MHT-CET TRIUMPH

BIOLOGY

HINTS TO MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

&
EVALUATION TESTS
 CONTENT
Textbook
Sr. No. Chapter Chapter Name Page No.
No.
Std. XI
1 1 Diversity in Organisms 01
2 3 Biochemistry of Cell 04
3 6 Plant Water Relations and Mineral Nutrition 07
4 7 Plant Growth and Development 12
5 9 Organization of Cell 15
6 10 Study of Animal Tissues 18
7 12 Human Nutrition 21
8 13 Human Respiration 23
Std. XII
9 1 Genetic Basis of Inheritance 26
10 2 Gene: Its Nature, Expression and Regulation 35
11 3 Biotechnology: Process and Application 41
12 4 Enhancement in Food Production 43
13 5 Microbes in Human Welfare 45
14 6 Photosynthesis 47
15 7 Respiration 53
16 8 Reproduction in Plants 60
17 9 Organisms and Environment  I 65
18 10 Origin and Evolution of Life 69
19 11 Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance 74
20 12 Genetic Engineering and Genomics 82
21 13 Human Health and Diseases 83
22 14 Animal Husbandry 86
23 15 Circulation 88
24 16 Excretion and Osmoregulation 92
25 17 Control and Co-ordination 97
26 18 Human Reproduction 105
27 19 Organisms and Environment  II 111
 Textbook
Chapter No.

01 Diversity in Organisms
Hints

81. Lichenin or lichenan is a complex starch

Classical Thinking occurring in certain lichens. It is also known
6. Watson is related with the proposition of DNA as moss starch
structure. Robert Hooke is associated with 99. M. W. Beijerinck called the extract of infected
discovery of cell. Dixon is associated with the tobacco plant as virus-venom or poisonous
transpiration pull theory of plants. fluid. Stanley obtained viruses in crystallized
17. Tribe is a race or division of people. Genus is a form. F. Twort discovered bacterial viruses.
group of closely related species, which resemble
one another in certain characters. Family Critical Thinking
represents a group of closely related genera.
1. Classification helps in understanding diverse
18. The term ‘species’ occupies a unique position varieties of organisms and also gives an idea
in taxonomic hierarchy. It is not only a basic about the origin and evolution of organisms
unit in taxonomy, but also in evolution. which are morphologically similar.

20. Concept of species was remodified as closely 2. Systematics is the study of classification of
resembling and potentially interbreeding living organism with emphasis on their
population by Ernst Mayr. Theophrastus first evolutionary relationships. It is an
proposed the artificial system of classification. interdisciplinary study involving the different
Darwin proposed the selection theory and branches such as genetics, embryology,
Linnaeus gave the concept of morphospecies. palynology, etc. It involves identification and
nomenclature, so it is often considered
27. Kingdom is the highest taxonomic category synonymous with taxonomy.
composed of different sub-kingdoms.
3.
39. The scientific name of any organism should Domain Kingdom
always be printed in italics. The generic name Archaea Archaebacteria
(Genus) should always come first and begin with
Bacteria Eubacteria
capital letter while the specific name (species)
should come later and begin with small letter. Eukarya Protista,Fungi, Plantae and Animalia

44. Hibiscus is a taxon, i.e. a particular plant 6. Binomial nomenclature is the system of
while genus and species are categories or nomenclature of plants and animals in which
ranks in a classification. the scientific name consists of two words or
parts or epithets.
56. Thiobacillus is chemoautotroph and belongs to
kingdom Monera. 12. Class is a higher category than order, genus and
species, so it will include the remaining three.
57. Organisms belonging to kingdom Monera are
without membrane bound cell organelles like 14. Biological concept of species by Darwin in
chloroplasts, mitochondria, etc. but rigid cell addition to morphology, takes into
wall made up of peptidoglycan is present. consideration ecology, geography, genetics
cytology, physiology, behaviour, etc.
66. Amoeba and Paramoecium are heterotrophic.
Protists are unicellular and eukaryotic. 18. Because Monera includes bacteria in which a
Trichophyton belong to kingdom Fungi. few are photoautotrophs e.g. Cyanobacteria, a
few are chemoautotrophs e.g. Thiobacillus and
76. Yeast belongs to Kingdom – Fungi. rest are heterotrophs e.g. Bacillus sp.
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MHT-CET Triumph Biology (Hints)
19. Because it is a prokaryote. 24. Carolus Linnaeus classification was published
(1753) in a two volume book ‘Species
21. Streptococcus is a bacteria belonging to
Plantarum’ which include 7300 plant species.
kingdom Monera. The organisms of this
kingdom do not possess membrane bound 25. The ‘Binomial system of nomenclature’ was
organelles. explained by Carl Linnaeus in his book
‘Species Plantarum’ in 1753. According to
23. According to five kingdom classification,
this, system name of any organism/plant
single cellular eukaryotes come under Protista
consist of two words. First represents its
and single cellular prokaryotes come under
‘genera’ and second its ‘species’.
Monera. Thus, all single unicellular organisms
belong to these two groups. 28. In botanical nomenclature of plants, generic
name always begin with the capital letter and
26. Protists are eukaryotes. the specific name with the small letter and it is
33. Pinus is a Gymnosperm. printed in italics.
36. Lichens are the association of algae and fungi. 30. Zoological name of an organism is made up of
two words, first is generic name and second is
37. Lichens are formed by close association of specific name.
algae and fungi. In these, algae has
autotrophic mode of nutrition. 31. Binomial system of nomenclature was
introduced in the book ‘Species Plantarum’,
40. The genetic material in viruses is either DNA which was published in 1753.
or RNA and surrounded by a protein coat
called capsid. 34. The main criteria of Whittaker’s five kingdom
system of classification are: Cell type, thallus
46. PSTV has ten times less genetic material than organisation, nutrition, reproduction and
the smallest known virus. phylogenetic relationship.
Competitive Thinking 35. In five kingdom classification of Whittaker,
eukaryotes were assigned to only four of the
1. Taxonomy is a branch of biology which five kingdom. Prokaryotes are included in
deals with the study of principles and kingdom – Monera.
procedures of classification, nomenclature
and identification. 36. A German biologist Ernst Haeckel created a
third kingdom protista in 1866 for unicellular
2. Nomenclature (Nomen = name; clature = to organism such as bacteria, protozoans, Algae
call) is giving distinct scientific names to and fungi.
various structures, including living organisms,
so they can be easily identified. 37. Monera contains the most primitive living
forms which are basically unicellular
12. Division is a major group in the Linnaean prokaryotes.
hierarchy used in the classification of plant
(equivalent to phylum in animal 38. R.H. Whittaker (1969), an American ecologist,
classification). The suffix of division is ‘– divided all the organisms into five kingdoms.
phyta’. 40. Cell wall is not present in Mycoplasma.
16. Cohort is a group of correlated families. 43. Overlapping shells are present in diatoms
member of Chrysophytes.
19. Category is a rank or level in the hierarchical
classification of organisms. Angiospermae is a 46. The wall of diatoms contains cellulose and
division. silica. They do not decay easily. After death,
they are deposited at the bottom in water and
21. According to binomial system of nomenclature,
form diatomaceous earth.
the name of plant and animal is composed of
two latin or latinized word. e.g. potato is 48. Chitin is a natural structural polysaccharide,
Solanum tuberosum. The first word (Solanum) which is found in both insects and fungi. In
indicates the generic name and second word fungi it forms the cell wall while in insects it
(tuberosum) denotes the specific name. forms the protective covering.
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 Chapter 01: Diversity in Organisms
49. Autotrophy is a characteristic of plants. 66. Genetic material of TMV is single stranded
RNA.
50. All single-celled eukaryotes like chrysophytes
(diatoms and desmids), euglenoids (Euglena), 70. Viruses do not show activity outside the host
dinoflagellates and slime moulds are included body
in kingdom Protista.
71. The RNA of viroids is of low molecular
52. In deuteromycetes, sexual reproduction is not weight.
known and so they are termed as fungi
74. Saccharomyces (yeast) is eukaryotic
imperfecti.
unicellular fungi. Mycobacterium is a
55. Slime mould is a fungi-like protist. bacterium. Oscillatoria and Nostoc are
cyanobacteria.
57. In fungi, cell wall is usually composed of
chitin. 75. In Agaricus, spores are produced exogenously
whereas in Neurospora and Saccharomyces
58. Methanogens are biogas producing, obligate
spores are produced endogenously. Alternaria
anaerobes, which belong to Archaebacteria.
does not produce sexual spores.
60. Eubacteria are also called true bacteria.
76. Pseudopodia are locomotory and feeding
64. Viruses are nucleoprotein particles. structures in protozoans.

Evaluation Test

1. Taxonomy: Identification  Nomenclature 

Classification 10. Kingdom Class Order
Division
2. Ribosomal r-RNA produces the structural
ribosomes. Species Genus Family
3. In prokaryotes, the nuclear material (DNA) is 12. Actinomycetes belong to Kingdom Monera.
double helical and circular. It is also known as
13. Rhizobium is a prokaryote belonging to
genophore, nucleoid, naked nucleus, incipient
Kingdom Monera.
nucleus.
14. Ascomycetes belongs to Kingdom Fungi.
4.
Fungi Class
15. Fungi exhibit heterotrophic mode of nutrition.
Albugo Phycomycetes
Aspergillus Ascomycetes
17. TMV (Tobacco Mosaic Virus) shows living as
Agaricus Basidiomycetes
well as non-living characteristics.
Neurospora Ascomycetes
6. Lichens are considered as pioneers in 19. Virus is surrounded by protein coat (capsid)
initiating plant succession on rocks. consisting of helically arranged subunits
(capsomeres).
7. Viruses are obligatory intracellular parasites.
Organelles like nucleus, cell membrane, E.R.,
ribosome, mitochondria, etc. are absent. 21. Order has suffix ‘ ales’.

8. In Kingdom Monera, the nucleus is called as 24. Paramyxo virus – Mumps

naked nucleus since it lacks nuclear Myxo virus – Influenza
membrane.
9. Five Kingdom system of classification

Kingdom Kingdom Kingdom Kingdom Kingdom

Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
3
 Textbook
Chapter No.

03 Biochemistry of Cell
Hints

8. Ribose and deoxyribose are the pentose sugars

Classical Thinking
present in RNA and DNA respectively.
7. Plants possess chlorophyll containing cells in
10. The two monosaccharides are joined by
their leaf which are specialized to perform
covalent bond called glycosidic bond to form
photosynthesis to obtain food in the form of
disaccharide.
glucose.
11. Disaccharides are formed by monosaccharide
8. The proportion of C:H:O in carbohydrate is units by the process of condensation in which
1:2:1. one water molecule is released.
11. C6H12O4 and C6H12O5 are the simple 13. Lactose = glucose + galactose
carbohydrates named as digitoxose and Sucrose = glucose + fructose
rhamnose respectively.
14. Glucose, fructose, galactose and mannose have
20. Xylose is an aldose as it possesses an aldehyde the same molecular formula but different
group in its structure. configuration. Hence, they are isomers of each
21. Glyceraldehyde is a triose sugar containing other.
three carbon atoms. 24. Removal of water molecule includes removal
34. Haemoglobin transports oxygen in blood while of OH from COOH and H from NH2.
myoglobin transports oxygen in muscles. 28. Keratin refers to a family of fibrous structural
54. Saturated fatty acids do not have double bonds proteins. Keratin is the key structural material
between carbon atoms. making up the outer layer of human skin. It is
also the key structural component of hair and
65. Fredrick Miescher discovered nucleic acids nails.
from pus cells. He called them ‘nuclein’. Later
Altmann gave the name ‘nucleic acid’ to the 32. Animal fats contain saturated fatty acids
nuclein. which remain solid at room temperature. Plant
fats contain unsaturated fatty acids, hence
86. In DNA, adenine always pairs with thymine liquid at room temperature.
with two hydrogen bonds, i.e. A = T and
guanine always pairs with cytosine by three 34. Lipids are esters of fatty acids.
hydrogen bonds as G  C. 37. Saturated fats like animal fats (e.g.: butter) are
solid at room temperature.
Critical Thinking 38. Lipids are a group of heterogenous
compounds like fats, oils, steroids, waxes, etc.
3. CH2O is the molecular formula of
formaldehyde which is not a sugar. 41. Palmitic acid is saturated fatty acid while the
others are unsaturated.
4. Cellulose is a complex carbohydrate having
the general formula (C6H10O5)n forming the 45. Carotenoids occur in the thylakoids of
structural unit of plants. chloroplasts (site of photosynthesis) which
help in the process of photosynthesis.
5. Glucose acts as a respiratory substrate which
undergoes catabolic reaction to produce ATP 49. In DNA and RNA, the sugar present is
in plants and animals. deoxyribose and ribose respectively. The
nitrogen bases present in DNA are adenine,
7. Ribulose is a ketose sugar as it possesses guanine, cytosine and thiamine, while in RNA
ketone group (C = O). thiamine is replaced by uracil.
4
 Chapter 03: Biochemistry of Cell
51. Enzyme phosphatase will remove phosphate 8. Disaccharides are composed of two units of
group. Nucleotides without phosphate group monosaccharides. e.g. sucrose, maltose and
are nucleosides. lactose, etc.
52. Nucleoside = Sugar + Nitrogenous base. 14. Cellulose, starch, glycogen are carbohydrates
that are homopolysaccharides.
63. In RNA, uracil is present as a pyrimidine base
instead of thymine. 22. Ester bonds are present in nucleic acids and lipids.
68. r-RNA forms about 80% of the total cell RNA. 23. When protein adjoins with carbohydrates, is
known as glycoprotein, which is a conjugated
69. mRNA forms 5% of total cell RNA. protein.
70. The most active RNA during translation is t- 25. When the non-proteinaceous prosthetic group
RNA because during translation process, tRNA is FMN or FAD, the protein is flavoprotein,
carries activated amino acids to ribosomes and which is a type of conjugated protein.
helps in elongation of polypeptide.
27. A typical fat molecule is triglyceride formed
71. Maximum amount of RNA is r-RNA forming by esterification of one glycerol and three
80% of the total cellular RNA. It is found fatty acid molecules.
associated with the ribosomes.
28. Triglycerides called typical fats that consist of
72. Nucleosides are named as adenosine, three fatty acid molecules attached to glycerol.
guanosine, thymidine, cytidine and uridine.
Nucleotides are named as Adenosine 33. Phosphodiester bond is present between two
monophosphate or Adenylic acid, Guanosine nucleotides of a nucleic acid.
monophosphate or Guanylic acid, Cytosine 38. Because plant viruses have RNA as genetic
monophosphate or Cytidylic acid, Thymidine material.
monophosphate or Thymidylic acid and
Uridine monophosphate or Uridylic acid. 44. Nucleic acid is the polymer of nucleotide
which is made up of nitrogenous base, sugar
73. In DNA, we know purines = pyrimidines. and phosphoric acid. Single nucleotide
Hence, purines form 50% of the total DNA. without phosphoric acid is called nucleoside.
Purines are adenine and guanine.
45. Because nucleic acids are made up of sugar,
Hence, A + G = 50%.
phosphoric acid and nitrogenous base.
If A = 22% then guanine = 50  22= 28% .
46. There is a double hydrogen bond between
74. Chemically, cytosine, thymine and uracil are adenine and thymine (A = T) and triple bond
pyrimidines, while adenine is a purine. between cytosine and guanine (C  G).
75. Adenine, thymine and cytosine are present in 47. In DNA, we know Purines = Pyrimidines.
DNA, while uracil is present in RNA. Purines: Adenine (A), Guanine (G)
90. Lyases: These enzymes catalyse the breakage Pyrimidines: Cytosine (C), Thymine (T)
of specific covalent bonds and removal of C + T = 75 + 75 = 150
groups without hydrolysis. e.g. Fumarases,  A + G = 75 + 75 = 150
carboxylases, etc.  Total nucleotides = 300
52. The two strands of DNA molecules run in
Competitive Thinking opposite or antiparallel direction due to
presence of hydrogen bond because two bases,
4. Simple sugars are monosaccharides. These are
i.e. one in each chain of DNA molecule, are
the simplest carbohydrates and are building
joined together by hydrogen bonds.
units of complex carbohydrates, i.e. Starch
and Cellulose. 60. Because DNA possesses deoxyribose sugar and
thymine (T) in place of uracil (U).
6. Sucrose is the common cane or table sugar which
is composed of D-glucose and fructose attached 62. All enzymes are proteins, but all proteins are
together by the aldehyde and ketone carbon. not enzymes.
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MHT-CET Triumph Biology (Hints)
64. Holoenzyme is a conjugated enzyme formed 92. Melatonin and serotonin are the derivatives of
by protein part (apoenzyme) and non-protein tryptophan amino acid, while thyroxine and
part (cofactor). tri-iodothyronine are tyrosine amino acid
derivatives.
69. The term ‘enzyme’ was used by William
Kuhne while working on fermentation. 93. Carbohydrates have carbonyl and hydroxyl
groups as they are polyhydroxy aldehyde,
80. Product is at lower level than substrate. Hence,
ketone or their derivatives.
the reaction is exothermic.

Evaluation Test

1. HCHO is Formaldehyde.
2. Histones are simple, globular proteins.
3. DNA contains deoxyribose sugar (C5H10O4),
while RNA contains ribose (C5H10O5) sugar.
5.
Type of RNA Shape
t-RNA Hair pin or clover leaf
r-RNA No particular shape
m-RNA Linear
7. Fructose is a monosaccharide having formula
C6H12O6. The empirical formula of simple
carbohydrate is CnH2nOn.
8. The general formula for simple carbohydrates
is CnH2nOn and for complex carbohydrates, it
is (C6H10O5)n.
10. Unsaturated fatty acids are not fully saturated
with hydrogen atoms.
14. In a given DNA segment, 25 adenine bases
will pair with 25 thymine bases. Similarly, 45
cytosine bases will pair with 45 guanine bases.
Thus, the total number of nucleotides in the
segment is
A + T + C + G = 25 + 25 + 45 + 45 = 140
16. After the Enzyme product (EP) complex is
formed, the enzyme releases the product and
free enzyme is ready to bind to another
molecule of substrate.
Heat
18. Disaccharides   Monosaccharides
(Sweet)
20. Transferases transfers a functional group from
one molecule to another.

6
 Textbook
Chapter No.

06 Plant Water Relations and Mineral Nutrition

Hints

Classical Thinking herbaceous stem, through lenticels present on

bark of old stems and pericarps of woody fruits.
7. Imbibition is the process of absorption of
water by hydrophilic compounds. Wood 74. Guard cells are kidney-shaped or dumb-bell
absorbs moisture during rainy season and shaped cells surrounding the stomata and help
swells up. Hence, the wooden doors get stuck in transpiration.
during the rainy season. 96. Mesophyll tissues of the leaf is made up of
8. Hydrophilic substances are the compounds thin walled cells. If excessive transpiration
which are water loving substances and having occurs, then mesophyll tissues are destroyed,
affinity for water which are the characteristics which causes wilting of leaves.
of both, cellulose and pectic compounds.
116. C, H, O, N, P, K, Ca, S, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn,
13. A solution with higher solute concentration is B, Mo and Cl are essential elements.
called hypertonic solution. When cells are
kept in hypertonic solution, exosmosis occurs 134. Phosphorus deficiency causes premature leaf
which results in plasmolysis. fall and leaves become dark to blue-green in
colour.
14. A semi permeable membrane is the one which
allows the passage of only selected particles to 167. In passive absorption, no metabolic energy is
pass through. required, but in active absorption, metabolic
21. When a plasmolyzed cell is placed in water or energy is utilized.
hypotonic solution, it reabsorbs water by
endosmosis. This phenomenon is called Critical Thinking
deplasmolysis.
2. In osmosis, semi-permeable membrane allows
22. Sap in root hair has relatively strong solution the movement of solvents and not solutes.
of sugar and various salts. Sap has lower water Thus, osmosis is a process of selective
potential. Due to this, through osmosis, water permeability.
enters the root hair.
30. In plants, due to DPD, water travels from less 3. Diffusion is the movement of solutes (here
negative to more negative water potential. sugar) from region of higher concentration to
region of lower concentration till equilibrium
32. Osmotic potential or solute potential is is attained.
denoted by sign s.
4. In diffusion, solute transports from higher
36. Four regions in a typical root are region of cell concentration to lower concentration.
division, region of cell elongation, region of Diffusion occurs because gases, liquids, solids
absorption and region of maturation. are in constant motion in all directions.
37. Root hairs occur in the zone of absorption.
6. Osmosis and diffusion are the two processes
44. In symplast pathway, water travels from cell which are related to the movement of
to cell through cytoplasmic bridges called molecules from two different areas varying in
plasmodesmata. their concentration.
67. Leaves possess large number of stomata,
7. Plasmolysis is the process in which the
which are the main sites of transpiration.
protoplasm of the cell shrinks when kept in
68. Transpiration occurs mainly through stomata hypertonic solution (solution having higher
present on leaves, also through cuticle of solute concentration) due to exosmosis.
7
MHT-CET Triumph Biology (Hints)
9. Boiling water will destroy the plasma transmitted to mesophyll cells and hence it
membrane which results in the entry of water will become flaccid.
in the cabbage leaves. Hence, it loses its
colour. 33. The process of exudation of liquid drops from
the edges of leaves is called guttation.
12. If a potato tuber is placed in a strong solution
of sugar, it would become shrink or flaccid 34. Guttation is found in herbaceous plants e.g.
due to loss of water from its cell. Garden nasturtium (Tropaelum najas), oat
(Avena sativa), Barley (Hordeum vulgare) and
13. If a plasmolyzed cell is placed in a hypotonic colocasia (Colocasia antiquorum), etc.
solution, it reabsorbs water by endosmosis and growing in moist, warm soil and under humid
its protoplast resumes its original shape and conditions.
position, which is known as deplasmolysis.
15. Diffusion pressure is the potential ability of a 35. In night, root pressure will be maximum
solid, liquid or gas to diffuse from an area of because in night, transpiration is zero.
its greater concentration to an area of lesser 38. The guttated liquid is never pure water. It
concentration. So, due to diffusion, water will
contains 0.6  2.5 gm/litre of solutes both
enter into the cell till the diffusion pressure
organic (carbohydrates, organic acid, amino
inside the cell is same as outside.
acids, enzymes) and inorganic
16. Cell wall is freely permeable, but when there (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, CO 32  , SO 24  , Cl).
is deposition of suberin on the cell wall, it
becomes impermeable and does not allow 39. Transpiration helps in reducing temperature
passage of either solute or solvent. by removing water from the leaves and
17. A saline drop is a hypertonic solution. When a avoiding from plants being overheated.
plant cell is kept in it, plasmolysis will occur,
41. Transpiration is the loss of water in the form
resulting in the decrease in size.
of water vapour from the aerial parts of the
18. When a red blood cell is kept in a hypotonic plants. In dry atmosphere, the water will be
solution, the solution enters into it due to osmosis lost more from the aerial parts and more
resulting in its swelling and hence, it bursts. amount of water will be absorbed from the soil
to prevent dehydration. Due to this, the
19. When a cell is fully turgid, its OP is equal to transpiration pull will be maximum.
TP.
Thus, in the equation, DPD = OP – TP. 47. Food migrates from leaves to roots in
If OP is equal to TP then, DPD = 0. downward direction for storage. Food
20. In a cell A: DPD = 10 – 5 = 5 migrates in upward or lateral direction during
In a cell B: DPD = 15 – 12 = 3 growth and development of fruits and flowers.
Lateral/radial translocation of organic solutes
 Flow of water will be from cell B to cell A.
occurs within the stem. e.g. cells of pith to
22. Cell sap consists of minerals and salts. As per cortex.
the concept of water potential, the water
potential of pure water is zero. Thus, the water 48. The movement of organic food materials or
potential of plant cell sap is lower. the solutes in soluble form from one place to
another in higher plants is called as
28. Increase in transpiration creates a tension translocation of organic solutes.
called transpiration pull which leads to
absorption of water by root. 50. In diffusion, energy is not required for
absorption of minerals.
32. During transpiration, water is released to
atmosphere from mesophyll cells. In turn, 54. Some bacteria such as Thiobacillus
mesophyll cells draw water from xylem of denitrificans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and
leaf. As a result of this, transpiration pull is Micrococcus denitrificans present in the soil
developed from petiole and stem to root. If which convert the nitrate and ammonia into
water column breaks, water will not be atmospheric free elemental nitrogen.
8
 Chapter 06: Plant Water Relations and
Mineral Nutrition
Starch does not exert any osmotic potential
Competitive Thinking and therefore, guard cells lose water to
nearby epidermal cells. Their turgidity falls
12. Selectively permeable membrane such as and the stomatal pore closes.
membrane of root hairs and tonoplast membrane
of vacuole allows passage of certain substances 47. Stomata open during day time because the
more readily than semipermeable membranes. guard cells prepare osmotically active
substances by photosynthesis. As a result,
13. In a fully turgid cell, OP is equal to TP and their osmotic pressure increases and their
thus, DPD is zero. turgor pressure increases due to endosmosis.
15. Some solutes when dissolved in pure water 49. In banana as well as in other fruits, the
reduce water potential (). Thus, when accumulation of starch is necessary because
sodium chloride is dissolved in water, its later on, it (starch) converts in sucrose, so that
solution will have lower water potential than the ripened banana becomes sweet.
pure water. The S is always negative.
52. Etiolation is a type of growth exhibited by
19. Root cap has no function in water absorption plants grown in darkness, usually in seeds.
because it has no root hair and it is mainly for They lack chlorophyll and therefore appear
protection of root tip against any injury. white or yellow.
20. Active absorption takes place by the activity of 54. Zn, B, Mn are micronutrients.
root itself, particularly root hairs. A root hair 55. N and K are mobile elements.
cell functions as an osmotic system. Water is
absorbed by the root hair due to osmotic 56. Necrosis (die-back) of the tip of young leaves
differences between soil water and cell sap. is due to deficiency of copper.

22. The cohesive force of water along with 57. Mg is an important constituent of
transpiration pull maintains the continuous chlorophyll molecule where it occupies a
upward movement of water stream against the central position. It is essential for
force of gravity(ascent of sap). photosynthesis. Fe plays an important role
in ETS, photosynthesis and respiration
25. Guttation, is the process in which water drops because iron is a part of cytochromes. It is
come outside by margins of leaves by also essential for chlorophyll synthesis.
hydathodes.
58. Mg is one of the major constituent of the
27. Root pressure is caused by absorption of water chlorophyll molecule.
through root hairs, which develops hydrostatic
59. The splitting of water during photosynthesis is
pressure in root known as root pressure.
called photolysis. Mn and Cl plays important
32. Due to actively pumping protons from role in photosynthesis especially light reaction
companion cells to the outer cells, phloem sap of photosynthesis in splitting of water.
is alkaline. 60. Boron is absorbed by the plants as borate. It is
34. When K+ ions enter the guard cells, stomata involved in the transport of carbohydrates
open and when K+ ions move out, stomata (Sugar).
close. 61. Micro-elements are mostly involved in the
41. Grass is a monocot therefore, stomata is functioning of enzymes, as cofactors or metal
dumb-bell shaped whereas stomata in activators.
dicotyledons are kidney shaped. 62. It is the mode of mineral absorption which
44. In the evening, photosynthesis stops. Carbon involves expenditure of metabolic energy.
dioxide concentration increases in the leaf Energy is generally obtained from ATP.
interior. It results in decrease in pH. Glucose 63. In leguminous plants, atmospheric nitrogen is
is phosphorylated to form glucose-6- fixed by its symbiotic associate Rhizobium in
phosphate. It is changed to glucose-1- root nodules, as a result first stable product
phosphate from which starch is synthesized. NH3 (ammonia) is formed.
9
MHT-CET Triumph Biology (Hints)
67. Nitrogen fixing bacteria such as Rhizobium plasmolysis (flaccid in appearance). Plant part
have symbiotic relationship with the roots of or the cells shrink due to scarcity of water.
gram (leguminous) plants. This association This is termed as wilting.
produces nodules on roots.
79. The water potential = solute potential +
68. The bacterium Rhizobium infects the roots Pressure potential
through the root hairs of groundnut plant and Thus, water potential for ‘A’ = 9 + 4
reproduces in the cells of cortex of roots. = 5
Simultaneously, the division of cortex cells Water potential for ‘B’ = 8 + 5
takes place due to which the nodules are = 3
formed in the root. As the water potential of ‘B’ cell is greater
70. Nitrogenase enzyme is a Mo-Fe protein. than that of ‘A’ (3 > 5) thus movement of
water would be from Cell B to Cell A.
72. Leghaemoglobin acts as O2 scavenger as it
combines with O2 to form oxyleghaemoglobin 80. The process of water exudation is known as
and regulates O2 concentration in root nodules ‘Guttation’ while the process of loss of water
of leguminous plants. by evaporation through the aerial parts of
plants is transpiration.
75. ATP releases small amount of energy required
for building new chemical bonds or chemical 81. If a cell is placed in hypotonic solution, the
reactions in cell. Energy in the form of ATP is cell will swell and become turgid, as water
provided by mitochondria present in the cell will move from hypotonic solution to the cell
and not by water. (which is hypertonic with respect to the
solution).
76. Xylem is responsible for transport of water. If
xylem is blocked, plant will undergo wilting 83. High tensile strength of water helps in
due to the lack of proper transport of water. prevention of breakage of water column
within xylem vessels of high tree.
77. If exosmosis continues, the protoplasm shrinks
from the cell wall. The phenomenon is called

Evaluation Test

1. A cell can gain or lose water from an adjacent 11. Dryopteris is a plant, while others are nitrogen
cell on the basis of its D.P.D. This movement fixing bacteria.
is from lower DPD (X) to higher DPD (Y). Nitrosomonas and

2. Water moves from higher water potential 12. 2NH3 + 3O2  Nitrococcus
 2NO 2 + 2H2O
(Less negative) to lower water potential (more + 2H+
negative). 2NO 2  O 2 
Nitrobacter
 2NO3
5. Transpiration occurs in plants, only from 14. Hydroponics is the cultivation of plants in
living cells. Evaporation occurs from any free nutrient solution by placing their rooted part in
surface; both from living and non-living the nutrient solution. This technique was first
surface. demonstrated by Julius Sachs in 1860.
6. Mineral salts are absorbed mostly in the form 16. Since the plant cell is placed in a hypertonic
of ions, i.e. anions and cations. Ions are solution, i.e. a solution having lower water
accumulated by the plants against their potential than the plant cell, the cell will lose
concentration in the soil. water by the process of exosmosis.
8. Leaf is modified into spine for preventing loss 20. Symbiotic bacteria are found in the root
of water (transpiration). nodules of the members of bean family. This
10. Since in the given figure, the two molecules A bacteria converts atmospheric nitrogen in the
and B move in opposite direction, the form of nitrates, hence it is important for
diffusion is antiport. rotation of crop.

10
 Chapter 06: Plant Water Relations and
Mineral Nutrition
22. Frame work elements include C, H, N, O, P,
S. These six elements are called as frame work
elements which constitute the body of plants.
23. Cu – Copper takes part in electron transport as
plastocyanin (between PS II and PS I) and
cytochrome to oxygen.
Mn – Manganese is activator of a number of
enzymes like reductases, oxidases, etc. taking
part in respiration and photosynthesis.
Fe – Iron is component of e transferring bio-
molecules like cytochromes and ferredoxin.
They are essential components of
photosynthesis.
24. Chlorosis is the main symptom of nitrogen
deficiency. As a result, the leaves gradually
become pale or yellow. These symptoms first
appear in old leaves and later in young leaves.

11
 Textbook
Chapter No.

07 Plant Growth and Development

Hints

Classical Thinking 5. Cork cambium is formed by dedifferentiation.

20. Castor shows epigeal germination, whereas the 8. In the phase of cell division, cells divide
other three germinate by hypogeal germinaton. mitotically in apical meristem to increase
mass. In the phase of cell elongation, cells
21. Jowar shows hypogeal germination. increase in size due to vacuolation, i.e. by
41. In log phase, the growth of a plant is fastest. absorption of water. In the phase of cell
Log phase is also called as exponential phase. differentiation, cells start maturing to gain a
permanent size and function.
52. In 1928, F.W. Went isolated auxin from
coleoptile tip of oat (Avena sativa) in the form 13. Fruit drop refers to the natural process of
of IAA. This experiment is called Avena shedding of immature fruits by plants. Auxin
curvature test. prevents it.
60. Parthenocarpy is the natural or artificially 14. Auxins like IBA, NAA are used to produce
induced production of fruit without fertilization seedless or parthenocarpic fruits in tomato plants.
of ovules. Fruit is therefore seedless. Auxin is 17. A balance combination of cytokinin and auxin is
used to induce parthenocarpy. useful for inducing organogenesis.
61. Rhizogenesis is the process of root More auxins than cytokinins initiate
development in plants. rhizogenesis (root formation).
Less auxins than cytokinins initiate caulogenesis
66. Bakane disease is a disease of rice plant caused (shoot formation).
by the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi which
produces GA. It is also known as ‘foolish 22. Photoperiod is the critical length of day
seedling disease’. This results in the etiolation of necessary for flowering in plants.
the plant with chlorosis. The plants become 23. Critical dark period is that continuous
infertile, producing non-edible grains. duration of darkness which must be exceeded
92. Cytokinins delay the senescence by preventing in short day plants and must not be exceeded
the degradation of metabolites or promoting in long day plants.
their synthesis. 24. Long day plants do not require continuous dark
period. They are also called short night plants.
104. Abscissic acid is called as stress hormone
because abscissic acid increases the tolerance 26. Soybean is a short day plant which requires
of plants to various kinds of stresses, for e.g. uninterrupted dark period for flowering. Thus
weather stress as cold, drought, etc. if dark period is broken, it will cause less
production.
109. “The response of plants to the relative length of
light and dark periods with reference to initiation
Competitive Thinking
of flowering is called Photoperiodism.”
111. Photoperiodism was discovered in a 2. Scarification is a mechanical or chemical method
“Maryland Mammoth” variety of tobacco. of softening/weakening the hard seed coat by
chipping, filing or machine threshing, also by hot
118. Xanthium is a short day plant, while rest all water, fat solvent, H2SO4 treatments.
are day neutral plant.
5. The growth of an organism/organ passes
through different phases. If the growth rate of
Critical Thinking a plant part is plotted against time on a graph
4. Growth is unidirectional forward because it is paper, a sigmoid/S-shaped growth curve is
an irreversible process. obtained.

12
 Chapter 07: Plant Growth and Development
6. In the lag phase, the preparatory changes for the 27. Gibberellin enhances seed germination by
growth occur in the cells. activating stored food hydrolyzing enzymes
12. 2, 4-D (2, 4 dichlorophenoxy acetic acid) is a like amylase, protease, lipase.
artificial (synthetic) auxin. 28. Ethylene is a gaseous hormone which
14. Weeds are undesirable in a field with a crop stimulates transverse or isodiametric growth
that causes poor yield. 2,4-D is a famous but retards the longitudinal one.
herbicide or weedicide by which broad-leaved 30. Ethylene is a gaseous plant hormone and it
weeds can be destroyed, but does not affect is responsible for fruit ripening.
mature monocotyledonous plants.
31. Ethylene inhibits longitudinal growth but
15. 2,4-D is a selective weedkiller. It is highly stimulates transverse growth.
toxic to broad-leaved plants.
34. ABA stimulates the closure of stomata in the
18. Avena curvature test carried out by F.W. Went epidermis and increases the tolerance of
demonstrated the effect of auxins on plant plants to various kinds of stresses.
growth by performing some experiments with
the oat (Avena sativa) coleoptile. IAA is the 35. Because IAA, NAA and GA are growth
natural auxin. promoters and ABA is a growth inhibitor.
19. Because removal of apical bud results in the 39. In photoperiodism, photoreceptor pigment is
growth of lower buds. called phytochrome and fully developed
mature leaves receive the stimulus of light.
20. Gibberellins are weakly acidic hormones
having gibbane ring structure which cause cell 40. The effect of photoperiod on flowering was
elongation of intact plants in general and discovered by American plant breeders
increased internodal length of genetically Garner and Allard in 1920 in case of
dwarf plants (i.e. corn, pea). Maryland Mammoth variety of tobacco
which is a SDP.
21. In 19th century, Japanese farmers observed
that the seedlings of rice were abnormally 42. Long dark period by interruption with brief
elongated due to infection of fungus exposure of light inhibits flowering in short day
Gibberella fujikuroi. This effect is called as plants.
foolish seedling disease.
46. Phytochrome occurs in two forms, i.e. Pr.
22. Gibberella fujikuroi is the ascomycetous (Red light) and Pfr. (far red light) and both
fungus, which is parasitic in nature. are interconvertible.
23. Gibberellin is acidic in nature. 47. ‘Vernalin’ produced in vernalized plants is
24. Aleurone layer of endosperm releases - responsible for flowering.
amylase and protease hydrolytic enzyme, 49. Vernalization is the effect of low temperature on
promotes seed germination. the initiation and development of flower.
25. Gibberellins in the seed embryo signals starch 50. Auxins stimulate apical meristem, but
hydrolysis through synthesis of enzyme gibberellins stimulate intercalary meristem,
-amylase in the aleurone cells. thus help in stem elongation.

Evaluation Test

1. Senescence is the deterioration that ends Cytokinin was extracted from Herring (a
functional life of an organism or organ. It silvery fish) sperm DNA.
occurs in leaves, flowers, fruits, stem and
roots. 3. Fruit ripening is accelerated by ethylene rich
atmosphere.
2. Gibberellin was discovered in Japan by
Kurosawa (1928) in rice plants infected by a 4. 2, 4, 5–T is an artificial (synthetic) auxin. It is
fungus Gibberella fujikuroi. used as a weedicide.

13
MHT-CET Triumph Biology (Hints)
6. GA enhances seed germination by enhancing
-amylase synthesis and thus overcomes
dormancy.
7. Cytokinin promotes cell division and
elongation.
9. Cytokinins retard ageing (senescence) of
leaves.
11. Florigen is a flower forming substance. It is
synthesized in leaves and then transferred to
the meristems where flowering is induced.
12. Growth is defined as permanent, irreversible
increase in dry weight, size, mass or volume
of a cell, organ or organism.
14. Viviparous germination is seen in halophytes
and mangrove plants such as Rhizophora,
Avicenia, Sonneratia, etc.
15. Kinetin (Cytokinin) retards leaf senescence.
18. Scarification is mechanical or chemical
method of softening or weakening the hard
seed coat by chipping, filing or machine
threshing, hot water, fat solvent, H2SO4.
19. Suitable combination of gases for fruit
ripening is 80% ethylene (C2H4) and 20%
CO2.
20. Phytochrome exists in two interconvertible
formsPr form absorbing red light (near 660
nm) and the Pfr form absorbing far red light
(near 730 nm).
21. Day neutral plants can flower in all possible
photoperiods. Some common examples of this
category of plants are cucumber, cotton,
sunflower, tomato, etc.

23. Far-red light is considered to be biologically

active.
25. Vernalization involves low temperature
treatment (1  10 C) to reduce vegetative
growth period and induce early flowering.

14
 Textbook
Chapter No.

09 Organization of Cell
Hints

Classical Thinking 97. The contractile vacuole in Paramoecium is

specialized for osmoregulation and
16. Genes are the hereditary units which carry excretion. It maintains the turgidity of the
information about genotype characters. For cell and helps in maintaining a proper
e.g. height, skin, colour, etc. internal balance of cellular contents.
23. There are two major types of organisms on
the basis of cellular organization, i.e. 99. Cell inclusions are non-living substances
prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, present in vacuoles, cytoplasm or cell wall.
cells are simple, small and most primitive; 109. Nucleus is ovoid in columnar cells.
whereas in eukaryotes, cell organelles are Nucleus is disc-shaped in squamous epithelium
more specific in functions. cells. Nucleus is c-shaped in Vorticella.
27. Bacilli are rod shaped, Vibrios are comma
122. Sperm cells, blastomeres, muscle cells are
shaped, Spirilla are long twisted bacteria.
found to contain smaller or no nucleoli.
28. Cyanobacteria are also known as blue-green
algae. Cyanobacteria fix the nitrogen in the 128. In an interphase nucleus, when chromatin is
form of nitrites, nitrates or urea which can stained with feulgen stain, chromatin
be absorbed by plants. material which is darkly stained is called
heterochromatin and that which is lightly
35. Crystal violet stain is used to detect gram +ve stained is called euchromatin.
bacteria. After staining, gram +ve bacteria
retains the stain and appears purple, whereas Critical Thinking
gram –ve bacteria shows pink colour.
2. The prokaryotic cells do not have nuclear
47. Chromatophores are plastids having pigments
membrane, while eukaryotic cells have well
other than chlorophyll. Chromatophores are
organized nuclear membrane.
found in photosynthetic bacteria and
cyanobacteria. 5. Peptidoglycan, also known as murein, is a
51. Plasmid is used as a vector in genetic polymer consisting of sugars and amino
engineering because it is capable of acids that forms a mesh-like layer outside
autonomous replication. Plasmids are naked the plasma membrane of bacteria (but not
DNA and can carry genes that need to be Archaebacteria), forming the cell wall.
transferred. 6. Gram’s staining distinguishes bacteria into
55. In lipid bilayer, tails are hydrophobic and two broad groups  Gram positive and Gram
oriented inwards. negative bacteria based on the peptidoglycan
composition of their cell wall.
61. Mitochondria is known as the energy store
house of the cell or power house of the cell, 9. Chloroplasts are green plastids containing
as it is related with the production of energy green pigment chlorophyll.
in the form of ATP. Leucoplasts are colourless plastids.
72. Endoplasmic reticulum is absent in Chromoplasts are yellow, orange or red
prokaryotes, in ova and in mature RBCs. colour.
77. In a dead cell, lysosomal membranes break 11. Oxysomes (Elementary particles or inner
and hydrolytic enzymes are released. These membranes sub-units or F1 particles) are
enzymes digest the dead cell. Hence, they responsible for respiratory chain
are called suicidal bags. phosphorylation.
15
MHT-CET Triumph Biology (Hints)
14. Plasma membrane is a bimolecular layer of 35. The hair-like movable protoplasmic processes
lipids and proteins. known as the cilia and flagella arise from the
basal body which is a modified centriole – like
18. Cell will die due to the release of hydrolytic
organelle.
enzymes present in lysosomes (autolysis).
37. Mitochondria are double membrane-bound
22. If nucleus is removed, the cell will die because
organelles responsible for the synthesis of
all the metabolic activities will be ceased.
ATP molecules in eukaryotic cells.
Lysosome is a membrane-bound vesicle
Competitive Thinking containing hydrolytic enzymes for the
digestion of many complex molecules.
1. M.J. Schleiden and T. Schwann (1838 – 39) Golgi complex is responsible for the final
proposed cell theory. modification, sorting and distribution of
2. Viruses are not applicable to cell theory. They proteins and lipids.
are made up of proteins and one nucleic acid, 39. Given figure is of Rough endoplasmic
i.e. DNA or RNA. So, they lack protoplasm, reticulum which has ribosomes on its
the essential part of the cell. surface and is involved in protein synthesis.
12. Glycocalyx when forms a loose sheath is Centriole
known as ‘slime layer’ while when a thick 40.
layer is formed it is known as ‘capsule’.
Rough endoplasmic
14. Mesosomes are involved in aerobic respiration reticulum
in bacteria. Smooth
endoplasmic
16. Eukaryotic cell wall is made up of reticulum
polysaccharides, such as cellulose, pectin,
Mitochondrion
lignin, hemicellulose, cutin and suberin.
18. A polysaccharide is made up of many units of Animal cell
monosaccharides.
41. Golgi complex is involved in synthesis of
23. ATP is the energy currency of cell which is glycoproteins and glycolipids.
synthesized and stored in mitochondria.
43. Chromoplast  carotenoids present
24. Mitochondria and chloroplast possess protein Amyloplasts  store starch
synthesizing machinery. Elaioplasts  store fats
25. Cristae are finger-like processes projecting 44. Lysosome is polymorphic (primary,
inwards. secondary, tertiary, autophagic) and
27. Peroxisomes have catalase enzyme to break polyfunctional cell organelle.
hydrogen peroxide into water and O2. 46. Leucoplasts store food material.
28. Elementary particles (oxysomes) are present 48. Lysosomes exist as primary, secondary and
on the cristae of mitochondria.
tertiary lysosomes.
30. Plastids are the characteristic feature of
50. Ribosomes are solid particles of protein and
photosynthetic eukaryotes. Blue green algae
are not bounded by any membrane.
and bacteria are prokaryotes and fungi are
saprophytic eukaryotes. 52. Microfilament are made up of 2 molecules of
6 nm actin protein. Microtubules are 25 nm
31. Anthocyanin is found in cell sap of vacuoles.
hollow tube-like structures, while intermediate
32. Ribosomes are bounded on RER with the filaments are 10 nm and lamins are nuclear
help of ribophorin. proteins.
34. Phospholipid synthesis takes place in smooth 53. Vacuole is involved in osmoregulation in
endoplasmic reticulum. plant cell.

16
 Chapter 09: Organization of Cell
56. Colloidal sap inside the nucleus is known as 67. Nuclei, mitochondria and chloroplasts are
karyolymph or nucleoplasm. double membrane bound organelles. Lysosomes
are single membrane bound organelle.
58. Ribosomes lack DNA, but contain RNA and
proteins while Nucleus, Chloroplast and 68. Mitochondria, nucleus and chloroplast are
Mitochondria contain DNA. double membrane bound organelles.
59. The outer envelope of the nucleus is continuous 69. The inner membrane of mitochondria is thrown
with the rough endoplasmic reticulum into series of unfoldings known as the ‘cristae’.
(endoplasmic reticulum bearing ribosomes).
70. In bacterial cells, motility is performed by
60. Centromere is the region of the chromosome flagella while fimbriae provide attachment to
that becomes attached to the nuclear spindle base and pili forms conjugation tube during
during mitosis and meiosis. It does not stain conjugation.
with basic dyes. It is also called primary
73. Large nucleoli are found in cells that are
constriction or kinetochore.
actively engaged in protein synthesis.
61. Ribozyme is catalytic RNA. Nucleolus is non-membranous structure.
66. Microtubules are the structures present in 74. Plasmids have circular double stranded DNA
cilia, flagella, centrioles and spindle fibres. molecule.

Evaluation Test

1. Chloroplast  Chromoplast 17. Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis.

(Green (Red or yellow
plastid) plastid)
19. The given figure is of Golgi apparatus which
consists of cisternae, vesicles and tubules.
3. Terminal oxidation and oxidative Golgi complex is formed from Endoplasmic
phosphorylation take place in the cristae Reticulum.
membrane of the mitochondria.
20. Lysosome contains digestive enzymes capable
4. Cell wall is the outermost, rigid, protective, of lysis, thus it is a lytic body or suicidal bag.
supportive and semi-transparent covering of
21. Lysosomes are surrounded by a single unit
plant cell, fungi and some protists. It is absent
membrane.
in animal cells.
22. Cell organelles without membrane covering
5. There are many different proteins embedded  ribosome, centrosome, centriole, nucleolus,
in the membrane. Except for flip flop cytoskeletal structures.
movements, rest occur. Choice (A) is amply
demonstrated when the travelling proteins 23. Chloroplast is a semi-autonomous organelle
aggregate at sites of endocytosis. Choice (C) having DNA.
type of proteins can be enzymes which are
confined to certain domains (for e.g., present
only on cell surface). Choice (D) types are
non-transmembrane proteins.
8. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) takes
part in protein synthesis due to presence of
ribosomes.
11. Infoldings of plasma membrane in bacteria are
called mesosomes, which are analogous to
mitochondria.
14. Prokaryotes do not possess well-organized
nucleus.
17
 Textbook
Chapter No.

10 Study of Animal Tissues

Hints
Classical Thinking 18. The enzymes produced by exocrine gland:
5. Somatic tissues are of four types: epithelial, Exocrine gland Enzyme produced
connective, muscular and nervous. Tear gland Lysozyme
Salivary gland Salivary amylase
12. Cuboidal epithelium has cube shaped cells and
columnar epithelium has tall pillar like cells. Gastric and intestinal Pepsinogen
gland
22. Microvilli increase the surface area for
absorption. 21. Sebum is an oily substance secreted by the
sebaceous gland present in the mammalian
48. Macrophages are phagocytic in nature, i.e they skin. Sebum keeps the hair and skin water
engulf micro organisms. proof and protects them from drying.
53. Mast cells are found surrounding the blood 28. The capsule covering the major organs is
vessels. Cytoplasm of each mast cell contains made up of fibrous connective tissue. It
heparin and histamine granules. protects the organs.
Heparin prevents blood clotting and histamine
is useful in dilation of blood vessels. 35. Collagen fibres provide tensile strength to the
Stratum germinativum is a layer, present in tissues. Yellow fibres provide elasticity.
compound epithelium. Lacuna is the fluid Hence, tissue becomes loose but elastic.
filled cavity within the bone matrix. 55. Matrix of cartilage is semisolid called chondrin.
72. The small immature chondroblasts (cartilage 57. Stratified epithelium is an epithelial tissue.
forming cells) in due course of time, get
converted into chondrocytes (cartilage cell). 58. Mammalian pinnae are external ear which
shows presence of elastic cartilage.
107. Epiphyseal region of long bone are the
enlarged ends of long bones. 60. Muscle cells are thin and elongated. They look
Diaphyseal region of long bone are the shaft like threads or fibres. Hence, it is called
of long bone. muscle fibre.
Metaphyseal region is the connecting region 69. Smooth muscles are located in stomach and
between the shaft and ends of long bones. intestine. They are responsible for movement
127. Nerves of the autonomic nervous system of food in digestive system.
controls involuntary activities and hence, they 74. Neuroglial cells are capable of regeneration.
are present in smooth muscles. Axoplasm lacks Nissl’s granules.
156. The space enclosed between the telodendron Telodendrons are present in both myelinated
of first neuron and cyton of second neuron and non-myelinated neurons.
forms synaptonemal complex. 75. Neuron contains granular cytoplasm.
Critical Thinking 76. In non-medullary neurons, Schwann cells are
present but they do not secrete myelin sheath.
10. The nucleus in columnar epithelial cells is
placed at the basal end.
Competitive Thinking
17. Endocrine glands include pituitary, thyroid,
parathyroid, ovary, testis, adrenal, islets of 4. The ciliated epithelium in trachea, is in fact
Langerhans. All these glands of endocrine pseudostratified ciliated epithelium having
system produce secretions which helps in long ciliated columnar cells and short cuboidal
maintaining the homeostasis. cells.
18
 Chapter 10: Study of Animal Tissues
5. The function of the ciliated epithelium is to 31. Tendon is a white fibrous connective tissue
aid in the movement of particles or mucus in a which attaches muscle to bone.
specific direction over the epithelium (e.g.
33. Ligament is a modified yellow elastic fibrous
fallopian tube).
tissue which occur in the form of cords and
6. Cells of simple epithelial tissue are arranged binds a bone cartilage with another bone
in a single layer. cartilage It contains white fibres along with
yellow fibres.
7. The cells of simple squamous epithelium are
flat tile like, polygonal cells with a centrally 36. Cartilage is surrounded by a sheath of dense
located and oval or spherical nucleus. It is also connective tissue called perichondrium.
known as tessellated or pavement epithelium. 37. The chondrocytes secrete the flexible matrix
8. The entire body is enveloped in a casing of called chondrin.
cornified (epithelium) dead cells that protect 39. Hyaline cartilage forms the articular surfaces
against drying and bacterial invasion. at the joints of long bones where it is called as
9. Cells of squamous epithelium are flattened scale- Articular cartilage.
like and attached to each other like a mosaic. 40. Mammalian bone is characterized by the
presence of haversian system or osteon.
11. Simple columnar epithelium lines the
Osteon is the basic structural unit of
stomach, small intestine and large intestine,
mammalian bone consisting of the haversian
the digestive glands and the gall bladder.
canal, lamellae and lacunae.
13. Squamous epithelium in the blood vessels is 42. Bone is surrounded by dense, white fibrous
called as Endothelium. sheath called periosteum.
15. Moist surface of buccal cavity – Stratified non- 44. Haversian canals are interconnected by
keratinised squamous epithelium; Inner surface transverse canals known as Volkmann’s canals.
of bronchioles – Ciliated epithelium; Inner lining
of salivary ducts – Cuboidal epithelium 47. Haversian system is the characteristic feature
of long bones.
19. Collagen fibres are white formed of a protein,
occur in bundles, thick non-elastic with great 48. Endosteum is a thin single layer of epithelium,
tensile strength. lining the marrow or medullary cavity.

20. Three types of fibres collagen, elastic and 50. Areolar and adipose tissues are loose
reticular are found in connective tissue. Each connective tissues, while tendon is a dense
fibre consist of collagen, elastin and reticulin connective tissue.
respectively. 52. The plasma membrane covering the muscle
fibre is called sarcolemma.
21. Areolar tissue contains fibroblasts,
macrophages, mast cells, plasma cells, 54. Smooth muscles are unstriated muscles.
lymphocytes and adipose cells. Cross-striations are absent, thus there are no
dark and light bands.
23. Adipocytes are fats cells, which are derived
from a fibroblast. These adipocytes are found 55. Smooth muscle fibre is spindle-shaped, thick
in connective tissue. in the middle and thin at either ends,
uninucleated and have no sarcolemma.
26. Ligament is a yellow elastic fibrous Contraction is slow, involuntary under the
connective tissue, while tendon is a white control of ANS.
collagen fibrous connective tissue.
58. Unstriped muscles are the most widely
28. Mast cells are found in the ground substance distributed muscles in the body, e.g.
of areolar connective tissue. They secrete Gastrointestinal tract, uterus, urinary bladder,
heparin and histamine. iris, ciliary body, blood vessels, etc.
29. Macrophages engulf the invading microbes 61. A striped muscle fibre has many nuclei and it
and destroy them. is a syncytium (coenocyte).
19
MHT-CET Triumph Biology (Hints)
62. Actin and myosin are the structural proteins. 81. Schwann cells surrounds axons of myelinated
So, they are found in both skeletal and visceral nerve fibres, and produce myelin sheath.
muscles, although skeletal muscles are 83. Neurons are structural and functional units of
cylindrical and visceral muscles are pear- nerve tissue. Their number is quite high, more
shaped or spindle-shaped. than 1  1012 in brain alone.
63. Because skeletal muscles are striated and 85. Synapse is the microscopic gap between axon
voluntary. and dendrites of two different neurons.
66. H-zone in skeletal muscle is the central gap 87. Columnar epithelium is present in the lining of
between actin filaments extending through stomach.
myosin filaments in the A band. Tendon is a dense connective tissue and
69. Cardiac muscles are striated, involuntary. connects muscle to bone.
Contract quickly and do not get fatigued. Tip of nose consists of elastic cartilage.
70. Because of the absence of centriole, neurons 88. Adipose connective tissue is a loose
have lost the power of division and have connective tissue, as it has cells and fibres
minimum power of regeneration. loosely arranged, and not compactly packed.
75. Nerve fibres are extended axons or dendrites. 89. The myelin sheath surrounding the axon is
Dendrites carry nerve impulses towards the interrupted at regular intervals, forming Nodes
cell body and axons away from it. of Ranvier.
76. Nissl’s granules or Nissl’s bodies as basophilic 90. Myelin sheath is a layer covering of
structure of various shapes-angular, conical or vertebrates nerve fibre.
rhomboidal. They are pieces of granular 91. Osteoclasts dissolve minerals in bone matrix
endoplasmic reticulum with or without free and release them back into the blood.
polyribosomes. They are found in cytons. Osteocytes regulate mineral homeostasis.
79. If a nerve impulse was initiated somewhere in They direct the uptake of minerals from the
the middle of a nerve fibre, it would proceed blood and the release of minerals back into the
to both ends. However, in the synapse, the blood as needed.
propagation is strictly one-way from the axon
to the dendrite, never the reverse.

Evaluation Test

4. Epithelial tissue forms a protective covering all 11. The given figure shows the presence of large
over the body as well as the internal organs. fat globules (monolocular) and fat droplets
(polylocular) which is a characteristic feature of
5. The entire nerve is surrounded by a vascular adipose tissue, specialized for storage of fats.
connective tissue called epineurium.
12. Inner lining of cheeks have compound
6. In the given figure, the cells are polygonal and stratified squamous epithelium.
cuboidal in appearance. They appear square in 13. If a bone is kept in dilute acid (HCl) for few
side view. The nucleus is centrally located and days, it becomes soft and flexible. This is
rounded. All these are characteristic features called decalcification of the bone.
of simple cuboidal epithelium. 14. Areolar tissue has a large matrix with almost
8. The apocrine secretion of mammary gland all types of cells and fibres.
takes place by means of decapitation, a 15. Dendron or dendrites are thin processes
process in which the apical portion of the arising from neuroplasm that could be 100 m
secretory cell cytoplasm pinches off and enters long and have multiple branches.
the lumen of the gland. 23. Myocardial layer contains cardiac muscles.
10. In an animal cell, centrioles are absolutely 24. Cardiac muscles can contract without the
necessary for cell division. They are absent in stimulation of nerves and they contract
neurons (but present in neuroglia). rhythmically.

20
 Textbook
Chapter No.

12 Human Nutrition
Hints

12. Lacteals are central lymph vessels found in villi

Classical Thinking
of intestine. It is related to absorption of fats.
17. In small intestine, duodenum is 1st part, 13. Liver cells synthesize vitamin A from carotene
jejunum is 2nd part and ileum is the 3rd part. and store vitamins A, D and B12.
25. Bile is secreted by liver and stored in gall bladder.
Critical Thinking
26. Ptyalin (salivary amylase) and pancreatic
1. Oxidation is a chemical reaction which amylase are the starch splitting enzymes
involves loss of electron by a molecule, atom
released by salivary gland and pancreas.
or ion. Oxidation is not a part of nutrition.
28. Bilirubin and biliverdin are bile pigments
2. Permanent teeth are the second set of teeth
present in the bile juice.
formed in humans. There are 32 permanent
teeth (Incisors  2/2, Canines  1/1, Premolars 29. Pancreas is a digestive gland that secretes
 2/2, Molars  3/3) pancreatic juice. This juice acts on all types of
food, i.e. protein, starch, fat and nucleic acid.
4. Tongue helps in swallowing and speech.
If pancreas is removed from the body, the
5. Incisors are used for cutting, whereas premolars digestion will not occur.
and molars are used for grinding the food.
30. Pepsin and rennin are enzymes, secreted by
14. Ileum is a part of small intestine. the gastric glands in stomach wall. Hence they
19. Parotid, sub-lingual, sub-mandibular are salivary are found in gastric juice. Maltase is present in
glands, but acinar is not a salivary gland. the intestinal juice.
26. Salivary amylase present in saliva acts on 33. Succus entericus or intestinal juice contains
starch to convert it into maltose. many enzymes  enterokinase, maltase,
28. Bile salts bring about emulsification of fats. sucrase, lactose, dipeptidase, lipase.
34. Amino acids are absorbed in intestine through
Competitive Thinking blood capillaries in the villi.
35. Emulsified fat is digested by enzyme lipase
3. Premolar teeth are absent in human childhood which is secreted by pancreatic juice, and
(milk teeth dentition). Premolar teeth are intestinal juice.
monophyodont.
36. Breaking of large fat droplets into fine
4. Premolars are absent in primary dentition.
emulsion is done by bile salt (Bile juice
Milk teeth are 20 in number i.e. 10 in upper
contain bile pigment and bile salt) of the
and 10 in lower jaw.
liver.
6. In humans, 3 pairs of salivary glands are present.
38. Trypsin is a protein digesting enzyme found in
They are sublingual, parotid and submaxillary.
pancreatic juice.
7. Parotid glands are the largest salivary glands
39. Enterokinase converts trypsinogen to trypsin
which are situated below ear (pinna).
and chymotrypsinogen to chymotrypsin.
8. Human beings have 3 pairs of salivary glands Trypsin further acts on proteins to convert it to
 parotid, submandibular and sublingual polypeptides. Thus, without enterokinase
which digest starch. protein digestion is incomplete.
11. Vermiform appendix is a vestigial organ of 44. Pepsin initiates the digestion of protein in
man which is found in alimentary canal. stomach producing proteoses and peptones.
21
MHT-CET Triumph Biology (Hints)
45. Pepsin is a proteolytic enzyme produced by 58. Oedema is not observed in marasmus. It is one
stomach that is responsible for beginning the of the symptoms of kwashiorkor.
digestion of proteins.
61. Thecodont means teeth that are present in the
46. It is a hormone secreted by the mucosa of sockets of the jaw bone.
small intestine. Diphyodont means teeth that erupt twice,
temporary milk teeth are replaced by a set of
50. Pepsin breaks proteins into proteoses and
permanent or adult teeth.
peptones, while trypsin breaks peptones into
Heterodont dentition refers to different types
dipeptides. Ptyalin acts on polysaccharides and
of teeth namely incisors, canines, premolars
dipeptidase breaks dipeptides into amino acids.
and molars.
53. Amino acids, glucose, electrolytes like Na+ are
absorbed into the blood by active transport.

Evaluation Test

1. Enterogasterone is a hormone released by the 16. Pepsinogen 

HCl
 Pepsin
mucosa of duodenum. (Inactive) (Active)

2. Most of our foods have complicated chemical Trypsinogen  

Enterokinase
 Trypsin
structure. In order to be absorbed and utilized (Proenzyme) (Active)
by the body, they must be broken down into (Inactive)
relatively simple molecules. The process by 21. Marasmus is Protein Energy Malnutrition
which the complex food materials are changed (PEM).
to simple molecules is called digestion.
25. Kwashiorkor occurs due to protein deficiency.
3. Trypsinogen  
Enterokinase
enzyme
 Trypsin + Inactive Meat, butter, milk and eggs are sources of
dipeptides proteins.
(Proenzyme)
4. Bile salts with the help of monoglycerides
emulsify fats.
5. The process in which absorbed food materials
become an integral component of the living
protoplasm and are used for energy, growth
and repair is called assimilation of food.
7. Human alimentary canal lacks cellulase
enzyme and symbiotic micro-organisms.
9. Dental formula of human being is
2,1,2,3 8
  2  32 . It shows the number of
2,1,2,3 8
incisor 2, canine 1, premolar 2, molar 3 in
each half upper and half lower jaw with 32
teeth in buccal cavity.
10. The pyloric canal is the distal part of the
stomach which opens into the duodenum.
11. There are two types of intestinal glands –
Crypts of Liberkuhn and Brunner’s glands.
Secretions of both these glands are
collectively called Intestinal juices or Succus
entericus.

22
 Textbook
Chapter No.

13 Human Respiration
Hints

Classical Thinking Competitive Thinking

28. Although external nares seems to be 2. Earthworm respires but has no respiratory
anteriormost but it is not a part of nasal organs. Exchange of gases takes place through
chamber. moist skin.
62. Passive process is a process that occurs 3. Diaphragm has no role in respiration in frogs
without the input of energy. but in mammals, it increases the surface area
for respiration.
Critical Thinking
5. The pharynx provides passage to both air and
15. In man, the mid-ventral portion of the thyroid food.
cartilage forms a prominent protuberance 7. Vocal cords are present inside the larynx.
called Adam’s apple. These are two pairs of fold of mucous
49. Chlorophyll is a photosynthetic pigment membrane that extend into the lumen of the
present in leaves of the plant. Myoglobin is an larynx from the sides.
iron and oxygen binding protein found in the 10. Epiglottis serves to close the glottis during
muscle tissue of vertebrates. Insulin is a deglutition (swallowing), thereby preventing
hormone. entry of food into the respiratory tract.
55. Spirometry is the process of recording the
11. Each lung is enclosed in two membranous
changes in the volume movement of air in and
coverings called pleurae. The outer covering is
out of the lungs and the instrument used for
adhered to chest wall and diaphragm and is
the purpose is called spirometer or
called parietal pleura. The inner covering
respirometer.
membrane, which closely covers the lung, is
57. In carbon monoxide poisoning, the oxygen called visceral pleura.
combining capacity with haemoglobin
decreases, which results in oxygen starvation 17. In man, the left lungs has two lobes  superior
of tissues. lobe and inferior lobe, the right lungs has three
lobes  superior lobe, middle lobe and inferior
58. Asphyxia  a condition in which an extreme lobe.
decrease in the concentration of oxygen occurs
in the body cells. 18. ‘b’ is pleural membrane, it does not surround
ribs on both the sides. ‘d’ is diaphragm and
60. Hypoxia is a pathological condition in which not the lower end of lungs. Trachea is
the body or region of the body is deprived of supported by incomplete cartilaginous rings.
adequate oxygen supply.
Anoxia means a total decrease in the level of 20. During expiration, diaphragm relaxes and
oxygen. becomes dome–shaped thereby reducing
Hyperoxia is excess oxygen than normal intrathoracic volume to pass out the air from
partial pressure of oxygen. body.
65. Emphysema is caused as result of long term 24. One molecule of haemoglobin has 4 haem
irritation by air pollution, cigarette smoke or groups and each of them is capable of taking
industrial dust. Lungs become permanently up one molecule of O2.
inflated because the lung wall looses 25. pO2 in alveoli is 104 mmHg, while in
elasticity. oxygenated blood it is 95 mmHg.
23
MHT-CET Triumph Biology (Hints)
28. CO2 is transported in the form of H2CO3 48. In asthma, the allergen reaction occurs in the
dissolved in plasma and NaHCO3 and KHCO3 bronchioles of the lungs. During this reaction,
as bicarbonates. mast cells release a substance which causes
muscular spasm.
34. 70% of CO2 is transported in the form of
bicarbonate ions due to the presence of 49. In asthma, allergic reactions swell up the
carbonic anhydrase enzyme inside the RBC. tissue surrounding the bronchiole of the lung,
causing difficulty in breathing. During allergic
37. Tidal volume is the volume of air inspired or response, mast cells secrete chemicals.
expired with each breath. This is about 500ml
in an adult person. 51. Emphysema is pulmonary disease caused by
air pollutants. It causes break down of alveolar
38. Breathing is controlled by pneumotaxic and wall which reduces the surface area for
apneustic centres in pons varolii and expiratory gaseous exchange.
and inspiratory centres in medulla oblongata.
52. Emphysema is characterised by inflation of
39. Baroreceptors are sensitive to changes in alveoli which is mainly due to chronic
blood pressure. cigarette smoking.

54. Reduction in pH of blood favours the

40. Vital capacity = ERV + TV + IRV dissociation of oxyhemoglobin.
= 1000 + 500 + (2500 to 3000)
= (4500 to 5000) 55. Basal metabolic rate is inversely proportional
to the body size. Smaller animals have higher
44. Residual volume is the air that remains in the metabolic rate, thus have more energy and
lungs even after forceful expiration. The find it easier to run uphill.
residual volume prevents the collapsing of
alveoli after forceful expiration. 56. Botulism is caused by bacterium
Clostridium botulinum that produces
45. The air inspired or expired by a healthy man dangerous toxins (botulinum toxins) under
(tidal volume) is about 500mL. Since, a anaerobic conditions. Anthrax is a serious
healthy man breathes around 12-16 times per infectious disease caused by gram-positive,
minute, the amount of air inspired or expired rod-shaped bacteria known as Bacillus
per minute would be between 6000-10000 anthracis. Emphysema is a disease of lung
mL. that causes shortness of breath.

Evaluation Test

1. Carboxyhaemoglobin is a stable complex of 4. Tidal volume – 500 ml

carbon monoxide and haemoglobin.
Residual volume – 1500 ml
2. Total lung capacity is the sum of the vital Expiratory reserve volume – 1000–1100 ml
capacity and residual volume, i.e. Vital capacity – 3500–4500 ml
TLC = VC + RV = 4800 ml + 1200 ml
= 6000 ml 5. Due to direct chemical control on respiratory
centres, CO2 stimulates respiratory centres in
3. At high altitude, PO 2 of alveolar air falls CNS.
because of low O2 tension of tissues. So, O2 is
absorbed very quickly from alveoli, thus, 10. The partial pressure of O2 will fall drastically
increasing breathing rate. Heart beat also along with the fall in barometric pressure. So
increases to supply required amount of O2 to hypoxia will develop which causes increase in
tissues. the rate of respiration.

24
 Chapter 13: Human Respiration
11. The respiratory centres that control the
breathing mechanism are present in medulla
oblongata. These respiratory centres are
expiratory and inspiratory centres.
12. ‘COHb’ is a stable compound formed by the
combination of carbon monoxide and
haemoglobin. CO has more affinity than
oxygen.

13. During normal breathing, the respiratory

movement in 25 years old is about 12-18
times.

16. Epiglottis is the structure which prevents the

entry of food into the respiratory tract.

25
 Textbook
Chapter No.

01 Genetic Basis of Inheritance

Hints

24. Gene is a particular segment of DNA which is

Classical Thinking
responsible for the inheritance and expression
4. Morgan gave the function of chromosomes in of a particular character.
transmitting heredity. Johannsen coined the
25. The characters that Mendel chose for
term ‘gene’. Karl Correns explained
experiments were passed down to next
incomplete dominance.
generations. Mendel suggested that these
7. Theophrastus – Father of botany characters are governed by factors, which are
Stephen Hales – Father of physiology passed on to next generations. These
Aristotle – Father of biology hereditary factors are now known as genes.
15. Mendel published his findings in 1866 in the 28. Alleles, the abbreviated form of term
journal “Annual Proceedings of Natural allelomorphs indicates alternative forms of the
History Society”. same gene.
16. In the year 1900, Hugo De Vries, Karl Correns 30. Karyotype is the physical appearance of
and Erich Tschermark independently chromosomal set of an organism as seen in
rediscovered the research carried out by Mendel, metaphase. Morphology is the study of form
his experiments on heredity and variations and and structure of organisms without
laid the basis of modern genetics. consideration of function.
17. Sutton (1902) showed importance of reduction 31. Genotype designates the genetic makeup or
division and proposed chromosomal theory of genetic constitution of an organism.
heredity. Boveri (1888) described centriole.
Lederberg and Tatum discovered conjugation 33. Heterozygous is a condition, where one of the
in bacteria (1944). Morgan (1933) gave the genes of an allelic pair is dominant and the
function of chromosomes in transmission of other is recessive, i.e. heterozygous, it
heredity. indicates a pair of dissimilar alleles.

18. Mendel’s work was re-discovered by Hugo De 34. A polyploid organism has more than the
Vries (Holland), Correns (Germany) and normal diploid number of chromosomes. A
Tschermark (Austria). mutant is an organism which shows a sudden
genetic change due to a natural or induced
19. Mendel observed many variable characters in mutation. Variant is deviation in characters in
pea plant like short life span so that he could an individual from the group to which it
study more generations in a short duration. belongs or deviation in characters of the
Pea plant produced many seeds, so he could offspring from those of its parents.
grow thousands of pea plants. There were no
intermediate characters. Large flowers would 35. The 1st generation obtained from crossing two
help in easy hybridization. parents is called as first filial generation or F1
generation.
20. Lathyrus odoratus is sweet pea. Mangifera
indica is mango and Solanum tuberosum is 38. Punnett Square (British geneticist, R.C.
potato. Punnett, 1927) is a checkerboard used to show
the result of a cross between two organisms.
22. Out of the 7 pairs of characters, wrinkled or
round character was restricted to seeds and not 44. Pea flower shows diadelphous condition of
to the leaves. Mendel did not consider any leaf stamens, where stamens are arranged to form two
character. bundles of 9 fused stamens and 1 free stamen.
26
 Chapter 01 : Genetic Basis of Inheritance
48. Mendel thought that reappearance of dwarfness 76. Phenotypic Yellow Yellow Green Green
may be due to female dominance, i.e. tall plants ratio round wrinkled round wrinkled
were females and dwarf plants were male. So, 9 : 3 : 3 : 1
he performed the reciprocal cross. 77. Parent : Yellow Round  green wrinkled
54. Homozygous tall : TT YYRR yyrr
Homozygous dwarf : tt Gametes : YR yr
P generation : TT  tt
T t F1 generation : YyRr
Gametes :
Yellow round
F1 generation : Tt Selfing of F1 generation to get F2 generation.
(Heterozygous tall) F2 generation:
55. The dominant trait is expressed in F1 YR Yr yR yr
generation. YR YYRR YYRr YyRR YyRr
P generation : RR(Red)  rr (white) Yr YYRr YYrr YyRr Yyrr
R r yR YyRR YyRr yyRR yyRr
Gametes : yr YyRr Yyrr yyRr yyrr
F1 generation: Rr Phenotypic ratio:
(Heterozygous red flower)
Yellow Yellow Green Green
56. The three genotypes – TT (pure tall), round wrinkled round wrinkled
Tt (hybrid tall) and tt (dwarf). 9 : 3 : 3 : 1
Genotypic ratio:
57. Only one progeny will receive recessive trait
and therefore it is dwarf (tt). YYRR YYRr YyRR YyRr YYrr Yyrr yyRR yyRr yyrr
1 : 2 : 2 : 4 : 1 : 2 : 1 : 2 : 1
61. In some cases, there is incomplete dominance
85. When F1 hybrid is crossed with homozygous
or no dominance. Law of dominance could not
recessive parents, it is called a test cross.
support such cases. Hence, it is not universally
acceptable. 87. The cross between F1 hybrid (Aa) with
homozygous dominant (AA) is a back cross.
62. Mendel’s first law is the law of dominance.
Law of independent assortment is the third 91. The offsprings Rr are pink due to partial
law. Epistasis is a drawback in Mendel’s expression of both alleles, i.e. incomplete
studies, where intergenic suppression of dominance.
characters is observed.
92. P generation : RR (Red)  rr (white)
70. The two parental combinations were yellow
Gametes : R  r
round and green wrinkled. The two new
combinations were yellow wrinkled and green
round.
F1 generation : Rr (all pink)
73. In Mendel’s experiments of inheritance, the F2 generation:
progeny was systematically shown in the R r
checker board or Punnet’s square. R RR Rr
75. Parents : YYRR  yyrr (Red) (Pink)
r Rr rr
(yellow (green (Pink) (white)
round) wrinkled)
 1 Red : 2 Pink : 1 White
Gametes : YR yr
94. More than two alternative forms (alleles) of a
gene in a population occupying the same locus
F1 generation : YyRr on a chromosome or its homologue are known
(Yellow Round) as multiple alleles.
27
MHT-CET Triumph Biology (Hints)
95. vgni = Nicked wings 108. The phenotypes are
vgno = Notched wings - Pure black (negro)
vg = Vestigial wings - Black (less dark than negro parent)
- Lesser black or brown
96. The three alleles of ABO blood group – IA, IB
- Mulatto (intermediate – sanwla)
and i. In this, IA and IB are co-dominant.
- Fair
97. When a single gene controls two or more - Very fair
different traits, it is called pleiotropic genes and - Pure white (albino)
the inheritance is called pleiotropic inheritance.
109. The genotype of negro = AABBCC
98. Pleiotropy: Influencing more than one trait by The genotype of albino = aabbcc
a single gene.
Haemophilia: A metabolic disorder 110. Genetics is the branch of science that is
characterized by free bleeding from slight concerned or deals with the phenomenon of
wound due to lack of formation of clotting heredity and variation. Cytohistology is the
substances. It is sex-linked recessive gene. study of structure and life processes of cells
Sickle cell anaemia: It is a hereditary disease and their components along with cellular
caused by a recessive mutant gene that details of a tissue or organ. Embryology is the
controls haemoglobin structure, usually lethal study of development of embryo. Cytology is
in homozygotes. the study of cells.
Thalassemia: It is a group of hereditary 111. The peculiar characteristic of pea flower is
haemolytic anemia. papilionaceous corolla, i.e. butterfly like,
Colour blindness: It is a sex-linked disease. having five petals.
103. Parents : Red  White
Critical Thinking
kernels kernels
AABB aabb 1. Yellow round = 9
Gametes : AB
Yellow wrinkled = 3
ab
Green round = 3
Green wrinkled = 1
AaBb From above,
F1 generation : Intermediate red i. Yellow coloured seeds = 9 + 3 = 12
Selfing of F1 generation : AaBb  AaBb Green coloured seeds = 3 + 1 = 4
Gametes : AB Ab aB Ab  AB Ab aB ab  Yellow : Green = 12:4 = 3:1
F2 generation : ii. Similarly,
Round seeds = 9 + 3 = 12
AB Ab aB ab Wrinkled seeds = 3 + 1 = 4
AB AABB AABb AaBB AaBb  Round wrinkled = 12:4 = 3:1

Ab AABb AAbb AaBb Aabb 2. Alleles are various forms of a gene or

Mendelian factors, which occur on the same
aB AaBB AaBb aaBB aaBb locus on homologous chromosomes and
control the same trait (e.g. Tallness and
dwarfness in Pea).
ab AaBb Aabb aaBb aabb
4. When a gene expresses itself fully and codes
for a complete functional polypeptide
Darkest Medium Intermediate Light White irrespective of the presence or absence of a
Phenotypic Red red red red recessive gene, is called as a dominant gene.
ratio : 1 : 4 : 6 : 4 : 1
5. In F1 generation, only dominant characters are
106. Hugo De Vries and Karl Correns rediscovered expressed by dominant genes, whereas recessive
the Mendel’s work. genes and their expressions are suppressed.
107. Skin colour in humans is controlled by three 7. ‘Tt’ and ‘Rr’ are the two pairs of heterozygous
pairs of genes: Aa, Bb, Cc alleles.
28
 Chapter 01 : Genetic Basis of Inheritance
8. A pure line is the organism which is 22. When homozygous dominant parent (TT)
homozygous for a particular character. crossed with heterozygous parent (Tt), the
offspring produced is of same phenotype as
9. Mutants are organisms which are produced
that of parents.
due to mutations. F2 is the second filial
generation. P is parental generation. T T
T TT TT
12. Hybridisation is a process in which plants t Tt Tt
belonging to different species are artificially
cross pollinated. The important step in this is Hence, the percentage of offsprings with
emasculation, which means removal of anthers different phenotype is ‘0’.
or stamens before anthesis to prevent self 23. Plant heterozygous for tallness has two alleles,
pollination in bisexual flowers. one governing tallness and other governing
14. The character which is expressed in F1 dwarfness. This plant will produce two types
generation is dominant and the recessive of gametes during gamete formation because
character is suppressed in F1 generation. of segregation. The gametes produced are T
and t. Hence, the possibility of ‘t’ gamete
17. Rr  Rr 1
fertilizing either ‘T’ or ‘t’ is , i.e. 50 %.
R r 2
R RR Rr 24. The law of segregation states that when a
tall tall pair of allelomorphs is brought together in
r Rr rr the F1 hybrid they co-exist or remain
tall dwarf together in the hybrid without blending or in
any way contaminating each other and they
18. When a homozygous dominant (AA) is
separate completely and remain pure during
crossed with homozygous recessive (aa) in F1
the formation of gametes.
generation heterozygous dominant (Aa) is
obtained which does not resemble any of the 25. The four phenotypes: Tall round, Tall
parents genotypically. wrinkled, Dwarf round, Dwarf wrinkled.
26. Parents : TTYY  ttyy
19. The phenotypes obtained from growing 190
(Tall Yellow) (Dwarf green)
grains of Jowar are 140 tall and 50 dwarf.
This approximately equal to 3 : 1 ratio. Gametes : TY ty
Hence, this will be F2 generation and there F1 generation : TtYy
will be 3 genotypes and two phenotypes. The
genotypes will be homozygous tall,
heterozygous tall and homozygous dwarf, i.e. Gametes: TY ty
Ty tY
TT, Tt, tt respectively.
F2 generation:
20. In F2 generation, both the dominant and
TY Ty tY ty
recessive characters are expressed and hence
TY TTYY TTYy TtYY TtYy
it will show both the types of flowers.
Ty TTYy TTyy TtYy Ttyy
21. Axillary position (A) is dominant over tY TtYY TtYy ttYY ttYy
terminal (a) position. When Aa  Aa is ty TtYy Ttyy ttYy ttyy
crossed, we get 3 : 1 ratio, i.e. three axillary There is only one double recessive plant = ttyy
flower and one terminal.
Aa  Aa 27. The single homozygous plants are YYRr (2),
YyRR (2), Yyrr (2) and yyRr (2).
Gametes: A a A a 28. Phenotype of TtRr, TTRR and TtRR is Tall
Round, but phenotype of Ttrr is tall wrinkled.
A a
A AA Aa 29. The dihybrid phenotypic ratio is 9 : 3 : 3 : 1.
a Aa aa 9  Tall yellow 3  Tall green
3 Axillary : 1 terminal 3  Dwarf yellow 1  Dwarf green
29
MHT-CET Triumph Biology (Hints)
 If there are 36 tall and green plants there will 37. In AABBCC, there is no heterozygous allele.
be 36 dwarf yellow, 12 dwarf green and 108 So, only one type of gamete can be formed.
tall yellow plants. Thus the total number of
progeny will be 192. 39. Law of independent assortment can also be
stated as “If the inheritance of more than one
30. When a plant heterozygous for tallness and pair of characters (two pairs or more) is
yellow colour are selfed, they will produce F2 studied simultaneously, the factors or genes
generation with 16 different genotypes. Out of for each pair of characters assort
these, only one will be homozygous recessive independently of the other pairs”.
genotype. Hence, the ratio of pure In the example given above, the two
homozygous dwarf and green is 1 : 16. allelomorphic pairs for characters  blood
31. Parents : TTRR × ttrr group and colour of hair are taken into
 consideration, which can be expressed by Law
F1 generation : TtRr of Independent Assortment.
F2 generation : TtRr × TtRr
40. The law of independent assortment is
Gametes : TR Tr tR tr  applicable only for the traits which are located
on different chromosomes.
TR Tr tR tr
41. When F1 offsprings are crossed with recessive
TR Tr tR tr parent it is called as test cross and it produces
TR TTRR TTRr TtRR TtRr recessive and dominant in equal proportion and
Tr TTRr TTrr TtRr Ttrr hence used to distinguish between homozygous
tR TtRR TtRr ttRR ttRr or heterozygous dominant characters.
tr TtRr Ttrr ttRr ttrr
43. Parents: Tt  tt
 In F2 generation, TTrr is 1/16. Gametes : T t t t
32. Four double heterozygous individuals (AaBb)
are formed in a typical Mendelian dihybrid cross. T t
t Tt tt
33. When the F1 dihybrid is crossed with a
recessive plant, it is called dihybrid test cross. t Tt tt
Yellow Round Green Wrinkled Equal number of tall and dwarf plants are produced.
Parents: YyRr  yyrr
45. In Mendelian inheritance, the F2 offsprings are
obtained by self-pollination in the F1 hybrids.
Gametes : YR Yr yR yr  yr But, the F1 hybrids can be crossed with either
of the two parents. Such a cross between
YR Yr yR yr offspring and parents is known as back cross.
yr YyRr Yyrr yyRr yyrr
1 : 1 : 1 : 1 46. The genotype of pure inflated pod variety = II
Yellow Yellow Green Green The genotype of pure constricted pod variety = ii
Round Wrinkled round wrinkled The cross will be;
34. The ratio given is  9: 3: 3: 1 (56.25 : 18.75 : Parents : II  ii
18.75 : 6.25)
Gametes: I i
This ratio occurs due to the F1 hybrid which is
heterozygous for both the genes, i.e. TtRr. F1 generation : Ii
(F1 hybrid)
35. The eight gametes produced will be – ABC,
Ii  II
ABc, AbC, Abc, aBC, aBc, abC, abc
(F1 hybrid) (pure inflated)
36. A cross between yellow round and green Gametes: I i I I
wrinkled pure line plants, yields all yellow
round plants in F1 generation as this character
is dominant. No recessive character is
II II Ii Ii
expressed in F1 plants so, the number of
(All inflated pods)
yellow wrinkled plants produced is 0.

30
 Chapter 01 : Genetic Basis of Inheritance
47. The gametes produced by parents YyRr will 53. The homozygous and heterozygous genotypic
be YR, Yr, yR, yr. Hence, the percentage of condition for blood group A will be IAIA and
yr will be 25. IAi respectively.
48. This is a dihybrid test cross, so the tall pea 54. Three types of progenies which result from
plant with red flowers has to be TtRr, i.e. marriage between sickle-cell carriers are one
heterozygous. normal, two sickle-cell carriers and one sickle-
TtRr  ttrr cell anaemic. The one sickle-cell anaemic dies
(Tall Red) (dwarf white)
leaving behind one normal and two sickle-cell
Gametes: TR Tr tR tr  tr carriers. Hence, the ratio is 1 : 2.

TR Tr tR tr 56. The disease sickle-cell anaemia is caused by a

tr TtRr Ttrr ttRr ttrr gene HbS which is recessive. A marriage
between two carriers of sickle-cell anaemia
50. Parents: Red White (HbA HbS) will produce – normal children with
RR rr genotype (HbAHbA), sickle cell carriers with
genotype (HbAHbS) and sickle-cell anaemic
Gametes : R r with genotype HbSHbS. Sickle-cell anaemic
dies leaving behind carriers and normal. Thus,
F1 generation: Rr the gene for sickle-cell anaemia (recessive
(All pink) gene) is lethal in homozygous condition.
F2 generation:
57. Genotype of albino person is aabbcc (pure
R r white, melanin is not produced at all).
R RR Rr
(Red) (Pink) 58. Whenever any organism consisting of two
r Rr rr contrasting alleles of a gene or trait, the one
(Pink) (white) which expresses itself phenotypically is
Phenotypic ratio: Red : Pink : White known as dominant, whereas other allele or
trait which fails to express itself is recessive.
1 : 2 : 1
On the basis of his experiments, Mendel
Genotypic ratio: RR : Rr : rr
formulated this law of dominance when a
1 : 2 : 1
pair of contrasting characters was crossed.
51. Mirabilis jalapa (4 O’ clock plant) exhibits
Incomplete dominance. Both the genes of an 59. The ratio produced is 9 : 3 : 3 : 1 which is
allelomorphic pair, i.e. Red (R) and White (r) also called the “dihybrid” ratio. Therefore,
express themselves partially. Thus, the F1 hybrid the genotype of the parents should be RrTt.
is Pink flowered plant which is intermediate (i.e. heterozygous for both the genes.)
between the Red and White varieties.
52. RR (Red)  WW (White) Competitive Thinking
Gametes : R W 1. Heredity is the transmission of genetic
characters from parents to the offspring.
F1 generation: RW (Roan)
2. Law of dominance, law of segregation and
F2 generation: RW  RW law of independent assortment come under
R W Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
R RR RW 14. The homozygote is pure for the character and
(red) (roan) breeds true, i.e. it gives rise to offsprings
W RW WW having the same character on self-breeding.
(roan) (white) e.g. TT or tt.
Phenotypic ratio: 1 Red : 2 Roan : 1 White 15. Heterozygous is not pure and is called hybrid.
Genotypic ratio : RR : RW : WW Heterozygote does not breed true on self
1 : 2 : 1 fertilization. e.g. Tt.
31
MHT-CET Triumph Biology (Hints)
16. Recessive character will be expressed only in 28. In a dihybrid cross between YYRR (yellow
presence of recessive alleles. A dominant allele round) and yyrr (green wrinkled), the
will not allow the expression of a recessive phenotypic ratio of F2 generation is as follows:
allele.
Yellow : Yellow : Green : Green
18. Parents: RR  rr round wrinkled round wrinkled
(red) (white)
9 : 3 : 3 : 1
Gametes: R  r Thus, the ratio of recombinant offsprings is
F1 generation: Rr 6/16.
F2 generation: 29. Selfing of F1 generation:
R r RrYy × RrYy
R RR Rr
r Rr rr
RY rY Ry ry RY rY Ry ry
 3 red coloured (RR, Rr, Rr): 1 White coloured
(rr) F2 generation (Punnett square):
20. 1 : 2 : 1; one homozygous dominant, two RY rY Ry ry
heterozygous dominant and one homozygous RY RRYY RrYY RRYy RrYy
recessive. (Round (Round (Round (Round
Yellow) Yellow) Yellow) Yellow)
22. Tt  TT rY RrYY rrYY RrYy rrYy
(F1 hybrid) (homozygous dominant) (Round (Wrinkled (Round (Wrinkled
T T Yellow) Yellow) Yellow) Yellow)
Ry RRYy RrYy RRyy Rryy
T TT TT
(Round (Round (Round (Round
t Tt Tt Yellow) Yellow) Green) Green)
No recessive combination is obtained. ry RrYy rrYy Rryy rryy
23. Parents: RR  rr (Round (Wrinkled (Round (Wrinkled
Yellow) Yellow) Green) Green)
Gametes: R r
Yellow: 12; Green: 4
F1 generation: Rr Yellow : Green
12 : 4
F2 generation: Rr  Rr
3 : 1
R r
R RR Rr 32. Law of segregation is universally applicable.
r Rr rr 33. Genotype  AaBbcc
 Red : white = 3 : 1 No. of gametes produced = 2n (n = no. of
24. 50; because after selfing of Rr, 2 homozygous heterozygous alleles)
and 2 heterozygous individuals are formed in Here, n = 2 (Aa, Bb)
F2 generation.  No. of gametes produced = 22 = 4
R r (ABc, Abc, aBc, abc)
R RR Rr 34. RrYy is a dihybrid, so four types of gametes
r Rr rr are formed  RY, Ry, rY, ry
26. In a dihybrid cross between YYRR and yyrr, the 35. Different types of gametes formed by
genotypic ratio of F2 generation is as follows: genotype TtYy are TY, Ty, tY, ty
YYRR YYRr YyRR YyRr YYrr Yyrr yyRR yyRr yyrr 36. AABb × aaBb
1 : 2 : 2 : 4 : 1 : 2 : 1 : 2 : 1 AB Ab
Thus, ratio of individuals showing one aB AaBB AaBb
dominant and other recessive characters is ab AaBb Aabb
YYrr : Yyrr : yyRR : yyRr i.e. 1/16  AaBB : AaBb : Aabb : aabb
1 : 2 : 1 : 2 1 : 2 : 1 : 0

32
 Chapter 01 : Genetic Basis of Inheritance
41. Parents: TTAa  ttaa 54. The allele IA and IB produce a sugar and allele
Gametes: TA Ta ta
i does not produce any sugar.

F1 generation: Tt aa 55. The six genotypes are – IA IA or IAi, IBIB or IBi,

Tt Aa
Tall with IAIB, ii.
Tall with
axial flower terminal flower The four phenotypes are – A, B, AB, O.
45. Mirabilis jalapa shows incomplete dominance. 56. In Co-dominance, both alleles of a gene pair
in heterozygote are fully expressed, with
46.
neither one being dominant or recessive to the
Phenotype of Parents Red flower White flower other. Allele IA and IB when present together
Genotype RR rr in AB blood group, express their own type of

Gametes R r sugar on the surface of RBC. Thus, it is an
example of Co-dominance.
F1 Rr 58. When a single gene controls two (or more)
Pink flower different traits, the phenomenon is called
48. In codominance, both the genes of an pleiotropy.
allelomorphic pair express themselves equally
59. A marriage between two carriers of sickle cell
and independently in F1 hybrids. In co-
anaemia will produce normal, carrier and
dominance, the phenotypic and genotypic ratio
anaemic progeny in 1 : 2 : 1 ratio.
is identical, i.e. 1: 2 : 1
49. In Co-dominance, both the alleles of a gene 61. Human characters such as height, skin
pair in heterozygous condition are fully showing gradations (continous variations) in
expressed, with neither one being dominant or expression. These characters are determined
recessive to the other. by two or more gene pairs and they have
additive or cumulative effect. These genes are
50. Husband Wife called cumulative genes or polygenes or
I A IB  IA i multiple factors.
Gametes: I A
I B
IA i
62. Considering the three genes A, B and C that
offsprings: control skin colour;
IA i Genotype AABBCC has six dominant, genes
I A A
I I A A
I i thus giving the darkest skin colour and
‘A’ blood group ‘A’ blood group genotype aabbcc has no dominant genes thus
IB IA IB IB i giving the lightest skin colour.
‘AB’ blood group ‘B’ blood group 66. The F1 generation has mullatoes with 8 types
Thus, number of genotypes : 4 of gametes. The genetic combination is
number of phenotypes : 3 AaBbCc. As there are three pairs of
heterozygous alleles, it will form 8 types of
51.
gametes.
Possible genotype Possible
of man with blood genotype 67. Mendel enunciated three major principles of

group A of woman with inheritance, i.e. Law of dominance, law of
blood group B segregation and law of independent
assortment.
IA IA, IA IO  IB IB, IB IO
If the 69. P : AABBDDEE X aabbddee
genotype IA IO  IB IO 
is
F1 : AaBbDdEe
The possible blood groups can be A, B, AB Types of gametes formed = 2n
and O. (tetrahybrid) 24 = 2×2×2×2 = 16 gametes

33
MHT-CET Triumph Biology (Hints)

Evaluation Test

1. The four gametes produced by AaBb – AB,

Ab, aB, ab. Therefore percentage of ‘ab’
gamete produced by ‘AaBb’ parent will be
25% .

3. Dwarf plants of F2 generation of a monohybrid

cross are homozygous dwarf and hence form
pure line parents or breed true for dwarfness.

5. Parents: Tt  Tt
Gametes: T t T t

` T t
T TT Tt
t Tt tt

3/4th of the offsprings appear dominant

(TT, Tt, Tt)

6. In F2 generation, Mendel got tall and dwarf

plants in approximately 3:1 ratio (here ratio is
2.84:1)

10. Test cross is a back cross but back cross is not

necessarily a test cross.

11. In pea flower, the stamens and carpels are

enclosed in the innermost two petals that are
appressed together forming a boat-shaped
structure called Carina.

12. A dominant allele expresses itself in hybrids.

13. F2 progeny of monohybrid cross shows two

phenotypes and three genotypes, viz.
homozygous dominant, heterozygous
dominant and homozygous recessive. The
cross between F1 progeny obtained from
homozygous tall (TT) and homozygous dwarf
(tt) plant will yield (three types of genotypes)
homozygous tall (TT), heterozygous tall (Tt)
and homozygous dwarf (tt). The two
phenotypes will be tall and dwarf.

34
 Textbook
Chapter No.
Gene: Its nature, expression
02 and regulation
Hints

44. The successive nucleotides of the same strand

Classical Thinking are linked by 3 - 5 phosphodiester linkages,
i.e. phosphate attached to 5th carbon of a sugar
8. Meselson and Stahl proved that DNA
of nucleotide is joined to 3rd carbon of another.
replicates by semi conservative method.
Avery et. al. modified Griffith’s experiment of 45. In the DNA double helix, purines, i.e. Adenine
transformation and provided the first clear and Guanine and pyrimidines, i.e. Thymine
evidence that DNA is the genetic material and and Cytosine exist in base pairs. e.g. Adenine
is responsible for transformation in bacteria. always pairs with Thymine and Guanine
Zinder and Lederberg proved that transduction always pairs with Cytosine. [A = T], [C  G].
occurs with the help of viruses.
48. According to Chargaff’s rule, number of purine
11. The strongest evidence that DNA is a genetic bases is equal to number pyrimidine bases.
material comes from the transformation
experiment which indicates that DNA enters 49. Cytosine and guanine show complementary
the bacterial cells and not proteins. Thus, base pairing.
DNA is the genetic material. 50. At the 5 end, there is free phosphate group,
17. Recon is the smallest unit of DNA capable of while at the 3 end, there is free OH group.
undergoing crossing over and recombination. 52. In the helix of DNA, there are two types of
25. Chemically, cytosine, thymine and uracil are grooves, major or deep grooves and minor
pyrimidines, while adenine is a purine. grooves.

27. Purines (Adenine and guanine) are double ring 53. The diameter of the DNA double helix is 20 Å.
compounds. (It is also measured as 2 nm as 1nm = 10Å.)

28. Uracil is a pyrimidine absent in DNA and 58. Both DNA and RNA have similar purines, i.e.
present in RNA. adenine and guanine, but in RNA, the
pyrimidine, thymine is replaced by uracil.
29. Thymine, cytosine and uracil are monocyclic
bases. 60. The nucleotides present in the nucleoplasm in
the form of monophosphates are activated into
31. A pentose sugar when attached to the nitrogen triphosphates in the presence of phosphorylase.
base, either purine or a pyrimidine is called as
nucleoside. 64. DNA strands are separated by DNA unwinding
protein called helicase or rep protein.
32. Nucleoside = Pentose + Nitrogen base
Nucleotide = Pentose + Nitrogen base + Phosphate 66. To initiate the formation of a new strand on the
template strand, DNA polymerase needs presence
O of RNA primer (‘short RNA segment’).
33.
O  P  O  CH2 70. The DNA strand on which transcription occurs
(5)
O is the sense strand. The coding sequences on a
O N-Base (A/T/G/C)
mRNA strand are the exons and the non
(4) (1)
H H H coding sequences are the introns.
(3) (2)
H 71. Okazaki fragments are formed during
OH H
discontinuous replication. These small pieces of
34. In sugar molecule, nitrogen base is attached to 1st newly formed DNA are joined to each other by
carbon and phosphate is attached to 5th carbon. phosphodiester linkage by enzyme DNA ligase.

35
 Textbook
Chapter No.

13 Human Respiration
Hints

Classical Thinking Competitive Thinking

28. Although external nares seems to be 2. Earthworm respires but has no respiratory
anteriormost but it is not a part of nasal organs. Exchange of gases takes place through
chamber. moist skin.
62. Passive process is a process that occurs 3. Diaphragm has no role in respiration in frogs
without the input of energy. but in mammals, it increases the surface area
for respiration.
Critical Thinking
5. The pharynx provides passage to both air and
15. In man, the mid-ventral portion of the thyroid food.
cartilage forms a prominent protuberance 7. Vocal cords are present inside the larynx.
called Adam’s apple. These are two pairs of fold of mucous
49. Chlorophyll is a photosynthetic pigment membrane that extend into the lumen of the
present in leaves of the plant. Myoglobin is an larynx from the sides.
iron and oxygen binding protein found in the 10. Epiglottis serves to close the glottis during
muscle tissue of vertebrates. Insulin is a deglutition (swallowing), thereby preventing
hormone. entry of food into the respiratory tract.
55. Spirometry is the process of recording the
11. Each lung is enclosed in two membranous
changes in the volume movement of air in and
coverings called pleurae. The outer covering is
out of the lungs and the instrument used for
adhered to chest wall and diaphragm and is
the purpose is called spirometer or
called parietal pleura. The inner covering
respirometer.
membrane, which closely covers the lung, is
57. In carbon monoxide poisoning, the oxygen called visceral pleura.
combining capacity with haemoglobin
decreases, which results in oxygen starvation 17. In man, the left lungs has two lobes  superior
of tissues. lobe and inferior lobe, the right lungs has three
lobes  superior lobe, middle lobe and inferior
58. Asphyxia  a condition in which an extreme lobe.
decrease in the concentration of oxygen occurs
in the body cells. 18. ‘b’ is pleural membrane, it does not surround
ribs on both the sides. ‘d’ is diaphragm and
60. Hypoxia is a pathological condition in which not the lower end of lungs. Trachea is
the body or region of the body is deprived of supported by incomplete cartilaginous rings.
adequate oxygen supply.
Anoxia means a total decrease in the level of 20. During expiration, diaphragm relaxes and
oxygen. becomes dome–shaped thereby reducing
Hyperoxia is excess oxygen than normal intrathoracic volume to pass out the air from
partial pressure of oxygen. body.
65. Emphysema is caused as result of long term 24. One molecule of haemoglobin has 4 haem
irritation by air pollution, cigarette smoke or groups and each of them is capable of taking
industrial dust. Lungs become permanently up one molecule of O2.
inflated because the lung wall looses 25. pO2 in alveoli is 104 mmHg, while in
elasticity. oxygenated blood it is 95 mmHg.
23
 Chapter 02 : Gene: Its nature, expression
and regulation
190. Gene is defined as a segment of DNA which is 15. In 340 Å long DNA molecule, there are 100
made of polynucleotides. base pairs, hence 200 nucleotides and 198
195. According to Wobble hypothesis, in codon- phosphodiester bonds.
anticodon pairing the third base may not be 17. During DNA replication, the separated strands
complementary. The third base of the codon is are prevented from coiling by SSBP (Single
called wobble base and this position is called strand DNA binding protein) or helix
wobble position. destabilizing protein.
Critical Thinking 18. RNA primer is a small RNA molecule
synthesized by enzyme RNA primase.
3. Use of deoxyribonuclease (DNAase) enabled Synthesis of new complementary strand takes
Avery, Macleod and McCarty to prove that place with the help of RNA primer.
DNA is the transforming principle.
19. The enzyme DNA polymerase is strictly polar
5. Each strand has one free phosphate group on
5th carbon of the sugar molecule. This end of and works only in one direction, i.e. from 5 to 3
direction. Hence, production of new DNA
the strand is called as the 5 end. The other
strands is always complementary to the template
end of the strand has a free  OH group on 3rd
carbon of the sugar molecule. This is called as strand which begins at 3 end on the DNA
the 3 end of the strand. template and proceeds towards 5 direction.
6. Since, A pairs with T and G pairs with C 20. The DNA is polymerised in 5 to 3 direction,
A = T, G  C i.e. the enzyme “DNA polymerase” can only
Then, A G C T T C G A catalyze DNA synthesis in 5  3 direction
| | | | | | | | or it can add nucleotides only to the free 3
T C GAA G C T –OH terminal, thus only extending a pre-
9. The number of nucleotides will double as existing nucleotide sequence called “Primer”.
adenine will pair with thymine and cytosine 21. DNA synthesis occurs in 5 to 3 direction, i.e.
will pair with guanine. the phosphate group attached to C5 of incoming
10. There are in all 150 base pairs of which 60 nucleotide reacts with the hydroxyl group
base pairs are A = T. attached to C3 of the older nucleotide strand.
 there will be 90 G  C base pairs. 24. Synthesis of new strand is possible only in
There are 2 hydrogen bonds between A = T, 5  3 direction.
i.e. 120 bonds.
There are 3 hydrogen bonds between G  C, 27. In semi-conservative mode of replication, after
i.e. 270 bonds. replication, each DNA molecule has one old
 The 150 base pairs will have 390 hydrogen bonds. and one new strand.
11. According to Chargaff’s law, the amount of 30. Histones are protein, rich in basic amino acid
purine is equal to the amount of pyrimidine, residues such as lysines and arginines.
the ratio of purine : pyrimidine is 1 : 1. 31. 10bp = 34Å
If G = 10% then C = 10% (Because guanine 146 bp = ?
pairs with Cytosine) Therefore, 146 bp = 496 Å
As, A + G = T + C
32. The genetic RNA is found in retrovirus. e.g.
 A + (10%)G = T + (10%)C
TMV, Hepatitis virus, etc. whereas mRNA,
 (40%)A + (10%)G = (40%)T + (10%)C
tRNA and rRNA are nongenetic RNAs.
13. The length of one complete spiral DNA
35. The base composition of RNA does not agree
= 34Å. The length of DNA with 10 spirals
to the A + G = U + C, as it is found in DNA,
= 34  10 = 340 Å.
because RNA is single  stranded structure
14.  10 base pairs = one turn of DNA double helix consisting of a single polynucleotide chain.
 45 base pairs = ‘x’ turn of DNA double helix. 39. DHU arm has amino acyl binding loop,
45 middle arm has anticodon loop and TC arm
 x= turns of DNA double helix
10 has ribosomal binding loop.
37
MHT-CET Triumph Biology (Hints)
42. Transfer RNA is the smallest RNA having 56. Eukaryotic mRNA is monocistronic. It carries
molecular weight of about 25,000 to 30,000, triplet codons for synthesis of only one protein.
while the Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) has a
molecular weight between 40,000 to one lakh. 57. mRNA is formed in nucleus on DNA by
The highest molecular weight is that of DNA transcription.
which is about 1.2 million. 59. In presence of an enzyme aminoacyl tRNA
43. During protein synthesis, mRNA carries synthetase, the amino acid molecule is
message from DNA to ribosomes. rRNA activated with the help of ATP.
provides proper binding site for mRNA and
orients mRNA in such a way that all the 60. In the presence of an enzyme aminoacyl tRNA
codons are read properly. tRNA translates the synthetase, the amino acid molecule is activated
coded message of mRNA on the ribosome in and then each amino acid is attached to the
terms of amino acids. specific tRNA molecule at 3 CCA end to form
aminoacyl tRNA complex. The reaction needs
45. During protein synthesis, the sequence of ATP. This process is called charging of tRNA.
amino acids in polypeptide chain is
determined by sequence of nitrogenous bases 62. Codon of mRNA always base pairs with
in the polynucleotide chain of DNA anticodon of tRNA. The base pairing is
composing specific gene. complementary.
The initiation codon or start codon in mRNA
46. In the given example AUG  Methionine,
is 5 AUG 3, so the anticodon has to be
CAG  Glycine, AUA  Isoleucine, CGC 
Arginine are ‘commaless’ or without 3 UAC 5 which is present on tRNA.
punctuation. It is the characteristic of genetic 63. Energy in the form of ATP is required during
code. In this case, after one amino acid is coded, termination, amino acid activation and binding
the second amino acid will automatically be of aminoacyl tRNA to P site during translation
coded by the next three letters. except peptidyl transferase reaction, i.e.
48. According to the Wobble hypothesis, in elongation.
codon – anticodon pairing, the third base may
64. UAG, UAA, UGA are termination codons.
not be complementary. The third base of the
codon is wobble base and this position is 66. In order to increase the cellular efficiency of
called wobble position. protein synthesis, many ribosomes bind to the
49. A genetic code is said to be degenerate as a single mRNA strand and form the polypeptide chains
amino acid may be specified by many codon. for synthesis of protein molecule. Such a
structure with many ribosomes bound to
50. If 2 nitrogen bases had been used to represent mRNA is called polyribosome.
a single amino acid, it would have resulted in
42 = 16 codons. 67. One triplet codon codes for 1 amino acid.
There are 13 amino acids, therefore
51. In GCG , the base pairing is wrong as per the
CGA
13  3 = 39 and for termination, we have a
A = U, G  C base pairing rule. But according nonsense codon = 39 + 3 = 42 bases.
to the Wobble hypothesis, in codon-anticodon 68. During protein synthesis, the single stranded
pairing the third base may not be RNA serves as an intermediate between DNA
complementary. Thus, the Wobble hypothesis and polypeptide chain. This unidirectional
applies to option (B). flow of information from DNA  RNA 
53. During transcription, genetic information from protein is described as the ‘central dogma’ in
DNA is copied into RNA in the presence of molecular biology and therefore, DNA is not
enzyme DNA dependent RNA polymerase. directly involved in the synthesis of protein.
54. During replication, both DNA strands function 69. The ribonucleotide triphosphates get joined to
as template, but during transcription, only one the bases of the DNA template chain one by
of it functions as a template and is called as one by hydrogen bonding according to the base
anti sense strand. pairing rule of Watson and Crick.
38
 Chapter 02 : Gene: Its nature, expression
and regulation
70. Operon model consists of structural genes, 42. Okazaki segments are formed during
regulatory gene, promoter gene and operator semidiscontinuous replication. The Okazaki
gene. fragments are later joined together, forming a
continuous lagging strand.
76. Protein synthesis occurs on the ribosome. Hence
if it is removed, protein synthesis will stop. 57. The mRNA carries the message from DNA
about the sequence of particular amino acids to
77. An amino acid is coded by a triplet of nitrogen be joined to form a polypeptide hence it is
bases known as codon. necessary for protein synthesis.
 150  3 = 450
65. Anticodon are also called codon recognition
site. This site has three unjoined bases whose
Competitive Thinking sequence is complementary with a codon in
mRNA.
3. Griffith used bacterium Diplococcus 3
pneumoniae in the transformation experiment. 70. (tRNA)
U A C 5
12. DNA carries and transfers the genetic
5 3(mRNA)
information from one generation to another. AUG
22. The two strands (polynucleotide chains) of 72. Marshall Nirenberg, Heinrich Matthaei and Har
double helix are antiparallel and Gobind Khorana deciphered complete genetic
complementary. The sequence of nitrogenous code by using artificial mRNA templates and
bases in one strand determines the sequence of cell free system of protein synthesis.
nitrogenous bases in the other.
73. A single amino acid is specified by a sequence
27. A + G / T + C ratio is constant in DNA of of three nucleotides in mRNA called codon.
different species, but it is variable in Due to triplet nature, it consist of 64 codon.
organisms of different genus.
75. Triplet base on mRNA are coded by three
28. According to Chargaff’s rules, A + T  G + C. bases present on tRNA anticodon and
ultimately form amino acid by translation.
29. According to Chargaff's principle,
A = T and G = C 77. As the number of codons are 64 (among these
If C = 17%, then G = 17% 3 are termination codons) and number of
and A + T + G + C = 100% amino acids to be coded is 20, so more than
So, A = T = 33% one codons is available for a single amino acid.

30. According to Chargaff’s rule ; A = T ; C = G 81. Start codon or initiation codon on mRNA is
If the % of A = 20%, therefore T = 20% or, AUG, which is the first codon in the
A + T = 40%. Therefore, G + C = 60% and transcribed mRNA that undergoes
hence G = 30% translation.The anticodons on tRNA are
complementary to codons on mRNA. Thus,
32. Formation of new DNA from old DNA is the anticodon will be UAC.
called replication or multiplication of DNA. [A = U, U = A, C  G]
34. Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl first 83. The genetic code is universal, i.e. it is similar
shown semi-conservative DNA replication in in all the organisms from simple bacteria to
Escherichia coli. complex organisms.
36. New DNA strand is formed on 3 to 5 strand 87. mRNA has same nucleotide sequence as that
continuously in 5  3 direction. This strand of coding strand but thymine (T) is replaced
which is formed continuously is called leading by uracil (U) in mRNA.
strand.
88. The codon UGG present on the mRNA codes
40. DNA polymerase catalyzes polymerization, i.e. for amino acid tryptophan. The anticodon
addition of nucleotides to synthesizing strands. present on the tRNA, complementary to this
DNA ligase join the Okazaki fragments. sequence is ACC.
39
MHT-CET Triumph Biology (Hints)
93. The concept of Central Dogma was proposed 123. Nucleotides are the building blocks or
by Crick in 1958. monomeric units. Each nucleotide contains
Nitrogen bases (Purines and pyrimidines),
99. Exon is the active part of mRNA which codes
pentose sugar (5C) and phosphoric acid.
for the formation of specific protein.
124. DNA generally acts as template for the synthesis
100. Exons are coding sequences of a DNA which
of DNA (in replication) and RNA (in
are retained in mature mRNA whereas introns
transcription).
are removed during post-transcriptional
modification and do not appear in mature 126. The sequence of transcript (i.e., RNA
mRNA. transcribed) is same as the template strand
except in place of thymine it is uracil.
101. Introns are DNA sequences that do not appear
in mature or processed RNA. 127. Transcription is writing information from
DNA to mRNA, not from DNA to tRNA.
102. The eukaryotic cell, transcribes a precursor
RNA much longer than mRNA. This is called
138. Matthew Meselson and F. Stahl
heterogeneous nuclear RNA.
experimentally proved semi-conservative
105. Addition of adenylate residues to 3 end in a mode of DNA replication. Alfred Hershey and
template independent manner  Tailing Martha Chase (1952) used bacteriophages and
Methyl guanosine triphosphate is added to conducted a series of experiments to prove
5-end of hnRNA  capping. that DNA is the genetic material.
British genetists Alec Jeffreys discovered the
107. AUG only initiates protein synthesis. technique of DNA fingerprinting.
109. 999 bases = 333 codons 140. Prokaryotes(bacteria) do not have introns in
.... ( 3 bases = 1 codon) their mRNA. Thus, transformed bacteria
When 901th base gets deleted, the first 900 cannot process introns(non coding regions)
bases will not change. Thus, the unaltered present in the human gene and fail to produce
codons will be 300. the desired protein.
The number of codons getting altered due to 143. DNA of chloroplast is circular, closed, naked
the change in 99 bases will be 33. ring and is called as plastidome.
114. Regulator gene produces a repressor that binds Polyhedral bodies are present in several
to operator gene and stops the working of the autotrophic bacteria that assimilate inorganic
latter. carbon.Nucleosome is a structure formed by
119. The structural gene ‘z’ codes for β - wrapping negatively charged DNA around the
galactosidase, ‘y’ for permease and ‘a’ for octamer formed of positively charged histone
transacetylase. proteins.

Evaluation Test
Reverse Transcription
1. RNA DNA Similarly, C = 45, hence, G = 45 (since
number of cytosine = number of guanine).
6. At the 3 end of t-RNA, an unpaired CCA base Hence, number of nucleotides in DNA
sequence is present. It is called as amino acid segment = A+T+G+C= 25+25+45+45= 140.
attachment site.
17. Endonuclease enzyme cuts DNA at specific
7. Histones are absent in prokaryotes. sites. DNA polymerase helps in formation of
complementary strand and proof reading of
13. DNA contains only phosphorous (phosphate bases.
group) derived from phosphoric acid (H3PO4).
19. Release of polypeptide chain takes place
16. As, A = 25, hence, T = 25 (since number of during termination process.
adenine = number of thymine).
40
MHT-CET Triumph Biology (Hints)
28. CO2 is transported in the form of H2CO3 48. In asthma, the allergen reaction occurs in the
dissolved in plasma and NaHCO3 and KHCO3 bronchioles of the lungs. During this reaction,
as bicarbonates. mast cells release a substance which causes
muscular spasm.
34. 70% of CO2 is transported in the form of
bicarbonate ions due to the presence of 49. In asthma, allergic reactions swell up the
carbonic anhydrase enzyme inside the RBC. tissue surrounding the bronchiole of the lung,
causing difficulty in breathing. During allergic
37. Tidal volume is the volume of air inspired or response, mast cells secrete chemicals.
expired with each breath. This is about 500ml
in an adult person. 51. Emphysema is pulmonary disease caused by
air pollutants. It causes break down of alveolar
38. Breathing is controlled by pneumotaxic and wall which reduces the surface area for
apneustic centres in pons varolii and expiratory gaseous exchange.
and inspiratory centres in medulla oblongata.
52. Emphysema is characterised by inflation of
39. Baroreceptors are sensitive to changes in alveoli which is mainly due to chronic
blood pressure. cigarette smoking.

54. Reduction in pH of blood favours the

40. Vital capacity = ERV + TV + IRV dissociation of oxyhemoglobin.
= 1000 + 500 + (2500 to 3000)
= (4500 to 5000) 55. Basal metabolic rate is inversely proportional
to the body size. Smaller animals have higher
44. Residual volume is the air that remains in the metabolic rate, thus have more energy and
lungs even after forceful expiration. The find it easier to run uphill.
residual volume prevents the collapsing of
alveoli after forceful expiration. 56. Botulism is caused by bacterium
Clostridium botulinum that produces
45. The air inspired or expired by a healthy man dangerous toxins (botulinum toxins) under
(tidal volume) is about 500mL. Since, a anaerobic conditions. Anthrax is a serious
healthy man breathes around 12-16 times per infectious disease caused by gram-positive,
minute, the amount of air inspired or expired rod-shaped bacteria known as Bacillus
per minute would be between 6000-10000 anthracis. Emphysema is a disease of lung
mL. that causes shortness of breath.

Evaluation Test

1. Carboxyhaemoglobin is a stable complex of 4. Tidal volume – 500 ml

carbon monoxide and haemoglobin.
Residual volume – 1500 ml
2. Total lung capacity is the sum of the vital Expiratory reserve volume – 1000–1100 ml
capacity and residual volume, i.e. Vital capacity – 3500–4500 ml
TLC = VC + RV = 4800 ml + 1200 ml
= 6000 ml 5. Due to direct chemical control on respiratory
centres, CO2 stimulates respiratory centres in
3. At high altitude, PO 2 of alveolar air falls CNS.
because of low O2 tension of tissues. So, O2 is
absorbed very quickly from alveoli, thus, 10. The partial pressure of O2 will fall drastically
increasing breathing rate. Heart beat also along with the fall in barometric pressure. So
increases to supply required amount of O2 to hypoxia will develop which causes increase in
tissues. the rate of respiration.

24
 Chapter 13: Human Respiration
11. The respiratory centres that control the
breathing mechanism are present in medulla
oblongata. These respiratory centres are
expiratory and inspiratory centres.
12. ‘COHb’ is a stable compound formed by the
combination of carbon monoxide and
haemoglobin. CO has more affinity than
oxygen.

13. During normal breathing, the respiratory

movement in 25 years old is about 12-18
times.

16. Epiglottis is the structure which prevents the

entry of food into the respiratory tract.

25
 Textbook
Chapter No.

01 Genetic Basis of Inheritance

Hints

24. Gene is a particular segment of DNA which is

Classical Thinking
responsible for the inheritance and expression
4. Morgan gave the function of chromosomes in of a particular character.
transmitting heredity. Johannsen coined the
25. The characters that Mendel chose for
term ‘gene’. Karl Correns explained
experiments were passed down to next
incomplete dominance.
generations. Mendel suggested that these
7. Theophrastus – Father of botany characters are governed by factors, which are
Stephen Hales – Father of physiology passed on to next generations. These
Aristotle – Father of biology hereditary factors are now known as genes.
15. Mendel published his findings in 1866 in the 28. Alleles, the abbreviated form of term
journal “Annual Proceedings of Natural allelomorphs indicates alternative forms of the
History Society”. same gene.
16. In the year 1900, Hugo De Vries, Karl Correns 30. Karyotype is the physical appearance of
and Erich Tschermark independently chromosomal set of an organism as seen in
rediscovered the research carried out by Mendel, metaphase. Morphology is the study of form
his experiments on heredity and variations and and structure of organisms without
laid the basis of modern genetics. consideration of function.
17. Sutton (1902) showed importance of reduction 31. Genotype designates the genetic makeup or
division and proposed chromosomal theory of genetic constitution of an organism.
heredity. Boveri (1888) described centriole.
Lederberg and Tatum discovered conjugation 33. Heterozygous is a condition, where one of the
in bacteria (1944). Morgan (1933) gave the genes of an allelic pair is dominant and the
function of chromosomes in transmission of other is recessive, i.e. heterozygous, it
heredity. indicates a pair of dissimilar alleles.

18. Mendel’s work was re-discovered by Hugo De 34. A polyploid organism has more than the
Vries (Holland), Correns (Germany) and normal diploid number of chromosomes. A
Tschermark (Austria). mutant is an organism which shows a sudden
genetic change due to a natural or induced
19. Mendel observed many variable characters in mutation. Variant is deviation in characters in
pea plant like short life span so that he could an individual from the group to which it
study more generations in a short duration. belongs or deviation in characters of the
Pea plant produced many seeds, so he could offspring from those of its parents.
grow thousands of pea plants. There were no
intermediate characters. Large flowers would 35. The 1st generation obtained from crossing two
help in easy hybridization. parents is called as first filial generation or F1
generation.
20. Lathyrus odoratus is sweet pea. Mangifera
indica is mango and Solanum tuberosum is 38. Punnett Square (British geneticist, R.C.
potato. Punnett, 1927) is a checkerboard used to show
the result of a cross between two organisms.
22. Out of the 7 pairs of characters, wrinkled or
round character was restricted to seeds and not 44. Pea flower shows diadelphous condition of
to the leaves. Mendel did not consider any leaf stamens, where stamens are arranged to form two
character. bundles of 9 fused stamens and 1 free stamen.
26
MHT-CET Triumph Biology (Hints)
20. Agar melts on heating but solidifies at room
temperature So, it is used to prepare a solid Competitive Thinking
culture medium.
1. Germplasm collection is an entire collection of
22. The pH of the culture medium is 5-5.8 plants and seeds having all diverse alleles for
23. Organogenesis is formation of an organ such all genes in a particular crop.
as root, shoot, leaf, etc. from undifferentiated 4. Removal of stamens from a bisexual flower
tissue or ‘callus’. It is controlled by hormones before anthesis is called emasculation.
or phytohormones or plant growth regulators Emasculation is useful for preventing self
like auxins and cytokinins. Auxins induce root pollination in female parent which is
formation, while cytokinins induce shoot concerned with hybridisation.
formation.
19. Brassica – Pusa Gaurav – Aphids
24. The auxin : cytokinin ratio is manipulated in
Brassica – Pusa Swarnim – White rust
order to induce root or shoot growth as required.
Flat bean – Pusa Sem-2, Pusa Sem-3 –
26. Micropropagation is method of rapid Jassids, aphids and fruit borers
multiplication because through micropropagation
large number of genetically identical plants is 21. Tissue culture technique is based on totipotent
obtained within short period of time. nature of plant cell or phenomenon of totipotency,
i.e. each and every plant cell has inherent capacity
28. Apical meristems are used as explant to produce to develop into a complete plant.
disease free plant by tissue culture technique.
22. Micropropagation means rapid vegetative
29. Virus-free plants are obtained by shoot tips multiplication of valuable plant material for
(apical meristem) culture because they are free agriculture, horticulture and forestry.
from pathogens such as viruses. Propagation through tissue culture is called
micropropagation.
32. Pomato is formed by protoplast fusion of
potato and tomato. 32. Introduction, hybridization and mutations are
methods of plant breeding.
35. Totipotency is the principle by which tissue
culture is performed.

Evaluation Test

1. IR8 is an improved rice variety, while Rojo NSC : National Seed Corporation  The
64 A, Sonora64 and Kalyan Sona are quality of seed is certified by an
improved varieties of wheat. agency, i.e. NSC.
2. The explants in tissue culture method require IARI : Indian Agricultural Research
continuous supply of sugar, mineral salts, Institute  Many biofortified crops
have been developed by IARI.
providing macro and microelements for
IRRI : International Rice Research Institute
normal plant growth, a few vitamins, an amino
 IR-8 is a semidwarf variety of rice
acid glycine and auxin, cytokinin in varying
developed at IRRI.
ratio in the culture medium. Agar is a
solidifying agent which is not absolutely 9. Pusa shubhra is a variety of cauliflower for
essential for culturing tissues. disease Curl blight black rot.

6. ICAR : Indian Council for Agricultural

Research  Evaluation of newly
developed variety w.r.t. yield,
quality, etc is done at ICAR.

44
 Textbook
Chapter No.

05 Microbes In Human Welfare

Hints

Classical Thinking
Critical Thinking
10. Volvariella volvacea is a paddy straw mushroom. 1. Glutein is a stored protein of rice and other
21. Vitamin B and C are water soluble. cereal grains.
2. During kneading of dough, glucose is
42. Facultative anaerobic bacteria such as hydrolysed by yeast (S. cerevisiae) releasing
Clostridium and obligate anaerobes such as CO2 which makes the bread fluffy.
methanogens produce biogas.
3. Distillation is a process of purification which
45. Acidogenic bacteria convert the solubilised involves evaporation and subsequent
biomass (monomers) into organic acids such collection of a liquid by condensation. Whisky
as acetic acid. is obtained by fermenting mixed grains of
corn, wheat, barley, etc. The product of
54. The protozoan pesticide, Nosema locustae is fermentation is then distilled.
used against grasshoppers, caterpillars, corn-
9. During secondary treatment, the primary
borers and crickets.
effluent is constantly agitated in aeration tank.
58. Biofertilizers are environment friendly and This results into growth of aerobic microbes
enhance the soil fertility. which brings about the digestion of organic
matter in the effluent.
61. Free-living nitrogen fixing bacteria such as 12. Bioenergy is the energy obtained from the
Azotobacter and Azospirillum are used as biological sources. It is also defined as various
biofertilizers. forms of energy e.g. heat, fuel oil, biogas
(methane), etc. generated from the biomass by
62. Cyanobacteria are the autotrophic bluegreen
using simple or complex biotechnological
bacteria. Cyanobacteria are prokaryotic.
methods.
Nearly 2022 species of cyanobacteria
possess the nitrogenfixing ability. 15. Biogas contains about 70% methane and about
40% carbon dioxide.
65. Azolla is an aquatic fern, while others are 16. The hydrolytic bacteria (lytic bacteria) brings
Cyanobacteria. about anaerobic digestion of complex
67. Azolla is a small aquatic free-floating fern insoluble component into simpler components.
consisting of branched floating stem with 17. Proteolytic bacteria are not involved in biogas
deeply bilobed leaves and true roots. production. Hydrolytic and methanogenic are
first and third group of bacteria involved in
68. VAM is an association of intracellular fungi biogas production.
with the roots of higher plants.
18. The carbon dioxide gas which is produced,
69. VAM is a biofertilizer. facilitates the outflow of slurry.
21. Rhizobium forms symbiotic relationship with
71. Biogas contains about 50-80% methane, roots of leguminous plants. They bring about
15-45% CO2 and other gases in traces. nodule formation on the roots and multiply
73. Fungal hyphae penetrate into the host cells inside the root.
and form vesicles or finely branched 22. Rhizobium leguminosarum produce root
arbuscles, hence the name Vesicular nodules in pea plants.
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae.
45
MHT-CET Triumph Biology (Hints)
23. Heterocyst is the site of nitrogen fixation in and Sulphur bacteria, gases like CH4, H2S
Nostoc. Nitrogenase enzyme present in and CO2 are produced.
heterocyst fixes atmospheric nitrogen which
increases the soil fertility. 21. During sewage treatment, the biogas that is
produced in anaerobic sludge digester by
25. Rhizobium, Azotobacter and Bacillus are non - anaerobic bacteria, is a mixture of gases like
photosynthetic bacteria. Anabaena is a CH4, H2S and CO2.
cyanobacteria, i.e. blue-green algae.
22. The BOD of effluent decreases significantly
26. Anabaena is a cyanobacterium (bluegreen alga). after the secondary treatment.
It has the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen.
29. Conversion of organic acid into methane gas
Since Anabaena and Azolla are symbiotically
is brought about by the activity of
associated, it forms an excellent source of
methanogenic bacteria (anaerobes).
nitrogenous biofertilizer, especially for rice.
32. In biological control or modern agriculture,
28. Ectomycorrhizae have well-developed
microbes which can be predators are used
mycelium which forms mantle on the outside of
for controlling pests.
the roots. This increases the surface area of
roots and accelerates water and nutrient uptake. 34. Xanthomonas is a bacterial pathogen used as
a herbicide.
32. VAM or Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae
play an important role in phosphate nutrition 37. Rhizobia are the nitrogen fixing bacteria
of plants. VAM is an efficient biofertilizer which form symbiotic association with roots
of high agricultural value and a very good of leguminous plants.
supplement to the chemical fertilizers.
45. Nostoc/Anabaena are the nitrogen-fixing
cyanobacteria. They increase nitrogen
Competitive Thinking content of moist soil and water bodies,
which can be used in increasing paddy yield.
6. Vitamin B12 is produced by Pseudomonas
denitrificans. 49. Mycorrhiza forms symbiotic association
between fungi and roots of higher plants.
15. Clostridium butylicum is used in production of
butyric acid. 55. During waste water treatment, trickling
biofilter, is a biological reactor that operates
20. In anaerobic sludge digester, due to activity under aerobic conditions within the waste
of anaerobic bacteria like Methanomonas water treatment plant.

Evaluation Test

1. Vinegar (Acetic Acid) is produced by the

bacteria Acetobacter aceti.

2. Azotobacter is asymbiotic, free-living bacteria.

3. Rhizobium is a symbiotic, non-motile, gram

ve aerobic bacterium. It harbours inside the
roots of leguminous plants forming symbiotic
association.

4. VAM is an endomycorrhizae and shows

importance in phosphate nutrition.

6. Agrobacterium is a plant vector.

46
MHT-CET Triumph Biology (Hints)
 If there are 36 tall and green plants there will 37. In AABBCC, there is no heterozygous allele.
be 36 dwarf yellow, 12 dwarf green and 108 So, only one type of gamete can be formed.
tall yellow plants. Thus the total number of
progeny will be 192. 39. Law of independent assortment can also be
stated as “If the inheritance of more than one
30. When a plant heterozygous for tallness and pair of characters (two pairs or more) is
yellow colour are selfed, they will produce F2 studied simultaneously, the factors or genes
generation with 16 different genotypes. Out of for each pair of characters assort
these, only one will be homozygous recessive independently of the other pairs”.
genotype. Hence, the ratio of pure In the example given above, the two
homozygous dwarf and green is 1 : 16. allelomorphic pairs for characters  blood
31. Parents : TTRR × ttrr group and colour of hair are taken into
 consideration, which can be expressed by Law
F1 generation : TtRr of Independent Assortment.
F2 generation : TtRr × TtRr
40. The law of independent assortment is
Gametes : TR Tr tR tr  applicable only for the traits which are located
on different chromosomes.
TR Tr tR tr
41. When F1 offsprings are crossed with recessive
TR Tr tR tr parent it is called as test cross and it produces
TR TTRR TTRr TtRR TtRr recessive and dominant in equal proportion and
Tr TTRr TTrr TtRr Ttrr hence used to distinguish between homozygous
tR TtRR TtRr ttRR ttRr or heterozygous dominant characters.
tr TtRr Ttrr ttRr ttrr
43. Parents: Tt  tt
 In F2 generation, TTrr is 1/16. Gametes : T t t t
32. Four double heterozygous individuals (AaBb)
are formed in a typical Mendelian dihybrid cross. T t
t Tt tt
33. When the F1 dihybrid is crossed with a
recessive plant, it is called dihybrid test cross. t Tt tt
Yellow Round Green Wrinkled Equal number of tall and dwarf plants are produced.
Parents: YyRr  yyrr
45. In Mendelian inheritance, the F2 offsprings are
obtained by self-pollination in the F1 hybrids.
Gametes : YR Yr yR yr  yr But, the F1 hybrids can be crossed with either
of the two parents. Such a cross between
YR Yr yR yr offspring and parents is known as back cross.
yr YyRr Yyrr yyRr yyrr
1 : 1 : 1 : 1 46. The genotype of pure inflated pod variety = II
Yellow Yellow Green Green The genotype of pure constricted pod variety = ii
Round Wrinkled round wrinkled The cross will be;
34. The ratio given is  9: 3: 3: 1 (56.25 : 18.75 : Parents : II  ii
18.75 : 6.25)
Gametes: I i
This ratio occurs due to the F1 hybrid which is
heterozygous for both the genes, i.e. TtRr. F1 generation : Ii
(F1 hybrid)
35. The eight gametes produced will be – ABC,
Ii  II
ABc, AbC, Abc, aBC, aBc, abC, abc
(F1 hybrid) (pure inflated)
36. A cross between yellow round and green Gametes: I i I I
wrinkled pure line plants, yields all yellow
round plants in F1 generation as this character
is dominant. No recessive character is
II II Ii Ii
expressed in F1 plants so, the number of
(All inflated pods)
yellow wrinkled plants produced is 0.

30
MHT-CET Triumph Biology (Hints)
63. Calvin cycle begins with reaction of 3. Photosynthesis is an intracellular anabolic
atmospheric CO2 with a RuBP (5C) to form a process in which glucose is synthesized from
unstable compound (6C) which immediately CO2 and H2O in presence of sunlight.
splits up into two molecules of PGA (3C).
4. Because O2 is released during photosynthesis.
66. In Calvin cycle, a (5C) pentose sugar,
7. Van Neil observed that purple and green
Ribulose biphosphate (RuBP) acts as the first
sulphur bacteria use H2S and CO2 to
acceptor of CO2.
synthesize carbohydrates.
67. Addition of carbon dioxide is called 9. This reaction explains that NADP is the
carboxylation reaction and in first reaction of hydrogen acceptor in photolysis of water.
dark phase, CO2 is added to RuBP to form
unstable additive compound which forms 10. During photolysis of water, the proton is
phosphoglyceric acid. accepted by water molecule and then reduced
to NADPH2.
76. Glucose is a 6C compound. Sedoheptulose is
a 7C compound and xylulose is a 5C 11. Photolysis of water occurs during light
compound. reaction of photosynthesis. In this process,
water is oxidized in presence of light and
81. Plants like Maize, Amaranthus, Sugarcane chlorophyll. Hydrogen is removed from water
jowar are C4 plants. They show characteristic and oxygen is released as follows:
Kranz anatomy and the first stable product
light
formed is 4COAA. 4H2O  2H2O + 4H+ + 4e + O2
82. C4 cycle was discovered by Hatch and Slack in 12. Grana are connected with the help of tubular
1965 in sugarcane plant. connections called stroma lamellae or fret.
85. C4 plants typically show Kranz anatomy in 15. Chlorophyll is a photosynthetic pigment which
which leaves show dimorphism in anatomical absorbs light energy and converts it into
features. Mesophyll cells contain normal chemical energy.
chloroplasts, while the chloroplasts in bundle
18. Xanthophylls are yellow coloured carotenoid
sheath are larger and do not contain grana.
also called xanthols or carotenols.
90. In CAM plants, CO2 combines with PEPA to
19. The red, orange or yellow coloured leaves are
form 4-carbon compound called as oxalo
caused by light reflected from yellow orange
acetic acid.
coloured pigments called as carotenoids.
92. In CAM plants, stomata remain open during 20. The highest rate of photosynthesis in green
night time and oxalo acetic acid gets reduced plants takes place in red region of spectrum.
to malic acid.
21. Wavelength in red part of the spectrum is
93. In CAM plants, the acid concentration 650-760 nm.
increases during night and decreases during
the day. 22. The action spectrum of photosynthesis shows
highest peak in red region and smaller peak in
98. Though water is one of the raw materials for blue region.
photosynthesis, it doesn’t affect rate of
photosynthesis directly. 23. Carotenoids protect the essential pigment
chlorophyll-a, from photo-oxidation.

Critical Thinking 24. Chlorophyll-b and carotenoids are antenna

pigments which absorb light energy of
1. During photosynthesis, the volume of CO2 different wavelength and transfer it to the
absorbed and O2 released is equal and this was chlorophyll-a by resonance.
proved by Bossingault in 1864.
25. Antennae molecules absorb the radiant energy
2. Light energy
 (CH2O)n+ H2O + O2
CO2+ 2H2O  of the sun and transfer it to chlorophylla in
Chlorophyll higher plants.

48
 Chapter 06 : Photosynthesis
26. Chlorophylla is the reaction centre of 43. Dark reaction (reductive CO2 fixation) occurs
photochemical reaction and other pigments such in stroma of chloroplast. Dark reaction is purely
as xanthophylls, chlorophyllb, carotenes are the enzymatic and is independent of light. The
accessory pigments called as antennae molecules. conversion of CO2 to carbohydrate takes place
with the help of assimilatory power, i.e.
27. When chlorophyll-a absorbs light energy, it NADPH2 and ATP. The CO2 acceptor is a
gets excited and expells electrons. These
5C compound Ribulose biphosphate (RuBP).
electrons are taken up by electron carriers and
leaving the reaction centre ionized or 44. Starch is the detectable end product of
positively charged. photosynthesis because glucose is converted
30. Photophosphorylation means formation of and stored in the form of starch.
ATP molecules from ADP and H3PO4 in the 45. In all the autotrophic organisms, the C3 cycle
presence of light and chlorophyll-a during the or Calvin cycle appears to be the principle
photochemical phase of photosynthesis. CO2 fixation pathway. It is apparent that for
31. Cyclic photophosphorylation involves only the operation of this cycle, both energy and
ATP formation. The ATP molecules are reducing power are required. Hence, the
generated when the electron is transported overall equation for photosynthesis would be :
from ferredoxin to cytochrome b6 and from 6 CO2 + 18 ATP + 12 NADPH + 12 H+
cytochrome b6 to cytochrome f.  C6H12O6 + 18 ADP + 18 iP + 12
NADP + 6 H2O
32. a – Ferredoxin
b – Cytochrome b6 46. Calvin cycle is common to all green plants.
c  Plastocyanin The way in which CO2 is fixed, however
differs in C3, C4 and CAM plants.
33. In both cyclic and noncyclic
photophosphorylation, ATP formation takes 47. On a hot summer day, the stomata remain
place. Involvement of both PS  I and PS  II closed due to which less amount of CO2 is
pigment systems, release of O2 and formation taken in the cells. As less CO2 enters the plant
of NADPH takes place only in non-cyclic cell, the amount of O2 increases. Due to
phosphorylation. increased amount of O2, RuBP carboxylase is
converted to RuBP oxygenase which results in
36. Due to the movement of hydrogen ion from an
photorespiration.
area of higher proton concentration to an area
of lower proton concentration, a proton gradient 49. In C4 plants, malic acid formed during CO2
is created across the thylakoid membrane. This fixation in the early reactions of C4 pathway is
movement of protons generating energy is used transported to bundle sheath cells. The malic
for the synthesis of ATP. acid in the bundle sheath cells undergoes
38. NADPH2 provides the hydrogen and ATP de-carboxylation to form pyruvic acid which
supplies energy for reduction. then leads to formation of carbohydrates
NADPH2 + ATP is called assimilatory power. through Calvin cycle.

39. One molecule of C6H12O6 is produced from 50. In C3 plants, the substrate that accepts CO2 is
CO2 and RuBP during dark reaction and the Ribulose 1, 5  bisphosphate. Where as in C4
assimilatory power used up is 12 ATP and plants the substrate that accepts CO2 is
12 NADPH2. phosphoenol pyruvic acid.
41. Phosphoglyceric acid is reduced to 51. Sugarcane is a C4 plant. So, it will show Kranz
phosphoglyceraldehyde by NADP + H+. anatomy.
The enzyme phosphoglyceraldehyde
dehydrogenase supports this reaction. 52. Most of the C4 plants have a characteristic leaf
anatomy and dimorphic chloroplasts, i.e. of
42. 6 molecules of CO2 require 18 ATP and two types, chloroplasts in mesophyll cells are
12 NADPH2 molecules. Hence, a single smaller and possess grana, chloroplasts in
CO2 molecule will require 3 ATP and bundle sheath cells are larger and with very
2 NADPH2. less amount of grana.
49
MHT-CET Triumph Biology (Hints)

Evaluation Test

1. The four gametes produced by AaBb – AB,

Ab, aB, ab. Therefore percentage of ‘ab’
gamete produced by ‘AaBb’ parent will be
25% .

3. Dwarf plants of F2 generation of a monohybrid

cross are homozygous dwarf and hence form
pure line parents or breed true for dwarfness.

5. Parents: Tt  Tt
Gametes: T t T t

` T t
T TT Tt
t Tt tt

3/4th of the offsprings appear dominant

(TT, Tt, Tt)

6. In F2 generation, Mendel got tall and dwarf

plants in approximately 3:1 ratio (here ratio is
2.84:1)

10. Test cross is a back cross but back cross is not

necessarily a test cross.

11. In pea flower, the stamens and carpels are

enclosed in the innermost two petals that are
appressed together forming a boat-shaped
structure called Carina.

12. A dominant allele expresses itself in hybrids.

13. F2 progeny of monohybrid cross shows two

phenotypes and three genotypes, viz.
homozygous dominant, heterozygous
dominant and homozygous recessive. The
cross between F1 progeny obtained from
homozygous tall (TT) and homozygous dwarf
(tt) plant will yield (three types of genotypes)
homozygous tall (TT), heterozygous tall (Tt)
and homozygous dwarf (tt). The two
phenotypes will be tall and dwarf.

34
 Chapter 06 : Photosynthesis
8. CO2 is used and O2 is released in oxygenic. Because bacteria use H2S in place
photosynthesis and in respiration CO2 is of water as hydrogen donor.
released and O2 is used.
62. NADH is a product of respiration process,
9. Plants utilize CO2 in photosynthesis. while ATP, NADPH + H+ and oxygen are
16. Chlorophyll is essential for photosynthesis. products of light reaction.
17. The main function of chloroplast is 69. RuBisCO constitutes 16% of chloroplast protein. It
photosynthesis, in which radiant energy of sun is the most abundant protein on this planet.
is converted into chemical form of energy 70. Water, carbon dioxide, light and chlorophyll
(ATP), which is utilized by all living are required in the synthesis of carbohydrates.
organisms to perform their life activities. Nitrogen is not involved in the process of
18. According to Park and Biggins, photosynthetic photosynthesis.
pigments are located in the membranes of 80. Phosphoglyceraldehyde is a product of dark
thylakoids in specific areas called quantasomes. reaction which is formed when
20. Grana are the sites for light reaction of 1,3-diphosphoglyceric acid reacts with 12
photosynthesis and consist of photosynthetic molecules of NADPH2.
units ‘quantasomes’ (Found in surface of
thylakoids). 82. O2 + RuBP 
RuBP oxygenase
 phosphoglycolate

22. Chlorophyll-a is widely distributed in green 87. Phosphoenol pyruvic acid carboxylase fixes
plants and it is also called primary CO2 in sugarcane. Due to this, enzyme
photosynthetic pigment and universal PEP + CO2 is converted into oxaloacetic acid.
photosynthetic pigment. 90. CO2 fixation occurs twice in C4 plants (e.g
27. A chlorophyll molecule has a tadpole like Maize) i.e once in mesophyll cells by PEP
structure with a porphyrin head and phytol carboxylase and the second time in bundle
tail. The porphyrin head is made up of four sheath cells by RuBisCo.
pyrrole rings, which are linked by methine 93. Carboxylation takes place twice in C4 cycle.
(–CH =) groups forming a ring system. First carboxylation is done by phosphoenol
29. The chloroplast pigments are fat soluble and pyruvate and second, in bundle sheath cell, by
are located in the lipid part of the thylakoid Ribulose 1, 5 biphosphate.
membranes. 95. C4 plants can avoid photorespiration. Also, they
31. Maximum photosynthesis has been observed can tolerate high temperature. C4 plants show
in red light than in blue light. The green light high rate of photosynthesis and productivity.
has minimum effect. On the other hand, red
103. In CAM plants, there is no Kranz anatomy,
algae show maximum photosynthesis in green
but there occurs dark acidification, i.e. during
light.
night, malic acid is formed. This malic acid
38. When photon of light energy falls on a breaks up into CO2 and pyruvic acid in day
chlorophyll molecule, one of the electron pair time and CO2 released is utilized in C3 cycle.
from ground or singlet state passes into higher
energy level called excited singlet state. 111. Cytochromes are iron containing proteins
serving as electron carriers in respiration,
41. Arnon etal. (1954) demonstrated that isolated photosynthesis and other oxidative reduction
chloroplasts can produce ATP from ADP + iP reactions.
and they called this ATP production as
photophosphorylation. 112. ATP is formed during photophosphorylation
which moves in dark reaction and it is known
52. During cyclic photophosphorylation, as assimilatory power.
formation of ATP occurs in two steps:
ferredoxin → cytochrome b6 114. 12 NADPH2 are used to reduce 12 1,3 bi PGA
cytochrome b6 → cytochrome molecules in Calvin cycle.
59. O2 is not liberated in bacteria during process 115. C4 plants, due to double carboxylation can
of photosynthesis. Their photosynthesis is non utilize even relatively low CO2 concentration.

51
MHT-CET Triumph Biology (Hints)

Evaluation Test

1. 6CO2+12H2O 
Sunlight
Chlorophyll
 C6H12O6+6H2O+6O2
Glucose

2. PEP carboxylase is found in leaf mesophyll

cells of C4 plants. The mesophyll and bundle
sheath cells are in close contact with one
another and are connected by cytoplasmic
connections. There is an exchange of
metabolites between the two kinds of cells,
CO2 fixed in mesophyll cells by PEP
carboxylase is converted to malic acid, which
is then exported to the bundle sheath cells.
Here, malic acid is decarboxylated to produce
pyruvic acid and CO2. The pyruvic acid is
exported back to the mesophyll cells, where it
is converted to phosphoenolpyruvic acid, the
CO2 acceptor in the C4 pathway.

3. 6 CO2 and 6 molecules of RuBP combine to

form an unstable (6C) compound which
immediately splits into two molecules of
stable 3C compound, i.e. PGA.

4. Cyclic photophosphorylation produces only

ATP and not NADPH2.

5. In this process, water is oxidized in presence

of light and chlorophyll, hydrogen is removed
from water and oxygen is released.

6. Photosynthesis is a process in which

carbondioxide and water combine to form
carbohydrates in presence of light and oxygen
is evolved.

7. Blackman’s reaction is the dark reaction

taking place in stroma and is independent of
light.

11. Chlorophyll-a  C55H72O5N4Mg

Chlorophyll-b  C55H70O6N4Mg

15. ATP and NADPH2 together are called

‘Assimilatory power’ as they are required for
assimilation of CO2.

17. Hill’s reaction  Light dependent reaction

Calvin’s cycle  Dark reaction

52
 Textbook
Chapter No.

07 Respiration
Hints

48. All the reactions in EMP pathway take place

Classical Thinking in cell cytoplasm.
2. Chlorophyll, light and CO2 are the 52. Pyruvic acid undergoes decarboxylation
requirements of photosynthesis, while O2 is a (removal of CO2) and then oxidation by
byproduct. All living organisms use oxygen removal of H2.
for the process of respiration.
54. The released hydrogen during oxidation of
9. Oxidative phosphorylation is nothing but pyruvic acid is accepted by NAD+ which is
synthesis of ATP during respiration. reduced to NADH2.
10. The Krebs cycle of respiration takes place in
60. Sir Hans Krebs in 1937 discovered various
the matrix of mitochondria.
reactions in TCA cycle. He was awarded
14. F1 particles or oxysomes are present on cristae Nobel prize in Biochemistry in 1953.
or the inner membrane of mitochondria.
63. Aconitase catalyses the conversion of citric
16. Oxysomes or elementary particles or F1 acid to iso-citric acid, via. aconitic acid in
particles are evenly distributed on the cristae of presence of Fe as an enzyme activator.
mitochondria. It contains enzymes necessary
for electron transport chain. They are also 65. Oxalo-succinic acid undergoes decarboxylation
known as subunits of Fernandez-Moran. in the presence of oxalo-succinate decarboxylase
to form -ketoglutarate.
18. C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
21. Glycolysis does not use molecular oxygen to 70. Succinyl-CoA undergoes hydration and
form pyruvic acid, hence it is the anaerobic phosphorylation in the presence of succinate
phase of respiration. Oxidation reaction proceeds thiokinase to form succinate. The energy
only in presence of O2, so it cannot be anaerobic. liberated during this reaction is used in the
Pyruvic acid formed during glycolysis enters formation of GTP from GDP.
Krebs cycle only in presence of O2. 72. FAD takes up the hydrogen ion (H+) and two
38. 2 NADH2 molecules are formed during electrons from succinic acid and gets reduced
oxidation and phosphorylation of 2 molecules to FADH2.
of PGAL to form 2 molecules of 1,3-diPGA. 73. Addition of one molecule of water (hydration)
41. During glycolysis, 2-PGA undergoes converts fumaric acid to malic acid.
dehydration with loss of two water molecules
in the presence of enolase and phosphoenol 75. Malate is dehydrogenated or oxidised through
pyruvic acid (PEPA) is formed. the agency of malate dehydrogenase to
produce oxalo-acetate.
43. Phosphoenol pyruvate + ADP + H2O
Pyruvate kinase 76. In the final step of TCA cycle, malic acid is
  Pyruvate + ATP
oxidized by removal of hydrogen to 4C
44. ATP is used in the initial phosphorylation of oxalo-acetic acid. The hydrogen is taken up by
glucose and fructose-6-phosphate. NAD and NADH2 is formed.
46. Glycolysis is an anaerobic respiration as it is 78. During various steps of the Krebs cycle,
independent of oxygen. During oxidative oxidation of substrates takes place by the
phase of glycolysis 4 ATP molecules are removal of hydrogen from the substrate. It is
formed while during preparatory phase 2 ATP accepted at each step by coenzyme such as
molecules are utilized. Thus, in anaerobic NAD or FAD to form reduced NADH2 or
respiration total 2 ATP molecules are formed. FADH2
53
MHT-CET Triumph Biology (Hints)
79. 6 molecules of NADH2 is formed when 2 101. NAD and FAD are hydrogen acceptors.
molecules of acetyl-CoA undergoes oxidation Cytochromes are electron acceptors. These are
through Krebs cycle. classified into several groups e.g. cytochrome
a3, a, b, c, c1 etc.
84. The 4 dehydrogenation reactions are as
follows; 102. The oxygen (final acceptor) reacts with the
Iso  citrate proton (H+) to form water molecule.
i. Iso-citrate + NAD 
 dehydrogenase
Mn 2
105. In respiratory chain, the NADH2 undergoes
Oxalo-succinate +NADH2 oxidation and NAD is formed.
ii. ii. -Ketoglutarate + NAD + CoA 108. Various electron carriers are arranged on the
 ketoglutarate

dehydrogenase
 Succinyl-CoA+ NADH2+ CO2 body of the oxysomes in the order of their
decreasing energy level in electron transport
Succinate
iii. iii. Succinate + FAD 
dehydrogenase
 system.
Fumarate + FADH2 112. ATPs produced through electron transport
Malate system are 34.
iv. iv. Malate + NAD 
dehydrogenase

117. Pyruvic acid under anaerobic fermentation in
Oxalo-acetate + NADH2
the presence of enzyme pyruvate
85. The three CO2 molecules produced are decarboxylase and dehydrogenase forms
NAD NADH2 ethanol and CO2, whereas in the presence of
i. Pyruvate lactic acid bacteria forms lactic acid and in the
CO2 presence of acetogenic bacteria forms acetic
CoA Acetyl-CoA acid.
Oxalo succinate
 
Pyruvic acid  
Pyruvate decarboxylase
ii. Oxalo-succinate decarboxylase 120. I.
-ketoglutarate + CO2 Acetaldehyde + CO2

Acetaldehyde + NADH2  

dehydrogenase
iii -ketoglutarate + NAD + CoA II.
 ketoglutarate Ethyl alcohol + NAD
 
dehydrogenase
Succinyl-CoA
Breakdown of pyruvic acid to ethyl alcohol
+ NADH2 + CO2
takes place in two steps. In first step pyruvic
91. TCA cycle is called as ‘Amphibolic’ because acid breaks down to form acetaldehyde with
it has dual role, being catalytic (two carbon the help of enzyme pyruvate decarboxylase
compound acetyl-CoA produced from and in second step acetaldehyde combines
metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and with NADH2 with help of enzyme
proteins are oxidized to produce CO2, H2O dehydrogenase to form ethyl alcohol.
and ATP) and anabolic (intermediates are
utilized for synthesis of various compounds). 122. Pyruvate directly undergoes reduction using
NADH2 to produce lactic acid
92. When fats are the respiratory substrate, they
are first broken down into glycerol and fatty 123. For production of vitamins, aeration is
acids. required. Thus, aerobic micro-organisms are
used.
93. Oxidative phosphorylation is a process of
electron transport system. 124. Buchner (1897) found that crushed yeast cells
can ferment sugars and this conversion is
95. Free molecular oxygen is the final acceptor of brought about by enzyme zymase. Amylase
electrons in electron transport system. and diastase help in breaking starch. Protease
helps in breaking proteins.
100. Cytochromes are proteins in which iron is
present in a porphyrin ring. Because the iron 129. Respiration rate are high at growing regions
porphyrin complex is called heme, the like floral and vegetative bud, germinating
cytochromes are also called heme proteins. seedlings, young leaves, stem and root apices.
54
 Chapter 07 : Respiration
amount of CO 2 given out 10. 2ATPs are formed in conversion of 1,3-diPGA
134. Respiratory quotient is .
amount of O 2 used  3PGA and further 2ATPs are formed
during 2PEPA  Pyruvic acid.
135. C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
6CO 2 11. When 3-PGAL is oxidized during hydrolysis,
RQ = = 1.0 co-enzyme NAD takes up hydrogen and gets
6O 2
reduced to NADH2. Phosphoglyceraldehyde

3PGAL+H3PO4+NAD  
dehydrogenase
144. EMP pathway or glycolysis occurs in
cytoplasm, so it is also known as cytoplasmic 1,3-diPGA+NADH2
respiration. 13. The seven 3 carbon compounds formed during
glycolysis are:
Critical Thinking
 Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)
1. The stored food in the form of starch and  3-Phosphoglyceraldehyde (3-PGAL)
sugars is the source of energy in respiration.  1,3-Diphosphoglyceric acid (1,3-diPGA)
2. Respiration cannot be endothermic as energy  3-Phosphoglyceric acid (3PGA)
gis not absorbed and it cannot be anabolic as it  2-Phosphoglyceric acid (2PGA)
is a breakdown process. Respiration is an  Phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEPA)
intracellular process of oxidation  reduction  Pyruvate
reactions in which the complex organic food
materials are broken down in a step wise 14. Pyruvic acid is formed in the cytoplasm as a
manner to form simpler end products with the result of glycolysis and it enters the
release of energy and CO2. Respiration is thus mitochondrion where it is converted to acetyl-
an exergonic process. CoA which enters Krebs cycle.
NAD NADH2
3. AMP i.e. Adenosine monophosphate is a
compound having only one phosphate bond 15. Pyruvate Acetyl-CoA
between adenine and ribose.
Oxidation of NADH2 = 3 ATPs.
4. Energy released during respiration is in form
of ATP. In ATP, energy is stored in the form 16. 2 NADH2 are formed which will help in
of high energy phosphate bond. When high formation of 6 ATP molecules.
energy phosphate bond is broken, large
17. Pyruvate is converted to acetyl coenzyme – A
amount of energy is released.
in the perimitochondrial space. Acetyl CoA
5. The space enclosed by the inner membrane is then enters Krebs cycle which occurs in
called inner chamber and is filled with a matrix of mitochondrion.
colourless fluid called matrix which is rich in
enzymes and co-enzymes. 18. As the 1st organic acid i.e. citric acid has 3
carboxylic groups, Krebs cycle is also known
6. ATP is the energy currency of the cell. as Tricarboxylic Acid cycle or TCA cycle.
Breakdown of ATP produces energy which is
utilized for carrying out various metabolic 19. Each molecule of acetyl-CoA (2C) that enters
activities of the body. the Krebs cycle first combines with 4C
oxaloacetic acid to form a 6C citric acid. This
7. The process of respiration is completed in two is the first product of Krebs cycle.
phases. Reactions in phase I are called
glycolysis and are common to both the types 20. Ketoglutaric acid undergoes oxidation and
of respiration. Reactions in phase II depend decarboxylation to form 4C succinyl-CoA.
upon whether O2 is utilized or not. The reaction takes place in presence of CoA
8. Glycolysis is the first step in aerobic and NAD. Succinyl-CoA is then hydrolysed to
respiration where one glucose molecule is succinic acid. GTP reacts with ADP to form
converted into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid ATP and GDP is recovered. This is called
along with 2NADH2 and 2ATP. Acetylation substrate level phosphorylation.
of pyruvate occurs to form Acetyl CoA. 21. Succinic acid is oxidized to 4C fumaric acid in
Acetyl CoA then enters Krebs cycle which is presence of co-enzyme FAD which gets
the second phase of aerobic respiration. reduced to FADH2.
55
 Chapter 02 : Gene: Its nature, expression
and regulation
190. Gene is defined as a segment of DNA which is 15. In 340 Å long DNA molecule, there are 100
made of polynucleotides. base pairs, hence 200 nucleotides and 198
195. According to Wobble hypothesis, in codon- phosphodiester bonds.
anticodon pairing the third base may not be 17. During DNA replication, the separated strands
complementary. The third base of the codon is are prevented from coiling by SSBP (Single
called wobble base and this position is called strand DNA binding protein) or helix
wobble position. destabilizing protein.
Critical Thinking 18. RNA primer is a small RNA molecule
synthesized by enzyme RNA primase.
3. Use of deoxyribonuclease (DNAase) enabled Synthesis of new complementary strand takes
Avery, Macleod and McCarty to prove that place with the help of RNA primer.
DNA is the transforming principle.
19. The enzyme DNA polymerase is strictly polar
5. Each strand has one free phosphate group on
5th carbon of the sugar molecule. This end of and works only in one direction, i.e. from 5 to 3
direction. Hence, production of new DNA
the strand is called as the 5 end. The other
strands is always complementary to the template
end of the strand has a free  OH group on 3rd
carbon of the sugar molecule. This is called as strand which begins at 3 end on the DNA
the 3 end of the strand. template and proceeds towards 5 direction.
6. Since, A pairs with T and G pairs with C 20. The DNA is polymerised in 5 to 3 direction,
A = T, G  C i.e. the enzyme “DNA polymerase” can only
Then, A G C T T C G A catalyze DNA synthesis in 5  3 direction
| | | | | | | | or it can add nucleotides only to the free 3
T C GAA G C T –OH terminal, thus only extending a pre-
9. The number of nucleotides will double as existing nucleotide sequence called “Primer”.
adenine will pair with thymine and cytosine 21. DNA synthesis occurs in 5 to 3 direction, i.e.
will pair with guanine. the phosphate group attached to C5 of incoming
10. There are in all 150 base pairs of which 60 nucleotide reacts with the hydroxyl group
base pairs are A = T. attached to C3 of the older nucleotide strand.
 there will be 90 G  C base pairs. 24. Synthesis of new strand is possible only in
There are 2 hydrogen bonds between A = T, 5  3 direction.
i.e. 120 bonds.
There are 3 hydrogen bonds between G  C, 27. In semi-conservative mode of replication, after
i.e. 270 bonds. replication, each DNA molecule has one old
 The 150 base pairs will have 390 hydrogen bonds. and one new strand.
11. According to Chargaff’s law, the amount of 30. Histones are protein, rich in basic amino acid
purine is equal to the amount of pyrimidine, residues such as lysines and arginines.
the ratio of purine : pyrimidine is 1 : 1. 31. 10bp = 34Å
If G = 10% then C = 10% (Because guanine 146 bp = ?
pairs with Cytosine) Therefore, 146 bp = 496 Å
As, A + G = T + C
32. The genetic RNA is found in retrovirus. e.g.
 A + (10%)G = T + (10%)C
TMV, Hepatitis virus, etc. whereas mRNA,
 (40%)A + (10%)G = (40%)T + (10%)C
tRNA and rRNA are nongenetic RNAs.
13. The length of one complete spiral DNA
35. The base composition of RNA does not agree
= 34Å. The length of DNA with 10 spirals
to the A + G = U + C, as it is found in DNA,
= 34  10 = 340 Å.
because RNA is single  stranded structure
14.  10 base pairs = one turn of DNA double helix consisting of a single polynucleotide chain.
 45 base pairs = ‘x’ turn of DNA double helix. 39. DHU arm has amino acyl binding loop,
45 middle arm has anticodon loop and TC arm
 x= turns of DNA double helix
10 has ribosomal binding loop.
37
 Chapter 07 : Respiration
34. i. Pyruvic acid Acetyl-CoA electron transport system and get
oxidized. The hydrogen released from
CO2 oxidation of these molecules reacts with
Oxalo-succinic -Ketoglutaric atmospheric oxygen to form 12 water
ii.
acid acid molecules.
CO2 44. Ethyl alcohol
Glucose
Succinyl-CoA
CO2 2ADP + 2iP 2NAD
35. When one molecule of acetyl CoA undergoes
oxidation – 2ATP 2NADH2
a. 3 molecules of NADH2 are formed.
 Number of ATPs produced by 3 NADH2
= 9.
2 Pyruvic acid 2 Acetaldehyde
b. 1 molecule of FADH2 is formed.
 Number of ATPs produced by FADH2 CO2
= 2.
c. Number of ATP formed = 1. 46. From NADH2, no ATP molecules are
 Total number of ATPs produced = 9 + 2 produced in anaerobic reparation due to
+ 1 = 12. absence of ETS.
47. In yeast and certain bacteria, incomplete
36. In Aerobic respiration, glycolysis takes place
oxidation of organic compound takes place
in the cytoplasm and produces 2 ATP
molecules. during anaerobic respiration and it forms CO2.
Yeast
C6H12O6  2C2H5OH + 2CO2
37. Cytochrome are iron containing compounds.
When e are taken up by the cytochrome, 50. The similarity between aerobic and anaerobic
ferric compound gets reduced to ferrous and respiration is that both releases energy in the
as it gives the electrons to next cytochrome in form of ATP. In case of aerobic respiration
the chain it gets reoxidized to ferric. total 38 ATP are formed and in case of
anaerobic respiration 2 ATP are formed.
38. Respiration is biological oxidation which
takes place by removal of hydrogen from the 51. Anaerobic respiration involves complete
oxidising substrate and combines with oxygen breakdown of respiratory substrate.
to form water. 52. In alcoholic fermentation,
41. In ETS, the electron carriers are continuously C12H22O11 + H2O  C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
reduced and oxidized alternately. During Sucrose Glucose Fructose
terminal oxidation, oxygen finally accepts the 102CO2
electron and gets reduced to form water. This 54. RQ = = 0.7
is essential to oxidize NADH2 and FADH2 and 145O2
thereby regenerate NAD or FAD. 55. The value of RQ always depends upon
42. When one glucose molecule is completely chemical nature of substrate.
oxidized, 56. TCA cycle is completely an enzymatic
a. During glycolysis, 2 molecules of process. All the required enzymes are present
NADH2 is formed. in the matrix of mitochondria. During TCA
b. During acetylation, 2 molecules of cycle, biological energy in the form of ATP is
NADH2 are formed. obtained mainly through the formation of ATP
c. During Krebs cycle, 6 molecules of equivalents such as NADH2 and FADH2.
NADH2 and 2 molecules of FADH2 are
formed. 59. In presence of oxygen, glucose is oxidised
Total 10 molecules of NADH2 and 2 completely and gives 38 ATP while during
molecules of FADH2 are formed. These absence of oxygen it undergoes incomplete
NADH2 and FADH2 molecules enter oxidation and gives only 2 ATPs. Hence the
ratio is 19 : 1.
57
MHT-CET Triumph Biology (Hints)
60. Respiration coupled with photosynthesis helps 33. Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondrial
to maintain the balance between CO2 and O2 matrix. Cristae and F1 particles are the site of
in the atmosphere. ETS.
34. Pyruvic acid is converted into CO2 and H2O
Competitive Thinking through Krebs cycle.

2. Radiant energy of sun 

photosynthesis
 Potential 35. Krebs cycle of aerobic respiration takes place
in matrix of mitochondria.
/ chemical energy in food  kinetic
Respiration

energy / heat. 38. The first product of Krebs cycle is citric acid
6. The energy is usually released from ATP by which is tricarboxylic acid and hence this
hydrolysing the terminal phosphate groups. cycle is also known as citric acid cycle or
Tricarboxylic acid cycle.
8. Krebs cycle takes place in the matrix and ATP
formation takes place on oxysome of cristae in 43. Acetyl CoA combines with water and
mitochondria. oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid.

11. Oxysome acts as the unit of phosphorylation 55. Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in inner
in respiration by the formation of ATP from mitochondrial membrane.
ADP. These are present on cristae of
mitochondria. 63. NAD+ is one of the electron acceptors in
cellular respiration. It accepts electrons
13. Cellular respiration is an enzyme controlled released during glycolysis and TCA cycle.
process of biological oxidation of food
materials in living cell. 67. The oxidation of one NADH2 yields 3 ATP
and one FADH2 yields 2 ATP molecules.
14. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm and
does not use oxygen. 73. Fermentation of glucose by yeast gives ethyl
alcohol and carbon dioxide.
16. Conversion of Glucose into glucose
6-phosphate is first step of glycolysis. 75. In anaerobic respiration, O2 is not used but
CO2 is removed.
18. During, the breakdown of one molecule of
glucose (via. glycolysis), ATP is utilized in 78. Respiratory Quotient (R.Q.) in case of
the following steps: Proteins and Lipids is less than one.
i. Conversion of glucose to glucose-6-
phosphate Volume of CO2 evolved
79. R.Q =
ii. Conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to Volume of O2 consumed
fructose-1,6-bisphosphate In anaerobic respiration, CO2 is evolved but
O2 is not consumed, therefore R.Q is always
22. Magnesium ion is a common activator of
infinity.
respiratory enzymes.
27. Glycolysis can be summarised in the 89. Citric acid is the first metabolite of Krebs
following equation : cycle.
Glucose + 2NAD + 2ADP + 2iP
(6C) 90. ATP is not electron transferring molecule. It is
 2 pyruvic acid + 2NADH2 + 2ATP a energy storing molecule. So, it is called as
energy currency.
The end product of glycolysis is pyruvic
acid – CH3COCOOH. 91. The complete oxidation of glucose forms 10
28. Acetyl CoA produced in glycolysis enters in NADH2 and 2 FADH2.
Krebs cycle through various steps in 2NADH2 – Glycolysis; 2NADH2 
mitochondria. As a result of different reactions Acetylation; 6 NADH2  TCA cycle.
taking place in a cyclic manner, the complete
oxidation of acetyl CoA takes place.

58
 Chapter 07 : Respiration

Evaluation Test

 H2O
3. Citric acid   Cis-aconitic acid
(6C) (6C)

4. The intermediate products formed during

Kreb’s cycle are used in the synthesis of
organic compounds like proteins and fats.

5.
Substrate Respiratory Quotient
(R.Q.)
Carbohydrate 1
Fats <1
Organic acid >1

6. During glycolysis, DHAP(Diyhdroxyacetone

phosphate) undergoes isomerization reaction
to form 2 molecules of 3-PGAL.

8. Alcoholic fermentation is anaerobic

respiration.
C6H12O6  2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + 2ATP
Glucose Ethyl Carbon
alcohol dioxide

11. In TCA cycle, 2ATPs are generated.

13. Kreb’s cycle is a stage of aerobic respiration

which takes place in the matrix of the
mitochondria.

15.
Substrate Respiratory Quotient
Fats <1
Glucose 1
Organic acid >1

17. Glycolysis is an enzymatic breakdown of

hexose sugar (glucose) into two molecules of
Pyruvate (3C) in the cytoplasm.

18. The value of Respiratory Quotient (R.Q.) is

different for different substrates.

59
 Textbook
Chapter No.

08 Reproduction in Plants
Hints

Classical Thinking 62. When pollen grain comes in contact with

sugary stigmatic secretions, it absorbs the
10. Filaments of algae get broken into small secretion and the volume of the cytoplasm of
fragments and each fragment develops into pollen grain increases and creates a pressure
new individual. on the intine. Due to this, the intine of pollen
18. Albizzia is a non-fleshy root. grain comes out of the germ pore in the form
of a tube called pollen tube.
34. Androecium is the male reproductive whorl,
while gynoecium is the female reproductive 63. The haploid generative cell of a microspore or
whorl. pollen grain undergoes mitotic division to
form two haploid male gametes.
35. Anther produces pollen grains by process of
microsporogenesis. 76. Nucellus consists of many diploid parenchyma
cells.
36. Ovule produces megaspores by
megasporogenesis. 83. The mature embryo sac consists of an egg
apparatus at the micropylar end, antipodals at
37. Androecium is the male reproductive whorl the chalazal end and two polar nuclei which
consisting of stamens. Each stamen is made up form the secondary nucleus situated inside the
of a filament and anther. central cell.
44. Fibrous thickenings and hygroscopic nature of 84. The functional megaspore undergoes three
endothecium cells help in the dehiscence of successive mitotic divisions. Two nuclei
anther at maturity. formed after first mitotic division undergo two
45. One to three layers of parenchyma cells are successive divisions and results into four
present surrounding each pollen sac or nuclei at each pole and 8-nucleated structure is
microsporangium. They are called middle formed. One nucleus from each pole come to
layers. the centre and fuse with each other, thus 7-
celled structure.
47. Each microspore mother cell (2n) undergoes
meiosis to form four haploid microspores (n). 86. Outer integument forms the testa. Chalaza is a
basal region of the body of the ovule.
49. Each pollengrain is with double layered wall Perisperm is the remnant of the nucellus.
called sporoderm. Outer layer is called exine
and inner layer is intine. 89. The diploid megaspore mother cell undergoes
meiosis to form a tetrad of haploid
52. Pollen grains of monocots are uniporate, i.e. megaspores (n).
with single germ pore and triporate, i.e. with
three germ pores in dicots. 96. When pollen grains are transferred from the
anthers of one flower to the stigma of another
55. The development of male gametophyte is flower produced on a different plant having
endosporic, i.e. occurs within the microspore. dissimilar genetic makeup is called cross
pollination or allogamy.
60. The twocelled stage consists of a tube cell
and generative cell. 100. Insects, birds, bees and bats are biotic agents.
61. The fully mature 3celled gametophyte is 102. In hydrophilous plant, pollen grains and other
formed after pollination. It consists of two floral parts are unwettable, i.e coated with
male gametes and a tube nucleus. mucilage.
60
 Chapter 08 : Reproduction in Plants
107. The stigmas of anemophilous flowers are 10. During microsporogenesis (i.e. development
large, hairy, feathery to catch the pollen from of microspores or pollens), the nucleus of each
the air. microspore mother cell undergoes meiosis
giving rise to four haploid nuclei, these are the
108. Ceratophyllum is a hypohydrophilous plant. new microspores or pollens.
117. In Vallisneria, both male and female flowers 12. The germination of pollen tube takes place on
are submerged. At the time of maturity, the the stigma. When fertile pollens are lodged on
male flowers are detached from the male the receptive stigma, they germinate with the
inflorescence and begin to float on water help of stigmatic secretion. The pollen tube
surface. Female flowers have a coiled long emerges through a germ pore and grows down
pedicel which undergoes uncoiling, so that through the style to reach the ovary and
flower can reach the water surface. fertilize the egg.
123. Ornithophilous flower lack fragrance because 13. The meiosis produces the spores and mitosis
birds have poor sense of smell. produces male gametes.
141. In ex-albuminous seeds, endosperm is totally 15. The stigma is usually placed on the style.
consumed during embryo development, hence Sometimes if there is no style the stigma is
it is absent in ex-albuminous seeds. placed on the top of the ovary. This is termed
147. The oospore divides transversely to form as sessile stigma. The stigma top is usually
suspensor towards the micropyle end and rough, papillose or even hairy and somewhat
embryonal cell towards the interior of embryo sticky due to secretions. This is the receptive
sac. surface where the pollens alight and germinate.
16. 4 microspore mother cells will undergo
152. Pericarp is nothing but fruit wall which may or
meiosis to give 16 pollen grains.
may not be differentiated into epicarp,
mesocarp and endocarp. 17. Each microspore mother cells undergoes one
meiotic division. Hence, for 24 microspore
159. Along with binary fission and budding, the mother cell, 24 meiotic divisions are required.
other methods of asexual reproduction are
sporulation and fragmentation. 18. Each meiotic division produces 4 daughter
cells. Hence, 16 pollen mother cells are
160. Except angiosperms, all others are non required to produce 64 pollen grains.
flowering plants.
19. After meiosis, daughter cell receives half the
number of chromosomes as parent cell.
Critical Thinking
20. Pollen Mother Cells are diploid (2n). Pollen
2. Many roots can develop adventitious buds and grains (n) are the first male gametophytic
take part in vegetative propagation cells. Each PMC divides by meiosis to
e.g. Dahlia, Dalbergia. produce four pollen grains.
4. A stem tuber has many notches on its surface 22. The functional megaspore divides and forms
called ‘eyes’. Each eye is actually a node and eight nuclei which migrate towards the two
act as vegetative propagule. ends of the embryo sac. Three nuclei go to
chalazal end forming antipodals, three move
5. Part of the other plant inserted on the rooted to the micropylar end forming egg cell and
plant is called scion. synergids and two nuclei (polar nuclei) remain
6. The cambium plays important role in grafting. in the center to form secondary nucleus.
The cambia of both stock and scion fuse 23. The haploid polar nuclei fuse together to form
together and make the union of two plants diploid secondary nucleus
successful.
25. The female gamete, i.e. egg cell along with
9. A typical anther consists of four synergids and antipodal cells is present in
microsporangia (tetra sporangiate) and such embryo sac. Hence, it represents female
anther is called dithecous. gametophyte.
61
MHT-CET Triumph Biology (Hints)
27. Tapetum is a part of stamen, while the other 43. The ovule is enveloped by two integuments
three belong to carpel. which leave an opening at the terminal end of
nucellus. It is called micropyle. On reaching
28. One megaspore mother cell forms four the ovary, a pollen tube mostly enters in an
megaspores, three out of four megaspores ovule through micropyle.
degenerate and only one megaspore takes part
in the formation of female gametophyte. 44. The two nuclei of male gametes and three
Hence, it is called monosporic. nuclei of female gamete (2 nuclei of
secondary nucleus and one nucleus of egg
29. In a very young ovule, a single hypodermal cell) are involved in double fertilization.
cell is differentiated as the archesporium. This 45. Siphonogamy is the passage of gametes
archesporium cell becomes megaspore mother through pollen tube.
cell. The megaspore mother cell now
47. An endosperm is triploid, while megaspore
undergoes meiosis or reduction division and a
mother cell is diploid.
linear row of four haploid megaspore cells
Endosperm (3n) = 24
(linear tetrad) is formed. Of the linear tetrad of
megaspores, the lowermost cell enlarges and  n=8
becomes the functional megaspore, while the megaspore mother cell = 2n = 2  8 = 16
three on top degenerate. The functional 52. When seedless fruits (noble varieties) are
megaspore now develops into the female produced without fertilization the process is
gametophyte or the embryo sac. known as parthenocarpy.
30. As the synergids are haploid, they contain half 53. Bean is non-endospermic seed. Thus in bean,
the number of chromosomes than that of the food is stored in cotyledons.
parent. 55. Megaspore mother cell is diploid (2n) = 12
32. In self-pollination, the stigma is pollinated by  haploid (n) number will be 6
the pollen of the same flower, hence for self- Endosperm is a triploid (3n) tissue
pollination bisexual plants are important.  it will have 18 chromosomes.
Dicliny is unisexuality. Dichogamy is the
maturation of androecium and gynoecium at Competitive Thinking
different times. Dioecious plants are those in
which male and female plants are different. 4. Simple fleshy tuberous roots occur in Sweet
potato. Fasciculated fleshy roots occur in
33. Geitonogamy involves transfer of pollen Asparagus.
grains from one flower to the stigma of 6. Oxalis propagates by means of runner.
another flower of the same plant and hence
8. In Bryophyllum, the new plants are formed
they are genetically similar.
from the leaves, when leaves get separated
36. Heterozygosity means genetic variability. In from the parent plant and falls on wet soil.
xenogamy, transfer of pollen grains takes 9. Foliar (on the leaf) adventitious buds are
place between flowers of different plant which formed at places other than nodes.
will produce flowers with different genetic
makeup, thus favouring heterozygosity. 12. A small shoot of plant with superior traits is
employed called graft or scion. The root
39. In entomophilous plants, pollen grains have system of another plant is allowed to remain
spiny or rough exine. intact called stock.
40. Herkogamy is a physical barrier which 22. In an anther, microspore tetrad is covered by
prevents self pollination. Heterostyly is the endothecium which shows characteristic
different length of styles. fibrous thickening of callose.

42. In Dioecious plants like papaya, male and 28. The cells between middle layer and
female flowers are produced on different microsporogenous cells develop into tapetum.
plants. Thus, it prevents autogamy as well as Tapetum plays an important role in pollen
geitonogamy. Papaya shows xenogamy (cross development by providing nutrition. It is a part
pollination). of anther wall.

62
 Chapter 08 : Reproduction in Plants
29. Microspore or pollen grain is initial cell of 82. In Salvia (Sage plant), a member of family
male gametophyte. Development of male Labiatae, pollination occurs by bees and there
gametophyte occurs within the microspore. is a special mechanism called ‘Turn pipe
mechanism’ or ‘Lever mechanism of
30. Meiosis occurs in pollen mother cells (2n) of pollination’.
anther to produce haploid pollen grains (n).
88. Geitonogamy occurs in the same plant but
34. Intine is a continuous layer made up of between different flowers and so may require
cellulose and pectin. The exine is a pollinators, but is genetically similar to
discontinuous layer with germ pores. autogamy.
36. Fibrous thickenings and hygroscopic nature of 89. Salvia is an entomophilous flower.
cells of endothecium help in dehiscence of
anther at maturity. 94. Gymnosperms, Bryophytes and Pteridophytes
show single fertilization.
44. A tetralocular anther consists of four pollen
chambers. 97. In mesogamy, pollen tube penetrates laterally
Since there are 1280 microspores in the through integuments (Cucurbita) and
anther, funiculus (e.g. Pistacia).
No. of microspores in each chamber 103. Egg is the part of embryo sac.
1280
104. In porogomy, filiform apparatus of synergids
= 4 = 320
secretes some chemotropically active
1 microspore mother cell (2n) undergoes
substances, which direct the pollen tube
meiosis to form four haploid microspores (n).
towards micropyle of ovule.
 No. of microspore mother cells (MMCs)
needed to produce 320 microspores 105. Filiform apparatus present in synergid cells
320
helps in guiding pollen tube into embryo sac.
= = 80
4 106. Syngamy is the fusion of one of the two male
 80 MMCs are present in each chamber. gametes with egg to produce diploid zygote
(oospore).
49. When the funicle lies parallel to the body of
the ovule and micropyle, the position of the 111. Syngamy is the fusion of first male gamete
body of the ovule is 180, hence the ovule is with egg. It results in formation diploid zygote
called anatropous. which develops to form embryo. Triple Fusion
is a fusion of second male gamete with
50. Synergids bear special cellular thickenings at secondary nucleus. It results in formation of
the micropylar tip called filiform apparatus triploid PEN (Primary Endosperm Nucleus)
which guides pollen tube into egg apparatus. which develops to form endosperm. Since both
male gametes participate in fertilization, it is
51. In orthotropous ovule or errect ovule, chalaza
called double fertilization.
lies above the funicle and attached at the
hilum. 114. Endosperm is triploid (3n).

61. After meiotic division, four haploid 118. Embryogeny is the development of mature
megaspores are formed. Only one megaspore embryo from zygote or oospore.
(haploid) divides mitotically to form embryo 121. Because maize and lily are angiosperm plants,
sac and the other three disappear or in which endosperm is formed by fusion of
disintegrate. one diploid polar nucleus and haploid male
gamete. Thus, this tissue is triploid.
69. Geitonogamy – pollination between two
flowers of same plant. 129. In apomixis, diploid egg cell is formed
without reduction division (meiosis) and it
73. Cleistogamous flowers are closed flowers in develops into an embryo without fertilization.
which only self pollination is possible.
132. Angiosperms (citrus) have two or more than
80. Feathery stigma is characteristic of wind two embryos in one seed. It is called
pollinated flowers. polyembryony.
63
MHT-CET Triumph Biology (Hints)

12. Plasmids are extrachromosomal covalently 45. The ‘Cry’ gene codes for Bt toxin.
closed, circular, double stranded molecules of
DNA present in most prokaryotes. Therefore, 49. One of the most interesting plasmids is the
it is used as a vector in genetic engineering. tumour-inducing (Ti) plasmid of
15. Plasmids are naturally found in bacteria, yeast Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Agrobacterium
and occasionally in plant and animal cells. tumefaciens is a causative agent of a common
plant disease termed ‘crown gall disease’.
16. Plasmid pBR 322 was one of the first widely
used cloning vectors. It contains both 52. Ti plasmids present in Agrobacterium
ampicillin and tetracycline resistance genes. tumefaciens is used as a vector for gene
18. Plasmid can clone only a small fragment of transfer in various plants.
DNA (0.5-8 kb). Other can clone large 53. GEAC - Genetic Engineering Approval Committee.
fragments of DNA eg. Cosmid (30 - 45 kb);
BAC (50 - 300 kb); YAC (1000 - 2500 kb) 58. Lerma Rojo and Sharbati Sonora are high
yielding varieties of wheat.
26. Restriction endonucleases cleaves DNA
double helix at specific point in such a way 59. Genetic engineering means manipulation of
that single stranded free ends project from genes and it depends upon recombinant DNA
each fragment of DNA double helix. technology.
27. DNA ligase is also called as molecular glue 60. Bt cotton is a transgenic plant, which have
because it is used to join inserted DNA with been genetically modified by incorporating
the plasmid vector. foreign and other specific genes through
recombinant DNA technology.
31. ‘R’ indicates the strain (RY 13) of the
bacterium E.coli. 66. Eco RV has restriction sequence –
35. PCR is a method for amplifying a specific piece Eco RV
of DNA molecule without the requirement for 5' – GAT ATC – 3'
time-consuming cloning procedures. 3' – CTA TAG – 5'
42. Bt cotton was produced by transgenic 69. Haemophilus influenzae: Hind III
technology in which ‘cry’ gene was introduced Escherichia coli: Eco R I
into cotton plant genome. This gene was Bacillus amyloliquefaciens: BamH I
obtained from Bacillus thuringiensis. Agrobacterium tumefaciens: Atu
43. Bt toxin gene is isolated from Bacillus
thuringiensis. This gene is cloned and
expressed in plants through plasmids.
Evaluation Test
2. The palindromes in DNA are base pair 9. Plasmid and bacteriophage are cloning vectors
sequences that are the same, when it is read used to transfer foreign DNA into the host
forward (left to right) or backward (right to cell.
left) from a central axis of symmetry. The
10. Electrophoresis is a technique of separation of
given sequences read the same in 5  3
charged molecules under the influence of an
direction and 3  5 direction.
electrical field through a matrix.
3. Restriction enzymes are widely found in DNA fragments generated by restriction
prokaryotes and provide protection to host cell endonuclease are separated by gel
by destroying foreign DNA that makes entry electrophoresis.
into it.
13. In PCR, Taq polymerase is used which is
5. Agarose is a polysaccharide extracted from obtained from Thermus aquaticus bacteria. It
sea weeds and is commonly used as matrix in is a relatively thermostable enzyme thus used
agarose gel electrophoresis. in PCR, as during this process, the step
7. Nucleases is a class of enzymes that cleaves involving denaturation of DNA strands
DNA. requires high temperature of about 94 C.
42
 Textbook
Chapter No.

09 Organisms and EnvironmentI

Hints

Classical Thinking
39. As maximum amount of carbon is found in
6. (A), (B) and (C) are natural ecosystems oceans, it is considered as the main reservoir
whereas (D) is an artificial ecosystem. of carbon.
8. Climate is an abiotic component, while other 41. Corals and algae encourage the reaction of
three are biotic components of ecosystem. precipitation of CO2 and build up the calcium
carbonate (limestone) reef.
10. The decomposers include bacteria,
actinomycetes and fungi. 45. Phosphorus never goes to atmosphere, it is
11. The decomposers such as bacteria, always part of an organism or dissolved in
actinomycetes and fungi decompose the dead water or in the form of rocks.
organic matter into simpler compounds and 71. In sanitary landfills, wastes are dumped in a
make it available in the environment. trench or depression after compaction and
18. The chlorophyll content is expressed as chl / g covered with soil everyday. It is used as a
dry wt / unit area and photosynthetic number is substitute for dumping grounds because on
expressed as CO2 fixed / g chl / hour. dumping grounds, waste is not burnt
completely and it serves as the breeding place
20. The amount of food energy not utilized by for rats and flies.
heterotrophs per unit area in a unit time is
referred to as net productivity. 72. Polyblend has been used in development of
roads in Bangalore.
22. Micro-organisms like fungi and bacteria are
decomposers. 76. The blanket of these gases (CH4, Nitrogen
oxides, CFC) in the atmosphere traps
28. Warm and moist conditions fasten the rate of
reflected infrared rays and produces heat on
decomposition.
the earth’s surface.
29. The pyramid of number in forest is erect or
79. CFCs increase the temperature by 20% and
upright as producers are maximum in number
methane increase the temperature by 15%.
and top consumers are least in number.
30. The concept of biomass refers to organism’s 80. Ozone formed in the stratosphere is
mass. Producers are always more in biomass considered as good ozone.
than herbivores and herbivores are more in 81. DNA and protein of living organisms absorb UV
biomass than carnivores. rays and its high energy breaks down the
31. Pyramid of biomass is inverted in sea chemical bonds within these molecules and
because biomass of fishes is more than that cause damage to skin cells causing skin cancer.
of phytoplanktons. High dose of UV rays cause inflammation of
cornea, called snow-blindness cataract.
34. Out of the total sunlight reaching the earth,
about 34% is reflected back, 10% is held by 98. Spatial pattern arises in the ecosystem with
ozone layer, water vapour and other respect to the space due to limiting factors
atmospheric gases. such as air, temperature and rainfall.
37. In the path of energy flow, first trophic level
is occupied by producers, second trophic Critical Thinking
level by herbivores, third trophic level by
consumers and fourth trophic level by top 2. Agriculture is a systematic process of growing
carnivores or tertiary consumers. plants which is produced by man.

65
MHT-CET Triumph Biology (Hints)
4. According to the pyramid of numbers, the number 19. Usable energy is ATP (Adenosine
of primary consumers are more than secondary triphosphate) in which phosphorus is present.
consumers. Primary consumers are prey to
secondary consumers. Similarly, secondary 20. Marine birds like guano play an unique role in
consumers are prey to the tertiary consumers the phosphorous cycle. These birds eat marine
which are more in number than tertiary consumers. fish, which is rich is phosphorous. Their
excreta called “guano deposits” contain high
5. Productivity is determined by biomass. level of phosphorous and thus marine birds
6. The pyramid of number and pyramid of return phosphorous from the ocean to the land.
biomass shows the relationship between 26. In collaboration with Bangalore city
producers, herbivores and carnivores at corporation and R.V. college of engineering
successive trophic level. A.Khan proved that, if polyblend is mixed
7. Pyramids of energy are most fundamental and with bitumen and is used to lay roads, the
they indicate overall nature of ecosystem and road life is increased.
it is a graphical representation of amount of 27. In green glass house, the glass panel lets the
energy trapped per unit time and area in light in for photosynthesis to take place but
different trophic levels of a food chain. does not allow heat to escape which helps the
9. The transfer of food energy from the green house to get warmed up.
producers through a series of organisms
29. When CFCs reach the stratosphere, UV rays
(herbivores  carnivores  decomposers)
act on CFCs and Cl atoms are released. These
with repeated eating and being eaten is known
chlorine atoms degrade the ozone.
as a food chain.
10. The food chain always begins from green 32. By the process of mineralization, inorganic
plants which synthesize organic food by nutrients are released into the environment,
photosynthesis using solar energy. thus helping in nutrient conservation.

12. All the green plants having chlorophyll are 33. Plants or producers are positioned at first
considered as primary producers because they trophic level. Organisms positioned at second
can synthesize food by trapping solar energy. trophic level (primary consumers), third
trophic level (secondary consumers) and
13. Lion is a top-level carnivore. fourth level (top carnivores) are dependent on
14. There are four trophic levels – Producers, producers. Thus if plants or producers die, all
Primary consumers, Secondary consumers and other organisms will also die.
Tertiary consumers. Producers are always
more in number than primary consumers and Competitive Thinking
this rule applies to all the trophic level. The
tertiary consumers are least in number. 5. Ecosystem is a structural and functional unit
15. As the energy moves from one trophical level of biosphere consisting of community of
to next, it goes on decreasing. living beings and their physical environment.
17. Carbon enters the biotic system through 9. Gross primary productivity is the total rate of
photosynthesis. In photosynthesis, green photosynthesis including the organic matter
plants utilize CO2 and incorporate the carbon used up in respiration.
of CO2 in Glucose. In respiration, burning of
11. Net primary productivity refers to the amount
biomass and fossil fuels release a lot of CO2.
of organic matter stored by the producers
Burning of fossil fuels adds 6×1012 kg of
(green plants) after meeting the loss by way of
carbon into atmosphere.
respiration.
18. Phosphorus is obtained from soil as
phosphate. Organic phosphorus circulates in 13. The rate of energy storage at consumer level is
nature from plants to animals. Phosphate is referred to as secondary productivity. Infact, it
released by decomposers (Phosphatising is the rate of re-synthesis of organic food by
bacteria) back to soil. the consumers.

66
 Chapter 09 : Organisms and Environment  I
14. Secondary productivity is biomass assimilated 47. The first biotic community which develops in
by consumers. The consumers use the food a bare area is called pioneer community. It has
material directly or indirectly from the producers very little diversity. This stage takes the
and simply convert it into different forms. longest time to change the environment for
invasion of the next community.
20. Fragmentation is the first step of
decomposition, which involves break down of 51. Secondary succession occurs on deforested
detritus into small fragments by detritivores site, as secondary succession follows primary
like earthworm. succession.

21. Three types of ecological pyramids are 52. Climax community is the stable, self
pyramid of number, pyramid of biomass and perpetuating and final biotic community that
pyramid of energy. develops at the end of biotic succession and is in
perfect harmony with the physical environment.
23. In an ecosystem, at each trophic level, only 54. Hydrarch succession is also known as hydrosere
10% energy is left. Thus, the amount of succession. It begins with small phytoplanktons
energy decreases and pyramid will be straight replaced by rooted submerged plants followed
and cannot be inverted in any condition. by submerged and free floating plants and then
24. The given data represents inverted pyramid of reed swamp stage , marsh meadow stage, scrubs
biomass which is generally found in aquatic and finally the trees.
ecosystem as the biomass of primary 59. Ozone formed in the lower atmosphere i.e
consumers is more than that of producers. troposphere is known as bad ozone as it is
harmful for plants and animals. Ozone formed
25. In any ecosystem, the basic or ultimate source
in the upper part of the atmosphere is i.e
of energy is sunlight.
stratosphere is known as good ozone.
29. Plants represent the first trophic level and the 60. UV rays act on chloroflurocarbons, causing
herbivores make the second trophic level. The release of Cl atoms which react with ozone.
carnivores constitute the third trophic level,
and large fish, man, etc. constitute the fourth 64. Due to depletion of stratospheric ozone, there
trophic level of an ecosystem. is increased risk of skin cancer, damage to
cornea, conjunctiva, etc. It damages the
31. Herbivores they depend upon producers for food. immune system as well.

35. Grass  Lamb 66. These gases cause global warming of

(Producer) (Primary consumer) atmosphere which is called ‘green house effect’
and these gases are called green house gases.
67. The recommended forest area is about 33% of
Tiger  Wolf the total land area.
(Tertiary consumer) (Secondary consumer)
69. Habitats of a large variety of organisms would
42. Phosphorus cycle is an example of be destroyed and food chains would be
sedimentary cycle having its main reservoir disturbed leading to population and ecological
not in atmosphere but in the form of rocks. imbalance.

44. In the phosphorus cycle, weathering makes 71. Slash and burn agriculture (commonly known as
phosphate available to the soil from where Jhum cultivation) was the main cause of
plants or producers get them first. deforestation in the north-eastern states of India.
72. Chipko movement is a movement initially
46. Newly exposed sea floor, igneous rocks, sand
meant for protecting trees, but now meant for
dunes, lava sediments or newly submerged
preservation of environment including habitat
areas are some of the examples of primary
and wildlife.
bare area. It is quite hostile to first life or
pioneer community. Primary succession takes 75. Reforestation is the restoration of a degraded
a very long time. forest.
67
MHT-CET Triumph Biology (Hints)
80. An ecosystem should always maintain a 88. Bioaccumulation (deposition of pesticides) is
balance, if primary consumers in an ecosystem seen as we move upwards in trophic
are absent, then producers will increase in level.Thus, in aquatic food chain it will be
number and will create overcrowding. It results more in seagull.
in competition and consequently number of
producers will decrease to near normal. 90. DDT and mercury are both pollutants that can
be biomagnified through the aquatic food
83. Pesticides occur in increasing concentration in chain and cause a decline in bird population
top members of the food chain. (tertiary consumers). SO2 and NO2 are air
pollutants.

Evaluation Test

1. Green plants (Producers)


Grasshopper (Herbivore)

Frog (Primary carnivore)

Snake (Secondary carnivore)

Hawk (Tertiary carnivore)

2. Lake is an example of natural ecosystem since

it operates under natural conditions without
any major interference of man.

6. The Montreal Protocol was a treaty signed in

1987 to control the emission of ozone
depleting substances, mainly CFCs.

7. The Chipko movement was initially meant for

protecting trees, but now meant for
preservation of environment.

8. Greenhouse gases are CH4, CO2, N2O and

CFCs.

9. At every trophic level in a food chain, only

10% of energy is available.
Grass  Insect  Frog  Snake
30 J 3J 0.3 J 0.03 J
So, energy available for Snake is 0.03 J.

11. Production and respiration rates of the

community and nutrient cycles are considered
as the function of the ecosystem.

12. The sequence given in Option (B) is an

example of Xerarch succession, while others
are examples of Hydrarch succession.

68
 Textbook
Chapter No.

10 Origin and Evolution of Life

Hints

Classical Thinking 92. In both the organisms, wings are useful in

flight, but they are structurally different.
27. Proteinoids aggregated into spherical colloidal
98. Molecular evidences also include presence of
droplets which were called microspheres.
endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies,
33. Organic evolution is a slow, gradual, mitochondria as cell organelles and
continuous and irreversible changes through similarities in proteins and genes in diverse
which the present day complex forms have organisms which proves common ancestry.
descended from their simple pre-existing 99. Saltation is a single step large mutation.
forms of the past.
102. Geological time scale is the tabulated form
40. Intra-specific struggle is observed between showing the sequence and duration of the eras
two cows or two horses for getting grass. and the periods with their dominant form of life
since the beginning of life on the earth. In the
47. Hugo de Vries proposed the “Mutation geological time scale, the duration of the earth’s
theory” by studying the plant called evening history has been divided into 6 palaeoarctic
primrose (Oenothera lamarkiana). geological time-spans called the eras which are
53. Population is considered as a unit of evolution  Azoic, Archaeozoic, Proterozoic, Palaeozoic,
because new species are evolved from Mesozoic and Cenozoic.
population and not from a single individual 103. Palaeocene, Miocene and Pliocene are epochs
of the tertiary period of cenozoic era, whereas
58. The homologous chromosomes exchange
triassic is a period of mesozoic era.
genetic material by the process of crossing
over which results into genetic recombination. 106. Thomas Huxley (1863) in his book “Man’s
Place in Nature” established the close
63. similarities among monkey, ape and man.
Organism Scientific name
108. The order Primates includes the Genus -
Silkworm Bombyx mori
Homo and species-sapiens.
Honey bees Apis dorsata
Frog Rana tigrina 109. The order Primates is divided into sub-orders:
Prosimii and Anthropoidae. The sub-order
67. The geographical isolation leads to Prosimii includes lemurs, lorises and tarsiers. The
progressive genetic divergence. The separated sub-order Anthropoidea includes Ceboidea (New
population develop distinct gene pool and they world monkeys), Cercopithecoidea (Old world
do not interbreed. monkeys) and Hominoidea (Apes and man).

76. An organism buried in the earth or rocks by 110. Sub-order Prosimii includes tree shrews,
natural causes in past geologic time is called tarsiers, lemurs and lorises.
as fossil. 113. Apes are included in two families. Pongidae
includes large size apes-chimpanzees, gorillas
84. Huxley called birds as glorified reptiles
and orangutans; Hylobatidae includes small
because birds have evolved from reptiles.
sized apes-gibbons.
87. The reptilian characters of Archaeopteryx also 114. Anthropoid means ‘man–like’. Apes are the
include abdominal ribs and hand limbs with closest kin of humans in size, form,
four digits terminating in clawed digits. physiology and behaviour.
69
MHT-CET Triumph Biology (Hints)
118. 166. About 50,000 years ago, people of essentially
New world Old world modern character, the so called CroMagnon,
Features abruptly replaced the European Neanderthals.
monkeys monkeys
Nose Flat Narrow They used sophisticated stone tools. They
Tail Long prehensile Short prehensile were expert hunters and knew the use of fire.
They had developed art and have left paintings
Location South and Tropical regions of
and carvings in the caves.
Central America Africa and Asia
Examples Squirrel Monkey, Baboons, 175. It was proposed in 1858 and published in 1859
Spider monkey Macaques, Langurs by Charles Darwin.

120. All Homo sapiens and others belonging to the 178. Vestigial organs are non-functional in the
genus Homo are placed in one family Hominidae. possessors, but were functional in the ancestors
and in related animals.
123. The other characters which show phylogenetic Tail bone or coccyx is a small triangular bone
relationship between apes and man are larger formed by fusion of 4 reduced caudal vertebrae,
head, molar teeth with five cusp, highly and it became vestigial due to bipedal gait and
developed facial musculature for expression sitting posture of man.
and the remarkable similarity in the DNA,
180. Apes and man have a common ancestry,
haemoglobin and albumin molecules.
Hominoidea.
129. Dryopithecus fossils were first discovered by L.S.B. 181. Baboon is a large long Arabian monkey, while
Leaky in 1930 from Lake Victoria of Africa. others are apes.
131. The earliest fossils of prehistoric man are 182. Neanderthal man was early man inhabiting
Ramapithecus and Shivapithecus found from the Southern Europe and Central Asia during the
late miocene of India. (Siwalik hills of Himalayas) late Pleistocene era, while Australopithecus
existed during Pliocene era. Zizanthropus (a
135. The first fossil Australopithecus africanus in
type of Australopithecine) is an extreme
the form of skull cap of a child (called Taung
primate found in Tanzania.
baby) was discovered in a lime quarry by
workers of Taung, South Africa.
Critical Thinking
137. Australopithecus lived in Africa between 4 1. Oparin Haldane theory explained the chemical
million years ago which was the end of evolution of life.
Pliocene period and the beginning of the
Pleistocene epoch. 2. The active element hydrogen at the time of
primitive earth combined with nitrogen,
142. The fossils of Homo habilis was discovered in oxygen and carbon to form ammonia, water
Olduvai George, Tanzania in Africa by Dr. and methane. These were the first chemicals
L.S.B. Leakey. formed on the earth.
144. Australopithecus gave rise to Homo habilis 4. According to the ‘Theory of Chemical
about two million years ago in Africa. They evolution’, the highly reactive free radicals –
were rough tool makers, and probably first CH and CH2 condensed to form a variety of
fossil forms of Homo. both saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.
145. The cranial capacity of Homo habilis was 8. Today, there is an enormous number and
about 650 cc – 800 cc diversity of living organisms. These are
explained in organic evolution. It is a gradual
152. Homo erectus was considered to be the first true process of change by which, different kinds of
species of man. The skull was rather massive organisms develop from a few simple forms of
and flat. Jaws jutted forward (prognathous). The life over a long period of time.
teeth and dental arcade were as in modern man.
10. The increase in the number of individuals, but
163. The cranial capacity of Neanderthal man was limited food and space leads to the competition
1450 cc. called struggle for existence.
70
 Chapter 10 : Origin and Evolution of Life
11. When an organism gets adapted to a new 27. Palaeozoic, Proterozoic and Mesozoic
environment, it produces variations for followed the Archaeozoic which is the oldest
existence. era of geological time scale.
12. The organisms provided with favourable 29. Africa is the home of numerous fossils of
variations succeed in the struggle for primitive man.
existence.
30. Order Primates has nails over the digits, thus
14. Because of the absence of knowledge about Homo sapiens (man), Orangutan (apes) and
genetics (Genetics as a subject was not still Macaque (a kind of monkey) are all primates.
taken with) how variations (observed and
appreciated) come about and how they improve 31. These animals have very elongated hind limbs
in quality and quantity through generations which have tarsals which are the ankle bones.
could not be explained. Other salient points in 33. The nearest relatives of man are apes. In tribe
Darwin’s theory are not disputed. catarrhina, the sequential placement of animal
16. Mutation is a sudden change in the structure of groups is old world monkeys
a gene changing the genotype of an organism. (Cercopithecidae), Apes (Simiidae) and
Mutations provide the raw material for organic Hominidae (Man). Apes thus come close to
evolution by which new species originate. man.

17. Mutations are characterized by the statements 36. The ancestry of man is arranged as follows :
made in (A), (B) and (C) but not made in (D), Ramapithecus  Australopithecus  Homo
since mutations, once occurred, pass on to habilis  Homo erectus  Modern man
next generations without undergoing again, Thus, earliest prehistoric man is
immediate mutational changes, i.e. mutations Ramapithecus.
breed true.
37. Australopithecus walked completely straight
18. Organic evolution provided the and had a distinct lumbar curve. Java Ape
palaeontological evidence which was the man, Peking man and CroMagnon were
result of genetic variations. found after Australopithecus.
19. The sum of genes of all the members of 38. Homo habilis lived in Tanzania, Africa. Thus,
population is known as gene pool. Homo erectus evolved from Homo habilis.
Combinations of all the gene pools of its
population constitute the gene pool of a 40. The scientific name of Apeman is
species. Australopithecus africanus, while others are
Homo heidelbergensis, Homo erectus
20. Once a species gets isolated or separated from pekinensis and Homo neanderthalensis
the old species, a new species develops. (Heidelberg man, Peking man and
21. Homologous structures refer to similar Neanderthal man respectively).
structures with dissimilar function, but with 41. The cranial capacity of Homo
similar origin and architecture, i.e. forelimb of neanderthalensis was about 1450 cc which is
higher vertebrate (a bird, a whale, a horse, a same as that of modern human.
monkey).
42. Homo erectus had heavy bony eye brow
22. The doctrine of organic evolution is supported ridges, whereas Cro-Magnon man had thin eye
by study of different branches of biology brow ridges. The cranial capacity of Homo
which provide evidences of anatomy and erectus was from 850 to 1200 cc and the
morphology, physiology and embryology, etc. cranial capacity of Cro-Magnon man was
24. In mesozoic era, the progressive reptiles about 1600 cc.
evolved.
43. Cro-Magnon man who neatly represents modern
25. Mesozoic era which started about 250 million man (Homo sapiens) in almost all respects
years ago is noted as the era of reptiles. Later, (physical, mental and social, etc.) and he was
about 200 million years ago, primitive and prevailing all over Europe and other places
earliest mammals emerged from reptilian stock. about 20,000 years ago.
71
MHT-CET Triumph Biology (Hints)
23. Heterocyst is the site of nitrogen fixation in and Sulphur bacteria, gases like CH4, H2S
Nostoc. Nitrogenase enzyme present in and CO2 are produced.
heterocyst fixes atmospheric nitrogen which
increases the soil fertility. 21. During sewage treatment, the biogas that is
produced in anaerobic sludge digester by
25. Rhizobium, Azotobacter and Bacillus are non - anaerobic bacteria, is a mixture of gases like
photosynthetic bacteria. Anabaena is a CH4, H2S and CO2.
cyanobacteria, i.e. blue-green algae.
22. The BOD of effluent decreases significantly
26. Anabaena is a cyanobacterium (bluegreen alga). after the secondary treatment.
It has the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen.
29. Conversion of organic acid into methane gas
Since Anabaena and Azolla are symbiotically
is brought about by the activity of
associated, it forms an excellent source of
methanogenic bacteria (anaerobes).
nitrogenous biofertilizer, especially for rice.
32. In biological control or modern agriculture,
28. Ectomycorrhizae have well-developed
microbes which can be predators are used
mycelium which forms mantle on the outside of
for controlling pests.
the roots. This increases the surface area of
roots and accelerates water and nutrient uptake. 34. Xanthomonas is a bacterial pathogen used as
a herbicide.
32. VAM or Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae
play an important role in phosphate nutrition 37. Rhizobia are the nitrogen fixing bacteria
of plants. VAM is an efficient biofertilizer which form symbiotic association with roots
of high agricultural value and a very good of leguminous plants.
supplement to the chemical fertilizers.
45. Nostoc/Anabaena are the nitrogen-fixing
cyanobacteria. They increase nitrogen
Competitive Thinking content of moist soil and water bodies,
which can be used in increasing paddy yield.
6. Vitamin B12 is produced by Pseudomonas
denitrificans. 49. Mycorrhiza forms symbiotic association
between fungi and roots of higher plants.
15. Clostridium butylicum is used in production of
butyric acid. 55. During waste water treatment, trickling
biofilter, is a biological reactor that operates
20. In anaerobic sludge digester, due to activity under aerobic conditions within the waste
of anaerobic bacteria like Methanomonas water treatment plant.

Evaluation Test

1. Vinegar (Acetic Acid) is produced by the

bacteria Acetobacter aceti.

2. Azotobacter is asymbiotic, free-living bacteria.

3. Rhizobium is a symbiotic, non-motile, gram

ve aerobic bacterium. It harbours inside the
roots of leguminous plants forming symbiotic
association.

4. VAM is an endomycorrhizae and shows

importance in phosphate nutrition.

6. Agrobacterium is a plant vector.

46
 Chapter 10 : Origin and Evolution of Life
67. 81. Sympatric speciation occurs within the same
geographical area when two species occupy
Human ancestors Cranial capacity
different ethological or ecological niche and
Neanderthal man 1450 cc are reproductively isolated by the
Cro-magnon man 1600 cc development of biological isolating barriers.
72. The first chemicals formed during prebiotic Allopatric speciation occurs when the original
environment of the earth were CH4, NH3, H2O. population becomes separated spatially
because of geographical barriers.
73. Darwin’s finches is a classical example of
geographical isolation. Darwin’s finches Phyletic speciation is a model of evolution
living on Galapagos islands differ not only that is uniform and gradual, occurring over a
among themselves but also from mainland long period of time.
finches in size, colour, beak and food habits.

Evaluation Test

1. The spark discharge glass apparatus was

8. Most of the ape fossils of human evolutionary
designed by Miller and Urey to show that
line have been excavated from African rocks.
simple organic compounds could be formed in
nature from the inorganic molecules. 14. The condition in which members of the same
species fail to interbreed is called geographical
2. Nature selects the organisms which are
isolation.
provided with favourable variations and those
are fit to survive. This is called as ‘Natural 15. The organs of the body which are non-
selection’ or ‘Survival of the fittest’. functional to the possessor but were functional
in ancestor and are also functional in related
3. Upto 1845, in England, the species Biston
animals are called vestigeal organs.
betularia was a light coloured moth. However,
after industrial revolution, more and more
black peppered moths were observed and by
1895, they comprised 99% of the moth
population.
4. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium principle states
gene (allele or genotype) frequencies remain
same from generation to generation, thus
maintaining the genetic equilibrium unless
disturbed by factors like mutation, non-
random mating, etc.
5. Darwin observed many varieties of finches (a
group of small-sized and black coloured
passerine birds) on Galapagos Islands.
Many varieties of these birds were found on
same island with alteration in beaks, some
insectivorous and some vegetarians.
They radiated to different geographical areas.
They have undergone adaptive radiation
especially in their type of beak.
6. Darwin gave Natural selection theory, Hugo
de Vries proposed mutation theory of
evolution, Lamarck proposed theory of
inheritance of acquired characters and Huxley
said that the birds are glorified reptiles.

73
 Textbook
Chapter No.

11 Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

Hints

Classical Thinking 48. In human beings, several sex linked genes are
shown. Some of them are red green
2. William Bateson coined the term ‘genetics’. colourblindness, haemophilia and
Johannsen coined the term ‘gene’. Griffith hypertrichosis. Genes for these diseases are
discovered transformation. present on X and Y-chromosomes.
15. Chromatid represents a half chromosome during 50. Holandric genes are present on Y-chromosome.
duplication in early prophase and metaphase of
52. The allele for colour blindness is recessive to
mitosis and between diplotene and the second
the allele located on X-chromosome for normal
metaphase of meiosis. After these stages, it is
vision.
called as daughter chromosome.
53. Colour blindness is a condition of faulty
17. Centromere is also called as primary constriction. vision. A colourblind person cannot identify
18. Nucleolar organizers are necessary for some colours. The most common type is the
formation of nucleolus. red-green colour blindness. This fault of
colour vision is due to the inheritance of
26. Acrocentric chromosome has one arm shorter, recessive X-linked gene. There is a gene on X-
while other arm is long. Thus, it appears ‘J’ chromosome which is responsible for the
shaped. formation of colour sensitive cells in the
33. The number of linkage groups is equal to the retina, i.e. cones. The cells are essential for the
haploid number. distinction of red and green colours.
54. Criss-cross inheritance helps in establishing
34. Genes showing complete linkage are transmitted relationship between genes and sex
together in their parental combination to the chromosomes. It provides evidence that sex-
same gametes. Genes showing complete linkage linked genes are located on X-chromosomes.
are closely located in the chromosome, and do
not segregate at all during crossing over. 55. In criss-cross inheritance, the defect is carried
from mother to son and from son to his
41. The term ‘crossing over’ means the exchange daughter. e.g. haemophilia, colour blindness
of material between homologous chromatids
by the formation of chiasmata. In this process, 57. In haemophilia, the blood of the person fails to
separation of linked genes occurs. clot and the persons bleeds to death. The
recessive gene for haemophilia is present on
44. Genes present on non-homologous part of sex X-chromosomes.
chromosomes, i.e. both X and Y are called as
sex linked genes. Sex linked genes are not 58. Haemophilia and colourblindness both show
involved in sex determination. sexlinked inheritance. They are X-linked
diseases showing criss-cross inheritance.
45. There are two types of sex chromosomes ‘X’ Total blindness is called as xerophthalmia
and ‘Y’. The Y-chromosome is present only in and it is not a sexlinked disease. A cataract
males and the genes present on non-homologous is a clouding that develops in the crystalline
part of Y-chromosome will be restricted to lens of the eye varying in degree from slight
males only. Such genes are called as holandric to complete opacity and obstructing the
genes or Y-linked genes. passage of light.
46. Genes which are situated on sex 59. Haemophilia is a sex-linked recessive trait
chromosomes, i.e. X and Y-chromosomes and known as Bleeder’s disease because the
are transmitted along with sex are called exposed blood does not readily clot due to
sex-linked genes. deficiency of plasma thromboplastin.

74
 Chapter 11 : Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
60. Down’s syndrome is the trisomy of 21st 9. In case of linkage, the genes are inherited
chromosome which is an autosome. together, so the chances of recombination are lost.
61. The heterosomes in human female is XX. 10. Distance between the genes and number of
chiasmata along the length of chromosomes
62. The diploid number of chromosomes in man is influence crossing over. More the distance
46, i.e. 23 pairs. Of these, 22 pairs are between the genes, higher is the percentage of
autosomes and one pair is of sex chromosomes. crossing over and when two genes are situated
67. Human male has two sex chromosomes  X and very close together in a chromosome, no
Y. Y-chromosome is contributed by his father. crossing over can take place between them.
X-chromosome is donated by his mother only.
11. When there is absence of crossing over, the
68. In human beings, each cell contains 46 genes are completely linked. These genes tend
chromosomes. Of these, in male, 44 are to be inherited together.
autosomes, while remaining two which are
dissimilar and designated as XY chromosomes 14. Crossing over is the exchange of
are sex chromosomes. The males are corresponding segments between chromatids
heterogametic, i.e. sperms contain autosomes of paired homologous chromosomes during
and either X or Y-chromosome. first meiotic division.
72. In most animals, the chromosomes are in 15. Morgan proposed that chiasmata lead to
diploid condition, but in honey bee, the male crossing over by breakage and reunion of
is haploid in number and female has diploid homologous chromosomes.
number of chromosomes. 16. During crossing over, non-sister chromatids of
77. In birds and butterflies, males are homologous chromosomes exchange genes.
homogametic and have ‘ZZ’ pair of sex 19. Sex determination in man is chromosomal. In
chromosomes and females are heterogametic females, the chromosome complement is
with ZW pair of sex chromosomes. (44 + XX), whereas males have chromosome
99. At the time of fertilization, if X-sperm fertilizes complement as (44 + XY). In females, since
X-ovum, XX pair is formed and the zygote will XX complement is present, the recessive gene
develop into a female child. If the X-ovum is gets suppressed by the dominant gene while in
fertilized by Y-sperm, the XY combination will males, there is presence of Y-chromosome
result in male child. It is clear that the sex of child because of which the recessive gene on
depends upon the type of sperms fertilizing the X-chromosome in male expresses itself.
ovum, and hence the male parent is responsible 20. X-chromosomes linked genetic diseases is
for the determination of sex of the child. never passed on from father to son. It is a sex-
linked trait or disease which is never
Critical Thinking
transmitted from male to male, i.e. from father
1. In prokaryotic cell, e.g. bacteria, to son. The inheritance of recessive sex-linked
cyanobacteria organized nuclei are not characters from F1 male to F2 males
present. As a result, the hereditary material (grandson) through F1 female is called criss-
occurs in the cell cytoplasm as nucleoid cross inheritance, i.e. from male to female and
without the nuclear envelope. again to male.
4. A Sub-metacentric chromosome appears ‘L’- 21. Holandric genes show straight inheritance.
shaped in Anaphase.
22. In human beings, males are heterogametic
5. X and Y are two chromosomes which differ in
with ‘XY’ sex-chromosomes, while females
length, i.e. X chromosome is larger than Y.
have XX sex-chromosomes. So, the sex-linked
They differ in number of genes present on
gene on Y-chromosome will be transmitted to
them and also the pattern of inheritance.
male offsprings only.
6. Y-chromosome has less DNA, hence
genetically less active. 23. A man transmits sexlinked genes on Y-
chromosomes to his son and not X-
8. All the genes which are linked with one chromosomes, as son receives Y-chromosome
another, form a linkage group. from father.
75
MHT-CET Triumph Biology (Hints)
24. All the daughters will be normal. Females do 31. Parents: Colour blind woman Normal man
not have the Y-chromosome. They are XcXc XCY
homogametic, i.e. ‘XX’. Moreover,
hypertrichosis shows a straight inheritance Gametes: Xc Xc XC Y
from grandfather to father to son. This Y- c C c
linked disease is observed specifically in F1: XcXC XY X X XcY
Carrier Colour blind Carrier Colour blind
males and not in females. daughter son
daughter son
25. Colour blindness is caused by recessive gene 32. Parents: Father Mother
present on X-chromosome and shows criss- c
XY XCXc
cross type of inheritance. Hence, the man
carries the recessive gene for colour Gametes:
Xc Y XC Xc
blindness from his carrier mother. The
mother is phenotypically normal as a female F 1: Xc Xc XC Xc Xc Y XCY
requires two recessive genes for the Colour blind Carrier Colour blind Normal
sister sister man brother
expression of the disease.
26. The defective gene is present on the 33. The girl will be a carrier of colourblindness,
X-chromosome. It is expressed in a single while the boy will be normal as he receives
recessive condition in males due to a single Y-chromosome from his father.
X-chromosome, but in females, two recessive Parents: Carrier Girl  Normal Boy
genes are essential for expression of the disease. Xc XC XCY

27. Parents: Colour blind man  Normal female Gametes: Xc XC XC Y

XcY XCXC F1 :
C
X X C C
X Y XXc C c
XY
Normal Normal Carrier Colour blind
Gametes:
Xc Y XC XC daughter son daughter son
F1 : Xc XC Xc XC XCY XCY 34. The father cannot be a carrier. He has to be
Carrier daughters Normal sons either normal or colourblind. The mother can
The sons will be normal and daughters will be be a carrier or colourblind. If she is a carrier,
carriers, i.e. they are phenotypically normal. the male child will be colourblind and the
female child will be a carrier.
28. In case of sexlinked disease like colour
blindness, the defective X-chromosome of 35. Haemophilia is caused by a mutant allele of a
the father is passed on to his daughter who gene present on X-chromosomes. Hence, the
becomes a carrier for the gene. She then total number of chromosomes is same as that
transmits it to her son who manifests the of normal man, i.e. 46.
disease. Thus, the defective X-chromosome 36. Parents: Carrier woman Normal man
passes from father to his daughter and to his XH Xh XHY
grandson where it is expressed. Thus, sex-
Gametes: XH Xh
linked genes follow a criss-cross pattern of H
X Y
inheritance. F1 : X X H H
X Y X Xh
H
Xh Y H

29. Normal visioned man  Colour blind woman Normal Normal Carrier Diseased
daughter son daughter son
XCY Xc Xc
37. Haemophilia is a sex-linked disease, also called
c
Y Xc
as bleeder’s disease. Since Mary’s father has
Gametes: X haemophilia, according to the inheritance, Mary
will be a carrier daughter containing a single
F1 : X C Xc Xc Y recessive gene for haemophilia. When such a
carrier female marries a normal person, then
Carrier Colour blind 50% of sons will be normal while 50% of sons
daughter son will have haemophilia. Similarly, 50% of
daughters will be normal while 50% will be
carrier daughters.
76
 Chapter 06 : Photosynthesis
26. Chlorophylla is the reaction centre of 43. Dark reaction (reductive CO2 fixation) occurs
photochemical reaction and other pigments such in stroma of chloroplast. Dark reaction is purely
as xanthophylls, chlorophyllb, carotenes are the enzymatic and is independent of light. The
accessory pigments called as antennae molecules. conversion of CO2 to carbohydrate takes place
with the help of assimilatory power, i.e.
27. When chlorophyll-a absorbs light energy, it NADPH2 and ATP. The CO2 acceptor is a
gets excited and expells electrons. These
5C compound Ribulose biphosphate (RuBP).
electrons are taken up by electron carriers and
leaving the reaction centre ionized or 44. Starch is the detectable end product of
positively charged. photosynthesis because glucose is converted
30. Photophosphorylation means formation of and stored in the form of starch.
ATP molecules from ADP and H3PO4 in the 45. In all the autotrophic organisms, the C3 cycle
presence of light and chlorophyll-a during the or Calvin cycle appears to be the principle
photochemical phase of photosynthesis. CO2 fixation pathway. It is apparent that for
31. Cyclic photophosphorylation involves only the operation of this cycle, both energy and
ATP formation. The ATP molecules are reducing power are required. Hence, the
generated when the electron is transported overall equation for photosynthesis would be :
from ferredoxin to cytochrome b6 and from 6 CO2 + 18 ATP + 12 NADPH + 12 H+
cytochrome b6 to cytochrome f.  C6H12O6 + 18 ADP + 18 iP + 12
NADP + 6 H2O
32. a – Ferredoxin
b – Cytochrome b6 46. Calvin cycle is common to all green plants.
c  Plastocyanin The way in which CO2 is fixed, however
differs in C3, C4 and CAM plants.
33. In both cyclic and noncyclic
photophosphorylation, ATP formation takes 47. On a hot summer day, the stomata remain
place. Involvement of both PS  I and PS  II closed due to which less amount of CO2 is
pigment systems, release of O2 and formation taken in the cells. As less CO2 enters the plant
of NADPH takes place only in non-cyclic cell, the amount of O2 increases. Due to
phosphorylation. increased amount of O2, RuBP carboxylase is
converted to RuBP oxygenase which results in
36. Due to the movement of hydrogen ion from an
photorespiration.
area of higher proton concentration to an area
of lower proton concentration, a proton gradient 49. In C4 plants, malic acid formed during CO2
is created across the thylakoid membrane. This fixation in the early reactions of C4 pathway is
movement of protons generating energy is used transported to bundle sheath cells. The malic
for the synthesis of ATP. acid in the bundle sheath cells undergoes
38. NADPH2 provides the hydrogen and ATP de-carboxylation to form pyruvic acid which
supplies energy for reduction. then leads to formation of carbohydrates
NADPH2 + ATP is called assimilatory power. through Calvin cycle.

39. One molecule of C6H12O6 is produced from 50. In C3 plants, the substrate that accepts CO2 is
CO2 and RuBP during dark reaction and the Ribulose 1, 5  bisphosphate. Where as in C4
assimilatory power used up is 12 ATP and plants the substrate that accepts CO2 is
12 NADPH2. phosphoenol pyruvic acid.
41. Phosphoglyceric acid is reduced to 51. Sugarcane is a C4 plant. So, it will show Kranz
phosphoglyceraldehyde by NADP + H+. anatomy.
The enzyme phosphoglyceraldehyde
dehydrogenase supports this reaction. 52. Most of the C4 plants have a characteristic leaf
anatomy and dimorphic chloroplasts, i.e. of
42. 6 molecules of CO2 require 18 ATP and two types, chloroplasts in mesophyll cells are
12 NADPH2 molecules. Hence, a single smaller and possess grana, chloroplasts in
CO2 molecule will require 3 ATP and bundle sheath cells are larger and with very
2 NADPH2. less amount of grana.
49
MHT-CET Triumph Biology (Hints)
55. Turner’s syndrome is caused by monosomy of 13. 22 pairs of chromosomes are called autosomes,
X-chromosome, i.e. the individuals have only which decide the somatic characters in both sex,
one ‘X’ chromosome. Such individuals are while 23rd pair of chromosomes are called
always females. Down’s syndrome is due to heterosomes or allosomes.
trisomy of 21st chromosome, whereas Patau’s 16. Number of linkage groups in an organism is
syndrome is due to trisomy of 13th chromosome. equal to the haploid number of chromosomes.
Klinefelter’s syndrome is trisomy of sex In Drosophila melanogastor, 2n = 8, hence n =
chromosome, i.e. the individuals are XXY 4 linkage groups.
type and are males.
17. The genes for white eye and miniature wings
57. Sex ratio is the number of females per 1000 males. are loosely linked hence show higher
percentage of recombination (37.2%).
Competitive Thinking
20. In zygotene stage of prophase-I of meiosis,
1. The genetic system of bacteria contains only two homologous chromosomes lie side by side
DNA molecule but no histones. Histones are which is known as pairing of homologous
main structural protein found in eukaryotic cells. chromosomes or synapsis.
2. Genetics is the study of heredity, the process 21. Synapsis is a process of crossing over in which,
by which characters are passed from parents to pairing of homologous chromosomes takes place
their offsprings, so that all offsprings resemble during zygotene. Synapsis results in the
their parents. formation of bivalents during zygotene. After
3. Centromere (Kinetochore) lies in the region of zygotene stage, cell enters the pachytene stage in
primary constriction where two chromatids are which the two non-sister chromatids break and
connected at the centromere. exchange segments leading to recombination.
4. Based on the location of centromere, the 22. Crossing over is a process by which
chromosomes are categorized into chromatids of homologues exchange portions
i. Telocentric ii. Acrocentric of genetic material, usually during tetrad
formation of meiosis.
iii. Submetacentric iv. Metacentric
6. Sperm is haploid structure in which twenty two 23. Crossing over always takes place between
autosomes and one X or Y chromosome is nonsister chromatids of two homologous
present. chromosomes.
7. Centromere is a region of chromosome which 25. Number of linkage group corresponds to the
holds sister chromatids together and the area haploid number of chromosomes of a
where chromosomes are attached to spindle particular species. In case of honey bees,
fibres during cell division. females have 16 pairs of chromosomes. Thus,
the linkage groups in them are 16.
9. Metacentric are V-shaped chromosomes in
26. Frequency of crossing-over is directly
which centromere lies in the middle of the
proportional to the distance between two genes.
chromosome so that the two arms are almost
equal. 27. If the genes are tightly linked they will not allow
10. Acrocentric  Chromosomes with centromere crossing over. They cannot show 50%
near the end. recombination frequency. So, statement (B) is
not true.
Metacentric  Chromosomes with
centromere at the center. 31. XCXc XCY
Sub-Metacentric  Chromosomes with (Carrier mother) (Normal father)
centromere near the center. Gametes: X C
X c
XC Y
Telocentric  Chromosomes with centromere
at end.
11. In metacentric chromosome, centromere is
present in the middle. So, these chromosomes F1: XC XC XCY XCXc X cY
are isobrachial. In anaphase, the chromosomes Normal Normal son Carrier Colourblind
appear V-shaped. daughter daughter son

78
 Chapter 11 : Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
32. Whenever mother is homozygous colour Parents: Colour blind male  Normal female
blind, all her sons will be colour blind XcY XCXC
irrespective of their father’s nature.
Gametes: Xc Y XC
33. Colour blindness is a X-linked recessive
disease, influencing man in heterozygous
condition and woman in homozygous
F1: XCXc XCY
Carrier female Normal male
condition.
(Phenotypically normal)
35. Colour blindness is a recessive sex-linked The probability of their daughter becoming
disease, genes of which are present colour blind would be 0% as their daughter
exclusively on non-homologous segment of would atleast receive one normal X gene from
X chromosome. So, males need only one the father.
affected chromosome to express the XCXc XCY
character, whereas females need both the Parents: (Carrier mother)  (Normal father)
affected chromosomes to exhibit the same.
Gametes: XC Xc XC Y
36. Genes for sex linked characters occur on both
segments of X and Y-chromosomes. Many sex
linked characters (about 120) are found in
man. Such characters are mostly recessive.
37. Colour blindness and Haemophilia are the two F1: XCXC XCY XCXc XcY
main sex linked or X-linked diseases found in Normal Normal Carrier Colour blind
man. daughter son daughter son
38. Carrier mother is heterogametic for recessive 45. Sex linkage is the transmission of characters and
colour blindness gene. their determining genes alongwith sex
determining genes which are found on the sex
39. Colour blind sons and carrier daughters are chromosomes. Y chromosome of male carries a
formed. few genes, but X chromosome, which is common
Colour blind female × Normal male to male and female, carries a number of genes.
Xc Xc XCY 46. For a woman to be colour blind, both her X
chromosomes should bear genes for the
disease; which is possible only when her
XC Xc Xc XC XcY XcY father is colourblind and her mother is either
colourblind or a carrier of disease.
Carrier daughters Colourblind sons
47. Red-green colour blindness is inherited as a sex-
40. Colourblindness gene is located on linked recessive gene on the X-chromosome in
X-chromosome. human beings.
48. Gene for colour blindness is located on the
41. All the sons of a colourblind mother are non-homologous part of X-chromosome. It is
colourblind. a sex-linked recessive disease.
42. A son receives X chromosome from his 50. Genotype of normal man – XY
mother and Y chromosome from his father. Genotype of woman – XcX
43. Although all the daughters will be Carrier woman Normal man
×
genotypically carriers, but phenotypically they XC Xc XCY
will be normal.
44. Colour blindness is an X-linked recessive
disorder. Since their fathers were colour blind,
the gene for colour blindness would be passed XCXC XC Y XCXc XcY
on to the female (carrier female) whereas the Normal Normal Carrier Colourblind
male will be normal. daughter son daughters son
79
MHT-CET Triumph Biology (Hints)
52. When both the chromosomes bear genes for 78. The condition of chromosomal change which
disease, i.e. in homozygous condition, only involves the loss or gain of a single
then the character will be expressed. chromosome is called aneuploidy. Genotype
Otherwise, the individual will act as a carrier. “22 + XXY” shows the condition of
Klinefelter’s syndrome.
54. All offsprings will be normal.
Normal woman × Haemophilic man 79. Down’s syndrome is an autosomal aneuploidy.
XHXH man
82. Trisomic condition of Down’s syndrome arises
XhY
Gametes: XH XH Xh Y due to failure of separation of chromosome or
non-disjunction during meiosis.
83. Down’s syndrome is due to trisomy of 21st
chromosome was first reported in 1866 by
Langdon Down.
Xh XH Xh XH XHY XHY
84. Down’s syndrome is caused due non-
Carrier daughters Normal sons disjunction of 21st chromosome.
55. Haemophilia is a sex-linked disease. It is
genetically due to the presence of a recessive 85. Hyper aneuploidy is an increase in the number
sex linked gene h, which is carried by of chromosomes (e.g. Trisomy). Down’s
X-chromosome. syndrome arises due to gain of an additional
copy of chromosome 21 (i.e. trisomy) and does
56. The recessive gene for haemophilia which is not involve the sex chromosomes. Hence, it is an
located on X-chromosome suppresses the example of autosomal hyper aneuploidy
synthesis of factor VIII, which is necessary for
the normal blood clotting. 86. Trisomy of 21st pair of chromosome.
57. Since woman is normal and her father was a 88. Individuals with Turner’s syndrome have one X
bleeder means she is a carrier as she marries a chromosome (44 + XO) due to non-disjunction
haemophilic man, only half of their children of sex chromosome in their parents.
will be diseased.
89. The number of chromosomes in Turner’s
59. All sons are haemophilic because this disease
syndrome is 45, with only one sex
is caused by X-linked mutant gene.
chromosome. i.e. X-chromosome Hence,
60. Haemophilia is a sex-linked recessive disease. referred to as X-monosomy.
61. A man possesses only one gene for colour 94. XXY genotype is found in Klinefelter’s
vision, whereas woman possesses two. The syndrome. In this chromosomal disorder, male
normal colour vision is dominant over individuals show female secondary sexual
colour blindness. Therefore, only woman characteristics and are usually sterile.
will be carrier when she has gene for colour
blindness in one X-chromosome. 97. Loss of one chromosome from a homologous
pair (2n – 1) is called monosomy. Increase of
67. Unfertilized human egg is a haploid structure in
one chromosome in any homologous pair
which 22 autosomes and one X-chromosome is
(2n + 1) is called trisomy.
present.
69. Man is heterogametic because it has X and Y 99. Phenotypically these individuals are males, but
chromosomes. they can show some female secondary sexual
characteristics and are usually sterile.
73. Haplodiploidy is a type of sex determination in
which the male is haploid, while female is 101. Males with Klinefelter’s syndrome have 47
diploid. It occurs in some insects like honey chromosomes with XXY condition.
bees, ants and wasps.
102. Since daughter of a colour blind person will be
76. Thalassemia is a quantitative problem of a carrier of the disease and only one of the two
synthesizing less globin chains whereas sickle X chromosomes will bear the recessive gene
cell anaemia is a qualitative problem in which for the disease. So, half of their sons will be
mutant haemoglobin molecule is produced. colourblind.
80
MHT-CET Triumph Biology (Hints)

Evaluation Test

1. 6CO2+12H2O 
Sunlight
Chlorophyll
 C6H12O6+6H2O+6O2
Glucose

2. PEP carboxylase is found in leaf mesophyll

cells of C4 plants. The mesophyll and bundle
sheath cells are in close contact with one
another and are connected by cytoplasmic
connections. There is an exchange of
metabolites between the two kinds of cells,
CO2 fixed in mesophyll cells by PEP
carboxylase is converted to malic acid, which
is then exported to the bundle sheath cells.
Here, malic acid is decarboxylated to produce
pyruvic acid and CO2. The pyruvic acid is
exported back to the mesophyll cells, where it
is converted to phosphoenolpyruvic acid, the
CO2 acceptor in the C4 pathway.

3. 6 CO2 and 6 molecules of RuBP combine to

form an unstable (6C) compound which
immediately splits into two molecules of
stable 3C compound, i.e. PGA.

4. Cyclic photophosphorylation produces only

ATP and not NADPH2.

5. In this process, water is oxidized in presence

of light and chlorophyll, hydrogen is removed
from water and oxygen is released.

6. Photosynthesis is a process in which

carbondioxide and water combine to form
carbohydrates in presence of light and oxygen
is evolved.

7. Blackman’s reaction is the dark reaction

taking place in stroma and is independent of
light.

11. Chlorophyll-a  C55H72O5N4Mg

Chlorophyll-b  C55H70O6N4Mg

15. ATP and NADPH2 together are called

‘Assimilatory power’ as they are required for
assimilation of CO2.

17. Hill’s reaction  Light dependent reaction

Calvin’s cycle  Dark reaction

52
 Textbook
Chapter No.

12 Genetic Engineering and Genomics

Hints

Classical Thinking 4. Erythrocytes do not have nucleus, hence

cannot be used in DNA fingerprinting.
11. Many copies of DNA is obtained from available
material by Polymerase Chain Reaction. 6. DNA is negatively charged. Thus, the
movement of DNA sample will be from
29. Methanococcus jannaschii 1660 Kb negative (cathode) to positive pole (anode).
Haemophilus influenzae  1830 Kb 20. During DNA profiling, the DNA sample is
Mycobacterium genitalium  569 Kb subjected to fragmentation by the action of
33. Insulin is produced by cells in the pancreas restriction endonuclease. Thus, the DNA
called Islets of Langerhans. obtained after fragmentation is termed as RFLP
(Restriction fragment length polymorphism)
39. which is used for analysis.
Name of gene Use 21. Bovine growth hormone is used to increase
Tissue plasminogen Prevent or reverse blood cattle and dairy yield.
activator (TPA) clots.
Tissue Growth Factor Wound healing and burns. Competitive Thinking
(TGF)
Factor VIII Treatment of haemophilia 9. DNA fragments are negatively charged due to
the presence of phosphate group.
Critical Thinking 11. Ethidium bromide is a dye used to stain the
DNA fragments which appear as orange
1. Variable number of tandem repeats or VNTRs coloured bands under UV light.
are short repeating sequences which are used
as genetic markers during DNA finger 23. First human hormone produced by
printing. recombinant technology.
2. All persons show 99% similarity in their 35. Hyper ovulation occurs during estrous cycle.
nucleotide sequence. Only some short pieces Re-implantation of embryo is relatively easy
of nucleotides differ from person to person in mice. It can carry upto 20 offsprings at one
and these nucleotides are teamed as VNTRs. time.

Evaluation Test
1. In somatic gene therapy, healthy genes are 6. In DNA fingerprinting, the broken DNA
introduced into somatic cells like blood cells,
fragments of variable size are separated on the
bone marrow cells.
agarose gel by electrophoresis.
2. Vaccine is an antigenic preparation developed 9. The objective of HGP was to determine the
from attenuated bacteria and viruses. functions of all the genes and identify the
3. The cutting of DNA by restriction various genes that cause genetic disorders in
endonucleases results in the fragments of human beings.
DNA. These fragments can be separated by a 10. DNA fingerprinting is also known as DNA
technique known as gel electrophoresis. profiling, DNA typing, molecular
4. PCR is a gene amplification technique in fingerprinting.
which multiple copies of known DNA
sequence is obtained.
82
 Textbook
Chapter No.

13 Human Health and Diseases

Hints

98. In treatment of filariasis, 100 mg of diethyl

Classical Thinking
carbamazine is used twice a day for 3 weeks
14. Skin is a anatomical barrier. and for 5 days every six months.
16. Macrophages are large irregular shaped cells 100. Man is the definitive host for Ascaris.
that engulf microbes and cellular debris.
123. World Health Organization has recommended
25. Vaccine develops artificial immunity by live oral Ty 21a vaccine (sold as Vivotif
stimulating the production of antibodies. Berna) for typhoid.
31. Immature lymphocytes destined to become 128. RSV causes viral pneumonia.
thymocytes migrate via the blood, to the 166. Lysergic acid diethyl amide (LSD) is derived
thymus where they mature as T-lymphocytes. from ergot fungus Claviceps purpurea.
35. T-lymphocytes generate cell mediated immunity 173. When mosquito bites a person, sporozoites
and B-lymphocytes generate humoral immunity enter the blood stream and migrate to the liver.
36. Sensitized helper T-cells produce lymphokines They infect liver cells, where they multiply
which are responsible for the proliferation of into merozoites.
T-cells, stimulation of B-lymphocytes and
attraction of macrophages. Critical Thinking
40. Killer T-cells directly attack and destroy 1. Mucous membrane secretes mucus and the mucus
invading microbes, infected body cells and coating of the epithelial lining of the respiratory,
cancer cells. gastrointestinal and urinogenital tracts help in
trapping microbes entering the body.
43. Opsonisation is coating of bacteria to facilitate
their subsequent phagocytosis by macrophages. 2. The epithelial lining of the respiratory tract
44. APC cells deliver co-stimulatory signals which helps in trapping microbes entering the body,
are necessary for helper T-cell activation. thus acting as anatomical barrier.

48. The four polypeptide chains of an antibody are 3. Cells when infected with virus, release
interferons (glycoproteins). Interferons make the
held together by disulphide bonds (SS) to
surrounding cells resistant to viral infection.
form a ‘Y’ shaped structure.
4. Lysozyme is a bacteriolytic enzyme present in
52. The paratope present on the variable region tears which digests bacterial cell wall, thus
recognizes and binds to the specific antigen preventing invasion of pathogenic micro-
forming an antigen-antibody complex. organisms.
54. Since most antibodies carry two antigen 5. Antibodies belong to Acquired Immunity.
binding sites, they are said to be bivalent.
8. Phagocytosis is an important mechanism of
61. Individuals with blood group ‘O’ lack A and B innate immunity. Phagocytes engulf and
antigens on the surface of their RBC’s. destroy invading microbes.
66. Rh factor was first discovered by Landsteiner 9. The resistance or immunity that an individual
and Wiener in 1940 on the surface of RBCs of acquires during lifetime is called acquired
Rhesus monkey; Hence, it was named as immunity. It is specific for each type of
Rhesus or Rh factor. pathogen.
68. Any disease producing agent or micro- 14. Humoral immune system is a antibody-
organism is termed as pathogen. mediated system.
83
MHT-CET Triumph Biology (Hints)
18. Antigen presenting cells engulf invading 45. Cancerous growth can be prevented through
pathogens and process the antigens. The all the given options like surgical method
processed antigens are presented on their surface. which means removal of cancerous tissue.
Radiation therapy is burning and destroying
19. Antibodies are specialised serum cancerous tissue. Chemotherapy – drug
glycoproteins that are produced by lymph in treatment and new cancer treatment is
response to an antigen. They are formed for administration of interferon to a cellular
self-defence against the antigens. molecule, which prevents viral reproduction,
slows cell division and regulates the activities
20. Antibody is not an organism. It is a complex
of immune system.
chemical substance.
49. Bhang, Marijuana and Hashish are produced
21. A person with blood group ‘B’ can receive from the plant Cannabis sativa and are
blood from person with blood group ‘B’ or ‘O’. hallucinogens. Heroin is a depressant and
Blood group ‘AB’ is ‘Universal recipient’. extracted from Papaver somniferum.
25. As E. histolytica is resistant to chlorination, 58. Carcinomas are cancers of internal and external
therefore sedimentation and filtration are the body parts such as lungs, breast and colon.
processes used for treatment of water.
59. HAART is an antiretroviral drug therapy used
29. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) protects the typhoid in the treatment of HIV. It has been very
bacteria from environment. effective in reducing the number of HIV
particles.
32. Epistaxis (bleeding nose) is seen in case of
typhoid. Competitive Thinking
33. During typhoid, victim suffers from leukopenia. 1. Interferons are glycoproteins.
Leukopenia is a clinical condition in which
number of circulating WBCs decrease. 4. Artificially acquired passive immunity is
developed by injecting previously prepared
34. Influenza is a viral disease caused by antibodies using serum from humans or animals.
Haemophilus influenzae. Typhoid is a
bacterial disease. Ascariasis and filariasis are 6. Oral polio vaccine consists of attenuated
caused by roundworms. pathogens.
7. Colostrum is mother’s first milk which is rich
36. The bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae is in immunoglobulins. It provides naturally
the common cause of pneumonia. S. typhi is acquired passive immunity.
the causative agent of typhoid.
9. Passive immunity is acquired when ready-
38. Onychomycosis is the infection of nail in made antibodies are received by the body.
which nails become thick, discoloured and
finally crumble and fall off. 10. Lymphatic tissue (Lymphocytes) are the chief
cells of specific immune system of the body.
39. Metastasis is a stage wherein the cancerous or
malignant tumor starts spreading to other 14. Rejection of graft or transplanted organs or
regions of the body to form secondary tumors. tissues takes place due to cell mediated
It is usually fatal. immune response.
17. MALT is Mucosa Associated Lymphoid
40. Adenomas are cancers that arise in the thyroid, Tissue and it constitutes about 50 percent of
pituitary, adrenal and other glandular tissues. the lymphoid tissue in human body.
41. Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases 18. Antibodies are glycoproteins which are highly
characterized by damage to the optic nerve. specific to specific antigens.
44. Cancer is a non-communicable disease. 19. Antigen binding site (paratope) in an antibody
Cancer cells show uncontrolled growth and includes variable regions of both heavy and
multiplication. light chains.
84
 Chapter 07 : Respiration
34. i. Pyruvic acid Acetyl-CoA electron transport system and get
oxidized. The hydrogen released from
CO2 oxidation of these molecules reacts with
Oxalo-succinic -Ketoglutaric atmospheric oxygen to form 12 water
ii.
acid acid molecules.
CO2 44. Ethyl alcohol
Glucose
Succinyl-CoA
CO2 2ADP + 2iP 2NAD
35. When one molecule of acetyl CoA undergoes
oxidation – 2ATP 2NADH2
a. 3 molecules of NADH2 are formed.
 Number of ATPs produced by 3 NADH2
= 9.
2 Pyruvic acid 2 Acetaldehyde
b. 1 molecule of FADH2 is formed.
 Number of ATPs produced by FADH2 CO2
= 2.
c. Number of ATP formed = 1. 46. From NADH2, no ATP molecules are
 Total number of ATPs produced = 9 + 2 produced in anaerobic reparation due to
+ 1 = 12. absence of ETS.
47. In yeast and certain bacteria, incomplete
36. In Aerobic respiration, glycolysis takes place
oxidation of organic compound takes place
in the cytoplasm and produces 2 ATP
molecules. during anaerobic respiration and it forms CO2.
Yeast
C6H12O6  2C2H5OH + 2CO2
37. Cytochrome are iron containing compounds.
When e are taken up by the cytochrome, 50. The similarity between aerobic and anaerobic
ferric compound gets reduced to ferrous and respiration is that both releases energy in the
as it gives the electrons to next cytochrome in form of ATP. In case of aerobic respiration
the chain it gets reoxidized to ferric. total 38 ATP are formed and in case of
anaerobic respiration 2 ATP are formed.
38. Respiration is biological oxidation which
takes place by removal of hydrogen from the 51. Anaerobic respiration involves complete
oxidising substrate and combines with oxygen breakdown of respiratory substrate.
to form water. 52. In alcoholic fermentation,
41. In ETS, the electron carriers are continuously C12H22O11 + H2O  C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
reduced and oxidized alternately. During Sucrose Glucose Fructose
terminal oxidation, oxygen finally accepts the 102CO2
electron and gets reduced to form water. This 54. RQ = = 0.7
is essential to oxidize NADH2 and FADH2 and 145O2
thereby regenerate NAD or FAD. 55. The value of RQ always depends upon
42. When one glucose molecule is completely chemical nature of substrate.
oxidized, 56. TCA cycle is completely an enzymatic
a. During glycolysis, 2 molecules of process. All the required enzymes are present
NADH2 is formed. in the matrix of mitochondria. During TCA
b. During acetylation, 2 molecules of cycle, biological energy in the form of ATP is
NADH2 are formed. obtained mainly through the formation of ATP
c. During Krebs cycle, 6 molecules of equivalents such as NADH2 and FADH2.
NADH2 and 2 molecules of FADH2 are
formed. 59. In presence of oxygen, glucose is oxidised
Total 10 molecules of NADH2 and 2 completely and gives 38 ATP while during
molecules of FADH2 are formed. These absence of oxygen it undergoes incomplete
NADH2 and FADH2 molecules enter oxidation and gives only 2 ATPs. Hence the
ratio is 19 : 1.
57
 Textbook
Chapter No.

14 Animal Husbandry
Hints

Classical Thinking Competitive Thinking

6. The six breeds of buffaloes found in India are 3. Nagpuri is a buffalo breed.
Jaffarabadi, Mehsana, Murrah, Nagpuri, Nili
and Surti. 11. Super-ovulation and embryo transplantation
11. Broilers and Plymouths are meat producing are the new techniques for cattle and other
male chicken breeds. livestock improvement.
14.
32. In MOET technology, cow is administered
with FSH to induce follicular maturation to Common name of bee Scientific name
bring about super ovulation. Rock bee Apis dorsata
Little bee Apis florea
34. The blastocysts at 8-32 cell stage are
Indian bee Apis indica
recovered non-surgically and transferred to
surrogate mothers. European bee Apis mellifera

52. Lac is produced by dermal glands of the 17. Stromateus (Pomfret) is a marine fish, while
female insect. others are fresh water species.
57. Fishery  Rearing of fishes 18. Cirrhinus is a freshwater fish.
Dairy  Rearing of cattles for milk
19. Bombyx is a silk producing organism.
Pisciculture  It refers to rearing and
harvesting of fishes 20. Eri silk and Tussar silk are considered as
inferior silk.
Critical Thinking 21. Silk is produced by silk worm insect called as
7. Hisardale is a new breed of sheep developed silk moth.
in Punjab by cross-breeding Bikaneri ewes 23. Lac is the secretion of dermal glands of
and Marino rams. Tacchardia lacca.
8. Mule is a hybrid animal developed by 24. Lac is secreted as pink coloured resin which
interspecific hybridization between horse and hardens on coming in contact with air forming
donkey. lac.
10. Economically, man is much benefitted by 26. Isinglass is a by-product of fishery.
honey bee as we get honey, which has
medicinal value. Flowers are pollinated by 28. Inbreeding results in increase in the
honey bees. homozygosity. Thus, mating of the related
individuals of same breed will increase
15. Life history of silk moth passes through four homozygosity.
stages: Eggs, Caterpillar, Pupa and Adult.
29. Intra-breeding refers to mating between
16. Silk produced by different species of individuals of the same species.
silkworms differ in quality and texture. Tassar Inter-breeding refers to mating between
silk (Antheraea mylitta) is less shiny and individuals belonging to different species.
difficult to bleach. Eri silk (Attacus ricini) is Inter-generic breeding refers to mating between
creamy white. The best silk of the four individuals from two different genera.
silkworms is the silk of Bombyx mori. Inter-specific breeding refers to mating
21. Drosophila is an insect, while others are between individuals from two different
fishes. species.

86
 Chapter 14 : Animal Husbandry

Evaluation Test

1. Aseel is an indigenous (desi) breed of fowl,

rest all are exotic breeds.

2. Ranikhet disease is a viral disease affecting

poultry.

3. Rohu is a fresh water fish, while others are

marine water fishes.

5. Catla is a fresh water fish.

7. Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer

Technology (MOET) is an artificial breeding
method for herd improvement. It is done in
cattle, sheep, rabbits, etc.

8. The mating of more closely related individuals

within the same breed for 4-6 generations is
called inbreeding. It increases homozygosity.

87
 Textbook
Chapter No.

15 Circulation
Hints

Classical Thinking
Critical Thinking
10. Plasma contains 90-92% water. 1. Blood is a fluid connective tissue derived from
28. The average life span of WBC cells is about 3 mesoderm.
to 4 days. 2. Haemoglobin acts as a buffer which helps in
maintaining the pH of blood.
45. The size of the platelets is 2.5-5 m.
4. WBCs produce antibodies and are responsible
76. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood, for the immune response of the body.
via. superior vena cava, inferior vena cava and
coronary sinus. 6. Basophils release histamines which are
involved in inflammatory and allergic reaction.
80. The two veins which open into right auricle
are superior vena cava and inferior vena cava. 9. WBCs are of 2 types: granulocytes and
agranulocytes. Each one of them has different
82. Left atrium receives oxygenated blood from nucleus and different size.
lungs through pulmonary veins.
12. Fibrin is a blood protein which enmesh platelets,
83. Each atrium (upper chamber) opens into the blood cells and plasma to form the clot.
ventricle (lower chamber) through atrio 14. The two grooves present in the heart are
ventricular aperture. atrioventricular groove or coronary sulcus
88. All the valves are attached to papillary between atria and ventricles and
muscles of ventricles by chordae tendinae. interventricular groove between two ventricles.
16. Two arches (pulmonary trunk and systemic aorta)
116. The right ventricle on contraction pumps the
are connected by ligamentum arteriosum that
impure blood into the pulmonary trunk which
represents remnant of ductus arteriosus of foetus.
later branches into right and left pulmonary
arteries that carry the blood to the lungs for 18. The atrioventricular aperture (present between
purification. right atrium and right ventricle) is guarded by
tricuspid valve which has three valves.
122. The heart beat of a person suffering from
tachycardia is 100 beats per minute. 19. Mitral valve or bicuspid valve is present
between left auricle and left ventricle which
123. The heart beat of a person suffering from controls the back flow of blood in left auricle.
bradycardia is 60 beats per minute.
20. The chordae tendinae prevents the valves from
152. Lymph is blood minus RBCs, platelets and turning back into the atria during the
some plasma proteins. contraction of ventricles, thus preventing the
back flow of blood.
160. pH of blood is 7.4 which is slightly alkaline.
22. Because, the right ventricle has to pump the
166. Accumulation of cholesterol in the arterial deoxygenated blood into the lungs only
wall results into swelling and thickening of through pulmonary artery, whereas the left
wall. It is a kind of nacrotic, degenerative ventricle has to pump the oxygenated blood
change in the arterial wall. through aorta and its branches to all the parts
of the body. For this, there has to be sufficient
167. ECG is useful to detect abnormal functioning force and pressure on the output of blood, to
of heart during various heart diseases such as enable the blood to reach to various parts of
angina pectoris, bradycardia, heart block, etc. the body.
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 Chapter 15 : Circulation
23. The heart beat is stimulated and regulated by 54. The systolic blood pressure is 120 mm Hg and
SA node, AV node, Bundle of his and diastolic blood pressure is 80 mm Hg.
Purkinje fibres. 63. Blood platelets and thrombocytes aggregate at
24. The impulse or heart beat initiates in the SA the site of injury and form a platelet plug.
node which is located in right atrium. They release thromboplastin which helps in
clotting of blood.
25. The wave of contraction or cardiac impulse
67. Pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood.
generated by SA node is conducted by cardiac
muscle fibres to both the atria causing their 68. The path of flow of blood shown here is
contraction (atrial systole). correct because arteries start from heart.
Arteries carry oxygenated blood and go on
30. The three phases of cardiac cycle are atrial dividing and redividing into capillaries.
systole, ventricular systole and joint diastole. Capillaries unite to form veins and veins carry
31. Deoxygenated blood enters right atrium deoxygenated blood to heart.
through superior vena cava, inferior vena cava
and coronary sinus. The right atrium contracts Competitive Thinking
and blood enters right ventricle. Thus, cardiac 2. pH of plasma is 7.4 which is slightly
cycle begins with auricular systole. alkaline/basic.
32. Systole refers to contraction of atria (atrial 3. Blood plasma  clotting factors = Serum
systole) which propels blood into ventricles 5. The old and worn out RBCs are destroyed in
and contraction of ventricles (ventricular spleen and also in liver.
systole) expels blood into aorta and pulmonary 7. Neutrophils and monocytes are the major
artery. phagocytic cells of immune system.
36. During complete cardiac diastole, right atrium 9. Mature RBCs in adult humans lack nucleus
receives deoxygenated blood from all over the (enucleated). The nucleus of RBCs
body and left atrium receives oxygenated degenerates during maturation to provide more
blood from lungs. space for oxygen carrying pigment-
37. Sinoatrial node receives sympathetic nerves haemoglobin. They lack mitochondria along
which secretes adrenaline. with many cell organelles hence, respire
anaerobically.
38. Sympathetic nerves secrete adrenaline which
13. In blood coagulation, prothrombinase in
stimulates and increases the heart beat.
presence of Ca ions converts prothrombin into
39. Parasympathetic nervous system secretes thrombin which converts fibrinogen to fibrin
acetylcholine which decreases the heart beat. which forms clot.
41. Capillaries are the thinnest of blood vessels 16. Monocytes and Lymphocytes are
and hence the velocity of blood flow is agranulocytes. Erythrocytes are RBCs.
minimum in capillaries. 19. Monocytes and Neutrophils are phagocytic in
function.
45. Each heart beat pumps = 70 ml blood.
23. Pericardium (Protective covering) and
 60 heart beats will pump = 70  60
pericardial fluid protects the heart from
= 4.2 litres of blood.
shocks, mechanical injuries and keeps it moist
46. The amount of blood pumped by heart per and also allows free movements of the heart.
minute is called cardiac output or heart output. 24. The wall of heart has three layers 
47. Pulse wave is the contraction of left ventricle epicardium, myocardium and endocardium.
(systole), which forces the blood into arteries 27. Opening of coronary sinus is guarded by
and the elastic wall of the arteries rises to Thebesian valve. Semilunar valves are present at
accommodate the blood flow. In diastole, the the base of systemic aorta and pulmonary aorta.
arterial wall falls to regain its original Mitral valve is also known as left
condition. This rise and fall of the arterial wall atrioventricular or bicuspid valve. Opening of
is evidently the pulse wave mediated by inferior vena cava is guarded by Eustachian
ventricular systole. valve.
89
MHT-CET Triumph Biology (Hints)
29. AV node is located in the lower left corner of 55. The amount of blood flowing from the heart
the right atrium. SA node is located in the over a given period of time is known as the
upper right corner of the right atrium near the cardiac output. It depends upon the heart rate
opening of superior vena cava. and stroke volume.
30. SA node is called ‘Heart of heart’ because it 56. Cardiac output = stroke volume × ventricular
initiates the heart beat and has the power of systole/minute
generation of wave of contraction. = 70 ml × 72 (min)
32. The fossa ovalis which represent the remnant = 5040 ml/min
of foramen ovale is present on the right side of = about 5.5 litres
interatrial or interaurical septum. 57. The normal systolic and diastolic pressures are
33. ‘X’ - Bundle of His 120 mm Hg and 80 mm Hg respectively.
37. Within the lateral walls of ventricles. 61. Normal diastolic pressure is 80 mm Hg.
38. The wall of ventricles are thicker than those of 64. B.P. in aorta will be maximum when left
auricles. Thickest wall is found in the left ventricle pumps the stroke volume into its
ventricles. lumen during its systole.
40. Adrenaline increases the heart beat normally 68. Purkinje fibres are found in the lateral walls of
during active and stress conditions. ventricles and help in conduction of cardiac
impulse.
45. Arteries are thick walled, carrying oxygenated
blood from heart to various parts of body at 69. Cardiac impulse (Heart beat) normally
high pressure. originate from the pace maker.
46. Tunica albuginea is a layer of tissue formed in 71. Bundle of His is a network of muscle fibres
testis and ovary. found in between two ventricles.
Tunica
externa 75. Blocking of arteries due to deposition of fat
and calcium is called atherosclerosis.
Emphysema is choking of breath.
Tunica 76. Atherosclerosis is narrowing of arteries and
interna
arterioles due to deposition of fats on their
Tunica lining.
media
85. Lymphatic vessels unite to form two main
vessels called thoracic duct and right
T.S. of an Artery lymphatic duct.
47. The wall of arteries are thick and muscular. 87. Since the flow of lymph is unidirectional but
all other options have this statement, therefore
48. Vein contains valves to prevent back flow of (B) is the correct one.
blood.
91. Emphysema is a respiratory disease.
49. Veins bring blood from the body to the heart.
92. Frog has myogenic heart which is auto
50. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from excitable due to the presence of self
the lungs through two parts of pulmonary veins. contractile system. This feature will keep the
heart working outside the body for sometime.
54. 70 ml blood is ejected by left ventricle during
each ventricular systole, called stroke volume.
Evaluation Test
1. Monocytes, Lymphocytes and Neutrophils are 4. Cardiac output is defined as the amount of
types of WBCs. blood pumped by each ventricular contraction
per minute.
2. In lymphocytes, the nucleus is single, large
and spherical.

90
MHT-CET Triumph Biology (Hints)
137. Haploids can be obtained by culturing pollen 142. Endosperm is formed by triple fusion of
grains. Only pollen grains are haploids. Root diploid secondary nucleus and haploid male
apex, shoot apex and embryo are diploid. gamete. Thus, when diploid secondary nucleus
(2n = 24) fuses with haploid male gamete (n =
140. Pollen grains are haploid, while endosperm
6), triploid endosperm (3n = 30) is formed.
has triploid chromosome number and
integument is diploid in nature. 144. Some angiosperms have bisporic and
141. The diploid pollen mother cells have 24 tetrasporic embryo sacs.
chromosomes, hence pollen grains will have
12 chromosomes. Thus, the male gametes will 146. Tapetum is the innermost layer of anther which
have 12 chromosomes. The female gamete provides nutrition to developing microspores.
being haploid will also have 12 chromosomes. 148. Parthenocarpy is the production of fruit
Hence, syngamy will form diploid zygote with without fertilization of ovule. The fruit is
24 chromosomes. Triple fusion will involve therefore seedless like in banana.
three haploid nuclei with 12 chromosomes
each. Thus, the triploid endosperm will have
36 chromosomes.

Evaluation Test

1. Integument is a diploid cell.

 2n = 2  14 = 28
Antipodal cells are haploid.
 n = 14
Embryo is diploid.  2n = 2 14 = 28
Endosperm is triploid.  3n = 3  14 = 42
Nucellus is diploid.  2n = 2  14 = 28
2. Seeds are produced by fertilized ovule which
is an outcome of fusion of male gametes and
egg cell.
4. The division of parental body into two nearly
equal daughter individuals during favourable
conditions is called Binary fission.
6. Oxalis is vegetatively propagated by runner.
14. Vallisneria shows adaptation for
epihydrophily.
15. Self incompatibility is a phenomenon in which
genetic mechanism of flower prevents the
fusion of gametes of genetically similar plants.
It is also called self-sterility.
17. The antipodal cells are the part of embryo sac
and hence they are haploid (n). Zygote is
formed by the fusion of male and female
gamete, hence it is diploid (2n). The
endosperm is formed by fusion of secondary
nucleus (2n) and one male gamete (n), hence it
is triploid (3n).
18. Angiosperms are flowering plants in which
seeds are enclosed inside the fruit.

64
 Textbook
Chapter No.

16 Excretion and Osmoregulation

Hints

Classical Thinking 142. Absence of ADH reduces the reabsorption of

water in DCT causing dilute and increased
25. Excess of uric acid gets deposited in the joints urine, a pathological condition called diabetes
which causes painful arthritis called gout. insipidus.
41. The striations of the medulla converge and
form 6 to 20 conical structures called as renal Critical Thinking
pyramids.
48. Urinary bladder has thick, muscular, distensible 2. The elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and
wall lined by transitional epithelium. nitrogen are present in waste products CO2,
H2O and urea.
51. The sphincter muscles are present at the base
of the urethra to keep urination under 6. NH3 is promptly released into the surrounding
voluntary control. water by diffusion, whereby it is much diluted
60. The outer wall of the Bowman’s capsule, and carried away.
called the parietal layer, is made up of a single 7. Ammonia is highly soluble in water and it is
layer of simple squamous epithelial cells. also very toxic. Therefore, its elimination
88. Active reabsorption occurs against requires lot of water, but very less energy is
concentration gradient with the help of ATP. consumed in the formation of NH3 compared
Diffusion is the phenomena referred to to urea, uric acid and guanine.
movement of molecules from high conc. to
8. In ureotelic animals, ammonia combines with
low conc. along the concentration gradient.
CO2 to form urea.
89. Active transport is the movement of ions
across the cell membrane against the gradient 9. In uricotelic animals, uric acid is eliminated in
with the use of ATP. the form of solid pellets or thick paste.
93. Water is reabsorbed by osmosis in PCT, DCT 10. Uricotelic animals are mostly desert and
and descending limb of loop of Henle, except terrestrial animals which cannot afford to lose
in the ascending limb loop of Henle. It is water.
called obligatory absorption of water
12. Birds are uricotelic because they live in air
99. Potassium ions are secreted by tubular secretion and dry habitats, so they have to conserve
whereas amino acids, sodium ions and chloride water for their survival.
ions are reabsorbed by ultrafiltration.
14. Kidneys are the excretory organs, which carry
124. Renin changes plasma protein, called out the fitration of blood along with the
angiotensinogen to a peptide called angiotensin. elimination of nitrogenous wastes. It also
126. Angiotensin  II is a vasoconstrictor, i.e. maintains osmotic balance of salts and water.
brings about constriction of blood vessels and
15. The pelvis is the upper expanded funnel
raises the blood pressure.
shaped portion of the ureter. It lies partly in
135. Urethra is a duct that extends from urinary the renal sinus and partly along the median
bladder and discharges urine outside in mammals. border of the kidney.
139. The Malpighian corpuscle is attached to renal 17. Columns of Bertini are the extensions of
tubule by the neck. The Renal tubule consists cortex into the medullary zone, separating the
of PCT, Henle’s loop which constitutes calyces. Ducts of Bellini are the ducts formed
descending limb and then, ascending limb by the fusion of a number of straight
connected to DCT, which is further connected collecting tubules.
to Collecting duct.

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 Chapter 16 : Excretion and Osmoregulation
18. The large funnel shaped space of the calyx is 40. Reabsorption is a combined effect of
continued into pelvis situated near the hilus. diffusion, osmosis and active transport. Thus,
useful substances are lost from the plasma
21. The pyramidal region present in kidney is through Bowman’s capsule by ultrafiltration
called renal medulla. The limbs of Henle’s and and regained by blood through the cells of
loop are present in medulla region and the tubules during reabsorption.
collecting tubule opens at the apex of the
medullary pyramid. 41. Glucose is reabsorbed by active transport
against concentration gradient using ATP.
22. In each kidney, 1.2 million nephrons  106
nephrons are present. Hence, the number of 43. Glucose, even in normal body, is usually not
glomeruli is equal to number of nephrons. expected in the urine. It is absorbed and sent
back to the body, being a vital substance.
25. Henle’s loop is largely responsible for However, if it rises in the blood beyond the
concentration of the urine. It is found that for threshold level, it is thrown out through the
greater ability of an animal to excrete urine, whatever is in excess. This leads to
hypertonic urine, longer are the Henle’s loops diabetes mellitus.
in its kidneys.
45. Ultrafiltrate after undergoing chemical
26. The efferent arteriole which carries blood changes, turns into a concentrated watery
away from kidney breaks up into capillaries solution of only nitrogenous excretory
forming peritubular capillaries which further products in the collecting tubule. Further, from
join to form venules and venules join to form the collecting tubule it passes to the renal
a renal vein. pelvis and then carried down by the ureters by
peristaltic waves into the urinary bladder.
27. A kidney receives the blood by a renal artery
that arises from the dorsal aorta. In the kidney, 46. Absorption of water, sugar, amino acids,
the renal artery divides and subdivides to send nutrients occurs mainly in PCT.
an afferent arteriole into each Bowman’s
capsule. Blood from glomerulus is drained by 47. PCT is primarily concerned with reabsorption.
the efferent arteriole. Blood leaves the kidney Henle’s loop carries out osmoregulation
by the renal vein. through counter current mechanism. DCT,
particularly distal part of DCT is surrounded
29. Proximal convoluted tubule shows the cells by peritubular blood vessels, which is required
with brush border formed of microvilli. in tubular secretion.
30. The functional units of kidney (nephron) 50. From the network of blood capillaries, the
perform the function of ultrafiltration, selective cells of tubules by active absorption absorb
reabsorption and tubular secretion which is the substances like ammonia, urea, potassium,
under the voluntary control of urinary bladder. hydrogen ions and creatinine and discharge or
secrete them into the filtrate of the tubule.
33. Inner wall of Bowman’s capsule is lined by
squamous epithelium with specialized cells 51. The glomerular filtrate contains a large
called podocytes. amount of water and other dissolved
substances such as urea, uric acid, amino acid,
34. The inner wall of the Bowman’s capsule is glucose, sodium, potassium, vitamins, etc.
formed of specialised cells, the podocytes. A
podocyte meets the basement membrane by 54. ADH (anti diuretic hormone) acts on DCT and
several foot-like processes. The gaps between collecting ducts of nephrons and increases their
these processes are filtration slits. permeability for water.
36. High pressure of blood in the glomerular 56. ADH or vasopressin released by the
capillaries filters 1/5th of the volume of blood. neurohypophysis regulates the amount of
Thus, a severe fall in blood pressure reduces water excreted in urine. It increases the
glomerular filtration. reabsorption of water in the distal convoluted
tubule and the collecting duct. Thus, urine
39. Filtrate does not contain plasma proteins. becomes concentrated.
93
MHT-CET Triumph Biology (Hints)
61. Dialysis is considered as imperfect treatment 10. The animals which excrete mainly uric acid are
because it does not correct the endocrine system. uricotelic. Terrestrial reptiles (lizards and snakes),
birds, most insects are uricotelic animals.
64. High concentration of body fluid activates
osmoreceptors to release ADH which 13. Whale is ureotelic. It is a mammal.
increases the permeability of renal tubules for
absorption of water. 15. Frog is ureotelic whereas larval form of frog
i.e. tadpole is ammonotelic.
65. ADH (Antidiuretic hormone) released from
neurohypophysis prevents excess loss of water 16. Labeo is ammonotelic. Turtle, camel are
from the body by increasing permeability of ureotelic and lizard, snakes are uricotelic.
renal tubules for absorption of water. 17. Snake is uricotelic.
72. Sebaceous glands are linked with the hair 23. The renal Columns of Bertini is the part of
follicles and not the sweat glands. cortex continued inside medulla between
74. Kangaroo is a mammal. It is ureotelic. pyramids.

75. Snake is a reptile. 24. Nephron is the structural and functional units
of kidney, which extract wastes from the
76. Bowman’s capsule, proximal and distal blood. It is also called renal tubules or tubule.
convoluted tubule is present in the cortex Each nephron is about 6 cm long and is
region of the kidney. formed of two parts, i.e. Bowman’s capsule
and body of renal tubule.
77. The Henle’s loop plays a major role in the
reabsorption of 20% of the glomerular filtrate. 25. The wall of urinary bladder shows thick layer of
Its function is critical to maintain smooth muscle called Detrusor. Dartos is present
hypertonicity in the renal medulla, which in scrotal wall. Deltoid is present in arm.
allows the concentration of urine.
29. Duct of Bellini opens at the apex of renal
78. Renal artery is the blood vessel bringing blood pyramid (renal papillae).
to kidney. This blood contains many toxic
substances including urea. Renal vein drains 34. PCT (Proximal Convoluted Tubule) of the
purified blood from the kidney and hence the nephron is the main site for reabsorption of
amount of urea is less. The blood returning in Na+, K+, glucose and amino acids through
renal vein is already filtered by kidney. active transport. Here, 70-80% of electrolytes
and water are reabsorbed.
82. Lacteals are associated with the lymphatic
system, while the others are associated with 35. L – Afferent arteriole
the kidneys. M – Efferent arteriole
N – Glomerulus
83. ECG is used to detect abnormalities of the O – Proximal convoluted tubule
heart.
Blood filtration occurs in glomerulus. Afferent
arteriole is the blood vessel leading to
Competitive Thinking glomerulus. Efferent arteriole carries blood
1. Excretion involves the processes in which away from the glomerulus. Proximal
substances of no further use or those present in convoluted tubule is involved in reabsorption
excess quantities are thrown out of the body. of useful substances from the filtrate.

2. Hydra is an aquatic invertebrate. Hydra has no 36. Urea is formed in the liver by utilizing
organ of excretion, therefore, excretion of waste ammonia and CO2. The hepatic vein drains
nitrogenous matter occurs directly by diffusion. blood from liver into the inferior vena cava.
Hepatic vein – Maximum urea.
4. Ornithine cycle is a cyclic process of urea Renal vein – Minimum urea.
formation which operates in the mitochondria
of liver cells and has been studied by Kreb’s 39. Ultrafiltration takes place through semipermeable
and Henseleit. walls of glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule.

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 Chapter 16 : Excretion and Osmoregulation
40. During selective reabsorption, high threshold 60. ADH constricts the blood vessels and
substances e.g. glucose, amino acids, increases blood pressure. Due to this,
potassium and calcium ions, etc. are glomerular filtration rate increases. ADH
completely reabsorbed from PCT. Urea and controls the permeability of DCT and
uric acid are low threshold substances. They collecting duct to water.
are reabsorbed negligibly. 61. Decrease in blood pressure or volume
44. The glomerular hydrostatic pressure is the blood stimulates the release of renin, aldosterone and
pressure in the glomerular capillaries. It is the ADH. ANF is released when blood pressure
chief determinant of effective filtration pressure, increases or blood volume increases. Release
i.e. the main driving force to cause filtration. of ANF causes vasodilation and also inhibit
renin angiotensin mechanism that decreases
45. Proteins are not filtered through glomerulus and blood pressure and blood volume.
glucose is totally reabsorbed in renal tubule.
70. Renin is an enzyme released by the
46. PCT of nephron is the main site for selective juxtamedullary cells into plasma, where it
reabsorption of glucose, amino acids, water converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I.
and different ions.
72. If liver is removed, ammonia will not get
48. The part labelled as ‘W’ is Malpighian body converted to urea and hence the level of
which does not absorb water but carries out ammonia will increase in blood.
ultrafiltration. Water reabsorption is done by 73. A nephron is made of two parts malpighian
PCT, DCT, collecting tubule and descending corpuscle and tubule. Tubule consists of
limb of loop of Henle. proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), loop of
49. Complete reabsorption of glucose by active Henle and Distal convoluted tubule.
transport takes places in the PCT. 75. Due to large size, proteins can’t be filtered
51. The descending limb of Henle’s loop is through the filtration slits. So, they are absent
permeable to water, but nearly impermeable to in glomerular filtrate.
salts where the filterate becomes hypertonic. 77. Henle’s loop  Does not reabsorb glucose.
52. Descending limb of loop of Henle is permeable Podocytes  lines the visceral layer of
to water but impermeable to electrolytes. While Bowmann’s capsule.
ascending limb of loop of Henle is impermeable JGA  Release renin due to low glomerular
to water and permeable to electrolytes. blood pressure.

56. Aldosterone causes increase in Na+ 78. Renin released by JG apparatus in response to
reabsorption from DCT by active process. control increased GFR, while alcohol, caffeine
and ANF are directly or indirectly diuretics.
58. Water is reabsorbed in distal convoluted
81. ADH is secreted under water stressed condition.
tubules under the influence of antidiuretic
It helps in reabsorption of more water in kidney
hormone (ADH) secreted by posterior lobe of
and maintains body fluid volume.
pituitary gland.
82. Urea is lesser toxic and can be eliminated with
59. ADH or vasopressin is effective in lesser amount of water. Ammonia is highly
reabsorption of water by changing toxic and requires lots of water in order to be
permeability of terminal part of DCT (distal eliminated from the body.
convoluted tubules) and collecting ducts.

Evaluation Test
1. Whale is a mammal, hence it is ureotelic. becomes hypertonic to blood plasma (in
Other aquatic fishes and animals show descending limb of loop of Henle). The filtrate
ammonotelic excretion. is hypotonic to blood plasma (in ascending
limb at loop of Henle) in distal convoluted
2. The filtrate is isotonic to blood plasma (in
tubule. ADH makes the filtrate isotonic to
proximal convoluted tubule) and the filtrate
blood plasma.
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MHT-CET Triumph Biology (Hints)
3. Distal convoluted tubule is another segment of
selective secretion and reabsorption. It helps
in regulation of blood pH by the reabsorption
of HCO3 an important buffer. The distal tubule
also functions in K+ and Na+ homeostasis.
4. Urea and Uric acid are the ultimate products
of protein catabolism.
5. Uric acid is insoluble in water and can be
stored for a very long time and excreted in a
crystalline form and hence it requires
minimum amount of water for its dispersal
and also requires less energy for elimination.
8. Presence of blood or blood cells in urine is
called hematuria.
9. The ‘Juxtaglomerular apparatus’ is responsible
for production and release of Renin.
12. Kidneys are retroperitoneal (retrobehind) in
position, i.e. present behind the peritoneum.
13. The yellow colour of urine is due to the
presence of pigment Urochrome, which is a
breakdown product of haemoglobin from
worn out red blood corpuscles.
14. Bright’s disease (Nephritis) is inflammation of
kidney that involves glomeruli and caused by
infection of streptococci bacteria. In this case,
blood cells and proteins are also filtered. Such
a stage is called haematuria. Glomerular
filtration rate is also reduced.

96
 Textbook
Chapter No.

17 Control and Co-ordination

Hints
78. Cerebellum is the centre for equilibrium and
Classical Thinking speaking. Hence, its injury would result into
unbalanced movement and defective speech.
5. The brain is ectodermal in origin. It consists of
both grey mater and white mater and is 82. Medulla oblongata contains important centres
covered by three meninges – Pia mater, like cardiac, peristalsis, respiration, etc. Hence,
Arachnoid mater and Dura mater. damage to medulla oblongata results in death.

7. Arachnoid is a middle connective tissue 83. Medulla is a part of cerebellum which controls
surrounding the brain and has a web-like the non-vital activities like sneezing, coughing,
appearance. swallowing, salivation and vomiting.
90. Central canal is a narrow canal which passes
18. CSF also helps in exchange of nutrients and
through the spinal cord.
wastes between blood and brain tissues. It
protects the brain from dessication. 93. Two dorsolateral horns and two ventrolateral
horns give H-shaped appearance.
24. Human brain is divided into three parts:
forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain 94. The three funiculi are dorsal funiculi, lateral
funiculi and ventral funiculi.
35. More than half part of the brain in any
animal is occupied by large cerebral 99. Peripheral nervous system includes nerves
hemispheres, i.e. cerebrum. Diencephalon, originated from brain, i.e. cranial nerves and
cerebellum and medulla oblongata are very from spinal cord, i.e. spinal nerves.
small portions of the brain. 104. Olfactory nerves originate from olfactory lobe
38. Corpus callosum is a thick band of and innervate the nose and control sense of
transverse nerve fibre which joins the two smell.
cerebral hemispheres. It is the largest 107. Occulomotor is the III nerve which originates
commissure in human brain. from cerebrum; innervates eye muscles and are
responsible for movement of eyeball.
51. Broca’s area is the motor speech area and
translates thoughts into speech and controls 108. Pathetic cranial nerve is a IV cranial nerve
the movement of tongue, lips and vocal which innervates the eye muscles and are
cord. responsible for rotation of the eye ball.
60. Pineal body and epithalamus function as an 110. Mixed nerves include both sensory and motor
endocrine gland which secretes two hormones nerves. V (Trigeminal) nerve is the first mixed
called serotonin and melatonin. nerve encountered, which innervates to face
and teeth and are responsible for movement of
66. Corpus striatum is the ventrolateral wall of jaw and tooth.
cerebrum.
111. Abducens is the VI cranial nerve which
70. Optic chiasma is the part of hypothalamus originates from ventral surface of medulla
which is formed by the crossing over of two oblongata and innervates the lateral rectus
optic nerves. muscles of eye ball. They are responsible for
movement of eye.
76. Crura cerebri are longitudinal tracts of fibres
that connect cerebellum with cerebrum and 113. Facial nerve (VII) innervates muscle of face,
transmit more impulses to limb muscles neck, taste buds or salivary glands and are
(longitudinal band) from cerebrum. It contains responsible for facial expressions, movement
reflex centres. of neck and saliva secretions.
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MHT-CET Triumph Biology (Hints)
116. Glossopharyngeal nerve is the IX cranial 211. Anatomically, the ear is composed of three
nerve which innervates muscles of mucosa of divisions  external ear, middle ear and
pharynx, tongue and parotid salivary gland. internal ear.
They are responsible for the taste, pharyngeal 212. Auditory canal contains few hairs and
contraction and saliva secretion. specialized sebaceous gland called ceruminous
123. 1st = Olfactory nerve gland. Ceruminous glands secrete cerumen.
2st = Optic nerve 219. Organ of Corti lies on basilar membrane,
8st = Auditory nerve which contains auditory receptors.
124. 11th and 12th cranial nerves are also purely 230. The pituitary gland is situated at the
motor nerves. geometrical centre of the skull. It is attached
147. Na and K ions play an important role in the by a short stalk, called the infundibulum, to
transmission of nerve impulses. the base of the brain behind the optic chiasma.
152. The nerve cell which contributes to the 231. The pituitary gland lies in the sella turcica,
generator region is called post-synaptic neuron. which is a depression in the sphenoid bone on
162. Glands and smooth muscles generate visceral the floor of the cranial cavity (diencephalon).
reflexes. 234. Pituitary gland is divided into two lobes –
163. When one sensory and one motor neuron are adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis.
involved, the reflex is termed as monosynaptic. 237. The anterior lobe and intermediate lobe arise
164. Skin, eye, ear, tongue are receptor organs. from a diverticulum of the roof of embryonic
buccal cavity known as Rathke’s pouch.
169. Spinal reflex contains 5 components/elements:
Receptor organ (Sense organ)  Afferent 241. Pars distalis is the largest anterior region of
(sensory) neuron  Adjustor / connector / pituitary gland made up of loose cords of
Association Neuron  Motor / efferent epitheloid secretory cells.
neuron  Effector organ. 246. Infundibulum is a hypophyseal stalk which
Effector organ is skeletal muscle fibre or helps in attachment of pituitary gland.
gland cells. 247. Pars nervosa is the lower most, larger region
173. Pavlov demonstrated conditioned reflex for of neurohypophysis and contains axons in
the first time by performing an experiment between pituicytes.
with a dog, where he offered food to a dog and 248. Herring bodies are densely staining pools of
observed its reaction. stored neurosecretory substance present in the
178. Chemoreceptors are exteroreceptors, whereas local regions along axons terminating in the
proprioreceptors, enteroreceptors and posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
baroreceptors are interoreceptors. 254. Frohlic dwarfs are mentally abnormal.
180. Mechanoreceptors are located in the 261. ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce
corpuscles of skin and free nerve endings. glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.
188. Statoacoustic receptors are responsible for 262. ACTH is regulated under the control of
hearing, balance and equilibrium. hypothalamic corticotropin releasing factor,
198. Choroid is bluish in colour and contains many i.e. hypothalamic CRF.
blood vessels. 263. Addison’s disease (adrenal failure) affects
201. Retina consists of three sub-layers – ganglion carbohydrate metabolism leading to weakness
cells, bipolar cells and photoreceptor cells. and failure.
202. The two types of photoreceptor cells are rods 267. The other names of prolactin as per their
and cones. functions are development of mammary
203. There are three types of cones containing three glands (mammotropin), milk secretion by
different visual pigments. The visual pigment mammary glands (lactogenic hormone),
for colour vision are; erythropsin (sensitive to maintenance of corpus luteum (leuteotropin).
red), chloropsin (sensitive to green) and 273. FSH stimulates follicular cells for secretion of
cynopsin (sensitive to blue). oestrogen.
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 Chapter 17 : Control and Co-ordination
277. The anterior pituitary gland secretes LH. It is 341. Glucagon is a hyperglycemic hormone which
responsible for release of ovum from ovary, acts on liver cells where it stimulates
i.e. LH is involved in the process of ovulation. hepatocytes for glycogenolysis and also
stimulates gluconeogenesis.
278. LH = luteinizing hormone stimulates
interstitial cells of the testes to produce the 344. Prolonged hyperglycemia leads to diabetes
male hormone testosterone. For this reason, mellitus due to insufficient insulin level. In this
LH sometimes is called interstitial cell condition, blood is unable to utilize glucose and
stimulating hormone (ICSH) in males. high level of glucose is excreted in urine.
288. Oxytocin causes contraction of uterine 348. Androgens are basically secreted by male
myometrium at the end of gestation to initiate gonads, i.e. testes.
labour pains for normal delivery. 354. Gastrin stimulates gastric glands for the
secretion of HCl and pepsinogen.
289. Oxytocin stimulates myoepithelial cells of
mammary glands for milk ejection during 359. The juxta glomerular cells of the kidney
breast feeding. produce a peptide hormone known as
erythropoietin which stimulates bone marrow
296. Position of the thyroid gland is ventrolateral to for production of RBCs.
trachea, just below the larynx.
363. Cerebellum or metancephalon is a well
298. Two lateral lobes of thyroid gland are developed part, present below the occipital
connected by isthmus which is at 2nd to 4th lobe of cerebral hemisphere. It coordinates the
tracheal cartilage voluntary movements and also controls
308. Thyroxine secreted by thyroid gland regulates equilibrium and posture of the body.
various metabolic activities such as physical 368. Pars nervosa is found in posterior lobe of
growth, development of gonads, respiration pituitary gland.
rate and heart rate. 369. TCT is a hormone of thyroid gland, whereas
310. A person suffering from myxoedema shows all others are hormones of pituitary gland.
thickening and puffiness of skin and low 370. Deficiency of thyroxine in adults causes
BMR. myxoedema. Excessive secretion of thyroxine
313. Deficiency of iodine in the diet or drinking cause Graves disease. Deficiency of thyroxine
water causes goitre. in children causes cretinism. Hyposecretion of
corticosteroids causes Addisons disease.
316. Cretinism is caused by extreme
375. Cricoid is a single signet ring-like cartilage of
hypothyroidism during foetal life, infancy or
larynx.
childhood. This condition is characterized
especially by failure of body growth and by 376. Intermediate neuron receives sensory impulse,
mental retardation. interprets it and generates motor impulse.
318. Thyrocalcitonin stimulates bones to take up Critical Thinking
Ca from the blood, thereby decreasing calcium
blood level. Thus, increased Ca level stimulate 1. Right and left hemisphere are coordinated by a
the secretion of thyrocalcitonin band of transverse modulated nerve fibres
called corpus callosum.
320. PTH is a parathyroid hormone.
6. Central sulcus is present between the frontal
328. Glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid and and parietal lobes of the cerebral hemispheres.
androgenic steroids are hormones of adrenal Motor area is in front of frontal lobe and
cortex collectively called corticoids. sensory area behind parietal lobe.
337. Adrenaline is secreted by adrenal medulla 7. Area of parietal lobe controls general
during stress condition. It is a hormone of sensations like pain, touch and temperature.
fight or flight. 8. General sensory area concerned with sensation
338. Adrenaline and noradrenaline also stimulates the of touch is located in parietal lobe.
breakdown of glycogen, lipids and proteins, 9. Olfactory area lies in the cerebral cortex of the
thereby increasing blood glucose level. temporal lobe and controls the smell.
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MHT-CET Triumph Biology (Hints)
10. The cerebrum is the seat of intelligence because 30. Cerebrum has grey matter on the outside and
it is the centre for intelligence, memory, white matter inside, while spinal cord has grey
judgement and problem solving ability. matter on the inside and white matter on the
11. Cerebrum is the centre for memory, hence outside.
cerebrum would be affected if a person loses 32. Olfactory and optic nerves are exclusively
his memory in an accident. sensory in function. Olfactory nerves function
12. A vascular region of anterior choroid plexus is for sense of smell, whereas optic nerves
located near the roof of third ventricle in function for sense of light and vision.
diencephalon. 33. Trigeminal cranial nerves are distributed in
13. Hypothalamus is the co-ordinator between lips which are involved in whistling.
nervous system and endocrine system. It 34. The V cranial (Dentist nerve) is distributed in
secretes neurohormones (stimulating and lower jaw which is responsible for mastication.
inhibiting factors) which influence the 35. Facial nerves are distributed in taste buds.
pituitary gland.
36. Auditory nerves arise from lateral side of
15. All sensory impulses except olfactory medulla oblongata.
impulses pass through thalamus which is
located in diencephalon. 37. The ninth cranial nerve, i.e. Glossopharyngeal
is located in mucosa of pharynx which helps
17. It is the hypothalamus, which is the seat and the
in swallowing of food through pharyngeal
source for the regulation of body temperature
contraction.
and water balance, i.e. homeostasis
38. Vagus nerve is responsible for movement of
18. Iter runs through midbrain and connects the III
visceral organs such as heart, stomach, lungs
ventricle to IV ventricle.
and intestine.
19. Superior colliculi control and co-ordinates
40. Sympathetic nervous system works during
movement of head in response to visual
stress, pain, anger and fear which causes
stimulus. Inferior colliculi controls and co-
secretion of sweat, tears and saliva.
ordinates head movement in response to
auditory stimulus. 41. Heart beat accelerates during fear, anger or
stress. All these emotions are controlled under
20. Cerebrum and cerebellum both contain the
sympathetic nervous system. It also secretes
outer layer of grey matter and the inner layer
adrenaline hormone during these situations as
filled of white matter. Grey matter in the
an emergency hormone.
cerebrum is called cerebral cortex, which is
the highest centre for many sensations and 42. Parasympathetic system consist of nerve fibres
activities and has a number of sensory areas. which run along cranial nerves and sacral
The upper surface of the cerebellum is formed nerves.
of grey matter and forms cerebellar cortex, 43. Sympathetic nervous system works during
while its deeper central part, the medulla, is stress, pain, anger, fear or emergency.
formed of white matter called arbor vitae. Parasympathetic nervous system works during
21. Activities like walking, running, working and rest and brings about relaxation, comfort and
speaking involves hand-eye co-ordination. All pleasure. Thus, sympathetic and parasympathetic
these activities are controlled by cerebellum. nervous system are antagonistic.
24. Pons varolii and medulla oblongata has outer 49. The dorsal root of the spinal cord contains fibres
white mater and inner grey mater, whereas which brings sensation from somatic area.
cerebrum and cerebellum have outer grey 50. The conditional reflexes are acquired
mater and inner white mater. throughout the life by learning or experience.
25. Corpus callosum interconnects the two These are of temporary nature and may
cerebral hemispheres, while pons varolii disappear and reappear again.
connects and co-ordinate the activities of 52. Receptors are the different types of doors and
cerebellar hemisphere. windows of the body receiving various stimuli
29. About 8 pairs of cranial nerves arise from and keep the body updated with the
medulla. environment.
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MHT-CET Triumph Biology (Hints)
118. 166. About 50,000 years ago, people of essentially
New world Old world modern character, the so called CroMagnon,
Features abruptly replaced the European Neanderthals.
monkeys monkeys
Nose Flat Narrow They used sophisticated stone tools. They
Tail Long prehensile Short prehensile were expert hunters and knew the use of fire.
They had developed art and have left paintings
Location South and Tropical regions of
and carvings in the caves.
Central America Africa and Asia
Examples Squirrel Monkey, Baboons, 175. It was proposed in 1858 and published in 1859
Spider monkey Macaques, Langurs by Charles Darwin.

120. All Homo sapiens and others belonging to the 178. Vestigial organs are non-functional in the
genus Homo are placed in one family Hominidae. possessors, but were functional in the ancestors
and in related animals.
123. The other characters which show phylogenetic Tail bone or coccyx is a small triangular bone
relationship between apes and man are larger formed by fusion of 4 reduced caudal vertebrae,
head, molar teeth with five cusp, highly and it became vestigial due to bipedal gait and
developed facial musculature for expression sitting posture of man.
and the remarkable similarity in the DNA,
180. Apes and man have a common ancestry,
haemoglobin and albumin molecules.
Hominoidea.
129. Dryopithecus fossils were first discovered by L.S.B. 181. Baboon is a large long Arabian monkey, while
Leaky in 1930 from Lake Victoria of Africa. others are apes.
131. The earliest fossils of prehistoric man are 182. Neanderthal man was early man inhabiting
Ramapithecus and Shivapithecus found from the Southern Europe and Central Asia during the
late miocene of India. (Siwalik hills of Himalayas) late Pleistocene era, while Australopithecus
existed during Pliocene era. Zizanthropus (a
135. The first fossil Australopithecus africanus in
type of Australopithecine) is an extreme
the form of skull cap of a child (called Taung
primate found in Tanzania.
baby) was discovered in a lime quarry by
workers of Taung, South Africa.
Critical Thinking
137. Australopithecus lived in Africa between 4 1. Oparin Haldane theory explained the chemical
million years ago which was the end of evolution of life.
Pliocene period and the beginning of the
Pleistocene epoch. 2. The active element hydrogen at the time of
primitive earth combined with nitrogen,
142. The fossils of Homo habilis was discovered in oxygen and carbon to form ammonia, water
Olduvai George, Tanzania in Africa by Dr. and methane. These were the first chemicals
L.S.B. Leakey. formed on the earth.
144. Australopithecus gave rise to Homo habilis 4. According to the ‘Theory of Chemical
about two million years ago in Africa. They evolution’, the highly reactive free radicals –
were rough tool makers, and probably first CH and CH2 condensed to form a variety of
fossil forms of Homo. both saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.
145. The cranial capacity of Homo habilis was 8. Today, there is an enormous number and
about 650 cc – 800 cc diversity of living organisms. These are
explained in organic evolution. It is a gradual
152. Homo erectus was considered to be the first true process of change by which, different kinds of
species of man. The skull was rather massive organisms develop from a few simple forms of
and flat. Jaws jutted forward (prognathous). The life over a long period of time.
teeth and dental arcade were as in modern man.
10. The increase in the number of individuals, but
163. The cranial capacity of Neanderthal man was limited food and space leads to the competition
1450 cc. called struggle for existence.
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MHT-CET Triumph Biology (Hints)
88. Parathormone is a hypercalcemic hormone 100. Adrenal medulla and pancreas secrete their
which increases the level of Ca++ in blood, hormones independently since there are no
thus developing the bones. trophic hormones of the pituitary to regulate
or control them.
89. PTH is the peptide hormone of parathyroid
glands which helps in controlling the calcium 103. When hormone binds to receptor, a hormone-
balance of the blood. Its release is triggered by receptor complex is formed. This complex leads
the falling blood calcium levels. to biochemical changes in the target tissue. Thus,
Thyrocalcitonin decreases the blood calcium the hormones act as chemical messengers which
level. Increased calcium level in blood bring change in the target tissue.
stimulates ‘C’-cells to secrete thyrocalcitonin. 104. Otoconia helps in balancing the body during
the change of posture when the body is
90. Thymus is the organ from where imbalanced and tilted onto one side.
Tlymphocytes originate. Hence, it is 105. The degeneration of thymus gland occurs in
involved in immunological reactions. old individuals leading to decreased
91. The thymus gland is the primary centre for production of thymosins, thereby weakening
formation of T – lymphocytes and antibodies. the immune response.
This gland is prominent at the time of birth, 106. In general, adrenaline of adrenal gland prepares
but gradually degenerates in adults. the body to face emergency conditions of
physical and emotional stress like fall in blood
93. Aldosterone is the mineralocorticoid secreted
pressure, fear, etc. So, adrenaline is also called
by adrenal gland which maintains blood
emergency hormone and adrenal glands are
pressure.
called “Glands of Emergency”.
94. Aldosterone is a potent mineralocorticoid 107. The 7th cranial nerve is responsible for the
hormone secreted by the adrenal glands of functioning of tongue and secretions of
mammals from the cells of the outer cortex salivary gland. The 9th cranial nerve is
(glomerulosa zone). The primary action of responsible for taste.
aldosterone is to promote the uptake of sodium 108. 8th (Auditory) is sensory, while 7th, 9th, 10th are
from the filtrate in the distal renal tubule back mixed.
into the blood and excretion of potassium.
109. Salivation is a unconditioned reflex as it is
95. Insulin is responsible for decreasing the blood seen in a small baby. It is conditioned also, as
glucose level. Hence, it is involved in proved by Pavlov’s dog experiment.
glycogenesis, i.e. conversion of glucose to 111. Pars intermedia is the part of adenohypophysis
glycogen. Glycogenolysis is the hydrolysis of which is reduced, less developed and non-
glycogen to glucose. Glyconeogenesis is the functional in human being.
conversion of amino acids, fatty acid or any 112. Testosterone is a male reproductive hormone,
other nutrient to glucose, while glycolysis while others are female reproductive hormones.
occurs in cytoplasm to generate energy from
glucose and has no association with insulin. 113. Acetylcholine is neutralized by acetylcholine
esterase when impulse reaches the dendrites of
97. Pancreas is a dual gland – exocrine as well as association neuron.
endocrine. It shows both hyperglycemia 114. Erythropoietin is released by kidneys.
(increased level of blood glucose) and
hypoglycemia (decreased level of blood Competitive Thinking
glucose).
1. Nervous system and endocrine system
98. Insulin reduces the blood glucose level, while communicate with each other to achieve co-
glucagons increase the blood glucose level. ordination and integration.
Hence, their action is antagonistic. 2. Brain and spinal cord are surrounded by three
99. Thyroxine maintains basal metabolic rate meninges – dura mater, pia mater, arachnoid
(BMR) by increasing glucose oxidation. in mammals.
Adrenal cortex secretes glucocorticoids which 4. Arachnoid mater lies between the duramater and
are involved in carbohydrate metabolism. piamater.

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 Chapter 17 : Control and Co-ordination
5. Thermoregulation centre of body is present in 47. At the chemical synapse, pre-synaptic
hypothalamus of brain. membrane is involved in the release of
neurotransmitters. The receptor sites for
7. The cerebrum is the largest and most complex neurotransmitters are present on the post-
of all the parts of the human brain. synaptic membrane.
9. The area concerned with sense of hearing is 48. Reflex arc is the basic functional unit of
located in temporal lobe of fore brain. nervous system.
12. Interpretation of speech (understanding 50. Unconditioned reflexes are inborn, inherited,
speech) takes place in Wernicke’s area of species specific, stable and controlled by
temporal lobe. spinal cord. Conditioned reflexes are acquired
17. The primary function of cerebellum is to by learning and experiences and controlled by
maintain posture, orientation and equilibrium cerebral cortex of brain.
of body by co-ordinating and regulating tone 51. Chemoreceptors respond to chemicals. They
and contraction of voluntary muscles. are of two types – olfactory (respond to smell)
19. Cerebellum in hind brain is primarily and gustatory (respond to taste).
responsible for maintaining body posture and 54. Tactile, Frigido and Tango receptors are
equilibrium (not for language comprehension). sensitive to touch, cold and pressure
20. The limbic system along with hypothalamus is respectively.
involved in regulation of sexual behaviour, 59. The pigmented part of ciliary body is called iris
expression of emotional reactions (e.g. and it is the visible coloured portion of the eye.
excitement, pleasure, rage and fear) and
motivation. 64. Photosensitive pigment rhodopsin in human
eye is made up of opsin protein and retinal
22. Medulla oblongata of hind brain contains [aldehyde form of vitamin A (Retinol)].
centres that regulate heart beat, blood
pressure, breathing, swallowing, salivation, 65. Carotene is the source of retinal
sneezing, vomiting and coughing and other (aldehyde of vit A). Retinal, is the light-
involuntary movements. absorbing part of all visual photopigments.
Retinal is involved in the formation of
27. In human beings, 12 pairs of cranial nerves, rhodopsin of rod cells.
31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of ribs
are present. 67. Pupil is an aperture through which light enters
the eyes. Other parts are refractive media.
39. Oligodendrocytes (neuroglial cells) form
myelin sheath around the axon in CNS, while 69. Ear drum is also known as tympanic membrane
the Schwann cells form myelin sheath around which separates middle ear from external ear.
the axon of PNS. 72. An Eustachian tube is present in the middle ear
41. The depolarisation of nerve membrane takes which connects the middle ear cavity with the
place through influx of Sodium ions, whereas pharynx.
repolarisation takes place due to efflux of 73. Membranous labyrinth of ear acts as
Potassium ions. statoacoustic organ and controls hearing and
42. Nerve impulse is a self propagating wave of equilibrium or balancing.
depolarization and repolarisation. 75. Organ of Corti is the auditory sensory part in
43. Axons are modified for the conduction of the cochlea.
impulses away from CNS. 82. Vestibular apparatus (otolith organs i.e. utricle
44. Transmission of nerve impulse, across a and sacculus and semicircular canal) help in
synapse is accomplished by neurotransmitters. maintaining body posture, equilibrium and
balancing the body. Thus, it will help a
45. Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter that gymnast to balance his body upside down even
helps in neuromuscular transmission. in total darkness.
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 Chapter 10 : Origin and Evolution of Life
67. 81. Sympatric speciation occurs within the same
geographical area when two species occupy
Human ancestors Cranial capacity
different ethological or ecological niche and
Neanderthal man 1450 cc are reproductively isolated by the
Cro-magnon man 1600 cc development of biological isolating barriers.
72. The first chemicals formed during prebiotic Allopatric speciation occurs when the original
environment of the earth were CH4, NH3, H2O. population becomes separated spatially
because of geographical barriers.
73. Darwin’s finches is a classical example of
geographical isolation. Darwin’s finches Phyletic speciation is a model of evolution
living on Galapagos islands differ not only that is uniform and gradual, occurring over a
among themselves but also from mainland long period of time.
finches in size, colour, beak and food habits.

Evaluation Test

1. The spark discharge glass apparatus was

8. Most of the ape fossils of human evolutionary
designed by Miller and Urey to show that
line have been excavated from African rocks.
simple organic compounds could be formed in
nature from the inorganic molecules. 14. The condition in which members of the same
species fail to interbreed is called geographical
2. Nature selects the organisms which are
isolation.
provided with favourable variations and those
are fit to survive. This is called as ‘Natural 15. The organs of the body which are non-
selection’ or ‘Survival of the fittest’. functional to the possessor but were functional
in ancestor and are also functional in related
3. Upto 1845, in England, the species Biston
animals are called vestigeal organs.
betularia was a light coloured moth. However,
after industrial revolution, more and more
black peppered moths were observed and by
1895, they comprised 99% of the moth
population.
4. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium principle states
gene (allele or genotype) frequencies remain
same from generation to generation, thus
maintaining the genetic equilibrium unless
disturbed by factors like mutation, non-
random mating, etc.
5. Darwin observed many varieties of finches (a
group of small-sized and black coloured
passerine birds) on Galapagos Islands.
Many varieties of these birds were found on
same island with alteration in beaks, some
insectivorous and some vegetarians.
They radiated to different geographical areas.
They have undergone adaptive radiation
especially in their type of beak.
6. Darwin gave Natural selection theory, Hugo
de Vries proposed mutation theory of
evolution, Lamarck proposed theory of
inheritance of acquired characters and Huxley
said that the birds are glorified reptiles.

73
 Textbook
Chapter No.

18 Human Reproduction
Hints

Classical Thinking 196. Corona radiata is made up of radially

elongated follicular cells around the oocyte
33. Formation of sperms is called which are glued together by hyaluronic acid.
spermatogenesis.
209. The surface of the sperm adheres with the
36. Interstitial cells are present between the oocyte due to fertilizin–anti-fertilizin reaction.
seminiferous tubules which produce testosterone.
212. The entry of sperm into female gamete, stimulates
50. Ejaculatory duct carry seminal fluid and secondary oocyte and second polar body is
spermatozoa to urethra. released. This ends the process of oogenesis.
53. Membranous urethra is present between the 213. Polar bodies are smaller cells produced during
end of prostate gland and root of penis. oogenesis that do not develop into egg cells.
55. The urethra has two sphincters–internal 252. Muscles, spinal cord and epidermis of skin
sphincter of smooth muscle and external develop from ectoderm.
sphincter of striated muscle.
257. The placenta has two parts, the part
87. Bartholin’s gland is homologous to Cowper’s contributed by the foetus, i.e. chorionic villi is
gland as both secrete lubricating fluid. called foetal placenta and the part shared by
100. There are about 13 menstrual cycles per year, the mother, i.e. part of uterine wall is termed
so 32  13 = 416 eggs. as maternal placenta.

108. Mesosalpinx is a double fold of peritoneum 258. Umbilical cord is a tubular connection covered
which supports the oviduct. with a connective tissue sheath through which
the foetus with the chorion of placenta.
125. Mammals other than primates show estrous cycle,
while primates only show menstrual cycle. 265. Glucose, antibodies and vitamins move from
maternal blood to foetal blood and foetal
136. Follicular phase extends from 5th to 13th day of waste, such as CO2 and urea from foetal to
menstrual cycle. maternal blood.
143. Ovulation occurs under the influence of LH 279. These structures are referred as “after birth”
from pituitary gland. because they are expelled after infant’s birth
(during third stage) by series of uterine
144. A rise in LH stimulates ovulation which
contractions.
occurs on 14th day of menstrual cycle.
164. Primordial follicle cells undergo mitotic 291. IUCD, an intrauterine device is a loop, spiral
division to produce diploid spermatogonia. or ring of copper or stainless steel inserted into
the cavity of the uterus.
173. Acrosome secretes hyaluronidase which helps
sperm to penetrate into egg during fertilization. 306. The children born to affected mothers suffer
from eye infection called gonococcal
174. Neck of sperm contains two centrioles– ophthalmia.
proximal centriole and distal centriole.
314. The success rate of GIFT is about 30 percent.
182. The primary oocyte undergoes Ist meiotic
division to form haploid secondary oocyte. 333. Lens arises from ectoderm layer.
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MHT-CET Triumph Biology (Hints)
acidic. This acidic medium prevents vagina
Critical Thinking from fungal infection.
30. The ovary remains attached to the abdominal wall
1. Asexual reproduction is a method of
by a ligament called mesovarium. The uterus lies
reproduction which produces genetically
in the fold of peritoneum called mesometrium.
identical clones.
31. Uterus opens into an elastic muscular tube
5. During seventh month (28th week) of called vagina. Vagina is lined by a stratified
embryonic development, testes descend squamous epithelium without any glands.
permanently into respective scrotal sac
through inguinal canal. 35. Corpus luteum is formed in the luteal or
secretory phase which begins immediately
8. Each seminiferous tubule is lined by a after ovulation and lasts for about 14 days, i.e.
germinal epithelium formed of two types of days 15  28 (till the end of menstrual cycle).
cells germ or spermatogenic cells and sertoli If fertilization does not occur, corpus luteum
or nurse cells. Sertoli cells are a few degenerates and the unfertilized egg passes
pyramidal shaped cells which provide through the vagina as menstrual flow.
nutrition to developing sperms.
36. After ovulation, the ruptured follicle develops
11. The prostaglandin in the semen stimulates the into yellow body called corpus luteum which
contraction in female reproductive tract to secretes progesterone. Corpus luteum is active
help the process of fertilization, thus till the placenta take up the secretion of HCG
increasing the mobility of sperms. hormone.
13. Seminal vesicles contribute about 60% of the 37. During follicular phase, estrogen causes repair
total volume of the semen. of endometrium and increase the thickness.
During luteal phase, when pregnancy occurs
14. Fructose is present only in seminal fluid. Its corpus luteum secretes progesterone which
presence in the female genital tract confirms maintains the thickness of endometrium.
sexual intercourse. Hence, it provides a proof
for forensic test in case of rape. 38. The corpus luteum is considered as
temporary endocrine gland because
16. The secretion of Cowper’s glands lubricates i. if fertilization occurs, corpus luteum
the passage of sperms in urethra and also secretes progesterone.
neutralizes the acidity in urethra due to ii. if fertilization does not occurs, corpus
previous micturition. It makes the medium luteum degenerates to corpus albicans.
alkaline to keep the sperms alive. So, its
removal may affect sperms. 40. During differentiation, Sertoli cells provide
nourishment to spermatids.
18. The inner medulla of ovary contains
41. Germinal cells (primordial germ cells) which
connective tissue called stroma in which
line the seminiferous tubules undergo
Graafian follicles are embedded.
repeated mitotic division to produce
19. The outer cortex of ovary is lined by germinal spermatogonium.
epithelium which gives rise to Graafian 44. During spermatogenesis, primary
follicle. st
spermatocyte undergoes 1 meiotic division
21. In cortex, at the beginning, the single layer of to form secondary spermatocyte which
follicular cells surrounding each oocyte forms undergoes 2nd meiotic division to form four
primordial follicle. haploid spermatids. These four haploid
spermatid undergo spermiogenesis to form
22. Under the influence of follicle stimulating mature male gamete, i.e. sperm
hormone and luteinising hormone, primary
follicle undergoes meiosis I and meiosis II and 46. The primary spermatocyte undergoes first
develops into Graafian follicle. meiotic division during maturation phase.
During this phase, each homologous
29. Glycogen present in vagina is fermented by chromosome pairs and splits longitudinally
lactobacilli, thus making the vagina mucous leading to chiasma formation which results
in exchange of genetic material.
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 Chapter 18 : Human Reproduction
47. 50 primary spermatocytes undergo two divisions 72. Oxytocin stimulates the uterine muscles to
to produce 200 secondary spermatozoa. contract and prostaglandins increase the force
of contraction. This provides force to expel the
48. 100 secondary spermatocytes undergo
baby from the uterus, causing birth.
meiotic divisions to form 200 spermatozoa.
50. The ovum possesses three coverings–inner 73. The hormone relaxin secreted by corpus
plasma membrane, middle glycoprotein zona luteum relaxes the ligament of the pelvic
pellucida and outer cellular corona radiata girdle for easy birth of the baby.
with radially elongated follicular cells. 74. Combined pills are drugs that prevent the
51. During maturation phase, second meiotic releases of pituitary hormones (FSH and LH)
division gets arrested at metaphase. Thus, that lead to ovulation. These pills contain
releasing the secondary oocyte. synthetic progesterone and estrogen.

52. Primary oocyte undergoes 1st meiotic division 78. The prenatal diagnosis of amniotic fluid to
to form secondary oocyte and polar bodies. determine the genetic disorders is termed
Secondary oocyte and polar bodies undergo ‘amniocentesis’.
IInd meiotic division to form ovum. 79. Bartholin’s glands are present in female
55. Hyaluronidase is a hydrolytic enzyme which reproductive system which is homologous to the
helps in penetration of the egg during Cowper’s glands of the male reproductive
fertilization. system.
80. Fallopian tubes in female reproductive system
57. Polar body is a component of female sex
are supported by double fold of peritoneum
gamete, ovum.
called mesosalpinx.
59. Fertilizin is a glycoprotein secreted by 83. Lining layer of uterus called endometrium
unfertilized egg called oocyte. (mucous membrane) is richly supplied with
60. The penetration of the sperm through the zona blood vessels and tubular gland. Actual wall
radiata is supported by enzymatic substance of uterus is myometrium. It is covered on the
called hyaluronidase. (mucopolysaccharide outside by perimetrium.
hyaluronic acid) 84. Vagina, Ovaries, Oviduct – Internal genitalia
61. Hyaluronidase enzyme of acrosome hydrolyses Mammary gland – External genitalia.
the hyaluronic acid of follicular cells. Zona 85. The secretory phase extends from 15th – 28th
lysine or acrosin digests zona pellucida. day of the menstrual cycle.
64. After cleavage, there is no time for cells to grow 88. Aminocentesis is a technique to determine the
in size and they become progressively small. sex of developing baby, genetically controlled
65. The zona pellucida which surrounds the congenital diseases and metabolic disorders in
morula prevents the implantation of the the foetus.
blastocyst at an abnormal site. 89. Neuron – Structural and functional unit of the
66. Cells covering the free surface of the brain.
embryonal knob (embryonic pole and 92. Mammary gland is a modified sweat gland.
abembryonic pole) become flat and form first
endodermal cells. Competitive Thinking
67. Two ova are fertilized by two different sperms.
8. Testes are located in scrotum which provides a
69. During third trimester, as the foetus grows, the low temperature (of 2°C) for maintenance of
uterus expands causing the compression and spermatogenetic tissue and formation of sperms.
displacement of mother’s abdominal organs
which leads to the problems. 9. Each testis is held in its position within its
scrotal sac and is supported from posterior
70. Placenta is the only organ in animals formed scrotal wall by means of a small cord of fibro
of the tissues derived from two different muscular mesodermal tissue called
individuals, the foetus and the mother. Gubernaculum.
107
MHT-CET Triumph Biology (Hints)
11. Cells of Leydig or interstitial cells are stimulated 44. FSH is secreted during proliferative phase
to secrete male hormone testosterone by the which leads to development of Graafian
interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH) follicle. Oestrogen is secreted by follicular cells
from anterior lobe of pituitary gland. of ovary which repair endometrium. After
rupture of Graafian follicle during ovulation,
12. Leydig cells secrete the hormone testosterone the remaining cells of Graafian follicle
after puberty. develops into corpus luteum which secrete
13. Vas deferens is the larger duct that arises from progesterone.
cauda epididymis and reaches upto seminal 47. Spermatogonia/oogonia are produced by
vesicles. mitotic cell division, while spermatids and ova
are produced after meiotic cell division.
14. Function of vasa deferentia is conduction of
sperms by peristalsis of its highly muscular 48. Acrosome forms a cap in front of the nucleus
coat. If it is disconnected in man, semen will containing lytic agent (lysin) which penetrates
be without sperms. egg membrane during fertilization.
55. Spermiation is the process of release of the
24. The greater vestibular glands (Bartholin’s
sperms from Sertoli cells into the lumen of
glands) are paired glands situated one on each
seminiferous tubule whereas spermiogenesis is
side of the vaginal opening. These glands are
transformation of spermatids into spermatozoa.
homologous to the bulbourethral (Cowper’s)
gland of male and secrete viscous fluid that 58. The process of formation of haploid ova from
supplements lubrication during sexual inter diploid germinal cells (2n) of the ovary called
course. oogenesis.
59. Oogenesis is the process of formation,
27. Theca interna is a highly vascularised internal
development and maturation of haploid ova
layer of secretory cells encircling the basement
from diploid germinal cells of ovary. Oogenesis
membrane on which the granulosa rest.
comprises of three phases (i) Multiplication
28. The cavity of grafiaan follicle is antrum or phase (ii) Growth phase (iii) Maturation phase.
follicular cavity having liquor folliculi and an 62. Discharge of a mature ovum from Graafian
eccentrically placed oocyte. follicle is known as ovulation.
29. Corpus luteum is a mass of cells present in 65. Entry of sperm stimulates the secondary oocyte
ovary. The luteal cells secrete progesterone to start the suspended meiosis - II resulting in
hormone to maintain pregnancy. It also secretes the formation of one ootid and 2 to 3 polar
relaxin. body. Ootid changes to become ovum, male
and female pronuclei get mixed up. The
32. Cessation of menstrual cycle is called process is called amphimixis.
menopause. Menopause occurs in females at
the age of 45-58 years. 66. Fertilization membrane prevents polyspermic
fertilization by preventing further entry of
34. The ovum is ejected from the follicle near the spermatozoa.
end of proliferative phase, i.e. 14th day or
67. On fertilization, egg becomes diploid (2n).
midway during menstrual cycle.
68. Note: The statement given in option (D) is
40. Corpus luteum secretes pregnancy hormone
partially correct because fertilisation of the
progesterone.
ovum takes place in the ampullary part of the
42. The ruptured follicle show proliferation of fallopian tube.
cells of membrana granulosa, deposition of 69. Hyaluronidase dissolves hyaluronic acid
yellow pigment or lutein and formation of (cementing material) of corona radiata around
yellow body called corpus luteum. Corpus ovum.
luteum secretes progesterone. If ovum is not
fertilized, corpus luteum loses its yellow 70. The increase in fertilising capacity of sperms
colour and changes to whitish scar, corpus is termed as capacitation. It occurs in female
albicans and degenerates. reproductive tract.
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MHT-CET Triumph Biology (Hints)
24. All the daughters will be normal. Females do 31. Parents: Colour blind woman Normal man
not have the Y-chromosome. They are XcXc XCY
homogametic, i.e. ‘XX’. Moreover,
hypertrichosis shows a straight inheritance Gametes: Xc Xc XC Y
from grandfather to father to son. This Y- c C c
linked disease is observed specifically in F1: XcXC XY X X XcY
Carrier Colour blind Carrier Colour blind
males and not in females. daughter son
daughter son
25. Colour blindness is caused by recessive gene 32. Parents: Father Mother
present on X-chromosome and shows criss- c
XY XCXc
cross type of inheritance. Hence, the man
carries the recessive gene for colour Gametes:
Xc Y XC Xc
blindness from his carrier mother. The
mother is phenotypically normal as a female F 1: Xc Xc XC Xc Xc Y XCY
requires two recessive genes for the Colour blind Carrier Colour blind Normal
sister sister man brother
expression of the disease.
26. The defective gene is present on the 33. The girl will be a carrier of colourblindness,
X-chromosome. It is expressed in a single while the boy will be normal as he receives
recessive condition in males due to a single Y-chromosome from his father.
X-chromosome, but in females, two recessive Parents: Carrier Girl  Normal Boy
genes are essential for expression of the disease. Xc XC XCY

27. Parents: Colour blind man  Normal female Gametes: Xc XC XC Y

XcY XCXC F1 :
C
X X C C
X Y XXc C c
XY
Normal Normal Carrier Colour blind
Gametes:
Xc Y XC XC daughter son daughter son
F1 : Xc XC Xc XC XCY XCY 34. The father cannot be a carrier. He has to be
Carrier daughters Normal sons either normal or colourblind. The mother can
The sons will be normal and daughters will be be a carrier or colourblind. If she is a carrier,
carriers, i.e. they are phenotypically normal. the male child will be colourblind and the
female child will be a carrier.
28. In case of sexlinked disease like colour
blindness, the defective X-chromosome of 35. Haemophilia is caused by a mutant allele of a
the father is passed on to his daughter who gene present on X-chromosomes. Hence, the
becomes a carrier for the gene. She then total number of chromosomes is same as that
transmits it to her son who manifests the of normal man, i.e. 46.
disease. Thus, the defective X-chromosome 36. Parents: Carrier woman Normal man
passes from father to his daughter and to his XH Xh XHY
grandson where it is expressed. Thus, sex-
Gametes: XH Xh
linked genes follow a criss-cross pattern of H
X Y
inheritance. F1 : X X H H
X Y X Xh
H
Xh Y H

29. Normal visioned man  Colour blind woman Normal Normal Carrier Diseased
daughter son daughter son
XCY Xc Xc
37. Haemophilia is a sex-linked disease, also called
c
Y Xc
as bleeder’s disease. Since Mary’s father has
Gametes: X haemophilia, according to the inheritance, Mary
will be a carrier daughter containing a single
F1 : X C Xc Xc Y recessive gene for haemophilia. When such a
carrier female marries a normal person, then
Carrier Colour blind 50% of sons will be normal while 50% of sons
daughter son will have haemophilia. Similarly, 50% of
daughters will be normal while 50% will be
carrier daughters.
76
MHT-CET Triumph Biology (Hints)

Evaluation Test

2. In the caput (head) epididymis, sperms

undergo maturation acquiring increased
motility and fertilization capacity.
4. Both Penis and Clitoris show the presence of
erectile tissues called corpora cavernosa.
5. Tunica albuginea is the covering of the testis.
7. Saheli is a weekly oral contraceptive pill that
checks ovulation by inhibiting the secretion of
FSH and LH hormones.
9. The seminal fluid contains citric acid,
fructose, fibrinogen and prostaglandins.
Fructose provides energy to sperms for
swimming.
10. During each menstrual cycle of 28 days, only
1 ovum from either ovary is released.
 On an average, 13 eggs / year.
11. In external budding, a small projection or bud
is formed on the outer surface of the parental
body. eg. Hydra
13. In mammals, the testes are located in the extra
abdominal scrotal sac. Failure of the testes to
descend into the scrotum is called
Cryptorchidism. This leads to sterility.
17. Early child marriage is a cause of population
explosion.
18. Parturition is the process of expelling fully
formed young one or baby from the mother’s
uterus after the gestation period.
20. Clitoris present in females is homologous to
the penis in males.

110
 Textbook
Chapter No.

19 Organisms and Environment – II

Hints
17. CO combines with haemoglobin to form
Classical Thinking carboxyhaemoglobin preventing O2 from
15. Left ovary and oviduct are present in birds to combining with haemoglobin. However, CO2
reduce body weight. forms a loose compound with Hb, so that Hb
can break away easily to combine with O2.
25. It is an example of mutualism, in which
ungulates benefit from the cellulase produced 20. Defoliation of leaves occur due to exposure to
by bacteria and the bacteria benefits from the H2S gas.
supply of nutrients by ungulates. 21. The emission of finer particles (particulate
36. Female Anopheles mosquito is a vector which matter) is controlled by “electrostatic
carries malarial parasite. precipitators” and fabric filters”. The larger
particles are removed by “wet scrubbers” and
69. Osmunda regalis is an endangered species. “cyclone separators”.
Rest all are vulnerable species.
22. Normally rains, even heavy rains cannot cause
125. The rats have strong and stout forelimbs water pollution. On the contrary, a good
provided with claws which help in digging. supply of water is produced.
These features of rat are fossorial adaptation.
23. The industrial effluents with many injurious or
127. Lichen is a symbiotic relationship between
hazardous chemicals must be treated before
algae and fungus.
they are released in river, lake, pond or sea.
131. Musk deer is a vulnerable species. Rest all are
25. Integrated organic farming adopted by
endangered species.
Ramesh Dagar includes bee-keeping, dairy
132. Great Indian Bustard is a rare species of bird management, water harvesting, composting
found in Gujarat and Rajasthan. Rest all are and agriculture. All these processes support
indeterminate species. each other and is an ideal, economical,
133. Option (A), (C) and (D) are manmade causes extremely useful and sustainable process.
of extinction of species. 31. All human beings belong to the species Homo
139. Patalganga river is in Panvel. sapiens sapiens.

Critical Thinking Competitive Thinking

1. Cockroaches show presence of three thoracic 7. The interaction between Sacculina and crab is
legs with presence of claws and adhesive pads an example of parasitism.
which help in running. 11. Interspecific interactions arise from
9. When new individuals come into the interactions of populations. In parasitism, one
population from outside, it is described as species is benefited while the other species is
immigration. It results in increasing the harmed. Hence the sign, ‘+’, ‘–’.
density of the population. 15. First population count in India was done in 1872
11. For a declining population, number of but due to many irregularities in it, 1891 census
individuals in post-reproductive age group is is considered as the country’s first census.
greater than the number of individuals in pre- 18. Natality is defined as the number of births per
reproductive age group. unit time, per unit area, per 1000 individuals
14. Endangered species of mammals are about 81, of a population. In immigration, new
while endangered species of birds and individuals are added to existing population
amphibians and reptiles are about 38 and 18 from outside thus, both these factors increase
respectively. the population density.
111
MHT-CET Triumph Biology (Hints)
52. When both the chromosomes bear genes for 78. The condition of chromosomal change which
disease, i.e. in homozygous condition, only involves the loss or gain of a single
then the character will be expressed. chromosome is called aneuploidy. Genotype
Otherwise, the individual will act as a carrier. “22 + XXY” shows the condition of
Klinefelter’s syndrome.
54. All offsprings will be normal.
Normal woman × Haemophilic man 79. Down’s syndrome is an autosomal aneuploidy.
XHXH man
82. Trisomic condition of Down’s syndrome arises
XhY
Gametes: XH XH Xh Y due to failure of separation of chromosome or
non-disjunction during meiosis.
83. Down’s syndrome is due to trisomy of 21st
chromosome was first reported in 1866 by
Langdon Down.
Xh XH Xh XH XHY XHY
84. Down’s syndrome is caused due non-
Carrier daughters Normal sons disjunction of 21st chromosome.
55. Haemophilia is a sex-linked disease. It is
genetically due to the presence of a recessive 85. Hyper aneuploidy is an increase in the number
sex linked gene h, which is carried by of chromosomes (e.g. Trisomy). Down’s
X-chromosome. syndrome arises due to gain of an additional
copy of chromosome 21 (i.e. trisomy) and does
56. The recessive gene for haemophilia which is not involve the sex chromosomes. Hence, it is an
located on X-chromosome suppresses the example of autosomal hyper aneuploidy
synthesis of factor VIII, which is necessary for
the normal blood clotting. 86. Trisomy of 21st pair of chromosome.
57. Since woman is normal and her father was a 88. Individuals with Turner’s syndrome have one X
bleeder means she is a carrier as she marries a chromosome (44 + XO) due to non-disjunction
haemophilic man, only half of their children of sex chromosome in their parents.
will be diseased.
89. The number of chromosomes in Turner’s
59. All sons are haemophilic because this disease
syndrome is 45, with only one sex
is caused by X-linked mutant gene.
chromosome. i.e. X-chromosome Hence,
60. Haemophilia is a sex-linked recessive disease. referred to as X-monosomy.
61. A man possesses only one gene for colour 94. XXY genotype is found in Klinefelter’s
vision, whereas woman possesses two. The syndrome. In this chromosomal disorder, male
normal colour vision is dominant over individuals show female secondary sexual
colour blindness. Therefore, only woman characteristics and are usually sterile.
will be carrier when she has gene for colour
blindness in one X-chromosome. 97. Loss of one chromosome from a homologous
pair (2n – 1) is called monosomy. Increase of
67. Unfertilized human egg is a haploid structure in
one chromosome in any homologous pair
which 22 autosomes and one X-chromosome is
(2n + 1) is called trisomy.
present.
69. Man is heterogametic because it has X and Y 99. Phenotypically these individuals are males, but
chromosomes. they can show some female secondary sexual
characteristics and are usually sterile.
73. Haplodiploidy is a type of sex determination in
which the male is haploid, while female is 101. Males with Klinefelter’s syndrome have 47
diploid. It occurs in some insects like honey chromosomes with XXY condition.
bees, ants and wasps.
102. Since daughter of a colour blind person will be
76. Thalassemia is a quantitative problem of a carrier of the disease and only one of the two
synthesizing less globin chains whereas sickle X chromosomes will bear the recessive gene
cell anaemia is a qualitative problem in which for the disease. So, half of their sons will be
mutant haemoglobin molecule is produced. colourblind.
80
 Chapter 11 : Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
106. Nephritis  Incomplete sex-linked inheritance 111. Spliceosomes help in removal of introns during
Haemophilia, Myopia, Night blindness  post-transcriptional processing of hnRNA in
Complete sex-linked inheritance eukaryotes. Split genes are absent in prokaryotes.
Franklin Stahl demonstrated semi-
109. Sickle cell anaemia is an autosomal recessive
conservative mode of replication.
disorder.
T. H. Morgan coined the term linkage.
110. Sex-linked traits appear more frequently in Transduction was discovered by Norton Zinder.
males as they have only one ‘X’ chromosome
so the recessive gene gets a chance to express 113. T. H. Morgan coined the term linkage.
itself. Colour blindness is caused due to defect F2 × Recessive parent - test cross.
in gene that prevents the proper formation of Gregor Mendel performed experiments on pea
colour sensitive cells in the retina. Drone bees plants to study inheritance pattern.
produce sperms by mitosis.

Evaluation Test

1. The number of linkage groups in a species

corresponds to its haploid number of
chromosomes.
Hence, number of linkage groups in maize are
10 (10 pairs of chromosomes) as chromosome
number is 20.

2. i. The individual suffering from

Klinefelter’s has 47 chromosomes
instead of 46 and chromosomal make up
will be 44 + XXY.
ii. When an abnormal egg with XX
chromosomes is fertilized with normal
Y sperm, the resulting baby gets XXY.

4. Myopia is an example of complete sex-linked

inheritance.

6. Y-chromosome contains small amount of

euchromatin and large amount of
heterochromatin.

7. ZZ-ZW type of sex determination is seen in

birds. Male has genotype (ZZ) and female has
genotype (ZW).

8. The chromosomal make-up of an individual

suffering from Turner’s syndrome is 44 + XO.

10. Haemophilia is inherited from father to his

grandson through his daughter. This is called
‘Criss-cross inheritance’.

81
 Textbook
Chapter No.

12 Genetic Engineering and Genomics

Hints

Classical Thinking 4. Erythrocytes do not have nucleus, hence

cannot be used in DNA fingerprinting.
11. Many copies of DNA is obtained from available
material by Polymerase Chain Reaction. 6. DNA is negatively charged. Thus, the
movement of DNA sample will be from
29. Methanococcus jannaschii 1660 Kb negative (cathode) to positive pole (anode).
Haemophilus influenzae  1830 Kb 20. During DNA profiling, the DNA sample is
Mycobacterium genitalium  569 Kb subjected to fragmentation by the action of
33. Insulin is produced by cells in the pancreas restriction endonuclease. Thus, the DNA
called Islets of Langerhans. obtained after fragmentation is termed as RFLP
(Restriction fragment length polymorphism)
39. which is used for analysis.
Name of gene Use 21. Bovine growth hormone is used to increase
Tissue plasminogen Prevent or reverse blood cattle and dairy yield.
activator (TPA) clots.
Tissue Growth Factor Wound healing and burns. Competitive Thinking
(TGF)
Factor VIII Treatment of haemophilia 9. DNA fragments are negatively charged due to
the presence of phosphate group.
Critical Thinking 11. Ethidium bromide is a dye used to stain the
DNA fragments which appear as orange
1. Variable number of tandem repeats or VNTRs coloured bands under UV light.
are short repeating sequences which are used
as genetic markers during DNA finger 23. First human hormone produced by
printing. recombinant technology.
2. All persons show 99% similarity in their 35. Hyper ovulation occurs during estrous cycle.
nucleotide sequence. Only some short pieces Re-implantation of embryo is relatively easy
of nucleotides differ from person to person in mice. It can carry upto 20 offsprings at one
and these nucleotides are teamed as VNTRs. time.

Evaluation Test
1. In somatic gene therapy, healthy genes are 6. In DNA fingerprinting, the broken DNA
introduced into somatic cells like blood cells,
fragments of variable size are separated on the
bone marrow cells.
agarose gel by electrophoresis.
2. Vaccine is an antigenic preparation developed 9. The objective of HGP was to determine the
from attenuated bacteria and viruses. functions of all the genes and identify the
3. The cutting of DNA by restriction various genes that cause genetic disorders in
endonucleases results in the fragments of human beings.
DNA. These fragments can be separated by a 10. DNA fingerprinting is also known as DNA
technique known as gel electrophoresis. profiling, DNA typing, molecular
4. PCR is a gene amplification technique in fingerprinting.
which multiple copies of known DNA
sequence is obtained.
82