastrous situation is the created civilizations and empires by the time
fact that the legal basis for asylum dates European explorers came there.
back to a time when it was almost D) It was the arrival of European explorers that
impossible for anyone to seek it. encouraged the local folks to build their own
D) When the legal basis of asylum was devised civilizations and empires.
it was assumed that very few people would E) Had European explorers not arrived in the
ever seek it and such a crisis as this was Americas, the local people there could not
not expected. have created their civilizations and empires.
E) As few people ever managed to escape, it
was felt that a legal basis for asylum was
unnecessary and this is the major cause of 21. Car makers are looking for ways of reusing
the problem. metal and plastic parts instead of throwing
them away when a car is scrapped.
19. Having dark feathers may help birds fly more A) It is essential for car manufacturers to make
efficiently as sunlight heats their wings and use of metal and plastic parts from old cars
the surrounding air, increasing airflow. before their total removal.
B) Metal and plastic parts from unused cars
A) Birds with dark feathers fly more effortlessly should be taken advantage of, according to
in spite of the inconsistent airflow which is car manufacturers.
affected by their heated wings and the air
C) Before cars are disposed of, all their parts,
surrounding sunlight.
whether metal or plastic, can be re-used by
B) An improved airflow caused by sunlight’s car manufacturers in many ways.
heating provides a better flying experience
D) Utilisation of metal and plastic parts without
for birds with dark feathers as their wings
wasting them when a car is discarded is
and air surrounding them heat as well.
what car manufacturers are attempting to
C) Birds which possess dark feathers are able achieve.
to fly better by virtue of the increased airflow,
E) What makes recycling significant for car
so their wings and the air surrounding
manufacturers is that most car parts,
sunlight are heated.
including metal and plastic ones, are used
D) Since their wings and the air surrounding again.
them are heated by sunlight, which results in
increased airflow, birds with dark feathers
might fly more efficiently.
E) Being able to fly more efficiently requires
birds to have dark feathers besides
sunlight’s heating their wings and the air
surrounding them.

22. Despite the fact that obesity is one of the 24. A study at Harvard University has found that
biggest causes of preventable deaths after drinking two or three cups of coffee a day
smoking and is linked to chronic diseases, may reduce the risk of diabetes and
obesity rates keep increasing. cardiovascular and neurological diseases.
A) Although chronic diseases that are A) According to a study done at Harvard

associated with obesity and smoking can be University, if people drink two or three cups
avoided, the number of people who die of of coffee a day, they are less likely to
obesity and who become chronically ill goes eliminate the risk of diabetes and
up. cardiovascular and neurological diseases.
B) The number of people who suffer from B) As is shown by a study conducted at
obesity continues to rise even though, along Harvard University, people with the risk of
with smoking, it is one of the major factors diabetes and cardiovascular and neurological
that account for avoidable deaths and disorders have to drink two or three cups of
causes long-term diseases. coffee every day.
C) In spite of being one of the major causes of C) A study at Harvard University has
deaths that can be avoided and resulting in discovered that it is hardly possible to
serious diseases, the number of people who reduce the risk of diabetes and
are obese is still higher than the number of cardiovascular and neurological diseases by
people who smoke. drinking two or three cups of coffee every
D) The rate of obesity and the number of people day.
who smoke continue to go up even though D) A study carried out at Harvard University
they are the main causes of deaths that can shows that the risk of diabetes and
be prevented and are connected with chronic cardiovascular and neurological illnesses
diseases. might be diminished by drinking two or three
E) Obesity and smoking are illnesses that can cups of coffee every day.
lead to preventable deaths, and they are E) It is proven by a study carried out at Harvard
associated with chronic diseases; however, University that the risk of diabetes and
people still continue to suffer from obesity cardiovascular and neurological disorders
and smoking-related diseases may be elevated by drinking two or three
cups of coffee every day.
23. Worries that the strong yen will hurt exports

and strangle Japan's economic recovery, 25. The atmosphere does not come to an end at
have pushed share prices sharply down. the level where balloons will rise no further.
A) The strong yen, which is having an adverse A) A balloon can not float any higher than the
effect on exports and on the nation's level at which the atmosphere stops.
economic position generally, is responsible B) Balloons can rise as far as the point where
for the sudden drop in share prices in Japan. the atmosphere finishes.
B) The strong yen is having an adverse effect C) A balloon is stopped from going further by
on exports and putting an end to all Japan's the end of the atmosphere.
hopes of economic recovery, and so share
D) Beyond the highest point that balloons reach
prices have dropped sharply.
there is still atmosphere.
C) Share prices have dropped noticeably in
E) When a balloon can travel no more, it is
Japan for it is feared that the strong yen will
because there isn’t enough atmosphere to
adversely affect exports and make the
carry.
nation's economic recovery impossible.
D) The sudden drop in share prices, and worries
about the strong yen, are having an adverse 26. Coffee beans are second only to petroleum
effect on Japan's exports and indeed her as the most traded commodity in the world.
economic recovery at large.
E) The noticeable drop in share prices in Japan A) Petroleum is the world's most traded
has set people worrying about the yen, about commodity, and after that come coffee
exports and even about the process of beans.
economic recovery B) Petroleum and coffee beans share the
honour of being the world's most traded
commodities.
C) Coffee beans vie with petroleum as the
world's most sought-after commodity.
D) Coffee beans are not the world's most
sought-after commodity.
E) Petroleum has superseded coffee beans as
the world's most traded commodity.

27. Parrots have long been studied for their 29. Even though there is sufficient water
language abilities, but it seems the ability to available to cover the demands of the world
use skills to solve problems also exists in population, there is a shortage of clean
their tool kit. water due to increased pollution.
A) In spite of having been studied for their A) We are consuming clean water in order to
language abilities, parrots also seem to have satisfy our demands but there is increasing
in their tool kit the ability to solve problems. contamination all over the world.
B) Studying parrots for their language abilities B) It is necessary to have sufficient water to
has long been useful, but only if their tool kit cover the demands of all people as
involves problem solving skills as well. increased pollution causes a shortage of
C) For many years, the language abilities of clean water.
parrots have been studied as if their ability to C) Increased contamination leads to a shortage
solve problems co-exists in their tool kit. of clean water in spite of the availability of
D) Parrots have a variety of skills such as water enough to meet the needs of the world
problem solving abilities, although they have population.
mostly been studied for their language D) Despite increased pollution and a shortage of
capabilities. water, there should be enough water to
E) For a long time, researchers have studied satisfy the demands of people.
the language abilities of parrots, however it E) Because of increased pollution and a
seems that they also have the capacity to shortage of water, we should find enough
utilise their skills to solve problems. resources to satisfy our water demand.
28. Until there was a way of measuring body 30. 'The Rocket' incorporated the principal
temperature on a universal scale, it was features that dominated locomotive design
natural to believe that body temperatures from that time on wards.
varied in different parts of the world.
A) Later locomotive design did not differ
A) The lack of a universal tool for measuring noticeably from that of 'the Rocket'.
body temperature naturally caused people to B) Many of the main features of 'the Rocket'
believe that body temperature changed from were to reappear in later locomotive design.
one place to another across the world.
C) The main features affecting all future
B) It was not until the discovery of a universal locomotive design were present in 'the
tool for measuring body temperature that Rocket'.
people could naturally learn about the
D) Later locomotive design was in certain
variability of body temperature in different
essentials not dissimilar from that of 'the
locations.
Rocket'.
C) People usually believed that body
E) As regards the principal features of its
temperatures were similar in different parts of
design, 'the Rocket' was not dissimilar from
the world because there had been universal
later locomotives.
measurement tools for body temperature.
D) A globally recognized way of measuring the
body temperature helped people understand
the variation in body temperatures in various
parts of the world.
E) A universal measurement tool for body
temperature might help people realize how
body temperatures in different places around
the world vary.

31. Traditional housing styles are now in decline 33. Because dark matter is invisible, it can only
worldwide as indigenous ways of life vanish be detected through indirect means,
and modern materials become more widely primarily by analysing its effect on visible
available. material.
A) The disappearance of indigenous lifestyles A) Analysis of its effect on observable material

and the wider availability of modern materials is one of the numerous ways of detecting
are leading to a decrease in the number of dark matter, which is otherwise non-
traditional housing styles around the globe. observable.
B) The more modern materials and the fewer B) As dark matter is not observable, only
indigenous ways of life we possess, the indirect methods can be used in detecting it,
fewer traditional housing styles we will soon mainly through analysis of its effect on
have worldwide. material which is visible.
C) The availability of modern materials and the C) Detection of dark matter, which is non-
disappearance of indigenous ways of life observable, has been made possible only by
have a direct impact on the number of analysing its effect on visible material,
traditional housing styles around the world. though some other indirect methods have
D) It is the availability of modern materials and been used and failed.
traditional housing styles that contributes to D) Although dark matter cannot be observed
the vanishing of indigenous ways of life on a directly, scientists have developed an
global scale. indirect method in which they analyse its
E) Due to the disappearance of indigenous effect on visible material.
lifestyles and wider availability of modern E) Were it not for indirect methods such as
materials, the number of traditional housing analysing its effect on visible material, we
styles might decrease worldwide. might not have been able to be aware of the
invisible dark matter.
32. Many people prefer to eat organic food, that

is, food unpolluted by chemical fertilizers 34. Because doctors are unlikely to know the
and pesticides. amount of radiation a person has received,
they usually predict outcome based on the
A) A growing number of people are interested in person’s symptoms.
organic food, since it is produced free of
chemicals and pesticides. A) Doctors often base their predictions on a
B) Organic food is thought to be healthier as no person’s symptoms rather than on the
chemical fertilizers or pesticides are used in amount of radiation the person has received.
its production. B) It is unlikely that doctors will predict the
C) Obviously, organic food is preferable since it amount of radiation a person has received
is free of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. based on the person’s symptoms.
D) The preference for organic food has led to a C) Doctors usually predict outcome based on a
reduction in the use of chemical fertilizers person’s symptoms, but they may also know
and pesticides. the amount of radiation the person has
received.
E) Organic food, food produced without the aid
of chemical fertilizers or pesticides, has D) The amount of radiation a person has
many adherents. received is highly unlikely to lead to a
prediction of the outcome based on the
person’s symptoms.
E) Looking at a person’s symptoms, doctors
often predict outcome, as they probably will
not know the amount of radiation to which
the person has been exposed.

35. A drug may affect several functions, even 38. The impacts of climate change are difficult
though it‘s targeted at only one. to identify as they depend not only on
changing weather but also on how societies
A) While a drug may be used for various respond to them.
functions, it becomes effective only if it is
taken for a specific function. A) Discovering how climate change has been
B) Despite various other uses, a drug usually affecting both the weather and societies is
has a function for a special effect. thought of as a challenging task.
C) The functions expected of a drug are various B) In addition to the changing weather, various
even if it is used for a specific disease. reactions to the impacts of climate change
make it hard for societies to truly understand
D) However effective a drug may be, its
it.
functions have to be several.
C) It is not possible to predict how climate
E) A drug is taken for a specific purpose, but it
change will influence us due to the changing
may have a range of other effects.
weather and societal reactions to it.
D) The reason why determining the effects of
36. The aim of advertising is not to inform but to climate change is not easy is because it
sell products and keep businesses in relies on changing weather as well as the
business. reaction of society.
E) Although the effects of climate change are
A) A business advertises in order to get linked to changing weather and societies'
markets and sell its goods and make itself reactions, it is difficult to figure them out.
known.
B) Advertisements should give preference to
marketing techniques and help firms sell; 39. Though dynasties changed over the
information is secondary. thousands of years of Chinese history, many
C) Advertising is about selling goods and of the elements of Chinese life remained the
keeping firms running; not supplying same.
information.
A) If dynasties had not changed over the
D) A business advertises with a view to making thousands of years of Chinese history, all of
a name for itself in the commercial world and the elements of Chinese life could have
selling its products. stayed the same.
E) The purpose of advertising is not to amuse B) Many elements of Chinese life hardly
but to increase sales and encourage succeeded to continue, while dynasties
commercial activities. changed over the thousands of years of
Chinese history.
37. As recent research is uncovering, how you C) Chinese history witnessed many changing
prepare your food may be as important as dynasties over thousands of years, yet many
the type of food you eat. of the elements were preserved in Chinese
life.
A) It is essential, according to new research, to D) Some elements of Chinese life succeeded in
be careful about your choice of food and how staying the same; however, changing
it is prepared. dynasties of Chinese history over the
B) The latest research on food consumption is thousands of years could have prevented
showing a close link between what you eat this.
and how you prepare it. E) Due to the changing dynasties over the
C) The connection between the kind of food you thousands of years of China’s history, only a
eat and its preparation is the subject of a few elements of Chinese life faced much
new body of research. change.
D) Recent research reveals that it may be
useful to know how best to prepare your food
and how to eat it.
E) According to recent research, not only the
type of food you eat but also the way you
prepare it could be significant.

40. The theory of natural selection made the 42. Many people prefer food that is free from
idea of organic evolution acceptable to the artificial substances as these can be a threat
majority of the scientific world. to health.
A) The world's scientists accepted the idea of A) It seems that the artificial substances in our
organic evolution more readily than the food are responsible for a great deal of our ill
concept of natural selection. health.
B) Without the theory of natural selection to B) Since artificial substances may be
support it, no scientist would ever have detrimental to health a lot of people are
approved the theory of organic evolution. avoiding foods that contain them.
C) In the eyes of the scientific world, the theory C) Food that is free of artificial substances that
of natural selection and the idea of organic are detrimental to a person's health should
evolution are inseparable concepts. be preferred.
D) It was only after the introduction of the D) Many people show a preference for foods
theory of natural selection that scientists that are free of artificial substances though
paid attention to the idea of organic they are not of the harmful type.
evolution. E) Foods that contain artificial substances
E) On the whole, the scientific world approved should be avoided as they are the cause of
the concept of organic evolution once the many health problems.
theory of natural selection had been
postulated.
43. While the trend is toward living in cities,
there is still a significant proportion of the
41. Some scientists think that a meteor impact, population living in the countryside.
that occurred around 65 million years ago,
may have caused the extinction of the A) People now want to live in cities more than
dinosaurs. they do in the countryside because this is
the latest trend.
A) In the opinion of some scientists, the B) Nowadays, many people prefer to live in the
extinction of the dinosaurs could have been city centres but more people are forced to
the result of the impact of a meteor which live in the countryside because of the
occurred roughly 65 million years ago. growing population.
B) According to some scientists, the extinction C) In spite of the fact that living in cities is very
of the dinosaurs was caused by a meteor popular, a large number of people continue to
that struck Earth 657 million or so years ago. live in the countryside.
C) Some scientists reckon that the impact of a D) Living in the countryside is no longer trendy,
meteor that struck Earth some 65 million and many people want to stay in cities even
years ago need not have caused the though the population is growing
extinction of the dinosaurs. dramatically.
D) These scientists agree that the impact of a E) People who now reside in the countryside
meteor over 65 million years ago must have outnumber city dwellers because this is the
caused the extinction of the dinosaurs. new trend.
E) The extinction of the dinosaurs could only
have been caused by a meteor impact that
occurred some 65 million years ago. 44. No other building embodies the history of
Paris more than does the famous cathedral
of Notre-Dame.
A) Of all the great buildings of Paris, the

cathedral of Notre-Dame holds a very special
place among the people.
B) The only building in Paris that is of any real
significance is surely the magnificent
cathedral of Notre-Dame.
C) Of all the buildings in Paris, it is the
celebrated cathedral of Notre-Dame that
most truly represents the past of that city.
D) Except for the famous cathedral of Notre-
Dame, none of the buildings of Paris are
historically representative.
E) With the exception of the renowned Notre-
Dame, few of the buildings of Paris are in
anyway remarkable.

45. Nuclear power is not renewable because 48. Stopping the international obesity epidemic
uranium reserves are finite. is as tough a problem as any now facing
public-health officials.
A) What will make nuclear power renewable
could be the endless availability of uranium A) Public-health officials are trying hard, as they
reserves. do with any other problem, to prevent the
B) Without an infinite amount of uranium spread of obesity throughout the world.
reserves, it is hard to consider nuclear power B) Public-health officials are finding it very hard
to be renewable. to prevent obesity throughout the world,
C) As we have a certain amount of uranium which is very serious like any other problem
reserves, it is considered that nuclear power that concerns them.
is renewable. C) Obesity is so common throughout the world
D) Despite the vast amount of uranium that its prevention is a very difficult problem
reserves, nuclear power is not renewable. for health-officials, who are already dealing
with other problems.
E) If uranium reserves were limited, nuclear
power would not be renewable. D) For public-health officials, the prevention of
obesity, which is widespread throughout the
world, is an extremely difficult problem like
46. The most fuel-efficient transport people and any other they are currently concerned with.
goods is by sea, but journey times are long. E) It is not so challenging a task for public-
health officials, who are already dealing with
A) Sea transportation is widely preferred to many serious problems, to prevent obesity in
carry goods from one place to another the world
although it is both time-consuming and
expensive.
B) Transportation by sea is the most efficient 49. Anti-nausea drugs are recommended to
way for people and goods as it costs less prevent the vomiting that sometimes
than the other means of transportation. accompanies migraines.
C) People and goods are best transported by
A) A way to stop the vomiting that may occur
sea in terms of fuel consumption: however, it
when you have a migraine is to use anti-
is time-consuming.
nausea drugs.
D) Other means of transportation can take less
B) Migraines can sometimes be prevented by
time and cost less, as they are much more
taking anti-nausea drugs.
efficient than sea transportation.
C) Vomiting is a symptom caused by certain
E) Transporting people and goods by sea is
migraine prevention drugs.
mostly preferred, as it is the fastest and
cheapest way of transportation. D) If you suffer from vomiting during a migraine,
stop taking drugs.
E) Anti-nausea drugs can sometimes cause
47. Delicately carved from mammoth tusk, the vomiting if you have a migraine.
Lady of Brassempouy was discovered in
southwest France in 1894 and is among the
oldest representations of a human face. 50. The New Age is a term that has been applied
to a range of ideas which started to become
A) The oldest representation of a human's face prominent in the 1980s.
is an 1894 mammoth tusk, delicate carving
of the Lady of Brassempouy, which was A) The New Age is a term that was proposed in
found in southwest France. the 1980s to emphasize the importance of
B) The Lady of Brassempouy, representing the ideas produced at that time.
oldest human face, was made from gently B) The 1980s were the years when few ideas
carved mammoth tusk and unearthed in became significant and the term New Age
southwest France in 1894. started to be used to refer to them.
C) Found in 1894 in southwest France, the Lady C) The term New Age, which has been used to
of Brassempouy is one of the oldest highlight many prominent ideas, was created
representations of a human face, gently in the 1980s.
carved from the tusk of a mammoth. D) It was after the 1980s that people started to
D) Amongst many delicate mammoth tusk use the term New Age to refer to many
carvings of the human face, the Lady of important ideas.
Brassempouy is the oldest and its discovery E) People have been using the term the New
was made in southwest France in 1894. Age to refer to a number of ideas that
E) One of the oldest delicate human face became important in the 1980s.
carvings, the Lady of Brassempouy was
identified in 1894 to be made of mammoth
tusk in southwest France.

Restatement > Self-Study Cevap Anahtarı
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
D B E D A C C C C D A B C E B C D C D C
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
D B C D D A E A C E A E B E E C E D C E
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
A B C C B C C D A E

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▢ Tamamladığınız alıştırmaları işaretleyebilirsiniz.

Vocabulary > Self-Study

2. An effectively implemented drug testing

4. A vegetative state can be caused by a

10. Nearly half of the world's countries have ----

17. The Abel Prize in mathematics is intended

19. Feelings of stress in humans result from

20. Although most scientists agree that our

22. As regards the proposals for the treaty on

24. The foundations of international law as it is

25. The army psychologists ---- initiated

32. The tendency towards increasingly bitter

33. Certain new findings suggest that young

34. A recent study has found that coffee

49. The assassination by terrorists of Signor

Vocabulary > Self-Study Cevap Anahtarı

Phrasal Verb > Self-Study

27. The Spanish Civil War ---- when the Spanish

28. A motion study of assembly procedures ----

29. Iron must be in the reduced or ferrous form

Phrasal Verb > Self-Study Cevap Anahtarı

Preposition > Self-Study

7. Research into the causes of cancer is ----

8. ---- World War II, many of the factories that

5. The Gulf countries have achieved substantial

A) from / around A) With / within

27. The conditions ---- which speaking occurs

28. The US President and the executive branch

29. A gene giving humans a preference ---- sweet

A) among / with A) between / until

Preposition > Self-Study Cevap Anahtarı

Tense > Self-Study

7. After the Germanic invasions, Celtic

A) would have completed / responded A) was training / would be disseminating

14. Lately with the help of brain-imaging

Tense > Self-Study Cevap Anahtarı

Verbal > Self-Study

2. A good way ---- understanding of the

A) to be improved / will be A) has helped / becoming

9. Dinosaurs are believed ---- because an 8 mile

A) to cut down / recycling A) died / to be caused

A) to have to make A) learning

A) to reach / led A) diminished

19. The American astronomer Edwin Hubble

20. The Great Barrier Reef is one of the longest

Verbal > Self-Study Cevap Anahtarı

Conditionals > Self-Study

12. If all of Earth's water, oceans, icecaps and

18. If they ---- what sort of a person he was, they

19. If one Olympic sporting event ---- to require

Conditionals > Self-Study Cevap Anahtarı

Connectors > Self-Study

7. Activists are those in a political movement

4. On the night we went to the opera, Domingo

12. When modern coastal fish-farming began 30

13. His criticism of the ancient Greeks is largely

14. When medical professionals are treating dog

15. The next model the company produced was

22. ---- the ancient Greeks did not invent the

37. Edinburgh Castle, located on the tip of an

38. The panda has become an international