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Nbsbulletinv8n1p1 A2b
CONTENTS
(See also Index)
Page
Introduction 5
i. Mutual Inductance; of Two Coaxial Circles:
(a) Formulas—
I, 2, Maxwell's formulas in elliptic integrals 6, 7
3, Formulas for the elliptic integrals and F E 8
4, Maxwell's formula in terms of and Q F E 9
5, Maxwell's formula expressed as a k series 9
6, Maxwell's formula expressed as series in k x 10
7, Weinstein's k f series formula 10
8, 9, Nagaoka's q series formulas 11
10, 11, Maxwell's series formulas for any two coaxial circles 13
12, Maxwell's series formula for circles of equal radii 13
13, Coffin's extension of (12) 14
14, Series formula for any two circles, extension of (10) 14
15, Formula for coplanar circles, derived from ( 14) 14
16, Havelock's formula (extended) for circles near together. 16
17, Havelock's formula, for circles far apart 16
18, Mathy's formula (corrected) 17
19, Simple form of Mathy's formula for the case ra 2 =2 r2 2 . 18
{b\ Choice of formulas , 19
(c) Summary of formulas . . „ 19
(d) Examples 1-19, illustrating the formulas for the mutual inductance
of coaxial circles , . 20
2. Mutual Inductance oe Two Coaxial Coils:
(a) Formulas
20, Rowland's formula, equal radii, but unequal section .... 33
21, Rowland's formula, equal radii and equal section 33
22, Differential coefficients in (20) and (21) 34
23, Rayleigh's formula of quadratures 34
24, Same for coils of equal radii and equal section 35
25, 26, Formulas for errors of formulas (21) and (24) 36, 37
27, Lyle's formulas
28, 38
29- Rosa's formulas for two equal coils
31, 39
32, Same for coils of equal radii, but unequal sections 39
33, The Rosa-Weinstein formula 40
34, Formula in terms of self-inductance 41
35, Geometric mean-distance formula 42
(b) Choice of formulas 43
(c) Examples 20-33, illustrating the formulas for the mutual inductance
of two coaxial coils 44
1
—— —
Grover\
Formulas for Mutual and Self-Induct an ce 3
APPENDIX
TABLES OF CONSTANTS AND FUNCTIONS USEFUL IN THE CALCULATION
OF MUTUAL AND SELF-INDUCTANCE
APPENDIX— Continued
TABLES OE CONSTANTS AND FUNCTIONS, ETC. —continued.
Page
XXI. Nagaoka's table of the correction for the ends as function of
diameter
224
length
XXII. Values of ^L — -X ^ and A% for use in formulas for high fre-
Y 2 Y Y x Y
quency 226
XXIII. Values of limiting value of the change of inductance with fre-
quency 229
XXIV. Values of argument x in high frequency formulas 230
Index 231
INTRODUCTION
A great many formulas have been given for calculating the
mutual and self-inductance of the various cases of electrical circuits
occuring in practice. Some have subsequently
of these formulas
been shown to be wrong, and of those which are correct and appli-
cable to any given case there is usually a choice, because of the
greater accuracy or greater convenience of one as compared with
the others. For the convenience of those having such calculations
to make we have brought together in this paper all the formulas
with which we are acquainted which are of value in the calculation
of mutual and self-inductance, particularly in nonmagnetic circuits
where the frequency of the current is low enough to assure sensibly
uniform distribution of current. In the last section some formulas
are given for the variation of the self-inductance and resistance with
the frequency. A considerable number of formulas which have
been shown to be unreliable or which have been replaced by others
that are less complicated or more accurate have been omitted,
although in most cases we have given references to such omitted
formulas. Where several formulas are applicable to the same case
we have pointed out the especial advantage of each and indicated
which one is best adapted to precision work.
m= 4 A/C^! - k\f- ~d
7T [l]
inwhich A and a are the radii of the two circles, d is the distance
between their centers, and
k= .
v = sin 7=-*-J 1
^/(A + af + d 2
rx
.Fand E are the complete elliptic integrals of the first and second
kind, respectively, to modulus k. Their values may be obtained
from the tables of Legendre (see Tables XII and XIII in the Appen-
dix), or the values of M+ ^ir^Aa may be obtained from Table I in
the appendix of this paper, the values of 7 being the argument.
\JS*u>,
A [2]
in F
which 1 and Ex are complete elliptic inte-
grals to modulus kly and
*,-' sin~" = 4. Aa
7l
^i +r 2 C^ + r,)"
rx and r3 are the greatest and least distances of
Fig. 1
one circle from the other (Fig. 1); that is,
r^ ^A + ay + d*
r2 =^(A-ay +d 2
2
2 2
4 6
2/e
\°s k' 1.2 3.4 5.6 )
+2 2 2 2
4 6 8
2*
V k ' i-2 34 5-6 7-8^
2
2 4
2
4-JL_J__jA
+ I>;Wiosg ^' 2
2 i-2
4 6 V 34 5-6/
"t~ 9
2 2 29 /E g ^'
2 4 6 8 V i-2 34 5-6 7.8^
+
Theequations (3) are very convergent for /£'<o.i, (£^0.995),
and satisfactory accuracy will be attained down to £ = 0.985, thus
covering the range of values for which interpolation in Legendre's
tables becomes difficult.
For values of k near 0.985 it is perhaps more accurate to calculate
M from elliptic integrals F and F
with a modulus k greater than
k. The modulus k/ which is complementary to k is smaller than
k\ and the values of F and F
calculated from the series formulas (3)
putting k in place of k' converge more rapidly than the values of
'
1
it'-
l+k (l+kf [4]
(
- — k )F — -fE comes out as the small difference of two large
fjS •<*""> r **
1 +1 }"3J
2-4-6 2ft
n
2[_ t {
- - - •
J JJ
B *_i
2L 1 [
.3-5----(~-D|;*»
2'4'6 2^ (2/2-1)
1
^VT.[x + Jr +
the general term in the brackets being
^^ + + ,...] [5 ]
(
3-5-7' - -(2tt+ i) V (2» + 2) =[
3-5-7- -(^ + i)T ^
\4-6-8- • -(2^ + 2)7(2^-1) 'L_4-6-8 • • • 2n J(2n — i)(2n + 2)
ir-^Vs[i+§v+gV+^«+ • • •
•] [6]
The series (6) converges more rapidly than (5), and may be used
(3) For values of k between about 0.7 and 0.985 the elliptic
integrals in (1) may be conveniently taken by interpolation from
Legendre's tables or from Table XIII.
(4) For values of k greater than about 0.7 we may use (4).
(5) For values of k greater than about 0.985 we may use (3).
It will be thus seen that the formulas overlap, so that it will be
<>+&•+&•+$&+ )} M
4
Wied. Ann., 21, p. 344; 1884.
1
Grfver]
Formulas for Mutual and Self-Inductance 1
M= 1671*^Aa~ ? f (i+ €)
= 47T 4Aa{\irq f (1 + e) } [8]
where A and a are the radii of the two circles. The correction
term € can be neglected when the circles are quite far apart.
H0""<0
s-
1 -!* ¥
_r _Tl(A-a)* + d*
%
i + V# r i -yl(A + af + d*
d being the distance between the centers of the circles, and k' the
complementary modulus occurring in equations (3) and (7).
Nagaoka's second formula is as follows :
*)+
j
_i — ^k 2^JAa
.
M
1 + 4~k ^{A+af + d
3 4 5
ei = 32?i -4o?i + 48?i
6
Phil. Mag., 6, p. 19; 1903. Recently a third expression has been found by
Nagaoka (Tokyo Math. Phys. Soc, 6, p. 10; 1911). (See p. 187 below.)
12 Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards \voi.8,No.i
-
II
The difference corresponding in the table when added to or -i-
/-
'
*
(i + £')(i + a/£') 2
the values of k and k' being calculated from the formulas already
given. The same applies to the calculation of lx in formula (ga\
when the circles are very near together, and consequently qx is very
small. For this case we use the expression
2
k'
h
(i+£)(i + V£) s
6
Jour, of Coll. of Sci. Tokyo, vol. 27, art. 6; 1909.
d
and when the circles are nearly of the same radii and relatively near
each other the value given is generally sufficiently exact. In the
following formula a is the smaller of the two radii, c is their differ-
ence, A — a,
d is the distance apart of the circles as before, and
r= -y/c + d\ The mutual inductance
2
is then
M= AnraX
^ log —
r\
fi W ( 1 -\
c
2a
^ 16a
+ 3d
2
2
f + 3 cd>
c 3c* — 2
c
s
— 6cd
-0 2a 16a 2
48a 3
When c and d are small compared with
#, we have for an approximate value of the
mutual inductance the following simple
8
expression:
d2 V
M= \iva\ log
(-£)-( 2 + 1 6a
2
)
[12]
The above formulas (10) and (12) are suffi-
ciently exact for very many cases, the terms
omitted in the series being unimportant
million. If, however, d= a, this term will be more than one per cent,
and the formula will be quite inexact.
7
Electricity and Magnetism, Vol. II, $ 705.
8
This is equivalent to the approximate formula given by Wiedemann,
M=4irallog — — 2.45 J>,
where / is the circumference of the smaller circle and c is the
same as r above.
21674 — 12 2
I
9
Coffinhas extended Maxwell's formula (12) for two equal circles
by computing three additional terms for each part of the expression.
This enables the mutual inductance to be computed with consider-
able exactness up to d=a. Formula (1) is exact, as stated above,
for all distances, and either it or (8) should be used in preference to
+ 31J* ,
r
V i6a 2
i6xi28^ J]
L 3J
c
2
+ 3d 2 s
+ $cd 2
+ 42c d — 1 5a 2 2 74
M= 47m log — 2a
c
16a 2
c
32a 3
1 7 c*
1024a 4
i9<:
5
+ 30<?V -45a/ ^ 2 4
\ ,( 2 ~
c 3c
2
~7
-d 2
c
z
— 6cd 2
2048a 5
)"(
/ \
~T~
2a T-^a"
2 I
48a 3
,
£9g" + 534^ - 93^* 379^ + 303°^ ~ 1845^ ]
r
I4 --i
4 L
6144a 61440a 5 /}
1
M= Aired log
^ s
(1 8a/
—^\ ( 1 +—
c
+ 1 6a"
2a -z-j
c%
i
c
32a
*
3 + 1024a —1
^—1 - V" +
7
2048a
{A
4 — T 9^
5
5
• • •
\
)
/
-/"
V
2+ /--Jf!
2a i6a
379^
+ 48a 6144a _ 61440a ^
L + _i?- +
2 3
^ 4
5
5
,
V
/J
r
L isl
DJ
9
J.G. Coffin, this Bulletin, 2, p. 113; 1906.
10
This Bulletin, 2, p. 364; 1906.
11
Iyoc. cit., p. 11.
Grower]
Formulas for Mutual and Self-Inductance 15
HAVELOCK'S FORMULA
which fall into two classes, those suitable for small values of ft,
and those suitable for large values of ft. In the case of the latter,
he gives the expressions for the general terms of the series, so that
these may
be extended as far as desired. In the case of the former
only a few terms are given, and the derivation of further terms is
very tedious.
He considers first the mutual inductance of two coaxial circles,
and points out that the solution may be made to depend on either
of two of his integrals. He does not, however, write out the for-
mulas. It is a simple matter to carry out the necessary substitu-
tions, and we find for circles near one another
2+ +
~V i6V^/~2048V^j /J
A
16 1024
2 3 K
|L 128 2X128 J r
^hV^ 7^.J^+
V 16 2048
+
6X128
2
8 x128
s
•
-\|
)\
[16]
where
r2 = c + d2i
a = -*-*
Aa
13
The expression thus extended gives very accurate results for
values of d almost as great as the radius a. For a given degree of
convergence it requires only half as many terms to be calculated as
does formula (14), and is much easier to calculate.
The second formula derived from Havelock's paper
is not so gen-
M= **VA 1 3
/
1+
a 2 \A 2
A 2
15/
)Y2+ i{ 1 + ^A +
a2
2
a*\A*
A^
{
d«
[17]
^iS/ a2 a 4,
a6 a 8 \A*
+
y( i+ioz2+2 °^ +io^ + z«; d*
693/ a2 a* a6 a8 a^XA^ "I
A )d 10+ "j
10
still.
MATHY'S FORMULA
In an interesting paper in the Journal de Physique for 1901, 1 * B.
Mathy obtained a formula for the mutual inductance of two circles,
13
Mr. T. J. Bromwich, of Cambridge, England, has recently communicated to us
the same formula, without giving the proof, including however terms no higher
than those in a 3 .
14
Jour, de Phys., 10, p. 33; 1901.
G°roveA
Formulas for Mutual and Self-Inductance IJ
in which the elliptic integral of the third kind, on which the mutual
inductance depends, is expanded in a manner still different from
that adopted in any of the preceding cases. It is expressed in terms
ofhypergeometric series involving the absolute invariant of the J
Weierstrassian p function. The final expression as found by Mathy
is incorrect as regards the coefficients of the hypergeometric series.
15
The corrected expression, using the notation of this paper, is as
follows :
K ** p J i/-^ 1
Q 17^
f
4^=L(^+i2^v)4^i^^Vi2
f
,
5
i2' 2 ' / ; 6-j/ 3 V^
where
x* = a
2
+A +d 2 2
P= 1.311028777
2 = 0.599070117
and
[+^)7
v
1-7 1-3.7(7+1)
^+l)(^ + 2)-/3(/3+l)(/3+2^ 3
1.2.3.7(7+1X7+2)
This formula by no means so formidable to use as might be
is
expected, since the constants which enter and the coefficients in the
hypergeometric series may be calculated once for all. Using seven
place logarithms we find
15
Grover, this Bulletin, 6, p. 489; 1910.
8
P —P=, = 8.9816199
lo&iolT— =97597712 log10
M_
47T
= 1.418599262^/^^ [19]
k' — k = —7=. That is, the greatest distance between the two cir-
a
d
A
1 2A Equal circles.
1
5V7 A
2
15a Nagaoka has recently shown (Tokyo Math. Phys. Soc., 6, p. 10; 191 1) that
formula (19) may be derived from Maxwell's formula (1).
Rosa
Groverj
~
Formulas for Mutual and Self-Inductance x9
CHOICE OF FORMULAS
With so many to choose among, it is possible to select a favorable
formula for any individual case. For this purpose r and r2 the 3 ,
the limiting value of the ratio — has been calculated which makes
the last term included not greater than one ten-thousandth of the
r
whole. The values of ~-L for Nagaoka's formulas have been calcu-
li
lated for the limits of his correction tables.
Range of values
Most favorable
d
Formula
< values of -3 for
equal circles
a=25 50
£= = 0.9284766 = sin 7
V2500 + 400
7 = 68° n' 54 88 = 68?i98578.
r/
log F= 0.3852 1 9 1
/^_£V--^=
FiS- 3 log 2?= 0.0547850
850 \k )
M *
0.5318500
k
of tan 7.
'
In the above case tan 7 = 5- = 2. °
5, and from Table II we
20
can take the values of log and log F E
directly, avoiding the calcu-
lation of 7 and the interpolation for log and log in Legendre'sF E
tables (or Table XIII). This is only applicable for circles of equal
radii, and is especially advantageous when tan 7 is one of the values
given in the table, when interpolation is unnecessary.
2 :
%°rover\
Formulas for Mutual and. Self-Inductance 21
logio
M for 68 ? 1 =1 .
7 2 30634
\ira
^-^ = 1.6172375
8ttV^ 2 QQ7r STr^/Aa/^ \ '
22 Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards [Voi.8,No.i
2501 2501
.*. ^=5.2989471 is = I.OOO9594
If these values of .Fand E be substituted in formula (1), k being
0.9998002, we obtain M= 1036.6652, which is very closely the same
=
4 (
log
F~ r) •° 26 5 I 3a
9 log _ = 00 ° 7962
64f( l 6)
g = 00° 312
256
256VV~**
k> go)
90/ •°
^(^4-1.27) = -0000014
.-. F = 2.8302430
I+^(l0g|7-j) =1.0677324
1 - 20 = • 000 ° 381
ifirf^F- )
^(iogJ-1.25) = -00000x7
2
&-*>- £[ = 0.885388
M= 248.7875 cm.
EXAMPLE 5. FORMULA (4). CIRCLES NEAR TOGETHER
A = a = 2$ d=\
2^Aa 50 ,
,
k = .
v
x
— =
-
,
=0.9968154
^-Ylop- 4 -A - °- QOOO°43 _ Jp
~
4 V
ge
V V 7T82727i6-
°
1 + ~- (l°ge
2 \ "" ^-5)
# '
= I -ooooo 93 = £"
= 3-9323856
£(l+£)
E °-(i + £) = 2.0032134
k
1.9291723
Multiplying by ^ir^Aa gives
Af = 606.0674 cm.
A = a=io d=ioo
20 , i
„
k= i
- = -===0.19611615
V10400 V26
1+h 2
=1.02884616
4
y^£ =0.00086684
—245
— kr =0.00002723
5 12
6615
2
£8 = 0.00000088
128
Sum =1.02974111
log sum =0.0127281
log k* =3- 8 7754oo
2
J~Aa
7r
.
log —7— = 1.3922398
4
log Af =1.2825079
J/ =0.19164962 cm.
A = 25 a=2Q d=\o
^i = V3625 r2 =Vi625
Grfver] Formulas for Mutual and Self-Inductance 25
1
+ 1/^! = 1.01469245
2
log sum = 0.0064929
Sum= 1. 0150628
-• —= 3- * 397496 cm
By formula (8)
M
— = 3.1397486
If formula (1) is used and the elliptic integrals be taken from
I +^ /8
=1.0441 I76 I+^-k n = 1.0004053
— Lk'*=
256
.00008^1
° 7 , k'*= .OOOOOI2
65536
JSQI3»,. 1.0004^10=6"
^°
/ X k r% = .0000042
1_
16384
Sum = 1. 045991 1 = i?
/ I — *Jk' I 0.3QOS8l7
k= 1
= 0.10611615
y 10400
i-f^/F= 1.9902427
M= 16 ir
2
^Aa ( - Y = 0.1 91 64966 cm
g
G?wer\
*
Formulas for Mutual and Self-Inductance 27
If we calculate - by
' the formula
- ; ^7= instead we find diffi-
2 2(i + V^)
culty in obtaining (1 — ^//F) with sufficient precision. The value of
M found by using this formula for — and with seven place logarithms
k n2 =
,, J(A — a)7 + d
V
2
=
= ^4 =
2
r
^A + af + d2 V2516 0.006 6x £$9 63014*
,
^
l b>*
2 ( 1+ k)(l + ^ ^ = 0.00039872542 = ^
as (
- and higher powers can be neglected.
J
- e/ = 0.000001 28
%i + € = 0.00318852
i
= log, — = 4.9517438
Sa 200
Since r=
1-
A 2, log, —
;
..
A 2
C C
l-\ = 1.0200000 2+—,
= 2.0200000
2a 2a
2
-
— °%f, d = —
2 2
c + 3d = .0004000 .0002000
, ,
i6# 2
i6^ 2
c
3
+ \cd? o
+
^
3
- 6V^ = —2
/-
3
.0000080 ,
^3— .0000067
32a „
^ 48^
^
1.0203920 = 2.0197933=0
B\og~-= 5.0527192
C = 2.0197933
^=952.8218 cm.
This formula would be less accurate for the circles of problem 4,
but is accurate for circles close together, as this problem shows.
Sa/ vf \
I+
loge "7\
v rS? y =I 000 3 °X5-2983 I 7 =
/
-
5-29990
000 10
2+
( £)=i.,29980
Multiply by 4.77a = ioott
M= 1036.663 cm
nearly agreeing with the more exact value found under problem 2.
Grower] Formulas for Mutual and Self-Inductance 29
r 2
1 SJAa
— =
r=5S5 a = —r~=- -
Aa 4 r
l+-±La= 1.0468750
16
^-oT= —O.OOO9155
=z°?== O.OOOO334
j<2 = —O.OOOOOI5
2.128
Sum = 1.0459914
Multiplied by log, 16= 2.9001037 = i?
2+—pa= 2.0156250
^^=-0.0009461
i
a6 = O.OOOO393
6.128
779S
J 4.
= — O.OOOOOIi
»oc
3
8.128
Sum = 2.0147164=6"
B-C= 0.8853873
Multiplied by ^ir^~Aa = 248.7873 cm = M
which agrees exactly with the value found in example 8.
21674 — 12
3
3<D Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards \voi.8,No.i
M= 952.8221 cm
Formula (10) ^=952.8218
Formula (3) ^=952.8219
EXAMPLE 15. COFFIN'S FORMULA (13). EXTENSION OF FORMULA (12)
FOR CIRCLES OF EQUAL RADII
A = a = 2§ d=i6
-^=12.5 log, 12.5=2.5257286
This agrees with the value given by formula (1) within 1 part in
200,000. As the distance apart of the circles increases the accuracy
by this formula of course gradually decreases.
a=\o = A d=ioo
a
-r=I
A = 0.1
-^
A d
Grover] Formulas for Mutual and Self-Inductance 31
i-3. 0.9700000
2 d"
15.
8 «*- 0.0009375
35.
16
»$-- 0.0000306
3*5.
128 »4- 0.00000 10
'Sum = 0.9709079
Multiplied by —
27r
2
-^
A—
2
a
=
2
o. 191 64958 cm = M
which is in exact agreement with the value found by formula (6).
A = 25 <2=20 ^=40
X = 625 + 400 + 1600 = 2625
2
Aa _ 500 _ 4
l?~5625""2i
^r* + i2 A = 9890625 V
i log (#* + i2^4V) = 1.7488059
4
log =I 6703234
[(F+^?vyi]
-
2 2
i-3 6 ^4
-^=-0.3061225
<2
=-0.l780II3I
•%/ /^
log# = 2.5008952
Using the constants in Table XVII we calculate the four series
\
F(±, JL
\I2 12
, l, 2) jSJL, B, 3,,)
\I2 12 2 /
F(-±, L, 1, g ) F(±, 13, 3,
\I2 12 2
2 / \ 12 12 2 / /
1.0022006 I.OII2962 O.9969192 I.OO95357
O.OOOO357 0.0002173 —O.OOOO473 O.OOOI784
0.0000008 0.0000049 — 0.0000010 0.0000040
I.002237I I.OII5184 O.9968709 I.OO97181
32 Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards [ Vol *, No. 1
(6)
M
— = 3.1397486
« «
4 7r
(1), using Table XIII, is, however, affected by the fact that the
value of the quantity in the parentheses (1. 4239167 — 1.3110287), is
Let there be two coaxial coils of mean radii and a, axial breadth, A
of coils bx and b21 radial depth ct and c2) and distance apart of their
mean planes d. Suppose them uni-
formly wound with n x and n z turns of
wire. The mutual inductance of M
the two central turns of the coils (Fig.
4), will be given by formula (1) or (7),
or any one of the foregoing formulas
for the mutual inductance of coaxial
circles adapted to the particular case
may be used, and the mutual induc-
tance M of the two coils of n x and n 2
turns will then be, to a first approxi-
a..
mation,
M= n n M^
x 2
If the two coils are of equal radii and equal section, this becomes
n,n 9 ° 12 dx 2 da 2
34 Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards Woi. 8, No. i
3?-$-'>'-(-'£S>} r ,
dx% a[ i —k 2
M=^M + M + M + M + M + M + M + M -2M^\
1 2 3 l 6 t 1 i [23]
16
Collected Papers, p. 162. Am. Jour. Sci. [3], XV, 1878.
17
Gray, Absolute Measurements, Vol. II, Part II, p. 322.
18
Electricity and Magnetism, Vol. II, Appendix II, Chapter XIV.
19
Gray, Absolute Measurements, Vol. II, Part II, p. 403.
20
This Bulletin, 2, p. 370-372; 1906.
G°rover\
Formulas for Mutual and Self-Inductance 35
where M
x
is trie mutual inductance of the circle 2
and a circle
s
!
I
U ^ CM
i
1
I
1
^-~
r- -^
r^^^.^
7
P <!
%xT~--
°2 6
2
V
< &
\
Fig. 5
For two coils of equal radii and equal section this becomes
M 7"- + M + M + M -M 2 3 i Q
•)
[24]
Using (10)
2
aKt'
u d +? Y 4
a d ^2
/// 2 J_ 2
u / **
d +
+f V 4
Using (12) d--4/2 O
u d+bjl O
U d+b J2 2 O
u d--h\z O
The error ex in equation (24), for two coils of equal radii a dis- )
e1 oc 477-tf
3#* + 3^ — 2o£V
[25]
4800?
For a square coil the correc-
tion is a negative quantity,
showing that M by equation
(24) is too large, and the error
is proportional to the fourth
21
This Bulletin, 2, p. 373; 1906.
— —
Thus, for a coil of cross section 4 sq. cm, we get the following
values of the numerator of (25) as we vary the shape of cross section
keeping be =4.
Dimensions of coil Error pre >p< Drtional to
€ 47r 4M [26]
* * Ml6c7"^44j " |
48c^ )
This is negative for a square coil, but smaller than ev For a coil of
section such that b = c^2, the error is zero, and for sections such
that- > ^2, the error is positive. Thus, for a coil of cross section 4
sq. cm, we get the following values of the numerator of (26) which
is proportional to the error by Rowland's formula.
b=2 C=2 64
£=2.5 C= 1.6 + 45
b=3 c =^33 + 353
£=4 c=I + h736
b=8 ^=0.5 + 3M48
Thus the error is smaller by Rowland's formula for coils having
square or nearly square section, but larger for coils having rectangu-
lar sections not nearly square.
22
This Bulletin, 2, p. 373; 1906.
: :
LYLE'S FORMULA
23
Professor L,yle has recently proposed a very convenient method
for calculating the mutual inductance of coaxial coils, which gives
very accurate results for coils at some distance from each other.
The mutual inductance is calculated from formula (i) or any
other formula for two coaxial circles, using, however, a modified
radius r instead of the mean radius a, r being given by the following
equation when the section is square, b being the side of the square
section
a\ i + 24a 2 [27]
< J
If can be replaced
the coil has a rectangular section not square, it
ft
2
=b , 2 /3 is the equivalent breadth of A
[28]
2
=
2
-b 2
$ =a( 1+-^-!
1 V 24a 2 J
)
1
f c<
Phil. Mag., 3, p. 310; 1902. Also this Bulletin, 2, pp. 374-378; 1906.
—
ROSA'S FORMULA 24
ance of the central circles of the two equal coils of sections bxc,
Fig. 5, and J M
is the correction for the section of the coil, the value
of JM is as follows:
+ d 2 + d
57 60a
2
504^ I024A 84 )
The last two terms of equation (30) are relatively small, so that we
may write, approximately:
Anyr
2
7rb L 8a a 2 b 2} r -,
For coils of equal radii but unequal sections, the formula is,
4M- ^m±M)±M±£h
192a:
& ^_
log
d
ii(V + V)-3fe' +
384a 2
I
960^
This Bulletin, 4, p. 348, equations (38) and (39).
4o Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards [ Vol. 8, No. I
25
Wied. Annalen, 22, p. 107; 1884.
26
Wied. Annalen, 21, p. 350; 1884.
260 This Bulletin, 4, equation (20); 1907.
p. 342,
\ j
Rosa "I
Formulas for Mutual and Self-Inductance
G rover 41
and
A = T^F\ ai- a*~ a + * (
2a* ~ 3"s) cos 7
2
+ 8a 3
cos*
7
B= 2 4
L = 3 L + 4M + 2M 1 12 1:
Also, L = 2 A + 2^/i
2 8
M = L — zL
1%
2
2
x [34]
and M = 13
Axis
Fig. 9
A
r—
/
4-f
\B
by means of the geometric mean distances. This
i
method is accurate only when the sections are
I A very small relatively to the radius. It can often
be used to advantage in testing other formulas,
but not often in determining the mutual in-
ductance of actual coils.
Formula (10) gives the mutual inductance of
two very near coaxial coils in terms of the geo-
metric mean distance, if r be replaced by R, the
geometric mean distance of the two sections.
Formula (10) gives M Q
if r be used, where r is
-J
Fig.
\
10
1 -j
^-4«(i+£)
h. log R [35]
For coils A and C (Fig. 10), R<r and J Mis positive; .# = 0.99770 r
" " A " B, R>r and JM is negative; R= 1.00655 r
The same formula may also be used for squares not adjacent, but
only when quite near. 28
For illustrations and tests of the above formulas, see examples
20-33, pages 44-52.
28
For other values of the geometric mean distances of squares in a plane see this
Bulletin, 3, p. 1; 1907.
GrTver]
Formulas for Mutual and Self-Inductance 43
CHOICE OF FORMULAS
(a) For coils of equal radii and equal cross section (29) should be
used if the coils are rather near together. If the cross section is
square (29) takes the more simple form (30), and in some cases this
may be used in its abbreviated form (31). For coils at all dis-
tances, except near together, {^^) gives very good precision; (24)
and (21) are not so accurate as this last, but give good results if
the coils are far apart and their cross sections are not too large.
(b) For but unequal section (32) is accurate
coils of equal radii
for coils not too far away from one another. For coils farther
separated (20), (23) or (28) may be used.
(c) For coils of unequal radii (23), (24), (27), and (28) apply, but
1 ic=2 ~n (
22 ) we °^ tai n
— 0.908177
d=lo- da 2
d 2
M = +1.063977
2
£W = 4 2
dx
1
1
JM= .0519477
•
*.
M = M + 4M= (107.4885 + 0.0519)77
n+n
Fig. 12 = 337' 1 cm.
Rosa
Crover,
Formulas for Mutual and Self-Inductance 45
The correction JM
thus amounts to about 1 part in 2000 of M.
At a distance d=2o cm, the correction is over 1 part in 1000. For
a coil of section 4x4 cm at d= 10, J M would be four times as large
as the value above, or about one part in five hundred, and at 20 cm
one part in two hundred and fifty.
o1 =4 o% =2
Cx =I ^2=2
The values of
d2 M and d M
2
°
%
8
°
will be the same as in the preced-
^ = # = 25 £ =4 c=i d=io
We now find by formula
accordance with formula (24) the
(1) in
mutual inductance of the following pairs of circles (Fig. 13):
'
{ > {
' c=l
M = 109.3217^
1
^=105.428777
^2=127.394977
< d=lo-
M= 3 91.920677
434.065977
\a=25
J/ = 107.488577
326.57747T
,\M= 108.8 sgi'/r
.^ = 107.488577
Fig. 13
JM= 1.370677 cm.
A a d A a d
M x 24.5 20 10 M 6 25 20 11
M 2 25 20 8 M, 25 21.5 10
M 3 25.5 20 10 M s 25 20 9
M± 25 20 12 ^0 25 20 10
Ms 25 18.5 10
se have been calculated by means of Havelock's fo rmu
le following results:
M= x 248.41280
M= 2 2^.04027
M= 3 A77440 ^= 248.7873
Af= 214.75755
M= b 216.60185
M= 6 231.04386
M= 7 279.81417
M= s 268.09410
Sum = 1996.5390
2 M = 497-5746
Diff = 1498.9644
2;
DifL = 249.8272 = M
nx n%
—
r=25 I+
( i^) =25 -°° 667 cm.
r=z4 I + — )= 25.OO167/
°
°V 15000/
b
2
— c = is
2
/3
2
= -^=1.25, 2/3=2.236 cm, the distance apart of the
two filaments which replace the coil (Fig. 14). We now find by
formula (1), (8), or (13) the mutual inductances of two circles 1, 2
on the two circles 3, 4, where a= 25.00167 and d is 7.764, 10 and
12.236 cm, respectively. Thus:
2M = 215.0022877
13
^u= 90.31304^
M= 23 130.1406077 -2£-x- •7^7-6/r- —
-5-e 2/J >j
\M =435.4559277
M =108.8640
.*. 7T
M = 107.4885 7T
-1272S6-cm-
Fig. 14
JM = 1.3735 7T
^ J/" = the correction for section of the coils whose dimensions are
given above. These values of and M JM agree nearly with the
results obtained in example 22 above.
48 Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards [Voi.8,No.i
r=25f 1 + ^2 j =25.001667 cm ^
•
/3 = 1.118034 cm
For the second coil
/ *
^3 = 241. 29369
J/U =2l6. 91302
^3 = 286. 1349°
^=255.03471
Sum =999.37632
1
Sum = 249.8441 =
M
4 *i*s
which from the value by Rayleigh's formula (23) by six or
differs
seven in a hundred thousand.
A more accurate value would, in each case, be found if each coil
were subdivided and the formulas applied to each of the components
as described on page 43. Such a proceeding is, however, rather
tedious, although necessary in precise work.
Grover] Formulas for Mutual and Self-Inductance 49
&a
1
loge -j = log 20= 2.9957
1
e
xtf
,
+c
9
96a*
2
-
-
log,—
Be
Sa 49x2.9957
=
d ^-P
60000
= —^^ .002446 °5^
,
£
2
-^ 15
.0125000
2
I2<^ I200
2^* + 2<f - 5^V 434 .0003617
120a?* 1200000
ifi* - $c« + i4^V - i4gV 8925
.0000177
504a? ^"504Xio
6 6
6^ + 6^ + 5^V _ 1622
.0000045
V 57600 ""360X10 2 6
2
jc*d / 80 163'
10240 <lo*?-f)
= -J*^ .0153322
i§b2 d2 A
/ 8a
80 97\
97
Se -7-^ )= -.0000827
J log. -.0015244
§-^
IO240*V
^ x 60/7 <tf
.0138078
\a = 100, .-. JM= 1.3808 7r cm.
This is a little larger value than found by formulas (24) and (28),
and we shall see later that it is more nearly correct than either of
trie other values.
EXAMPLE 28. ROSA'S FORMULAS (30) AND (31). FOR COILS OF EQUAL
RADII AND SQUARE SECTION
A=a= =
25 b = C=2 d= 10
- 8a
log^-i = 2.9957-1 = 1-9957
2
iyb 68
72 .0028 1.9985
24O0 24000
-a 2
b
2
2500 - .0500
50000
300x1.6624
- -o499 -.0999
1 0000
1.8986
50 Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards \Voi.8
y
No.i
6a ° °
150
ge T = I ' 9957
~d~
2
17 b
-L r = .OI77 2.0I34
240^'2
-a b 2 2
.
">24
^( lo
^i-i)=-^9
1. 6510
6a 150
.'.JM=0.27$2iT
M= 107.488577 (see example 20)
M= 107.763777 cm.
n. n Q
1st = 0.0016227
term
2d " = —0.0008542
3d " = 0.0062500
4th " = 0.0000570
Sum = 0.0070755
.\JM= 0.70755^
M = 107.4885^
Sum = 108.1960^
M
...—=339.9078 cm.
^=ig^=iS
tf2 = 0.0020267 00*7-5555=55
a
1
-flr8 -a + (2a -3a
8 a a)
COS
2
ry
+ 8a 008*7=14.7587120
d
(f-e)(a + ^ ^^=0.0129968
= o.oo,o 7 i 9
Sum = 0.0140687
47m sin 7= I007T.-/55 .*. JM= 1.379577-cm,
\ 16
This is not as simple to calculate as (29) and when d is less than a\z
is less accurate than (29). But for d= a or greater it is more accu-
rate than (29), and indeed the most accurate of all the formulas.
52 Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards [ Vol. 8, No. i
L = 4.7ran
1
2
(4.103816)
For b = 2, c= 1,
L^ = \iran % (4x3.698695)
For £ = 3, c=1 ,
L = \iran 2
(9X3.411766)
5=3
2
M = \irari -L + L,-2L 1 2
CO lH C^1
= ^Trari'
'
If ?z = 100,
M= 8.19979 millihenrys,
as the mutual inductance of coil 1 on coil 3,
Fig. 15
Fig- 15-
= 0.2307^ cm.
G°rwer]
Formulas for Mutual and Self-Inductance 53
well, where A and a are the radii of the outer and inner solenoids,
respectively, / is the common and n % the number of
length, and n x
turns of wire per cm on the single layer winding of the outer and
inner solenoids, respectively
M= /pi*a*n n x % [/— 2 A a]
where
r=^l + A 2 2
_
a~
A-r+l a*_/ _A^\_ a?_(i A^_sA 7
\
64A\2 +
2
zA i6A\ 3
r ) r
5
2
7
r J
2048 A\j r
7+4 r9 3
r 11 )
7
63 ^/5,64d!_,«^
4* + QQ^'_M3^
+55
"2.i28M\9 9 r
9
r
11
r13 '
3 r 15 J
231 a / J-
-^——J 7
10
128 A 11
A 13
+ I 28 ^3--4io-T5 + 520—^-221 —^ \
,A 15
A 11
A 19
rr )
512 <A V 11 11 r r r r r /
8192
u
6435^7"
6435 a /ii
^V
5
io2
1024
J
4
5
^
^
15
, Tr ^
^^
^
17
T , 00
QQ ^^^ W9
,,
103360^
r
21
, ^ 208012 A ^
-54264^ +
23
^—^-^ ^J 25
37145
27
\
Putting
M=M -JM n
M= 4-7r
2
a2 n 1 n 2 l is the mutual inductance of an infinite outer
solenoid and the finite inner solenoid, while 4M is the correction
due to the ends.
Equation (36) Maxwell's expression, except that we have car-
is
< z
>
A a
Fig. 16
J
— small J
the quantities in the parentheses are sensibly equal to
the absolute term inside For very short coils the parentheses are
therefore rapidly convergent for coils of all lengths, even when the
inner radins is nearly as great as the outer radius. In such cases
the number of terms to be calculated in the above formula may
become considerable, but even then it is simpler to use this series
than to make the calculation with an absolute formula, such as those
of Cohen or Nagaoka.
Equation (36) shows that the mutual inductance is proportional to
/— 2 A a; or the length / must be reduced by A a on each end. When
a is small and / is large, a is 1/2 approximately. That is, the length
/ is reduced by A, the radius of the outer solenoid.
For the case of two coils each of more than one layer the above
formula may be used, A and a being the mean radii, and n x and n 2
the total number of turns per cm in all the layers. The result will
be only approximate, but usually less in error than if one uses the
formula of Maxwell § 679 quoted by Mascart and Joubert. 30
When the solenoids are very long in comparison with the radii,
A b
jr
h
, etc. The expression for a then becomes
1 a a* 50*
a= [37]
2 16A 2 128A* 2048A"
HAVELOCK'S FORMULA 32
30
Electricity and Magnetism, Vol. I, p. 533.
There are some misprints in Heaviside, 2, p. 277. The radius of the inner sole-
31
32
Phil. Mag., 15, p. 339; 1908. There is a misprint in Havelock's equation (25).
In the factor outside the brackets, read a 2 instead of a.
56 Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards \voi. 8, no. 1
equation (36). Using the same notation as in the latter this formula
reads:
where
^_[~i 1 a* 1 a* 5 #6 35 a8
+
# 4+44Xt)'- + '•••] M
Havelock gives the expressions for the general terms in — and
_ (2*-i)[i. 3 -5
m+1
(*"-3)Y («Y
2 n\(n + i)\ \AJ
and
S+1
2s+2
2 sl (s+i)\
a2
where F is. a hypergeometric series in —^ all of whose terms after
that in
w
(
—- 1 are zero.
\ >/->/> J -r T j.
I>fy 3.7(7+1)
flr(flf+l)(^+2)j8(/g+l)(^+2)
l!2
^
.
3.7(7+1X7+2)
Formula (38) may be
regarded as intermediate between (36) and
(37), being applicable only to coils whose length is greater than the
radius of the larger coil. In such cases, however, it furnishes a
valuable check on Maxwell's formula.
c°o°«-]
Formulas for Mutual and Self-Inductance 57
Fig. 17
[39]
1024
693
2048 "
\
V 3^
3 ^4' ai ^4' Aft" ft
1
'/
+ 16384* A
K + AA> + 7 A<
+
14 A'Kp? ft
15
/
in which (see Fig. 17)
33
For the derivation and method of extension of this formula see this Bulletin, 3,
pp. 309-310. Recently we have carried it out still further to include the case of coils
of moderate length. This formula was originally given (without proof and includ-
—l
Pi = -y/^+A where 2
lx =x
2
X+l
P,= ^TA' " 4=
outer. This formula may also be used for short coils ( —-* small V
the convergence being most rapid when the radius of the inner coil
is small in comparison with that of the outer. For very short coils,
we have expanded formula (39) in a series in ascending powers of
a2
-jr2 . This formula is, however, not so accurate, nor so simple to
use as that of Searle and Airey, and has not been included in this
collection.
A peculiarity of Roiti's formula is that the successive terms,
especially in the case of short coils, are nearly equal in pairs. Thus
— A
the terms in
\Pi
and [ —3
(
=
7 )
?V
P2J %
W
are of the same order of
i
the ninth and eleventh powers of p± and p 2 and so on. For the ,
2x
*^Tzr_
n
-r^-^,o -*— AXIS
Fig. 18
r1 =^/x1 2 + A 2
r2 = ^Xz + A*
*
M= ir'a'A'n.n, \K k + K k + K k x x z z h h + ] [4o]
where K
x,
A"3 , etc., are functions of x and A, and k k x , z,
etc., are
35
functions of / and a.
34
Absolute Measurements, 2, Part I, p. 274, equation 53.
35
Rosa, this Bulletin, 3, p. 221; 1907.
,
2 (x t
x\
i/x l
x,\
x
^-M-^- ^-4)} 1
•X'l
y I
x y
% / ! 1
[40a]
/4 f r ^r
1 '2
£j = 2/
^s=-^3-4|)=-«VA
\2 a a /
\i6 2 # «* ^ay
W;
x x
27T
2
# A 2
4/
2
- 3a 2
A\4x - $A2 2
) SI' - 20/ V+ 5a*
2d' 8d> 8
"
(64/
6
- 336/ V + 280/V - 35a 6
)
i6d 64 ]
[42]
The notation of (42) differs slightly from that used by Searle
and Airey.
Fig. 19
Equation (42) has been extended and put for greater convenience
in calculation into the form 37 shown on next page.
M
- 27rWN JVf
1
A 2
a2 T A' a* T
t"
AW712^CA + A* a 6^6 A + 1
- - u
3 2^
12 6
3 2^ *
where
A=3~4T? d-J^ + A*
-^2 "
= 3 ~ 4^8
v 5 # 2
,
X* A = -- I(>-2 + 4-i
~*~2 ^# 2 4
tf
Z/'6 _35 - 35
l%
+ 2I
? _4 f
x _35 35*
3
,
*
4
*" ~i6 TP ? ?
T 63 105/ 2 /
4
,/ 6 /»
32 4 ^ 2
*^
,. _23I II55/ 2 1155^* r I*
P x z
coefficients are polynomials in —^ and -^, each one will have a finite
a A
number of roots depending on the degree of the polynomial. The
/
-
x
values of these coefficients will therefore, with increasing or -j
a /i ,
n -p (2n
P=* (- + i)2n(2n - 1) \2n-{2p — 2)~\/lV n ~ 2p
W
• • • •
i)
L n== //+ I \
*
2j 2 2. 4
2.
6
2
(^
X I
Xm is calculated by the same expression in -^ instead of -•
A a
Table XVIII includes all the positive and negative maxima as
well as the zero points of the coefficients up to and including Zu or
A"u together with the values at
, a number of intermediate points.
Although, from the nature of the case, a table to serve as the basis
of accurate calculations would be somewhat bulky, those given
should suffice to simplify the use of this valuable formula.
a
This
an absolute formula for two coaxial, concentric solenoids
is
M^^jT7i nly-V^) x
V=-(A*- 2
)c[E{F[k\ 0) - E(k', 6)} - EF{k f
, $)]
+ F '
[44]
3-yl(A + a)* + i*
2{A * + * 2) ~
+ ^ (A + ay + ?. 2T- <^ - «)
F x
is obtained from Fby replacing ^ by ^,
i? and ^ are the complete elliptic integrals of the first and second
kind to modulus k, where £ 2 = 4 ^
F(k', 0) and £*(£', 0) are the incomplete elliptic integrals of modulus
k! and amplitude 0,
2L
I 1
(A+af + 4*
1 J— -4—
(A + a)* + c*
1
A {A 2 -a 2 y + cf(A+a)
Fig. 20
/- 3
[(§
- P^x + P^+^^-aV^)))
where v an auxiliary quantity, and g^ and g% are respectively the
is
^ KVv e^-
2Aaa
(A + af
P> = (Vv-e*) =
2Aaa
and thence (e x —e ) 2 y
(ex — <?
3 ),
and (ez —e 3 ),
which with the relation
(
ei +e 2 + e3) = o enable us to find pz/.
<-H0'"<0 +
b} ==
^2~^3 b>* _ ^1~^2 7_ 1 ~~ Vk
*i-*3 *i~e9 i + Jk' (i + £')(i + V*')'
66 Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards \_Voi.8,No.z
4-\ex ez
3 (O)
I + 2? + 2/ + 2? + .... 9
o "(o) _ 8^-4/ + ^- • • • •)
O (O)
I -20+ 2/- 2^+ • • • •
7" -
-^^^^[V^ + ^^{* -««- *)}]
Grover\
Formulas for Mutual and Self-Inductance 67
first putting cos 2irw equal to its approximate value — , and then
computing the small correction in cos \ttw from cos 27rze>, remem-
bering that w is a pure imaginary. The correction to b thus found
is often negligible.
The term I" becomes less important as the difference of the radii
of the solenoids becomes small, and vanishes for equal radii. If,
further, the lengths of the solenoids be equal also, I2 = 73 and we ,
have only three of the integrals to evaluate, and only the first term
/' in each of these.
For concentric, coaxial solenoids <^=o, and consequently
/ —
x 2
= / -/
4 3 , so that only two integrals must be calculated.
On account of the number of auxiliary quantities involved,
Nagaoka's formula should not be employed except when the various
series formulas given in this section are all shown to be inadequate.
It is, however, simpler to use Nagaoka's formula than the elliptic
integral formula from which it is derived, or any other expression
in incomplete integrals yet derived, even supposing L,egendre's
table of incomplete integrals to be available.
RUSSELL'S FORMULAS 40
M= 47rV« 4~^ 1 1
|i -\q % K - \^ k ~ J^j%& i
2.4.6.8^ x
2.4.6.8. io^ 1
where
^Aa
i?1
3
= (^+^) + (/ + / )
2
1 2
2
k^ =
^Aa
~Rj
Alexander Russell, Phil. Mag., Apr. 1907, p. 420.
/
(A+a) 2
i 1.3.5. .-.2«-3 ^
^n = \Aa ^n x
2n — a
7224.6 2
(A + af 11A
H%
\Aa 22a
(A + af 11.3A
Hz
4Aa ^2 32.4a
etc.
A and a are the radii of the outer and inner cylinders respectively,
2 lx and 2 2 their lengths, Fig. 20, and #„ n % the number of turns of
wire per cm in the two windings. This formula applies only when
the inner coil is shorter than the outer. For two coils of equal length
the second part of the above formula is not convergent, and hence it
must be replaced by an expression in elliptic integrals. The formula
thus becomes (equation 42 in Russell's paper)
M= 47r a n nl R
2 2
1 x
1 - -q %
k 2
- ^q9 k* — • • • as above!
+ ^^^i{A + a )(F-E)-2AaF-] 2 2
[47]
41
Phil. Mag., 15, p. 343; 1908.
:
GrTver ]
Formulas for Mutual and Self-Inductance 69
The series formulas already given for the latter case may there-
fore be applied to the present case directly if the quantities / and x,
or lx and /2 be interchanged.
,
d^^JP + A'
x 2
A = 3-4-,
%
l
Z = 5-io^ + 4^
4
2 a2 ^a*
etc.
M
N N = M + 4M
,, ,,,,
X %
42
Rosa, this Bulletin, 2, p. 351; 1906.
«
4M= \ira 3*
<^i-f)-f£{^-£)
t
24 d' 8 a"
10
4- —4
320a?
ti
"* + 16 a*
'
256 a\ °^ d 60/ [48]
2ioogA gg_gg3\
2 6 8
i28 « \ rf 420/
"*"
. K + V + 7(W: + *M) L , 3 <?_ 3 <? .
+
(V + ^ + iaCW + VO+^Wj I+ x ^
18432a78 |
H2? +
For coils of equal breadth and equal radii (Fig. 21) b A
= b = b and
%
Fig. 21
+
35(^l-g)-«»?(^?-iS) +
I ^ 15 a?/
log
8a_i87\
[49]
6oa? 16 a 8
256^V ^ 60/
,
aioo^A 8«_893\_
8 6
i^8 tf
V * <* 42o/
1 b
+ z*s-ali
168 a?
+ 160 a
6 2
^ '
1024
— -
G°roveA
Formulas for Mutual and Self-Inductance 71
This expression will give a very accurate value of for two coils JM
not nearer together than their breadth if a is considerably greater
For coils which are not so near together the Rosa-Weinstein for-
mula * 3 may be used.
JM=47ra sin 7 \[F-E) P+EQ\ [50]
where
P= COS ty
j-jl Oi - « - 3^3
2
cos 7 + Sa3 4
cos 7]
@ = 1Z5* ^+ 2afs + 3^ 3
cos 7
*
+ 8^ 3
cos 7 ^
*
sm z
71 = —J
\a %
—
+d
-Tg
2
cos' 7=
'
—-s
4a 2 + d~
-j9
and i^and E
are the complete elliptic integrals of the first and sec-
ond kinds with modulus k = sin 7.
If the lengths of the coils are not very small in comparison with
d a greater precision may be attained by adding to (50) the last
two terms of (48) or (49) which depend on differentials of the sixth
and eighth order.
OTHER FORMULAS
Himstedt has given several formulas for different cases of coaxial
solenoids. The first** is for the case of a short secondary on the
outside of a long primary. The formula is very complicated, and
the calculation tedious. The formulas of Roiti and Searle and
Airey may be used to much better advantage.
Himstedt's second expression is for the case of two coaxial sole-
noids not concentric, the distance between their mean planes having
any value; the radius of one is supposed to be considerably smaller
than the other. This also is a very complicated formula, involving
second and fourth derivatives of expressions containing the elliptic
integrals F
and E. Gray's general equation is much simpler to
calculate. This is not, however, an important case in practice, and
we do not therefore give Himstedt's equation. Himstedt's third
equation is general and applies to two coaxial solenoids of nearly
equal or very different radii, which may or may not be concentric.
This expression of Himstedt's consists of four terms, each of which
is a somewhat complicated expression involving both complete and
45
Phil. Mag., 15, p. 342 1908.;
p
Rosa
Grover.
Formulas for Mutual and Self-Inductance 73
I=m\^2Aa\ (^- —
2
^ W 1 + pz ,
-'?i + — Ui^ — ©1— (z^) + nm\ [52^]
tion (45). The author shows further that by expressing the quanti-
ties in (52a) in terms of the elliptic integrals of L,egendre, Cohen's
absolute formula (44) may be shown to be a special case of the gen-
eral equation (52*2).
As a third example, the author shows that the absolute formula
of Kirchhoff, published for the firsttime by Cofnn* 5b in a form sub-
sequently shown by Cohen450 to be in error, is included in (52a), and
the correct expression is given in Olshausen's equation (38).
—(A + a) + c
2 2
CHOICE OF FORMULAS
It may
be stated as a general criterion for the rapid convergence
of Gray's formula, that the distance between the coils should be
great relatively to the radii, and that the coils should not be very
long. With long coils it is necessary to carry the subdivision
further than with short coils, with a corresponding increase in J:he
number be calculated, but even then the labor will gen-
of terms to
erally be muchthan in using Nagaoka's formula.
less
If the coils be relatively far apart, and great precision is not
desired, the formula of quadratures (23) may be adapted to this case,
by making the radial dimension of the cross section of the coils in
Fig. 4 equal to zero. We have then
inductance may
be calculated from the mutual inductance of the
two circles at their centers, a correction being applied to take
account of the lengths of the coils. For this purpose formula (48)
should be used for coils relatively near together and (50) for coils
farther apart. The corresponding formulas, for coils of equal radii
and equal length are (49) and (50).
2. Coaxial, concentric solenoids of equal length. — If the solenoids
be long relatively to their radii, Havelock's formula (38) will be
found to be very accurate. Maxwell's formula (36), however, is
applicable to both long and short solenoids, provided the radii are
not too nearly equal, and should be given the preference, using
Havelock's, when desired, as a check on the result. It may be
46
Rosa, this Bulletin, 2, p. 181; 1906.
47
Rosa, this Bulletin, 2, p. 161, 1906; and 3, p. 1; 1907.
48
Searle and Airey, Electrician (I/ondon), 56, p. 318; 1905.
—
G°rovei\
Formulas for Mutual and Self-Inductance yj
j
not more than a few hundred per second. If the value at very high
frequency is desired the coil should be wound with stranded wire,
each strand of which is separately insulated.
Two solenoids, Fig. 22, of equal length, 200 cm, each wound with
a single layer coil.
-< £=200 »
A
10 f„
Axis
.
V . . .
Fig. 22
A = 10 = radius of outer.
a = 5 = radius of inner.
1 1 1
2a = 1 —
8x4 64X16 1024x64
= 0.96773
*. ^=0.018784 henry.
21674'
:
= i9°57-3 67rV
J/= 0.01880886 henry.
This agrees with the result by Maxwell's formula to within five
parts in a million, the value by Maxwell's formula being more
nearly correct, as is shown in the next example.
The example by Cohen's formula illustrates the disadvantage of
that formula for numerical calculations. Aside from the fact that
it is complicated, and involves the use of both complete and incom-
*6 _
5 — 0.000038
2048 A 6
1 A — 0.012500
4 /
1 / a*\A 3
+ 0.000010
16 V *
A) 2
I
s
Sum = fi
= 0471359
which is exactly the same as the value of a found by Maxwell's
formula in the preceding example. The value of the mutual induc-
tance agrees, therefore, exactly to seven significant figures with the
value given by Maxwell's formula. For this example, accordingly,
we see that Maxwell's and Havelock's formulas give a more accu-
rate value than Cohen's formula, unless the quantities in the latter
are carried out to a greater number of places of decimals. This was
49
pointed out by Havelock.
A-r + l
0.09009805
2A
1 a2 /
L
A 3
\
- 0.00089271
i6A\ r)
3
1 aVi A^ 5 A'\
- 0.00013073
64 ^\2 r5 2 r1 )
- -^(0.080378)-^-=
v 0/ ' -- 0.00002146
2048 A"
63 ,.
N a8 --
~ (a5 ° 79) 0.00000381
2 .lf8* A' ~
" ^
429
2.I024
,
(M3)
.
A
a 12
AX* ~ ~- 0.00000012
Sum = a = O.08904854
49
Phil. Mag., 15, p. 341.
8o Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards [Vol.8,No.i
2Aa = I.7809708
l-2Aa= O.2190292
.'. M 17.20251
^Trn x n %
in only one case greater than unity. There is, however, no diffi-
-2X-lQr
"^-4^4^ 1
4=5
p^\ cr=4i
22 —5 1
Fig. 23
30
Electrician (London), 56, p. 319; 1905.
G°roveA
Formulas for Mutual and Self-Inductance 81
N = 300 turns
x
.*. nx =- — = 10 per cm
N = 200 "
,
r
%
?z
2
= 200 = 40 per cm
o
A= I 2.5 ft = Vi275 2 + 25 = 1 3462912
4 =I 7-5 ft = Vi7^5 + 25 =
2
18.200275
A ft --ft = 4-7373 6 3
P1 + P2 = s1 6 18 ?
-
^
It is more accurate to calculate (p % — p^) by the formula
xl
AW
- w-s )- + 1
- 0121975
^V/ 1 1 \
^v i+
64 ( ^X?-s) =+ - oooi8° 8
35^
5 V/ ia 2
Vi i\
256
xo$A*d / Q a2 1 a* \/ 1 1 \
1024
6g^A aV 6
/ I+ 2_^
2 <2
JL^
_L*!Y_I: u = — .0000010
2048 v 3^ a+ 2i^vW 5 ft/
•° 000002
^kv+tp+ya* ^)t?-^> +
Sum= 4.7490149
82 Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards ivoi.b,no.i
^ir
2
a 2 n 1 n.2 = 25600 tt
2
The sum of the next two terms in the series is equal to about one
part in ten million. The value of the mutual inductance is there-
fore given with great precision by this formula. If the inner radius
had been relatively smaller, the convergence would haVe been more
rapid. We have, however, carried the computation much further
than would in practice be necessary.
Calculating the same problem by Searle and Airey's formula we
have
2^=30 2/= 5 A=§ a = 4.
N = 300
x
N = 200
2
A 2
a2 4
+
AWL
— =
i
—^ 1. 001 1500
AWL,X
irir" aooo°344
Z
—r -^= -0^0000033
Sum= 1.0011811
*MW> = II9 8 48o 5 .
The terms neglected are less than one part in ten million. The
value of the mutual inductance found is only six parts in ten million
greater than that found by Rditi's formula, and for this problem the
convergence of Searle and Airey's formula is the more satisfactory.
Groler] Formulas for Mutual and Self-Inductance 83
^=0.00119989 henry.
Of the three formulas Searle and Airey's is for this case the most
convergent, and Russell's the least convergent. If the ratio of the
radiiwas still more nearly equal to unity, Searle and Airey's for-
mula would still be satisfactory; the convergence of Roiti's formula
would, however, become poorer.
If in the above problem the length 2/ of the inner coil be increased
without changing the radii, the quantities L2n in Searle and Airey's
8th u + O.OOOI59
Sum = 2I.690296
\TT a n n =
z % 2
x
640073-
%
.'
:M= 0.00137008 henry.
84 Bulletin of the B\ ureau of Standards {Vol 8, No. 1
X = 4869
8
Z = 5.019 xio
8
7
d = 2$o
2
1. 000000
2d term = — 0.028200
3d = « -0.012742
4th " = — 0.004845
5th « = — 0.001409
6th " = — 0.000251
7th " = + 0.000037
Sum = 0.952590
2-irVN^ 230400077-
2
.•.^=0.00136999 henry.
In this case we see that the higher order terms in Rditi's formula
arrange themselves in pairs of nearly equal values with opposite
signs. The convergence is, therefore, better than appears at first
sight,and the terms here neglected do not amount to more than one
part in a million inM. Searle and Airey's formula does not con-
verge so rapidly, the eighth and still higher order terms being
appreciable. If the length of the inner solenoid were made still
greater the L coefficients would become even larger than they are
here, and the convergence would become unsatisfactory.
Rosa
Grover,
Formulas for Mutual and Self-Inductance 85
xl
which used in the formula give a more accurate value of
P1 + P2
P2-P1, viz:
Pa-7>i= 04829359
2d term = 0.0063160
3d " = —0.0001968
4th " = 0.0003286
5th " =—0.0000274
6th = 0.0000250
"
7th = — 0.0000035
"
8th " = 0.0000023
Sum = 0.4893801
. 4ttV= i6tt 2
M
.:-?L= 77-2798I
X J£
k
64
A= I
4
1203 T _~ 15
A6
~ioT4 Ar 16
_ 9265 r -
^"ESpi A ~
71
64
^=106.25 Zl0= ~^
1. 0000000
1st term = 0.0088581
2d " = 0.0000270
3d = —0.0000025
"
4th = — 0.000000
"
Sum = 1.0088825
27r
2
a2 N JV _
1 2 807T
2
/2
1
^2
d d
.;.-—=M 77.27980
nt n2
A = 25 cm
N N = yi n Aa
X 2 x %
# = 10 cm
1
1
/• j?+aC4jj
1r»-A\/7 /
zMW
m
r*
1
U=25
/d M d
\ir a «!«
i
a=i0 / |
^=.0179057 henry.
—
1
formula (39).
!
1
The value is, ^=.0179058, which
1
1
is practically identical with the value
by Gray's formula.
1
Grover ]
Formulas for Mutual and Self-Inductauce 87
f*
9
M= on
= .0178842
-
henry.
J
33.0715 Xio ' ^
The first correction term in (43) increases this value to .0178854
henry.
We will now calculate the mutual inductance of these coils by
Roiti's formula (39)
^ = 25 2^ = 43.3 4 = 13.0 cm = 28.I78OO
Pi
a = 10 2/ = 17.3 4 = 30.3 cm p2
= 39.28218
P2-~Pl
= II.IO418
2nd term = + .22030
= — .OI78I
M=A ^ ni n,x
IO
n.32596
h
3rd
4th
5th
=
=
+
+
.OI952
.OOI56
= .0178853 henry. 6th = — •00453
7th = + .00274
Sum = 11.32596
The distance between the adjacent ends of the two solenoids was
7.2 cm. From this we find
;z = 2.737
2
" " " /£
3
A"3 = 0.018274
^ = 20.89 £5^5 = 0.005193
^2 = 41.44 /k A" = 0.001423
7 7
^A^ = 0.000116
Sum = 0.067943
M = 1092.3 cm.
.-.
88 Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards \yoi.s,No.x
We find for M RC
K
k x x = 0.048894
k3 jYz = 0.006520
K
k h b = 0.000051
Sum = 0.055465
.'.MRC = 891.7 cm
and for M RD
^^ = 0.011549
£3^3 = 0.000613
k K = 0.000004
b b
Sum = 0.012166
.\44d= 195.6 cm.
Grfver]
Formulas for Mutual and Self-Inductance '
89
M XG Mj>Q M^ ^BD
£^ = 0.012024 0.036869 0.003893 O.OO7657
k K = 0.000863
z % 0.005654 0.000141 O.OOO47I
/^ A" = 0.000004 0.000047 0.00000 O.OOOOO4
5 5
M
0.012891
AC =2oy.2 M
BC = 684.4
0.042570
ikf=sum = 1087.2
^ 0.004035
cm.
= 64.9
0.008132
MBT) = 130.7
The only component for which, the convergence was not entirely
satisfactory BC was M
Here the sections are relatively near together
.
I = 60.041802
x
f = 38.047638
2
73 = 30.811676
A =10.333503
and (/, 4- /4) - (/ + / ) - 7o«3753°5 - 68.859314
8 3
= i-5 I 599 I
.-. M= 47m 1
;z
2
^#(i.5i599i) = 1086.55 cm.
M= 1041.8
848.1
193-7 ^
^AC= 2057
= 669.5 M
M
BF
BG = 182.2
-
875.2 BC = 686.7
^AD= 66.5
^BD=I3°4
^RD = I96.9
M= I072.
Using the value of MBC in the last column, M= 1089.3.
By Gray's formula
Single coils Two sections Four sections
M= 1092.3 M =
RC 891.7 J/AC = 207.2 MCK = 463.8
J/RD = 195.6 M BC = 684.4 MCJ = 220.0
M= 1087.3 891.6 MBC = 683.8
M AB = 64.9
M BD= 130.7
^RD = 195-6
M= 1087.2
Using the value of MBC in the last column, M= 1086.6.
GroveA Formulas for Mutual and Self-Inductance 91
C=110 C=90
log a= I-374979 6 I-3749796
2Aaa =
log 1. 8521009 1. 852IOO9
z> = ±(P + P + P = -
1 2 3) 53- 6 5 I 687 - 34.908733
^2 = ^3 84343249 84343249
<?
x
^ = 3 178.87801 I22.649I6
» ^1 "~ ^2
= 170.44368 II4.2I483
0.9761398 O.965OO37
V^l-^3
1 + v# 1.9879979 1. 9823461
log£ = 3
2.6734934 2.8373857
? = 0.0030186570 O.OO44528OIO
log &>! (1st equat.) = 1.0750696 1. 1594886
" (2d « ) = T.0750696 1. 1 594886
" (3d " )
= T.0750696 T.i 594887
-
f« + /'.)- 777.08214 -520.19542
-^V + 2P = -
(
1 8) 238.11479 -159.07205
— Sum = + 1015.19693 679.26747
X©i=^= 120.67564 98.068477
pz>03 "(o)_
26.73272 21.064838
4®i ^3(0)
Diff.^/7 - 93.94292 77.003639
(other equat.) = 93.942921 77.003659
Grfver]
Formulas for Mutual and Self-Inductance 93
s = 0.33164947 - O.33084473
s
109.86656 74.300356
q •
1 + 2^* cos 47TW = 1.0000042 1.OOOO087
b= 109.86702 74.301000
\W == 0.99093909 O.98663068
n x —\o n 2 = /\.o
In Roiti's formula:
/9 2 = 97.62811
p2 = 102.62188
^~^ = = 4.9937586
;TXT
P1+ P2
AV/ 1 1 \
°- QQOO° 75
-si?-?)"
Sum = 4.9937661
47r
a
#8 « 1 # a = 25 6oo7r
2
d = 1 002 5
2
-A^ iV2 = 400000
= 20 -=g
^ # 8
^=-1597 A= 1-4375
A = —0.796
1. 00000000
1st term = 0.00000071
2d " =— 1.3X10- 10
Sum = 1. 0000007
.*. M— 0.00 1 261 7342 henry
in exact agreement with the above. Both formulas are very rapidly
convergent, and give as nearly the same value for M as can be cal-
culated with seven-place logarithms.
4M«
= 47m (0.0245373)
M
N N = ^7ra (0.9099250)
X %
This was checked by means of (51) with the result, (assuming one
turn per cm of the length of the coils)
ZAC =4^(194.210135)
ZbC = 471-0 (266.777705)
which agrees with the value by (48) to about one and a half in a
million.
For these coils, therefore, (48) is adequate to give a high degree of
precision. If the distance between the same coils were, however,
smaller, or if the lengths of the coils were greater the accuracy
would not be so great, and it might be necessary to use (51). The
latter, should, however, not be used when
(48) converges well, since
to get the same accuracy the calculation of the four self-inductances
must be carried out to a greater number of decimal places than
appear in the value of M. For the rapid convergence of (48) the
£= sin 7 = .
° = —= = cos 7
V5000 V2
2 2
cos 7 _ sin 7 _ 1
of these coils
M = 8599 X 25 = 354 5°
i-4 I 6
M = 35.4650+1.7782 = 37.2432
N,N %
5459.9529 5412.5275
- Diff. = 23.7127
which is more than one in ten thousand greater than the value by
(50). If the coils had been shorter and their diameter had been
greater than the distance between their medial planes, the quantities
P and Q in (50) would have been more convergent and the value
of JM would have been more nearly correct. The accuracy here
obtained would, however, suffice in many cases.
This formula when applied to the coils in the preceding problem
in a million too large. (The terms in the sixth and eight order
differentials as calculated by (48) are taken into account in this
result.)
The mutual inductance of the coils in this example could also be
calculated with a good degree of accuracy by Gray's formula.
Then the mean radius of coil I, to the center of the wire, is equal
rent sheet will be the distance between the center of the first and
the one hundred and first wire, or one hundred times the covered
diameter of the wire; that 15 cm. Since the turns are in contact,
is,
d= —n = distance between
2,X
centers of successive turns of wire.
x* +r 2
2
r
63
Wied. Annalen, 25, p. i; 1885. Oeuvres Scientifiques, 2, p. 162.
: 1
If the disk be not exactly in the mean plane of the solenoid, and
x be
x
the distance from the plane of the disk to one end of the
solenoid and x %
to the other, ^ 2x-
2
x? + r 2
x* + r f
Then Q(a x)
is found by substi- | r j
M = ®{A + a)ck\^ +
e
c^
C
"(F-jA
c* [54 ]
54
J. V. Jones, Proc. Roy. Soc, 63, p. 198; 1898. Also, Trans. Roy. Soc, 182, A;
1891. Jones's first formula was given in Phil. Mag., 27, p. 61; 1889.
ioo Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards [Voi.8,No.i
M = mutual iuductance
e of helix O
A, Fig. 26, with respect
x
where
II, the complete elliptic integral of the third kind, can be expressed
in terms of incomplete integrals of the first and second kinds, and
the value of M can then be
9 calculated by the help of Legendre's
tables. (See example 50.) The calculation is, however, extremely
tedious, especially when the value is to be determined with high
precision.
Campbell has given Jones's formula (54) a slightly different form, 55
somewhat more convenient in calculation, as follows:
^ = F(k)E(k'^)-
Axis \_F{k)-E{k)-\h{k'^)-^
Fig. 27
where F[k) and E{k) are the
complete modulus k, and J*(k',/3) and E{k' ,/3)
elliptic integrals to
are the incomplete elliptic integrals to modulus k' and amplitude
/3; k' = COS7, sin /3= c jk ; k, c, and c' are given above.
f
f
If a second-
65
A. Campbell, Proc. Roy. Soc, A, 79, p. 428; 1907. There is a misprint in the
formula as given in Campbell's paper. It was, however, used correctly in the
numerical calculations given in the paper.
G°rove^\
Formulas for Mutual and Self-Inductance 101
ary circle or coil has a radius greater than that of the solenoid, the
same formula can be used if A is taken for the radius of the larger
secondary and a is the radius of the solenoid (Fig. 27).
ROSA'S FORMULA 56
2
a2 NV $a 2
A 2 A*
n , 2ir .
5 a'A* v 35 a* A' 63 a*
+ X + 8l ^ X" + L56J
d™ 9 2~d
2 '
4o 9 6
* '
J
2
=3~4
Z"2
Xv^t 10A>
x*
+
S
^ if
00 *
35_35^!
Y 00 ,
^T^ „*
2 A ^A
2
16 '
"~A* (
4A^^-^ ^ x ,x\
2
61 105 , x? x 8
X = j2
T_
*
,
^ 10
~i28 32 A ^ 2
8 A'
1D
^A 6 ^ 55 A S 4
^ 10
N
is the whole number of turns of wire in the length x.
X 2y
X±, etc., contain only powers of —^
A
besides the numerical
56
This Bulletin, 3, p. 209; 1907.
: i
~~d
S
where n x is the number of turns of wire per cm, x is the length of
the coil, Fig. 26, and 6* is the value of the quantity in brackets in
(56), which is always somewhat greater than unity. This may also
be put as follows
M= a n/2
277
~^\s= a 2
n x RS
or, [57]
M=a n K%
x
The quantity R depends on x\d; that is, only upon the shape of the
solenoid. 5* depends upon xjA ,
log ,
I-363S733
10816 d
ist term = 1.0000000
2 " = .0866771
^ = 2.8400 3 " = .OH8537
X = 2.1064
i 4 " = .0017781
X = 1.5308
6 5 " = .0002670
-x; = 1.0173 6 " = .0000379
X10
= 0.5815 7 " = .0000046
27rV Sum= 1.1006184
48.38972
d
57
This Bulletin, 3, p. 218; 1907.
58
Phil. Mag., 27, p. 61; 1889. In this example, P should be 0.654870 instead of
0.54870, as printed in Jones's article.
io4 Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards [ Vol. 8, No. i
coil, the circle upper end lying in the plane through the
S at the
middle of AB and the circle R at the lower end of ED lying in the
middle plane of the lower fixed coil BC.
^*\
U
-]
j
\
\
\ a
1
:
\
\ Pt
•
B |
\
\ J
;
: \
j ] \ !
o\
1
\a .; ;
£
1
n B
:
I 4 a, >
I >— —— —— Ar— — -*
0&1
Fig. 29
x = 24
9 cm = 1.5 times AB = A 2
Rosa
Grover] Formulas for Mutual and Self-Inductance 105
d = -JA + x\ = 8^ = diagonal AP
±
2
X,
Fig. 29.
d = -J A + x\ = 8 V13 = diagonal AP
2
2
2
A 16 cm 16 cm
a 10 10
X 8 24
A 2
256 256
X* 64 576
JV=nx 80 240
2
d 320 832
log d 2
2.5051500 2.9201233
, a2 A 1-3979400 2.5679934
x2
x, + 2.000 — 6.00
x, + 0.250 + 0.25
X. -o-9375 + 23-5
x> -1.203 -45-7
•^10 -0.562 - 49.0
1st term 1. 0000000 1. 0000000
2d " + -0937500 .0138683
3d « + .0097656 .0006411
u
4th + .0002670 .0000009
5th " — .0002253 .0000027
6th " — .0000662 .0000002
7th " — .0000072 .0000000
Sum = >S 1. 1034839 1.0132306
i
log M B
= 3.9886108 log M R = 4.22II877
•:MS = 9741.16 M R = 16641.32
THE SAME EXAMPLE BY JONES'S FORMULA
We will now calculate M s and M by R Jones's second formula given
above, using also the following equation to find F— II:
— *w\"-)
£' 2 sin/3cOS/3(^-II) M w,, Q, , zr/Mzr^/ OS T?U,\I?{lt
j. y^
}J yn,
.
}Mj
ox *"
ForJ/s For M R
A 16 cm 16 cm
a 10 10
X 8 24
%=2irN l6o 7T 480 7T
2-4 Aa
O.973OO85 O.973OO85
A+a
O.23O7692 O.2307692
2^Aa
O.9299812 O.71497OI
J(A+af+x>
O.3676073 O.699155O
-O.685I799 — O.4045298
GrTver]
Formulas for Mutual and Self-Inductance 107
^=19482.34
The inductance of AB on R is M R above, minus the inductance of
2
B on R which is the same as that of OjA on S, that is, M s.
Therefore,
2
B of 100 turns; second, M 'for S and 2
A of The differ-
50 turns.
ence will be M for S and the actual winding AB. Or, supposing
A*— 5 crrrr-^
a=l0
OOOOOOO OOOOOOO
Fig. 30
Grovcr]
Formulas for Mutual and Self-Inductance 109
For M
x
For M2
= a IO = 10
A= 14-5 = i4-5
x=b = IO = 5-o
log k = 1.9590874 = 1. 98366715
7= = ,,
65°3 lf 7"'32 74 23
/
38 .88
k' = V0.1717243 = V0.0723711
P= 26°i8 36 ,, .85 = 43°3 33 /, -o6
/ /
F= 2.3267801 = 2.7312000
E= 1.1590043 =- 1.0812388
A-a ,
= -0.7005918
-04715732
^
•
nx n2 = 200,000 = 100,000
^1= 24,313,940 cm 2
= M 15,137,940 cm
= 24.31394 millihenrys = 15.13794 milli-
henrys
M= M — M = g.iy6o 1 2
millihenrys.
We have worked this problem out also by formula (56) with the
following results
M = 24.31387 millihenrys
x
^= 15.13857 « «
'
The value of M agrees with that found by (55) to about two parts
M
x
in a million. M 2
is, however, a little larger, making smaller.
This is due to the fact that formula (56) is not as convergent for
60
A. Campbell, Proc. Roy. Soc, 79, p. 428; 1907.
21674 — 12 8
no Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards \yoi.8,No.i
OFig. 31
^
MAXWELL'S FORMULA
more accurate expression, obtained by means
of Maxwell's principle of the geometrical mean distance, is the fol-
lowing :
L= 4™)/ + 0.1 1 1
37 ^\ log -^-.0095^-1.75 [61]
7 + ^"
z=4
H(I+ £ 8
)
log I ' 75
l
[63]
63
Rayleigh's Collected Papers, Vol. II, p. 15.
64
Neglecting the correction for effect of insulation and shape of section of the
separate wires.
65
Max Wien, Wied. Annalen, 53, p. 928, 1894, derived by direct integration of
Maxwell's formula (12) over the cross section of the ring, the formula
/-= 4TO
{(
I+
B^)
log 7^ - oo83 |- I- 75
|
It was shown, however, by Terezawa, Tokyo Math. Phys. Soc, 5, p. 84, 1909, that
this formula is in error, the correct result being identical with that of Rayleigh
and Niven (63). This result was verified by Mr. Cohen at the Bureau of Standards
in 1909,and quite recently independently by Mr. T. J. Bromwichof Cambridge,
England. The error of Wien's expression is in practical cases of no importance.
—
and its error therefore depends on the magnitude of the ratio of the
radius of the cross section to the radius of the ring. Assuming, as
Suppose that the cross section of the ring is not solid, but is an
annulus bounded by two concentric circles of radii px and p 2 p 2 being ,
-JW^) + J^(^)
ft'+ftV+ftH
l
< [64]
48«
s
(ft
a - ft )J
a
2 2
approach p 2 we find for the case of a tube with infinitely thin walls,
or of a tube carrying a current of infinitely high frequency,
z
=H( I+ £) log 7- 2 ] ™
66
See Rosa, this Bulletin, 3, p. i; 1907.
67
Grover, Phys. Rev., 30, p. 787; 1910.
Grfve^ Formulas for Mutual and Self-Inductance 113
68
a result which was also found by direct integration, and which
was subsequently communicated to us by Mr. T. J. Bromwich.
This corresponds to Maxwell's equation (62), but as might be
expected gives a slightly greater value for the inductance.
68
Russell also gives equation (65) but without the term in *L in Phil. Mag., 13,
p. 430; 1907.
69
J. J. Thomson, Phil. Mag., 23, p. 384; 1886.
70
Phil. Mag., 37, p. 300; 1894.
71
Phil. Mag.. 38, p. 456; 1894.
72
Ivondon Electrician, 24, p. 630; Apr. 25, 1890.
73
This Bulletin, 4, p. 149; 1907.
H4 Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards [Voi.8,No.i
EXAMPLE 55. COMPARISON OF FORMULAS (62) AND (65) FOR VERY THIN
WALLED TUBES
(a) a = 25 p = o.o$ cm
By Maxwell's formula (62) Z = 629.4055677 cm
By Formula (65) Z = 629.4057977 cm
Solid ring (63) Z = 654.4054877 cm
(b) a =25 /o = o.5 cm
Pi Pi Z
P* cm
Solid ring 1010.032
0.125 % 1003.210
0.25 % „ 987.528
o-375 V, 968.045
0.5 I Infinitely thin walls 947.308
In formula (64), next to the first two terms, the fourth and fifth
terms are the most important.
: : :
Z = 4ttVV£ [68]
where a is the mean radius, n is the number of turns of wire per
x
L = 4 w{ log
s
- 1 + J^log
£ + 1)) [69]
*f
n is the whole number of turns of wire on the coil, and the radius
is measured to the center of the wire. The length b is the mean
-- over-all length including the i?zsulatio7t on the first
,
jo q q o o o*
<y anci iasi w {res if the coil is wound closely with insu-
lated wire. (See also p. 97.)
The self-inductance L s is, however, not the actual
i self-inductance of the coil, but the current sheet
value ; that is, it is the value of the self -inductance
if the winding were of infinitely thin tape, so that
!
the current would cover the entire length b. To get
the actual self-inductance L
any given case one
for
must correct L s by formula (80) below. The same
remark applies to all the formulas in this section for
L The approximate formula (68) is too rough
s.
to
make it worth while to apply such a correction.
0000000 For a coil in which the axial dimension b is zero and
Fig. 32 the radial depth is c, the following current sheet for-
mula of Rayleigh and Niven gives the self-inductance
74 Rayleigh's Collected Papers, 2, p.
Proc. Roy. Soc, 32, pp. 104-141; 1881. 15.
:
COFFIN'S FORMULA
75
Coffin has extended formula (69) so that it is very accurate for
coils of length as great as the radius, and sufficiently accurate for
most purposes for coils considerably longer than this.
L J
131072 a\
8
b 120/ 4194304 # \ *> b 420/J
LORENZ'S FORMULA
76
L,orenz first gave an exact formula for the self-inductance of a
<, 1) -*
4.0000000000000000000-
1
1
•
1
/
« \yr
1
.
1
1 h/
'O'O'OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
Fig 33
single layer solenoid. It is, like the others, a current sheet formula,
and requires correction by (80) for a winding of wire, but applies to
a solenoid of any length. Changing the notation slightly Lorenz's
formula as originally given is as follows
75
This Bulletin, 2, p. 113; 1906.
76
Wied. Annal., 7, p. 161; 1879. Oeuvres Scientifiques de I,. I^orenz, Tome, 2, i,p.
196.
n8 Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards [voi.8, m.i
.2
A = ^"W 1
- b*)E+db*F- sA [73]
Coffin derived
77
an expression for L in elliptic integrals which is
L = an
Q
or L = an* Q
s
77
This Bulletin, 2, p. 123, equation (31); 1906.
78 This Bulletin, 2, p. 127, equation (36). The notation is slightly different.
—
Groler]
Formulas for Mutual and Self-Inductance 119
Thus
L = \rfa*n?bK= 4ir a jK z %
[75]
where [76]
« = ?.8 + ?i6 + ?i +
1
1!!
• • •
•
A-ft'+*k*+6ft-+ • • • •
^-^
2
£
7i=^i-4^i + 9^i -
4 9
' * *
•
^ /2 =
4a 2
+£ 2
Sx = 2q -2q + 2q
1 1
i
1
/1 — 8
i+V^ (i+^)(i + V^)
For relatively long coils
/ =
i + V^ (i+^Xi + v* 7
)
1
and a y /3, 7, 8 are given by the same equations as aly /3ly <y1} Bx in (j6)
substituting q in place of q v Table XV will be found convenient
Grfver]
Formulas for Mutual and Self-Inductance 121
+ 57 6^ +
3|o^+. . ..
[ 7 8]
The formulas (76), (jj), and (j8) between them cover the entire
range of values of 6 with all the precision desired, since the general
terms of the series are known. The formula (76) for short coils is
the least convenient to use, and for very short coils (69) is preferable.
9
However, by including terms in a in (yy) the range of its applica-
bility may be extended to = 8o°, so that (76) need not be used
except as a check.
T % a2 n2 \
8 a 1 a2 1 ai 5 a
6
L/yj
64^ 128 £ 10 j
Both Webster and Havelock gave the same expression for the
general term of this series, viz
(-l) s (2s)\(2S+2)\
S\is+2)\{(S+I)\} 2 2s+1 \&
2
80
Amer. Math. Soc, 14, No. i,
Bull, of p. 1; 1907.
81
Mag., 15, p. 332; 1908.
Phil.
82
Phil. Mag., 13, eq. (48), p. 445; 1907.
122 Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards {Voi.8,No.z
Rosa has shown 83 that the above formulas (69 to 79) apply accu-
rately only to a winding of infinitely thin strip which completely
covers the solenoid (the successive turns being supposed to meet at
the edges without making electrical contact) and so realizing the
uniform distribution of current over the cylindrical surface which
has been assumed in the derivation of all the formulas. A winding
of insulated wire or of bare wire in a screw thread may have a
greater or less self-inductance than that given by the current sheet
formulas above according to the ratio of the diameter of the wire to
the pitch of the winding. Putting L for the actual self-inductance
of a winding and L 8
for the current sheet value given by one of
the above formulas,
L = L -JL
S
JL = \iran [A + B] [80]
where L x
is the self-inductance of a single turn, M 12 is the mutual
inductance of the first and second turns
or any two adjacent turns, M 1S is the oooyooo
mutual inductance of the first and third
or of any two turns separated by one, ^
etc., and M
m is the mutual inductance j
L = 4Z + 6M + 4M
X 12 13 -f 2MU
L should be calculated by formula (63) or any formula for a circular
x
ring and M
im etc., by (12) or (13). When the number of turns on
the coil is small, formula (81) is very convenient, and gives very
accurate results.
STRASSER'S FORMULA
85
Strasser has derived a formula for the self-inductance of a single
layer coil of few turns from (81)by substituting for Lx its value as
given by formula (59) and for the various AP$ their values as given
by (12). Strasser's formula with slight correction and some changes
86
in notation is as shown on next page
84 Gesammelte Abhandlungen,
Kirchtioff, p. 177.
85
Wied. Anna!:, 17, p. 763; 1905.
Strasser uses the formula for L as: L =4wa (log -+0.333 )• This is not quite
•ect. It should be
Z =4iraAog§^-i.75^==47ralog^--i.75+logg8^=4iraAog--|-o.32944y
1
124 Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards [Vol. 8, No. I
d% \( 1
8a W(» -i)\ 2
Jl [82]
L
s 2n % h log" — [83]
where h is the axial depth of the coil, and rx and r2 are the inner and
outer radii of the ring, Fig. 36. Formula (83) is exact for a toroidal
Fig. 36
87
This Bulletin, 4, p. 141; 1907.
88
Wied. Annal., 63, p. 142; 1897.
89
This Bulletin, 4, p. 141; 1907.
21674 — 12 9
126 Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards \yoi.s,No.i
tion of Strasser's and the summation formula (81) give values for
a current sheet, and must be corrected to reduce to the actual wind-
ing of round wires. This requires the use of formula (80) and
Tables VII and VIII.
L = 477 X 25 X ioo|log
s 6 200 1
(
log
fe e
200 +- )
2 20,000\ 4/
= 10,000 ttX 4- 79 8 595
= 47,9 8 5-95^ cm
which is the value of L for a current sheet.
G°rover~\
Formulas for Mutual and Self-Inductance 127
JL = 600. 1 6 7r cm
L= 47985.95 — 600.l6 77 77
10 A= 6767.19677 cm
l8 M 19
= IO081.664 7T
16^3= 1cm
i ^u=
4
I2M =
7852.535^"
6303.439^
5O57.868 7T
-
T
jmm®@mm H
r
15
IO M = 16 399I.888 7T
8M = 17 3047.78777
6M = 1S 2193.46577
4# = 19 1408.98277
AXIS OF CYLINDER.
2 M
110
= 680.982 77
Fig. 37
another and are several hundred times as large as the second term
and the sum of the three terms. Consequently, using seven-place
logarithms, it is impossible to obtain the self-inductance closer than
about five parts in one hundred thousand.
This is also an unfavorable case for (76). Using seven-place
logarithms we find
which is about one part in one hundred thousand larger than the
correct value.
EXAMPLE 58
l6
\c
y //0 ° — o. °s +
= 1007H6.Q077SS —7« I
I 500000
= 640.777^ cm.
L= (640.777 + 13.628)^
= 65440571-.
Rosa
Grover Formulas for Mutual and Self-Inductance 129
By (71)
L = 4^440 X 27.0862
s 1.4590686 + 0.0878241 - 0.0020427
+ .0001651 — 0.0000204I
2
= 4^440x27.0862x1.5449947
= 10180999 cm = 0.10180999 henry.
By {73)
^ = 4« + £ = 3868.0128
2 2
4a 2
-£ = 2001.2858
2
7 = 60° 34 43-"
r
6 55
log ^=0.3369388
" £-=0.0811833
Then
= 0.9135:
= 0.4664
.^
^ = o-3353
(A+B) =0.8017
^1T7ia= 108.3448X44077 = 47671.7 7T
Z,s = o.ioi8ioi3
which differs only three parts in ten million from the value found
by Lorenz's formula.
Calculating K
by (yy) we find
^^=0.70087516
- = 0.087932623
Grller]
Formulas for Mutual and Self-Inductance 131
q =0.087943142
^ = 0.007733997
/ = 5-9 8l 5Xio-5
6
= 4.626 X ~7
q 10
.\ a = 0.00773446 7 = 0.087703884
/3 = 0.007735385 1 - B = 0.82423335
87 kn
—^-0.37074040
I + = I.OOI4080Q
\-\-a
multiplied by = I -3°72568
3(1 -BY
^^ = 07525609
.•.^=0.5546959
If we make the calculation with formula (76)
1 + ^=1.93329106
1 -\-k= 1.87103210
2
log10 £' =1.3825629
lx kn .
"2 3
'= u.uiyuy/uu
(i+^)(i + v^)
== 0.017252703
<7i
<!? = 0.0002976555
=
= 8.86xio~8
1+^=1.00029766 1 + ^-1.00238054
871
—^-=0.14295127
1— 01
Sum = 0.46175785
X- log, - = 0.93731902
:
1 —p = 0-68195058
Sum = 1. 61926960
multiplied by 7=—- = 1.3072565
-t 07525609
2,irk —
.-. ^"=0.5546956
The two formulas give the same value of K withiu about one
part in two million.
The corresponding- values of L s are
Z = o.ioi8ioio
s by (yy)
Z = o.ioi8ioo5
5
" (76)
the former value being identical with that found by I^orenz's for-
mula. This example illustrates well the advantage of obtaining
K from Tables XX
and XXI rather than by calculation. The
accuracy of these tables is ordinarily more than sufficient.
The correction to be applied to these current sheet values Ls to
obtain the self-inductance Z, is the same as that calculated in the
preceding example.
EXAMPLE 61. WEBSTER-HAVELOCK FORMULA (79) COMPARED WITH
NAGAOKA'S FORMULA (78). LONG COIL
a =10 £ = 40 N=^oo
and suppose the diameter of the bare wire to be 0.05 cm
,
1 a*
2
1.031 25000
2 b
1 a'
—0.00097656
4*
5" _ 6
0.00007629
&
16 b
— ^ — = — O.OOOOO8 2A
s a
64 b
—tL -—.
10
= O.OOOOO I IO
1 28 b
-23 —ro =
12
— 0.00000008
512 b
Sum= 1. 03034241
GrTver]
Formulas for Mutual and Self-Inductance 133
a
-= —0.21220657
r
yirb
K= 0.81813584
which, gives
^ = 0.012919483 henry
By (78)
k* = k'* = V^ = 0.94574152
\ \
1
••
lik
+ k' =
—
1. 89442714
q =0.013942860
I+ 2q = 1.02788572
12^ = 0.00233284
44^ = 0.000 1 1926
3
1 16<7* = 0.00000438
26o<f = 0.00000014
5j6q = 0.00000000
6
Sum =1.03034234
— k = 0.21220657
A.
-77
,
^=0.81813577
.*. L = 0.01 2919482
s henry
which differs by only one part in ten million from the value by the
Webster-Havelock formula. The value of found by interpola- K
tion in Nagaoka's tables is ^=0.818136.
If we solve this problem by means of L,orenz's formula we are
Sum= 30843.01
.\L8 = 0.01 291949 henry.
:
A+B = 0.1
4irna(A+B) = 9999 cm
= 0.00001000 henry,
which must be subtracted from the values of L s to obtain the self-
inductance.
EXAMPLE 62. STRASSER'S FORMULA (82) COMPARED WITH (69) AND (80)
AND WITH (81)
Take the coil of 10 turns used in example 57
# = 25, d= 0.10 /o = o.o4, n=io.
From Table V, ^ = 97.9226 .# = 4241.59
Substituting in (82),
+,
O.O I
5 ooo(
\t
(3log
,
^- 200
I
N
)
QQOO
2
7r- 424I -
59
)J
This very close agreement with the results by the other two meth-
ods (see example 57) is a confirmation of the accuracy of the con-
stants A and B of Table V. Of course, a close agreement with (81)
is to be expected, for (82) is derived directly from (81).
L = 0.1020893
s
henry.
L =0.1021686 "
L = 47ran (log~-2\
2
[85]
90
This Bulletin, 4, p. 141; 1907. This value applies to any toroidal coils, of 24
turns or more.
91
Elect, and Mag., Vol. II, \ 706.
:
ait an
*5?0 + £M' + i£) [86]
We have placed R 2
in place of d 2
in the second order terms, which
is of course not strictly correct, as we should use an arithmetical
mean square distance instead of a geometrical mean square distance.
(See p. 171.) Nevertheless, (86) is a much closer approximation
than (85).
PERRY'S APPROXIMATE FORMULA
Professor Perry has given 92 the following empirical expression for
the self-inductance of a short circular coil of rectangular section
2 2
Airn a
L [87]
0.2317^+0.44^ + 0.39^
WEINSTEIN'S FORMULA
where
X=log-
& + --— --log(i+^) + -i- log(i+^) V 2 '
C I2.T12 % 2
+ —x %
log (i
v
+ -1) + \x - -) tan-V
12 * 3 *
[88]
221
/"
= 1 °g ^~~2 l0g (l +^ ))( 2
I +3-^) +345^ + 3
9^[(
-1
— i.6irx + 3-2^ z 3
tan x -
2
log (1 + x ) + -x* log (1 + i)
2
IO ^v 2 JIT
£ and <; are the breadth and depth of the coil and x = -.
the coil, and hence for a winding of round insulated wire, correction
must be made by formula (93).
STEFAN'S FORMULA
z=4 r '
H( i+ w) log vfo"'/i+ ^l [9 ° ]
93
Phil. Trans., 1865, and Collected Works.
94
Wied. Annal., 21, p. 329; 1884.
95
Wied. Annal., 22, p. 113; 1884.
138 Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards \yoi. 8, No. i
The values of y and y are given in Table VI, page 196, as functions
x 2
of x = b\c or cjb; that is, x is the ratio of the breadth to the depth of
the section, or vice versa, being always less than unity. This
formula must be corrected by the quantity J % L as shown below.
For the method of taking the dimensions b and c of the cross
section, see page 116, section 6; also example 47, page 97.
L -J L = L U
S X
LU + J L = L
2
. \ L = L - J L + z/ Z
s X 2
(JS)- The correction J^L for the depth of the coil is given by the
following formula:
4 L = qiran'
x
\A 8 + B 9
~\
[91]
96
This Bulletin, 4, p. 369; 1907.
Grover] Formulas for Mutual and Self-Inductance 139
This formula has the same form as (80), but some of the quantities
have a different meaning; a is the mean radius as before, n !
is bjc,
and B 8
are given in Tables IX and X.
pooo
'
\
booo
lOQOQ
a
^v
0000
0000
0000
Fig. 40 Fig. 41
The correction JL
%
is calculated in precisely the same way as
for a short coil, as described below, formula (93). The above formula
for J L gives
X
a very accurate value of the correction to be applied
to L s to obtain Lu , and permits a test to be made for the error of
Stefan's formula when applied to longer coils than the latter is
Cohen has given the following approximate formula 97 for the self-
inductance of a long coil or solenoid of several layers:
L = A.irn*m —1= 2 y2
- — °-
— \m(m — i)a 1
2
+ (;;z — 2)(m — 3)a 2
2
•
«%
rA % % .
L = L, JL%
D + 0.1 3806 + E
and J^L = Apron log, -= \
[93]
Fig. 42
Maxwell showed that the first term takes account of the effect of
the insulation, d and D being the diameters of the bare and covered
wire, respectively, Fig. 42. The second correction term (0.13806)
98
Elect, and Mag., Vol. II, § 693.
GroveA Formulas for Mutual and Self-Inductance 141
to + 0.0 1 688. Rosa has shown " that its value is variable, depending
on the number of turns of wire in the coil and the shape of the cross
section of the latter, and has given the values of E for a number of
particular cases.
From the following table one can interpolate for E for any par-
ticular case not included in the table.
Summary of the values of E found for the various cases con-
sidered :
2 turns E= . . . 0.006528
3 (one layer) E=
c<
.009045
4
u (two layers) E= .01691
4
u (one layer) E= .01035
8 u (two layers) E= •oi335
10 u (one layer) E= .01276
20 u (one layer) E= .oi357
16 u (four layers) E= .01512
100 (ten layers) E=
(<
.01713
400 a
(20X20) E= .01764
,000
a
(50X20) E= .01778
lfinite : number of turns E = .01806
The correction JL %
is much smaller than z^Z, and can be
neglected except when the highest accuracy is sought. The value
"This Bulletin, 3, p. 37; 1907.
21674 — 12 10
142 Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards [vol. «?, m. 1
of L s and JLX
can be calculated with accuracy if the dimensions
are accuratelyknown, and this is possible if one uses enameled wire
of uniform section and takes proper care in winding and measuring
the coil. However, such a coil can not be recommended for a
standard of the highest precision, and the full theory is given for
the sake of completeness and to show the magnitude of the smaller
corrections, rather than because all the corrections are likely to be
generally needed in practice.
CHOICE OF FORMULAS
If the dimensions of the cross section be very small relatively to
the mean radius, formula (86) may be used. Formula (85) is a still
rougher approximation, as is also (87).
For somewhat larger cross section Weinstein's formula (88) will
give good results. Stefan's form (90) of Weinstein's expression is
Gaoler]
Formulas for Mutual and Self-Inductance 143
Z = 4-4.W[l°g*-^-2]
= 1.141 millihenrys.
= 1 .
1 46 millihenrys. 5=a1
aoooooooocj
Perry's approximate formula, which applies only to
C*1
relatively short coils, happens to give a very close ap-
proximation for this case. Substituting in (87), the
above values, and also b = c= 1,
T 47r ioo X 16
a=4»
O.9268+O.44+O.39
= 1.144 millihenrys.
It will be seen that formula (87) does not give as close approxima-
tions as the others, except in the case of the first example, where it
.
happens to give a value very close to that given by (89). All the
values, those of (89) included, are subject to correction by (93) when
the coil is wound with round insulated wire.
L= iootH +— 3
^ -1.194914
'
( 1 se6 2000
)log + / 8 y^y
|_\ 15000/ (250) \|
= 640.5995 7T cm.
Substituting in (90),
15000/
\l
6 e -==- 0.848
)log
\/.o2
o o
* 340 >
H —
10000 J
= 640.5995^ cm,
= 654.4055^ cm,
which agrees with the value found for the self-inductance of a round
wire 0.1 cm diameter, bent into a circle of 25 cm radius, by formula
(63) example 52 and formulas (69) and (80), example 58.
G°rovtn\
Formulas for Mutual and Self-Inductance 145
8a 80
lo
^7^?= lo
^7j =4 03545
-
•'•
A=4 7r (38.83475-6.9415) =400.782 cm.
This is the value of the self-inductance for one turn only, the
current being uniformly distributed. For 100 turns L is
4
io times
as great.
.*. L u = 4.00782 millihenrys.
This value agrees with the above value by Stefan's formula within
lessthan one part in one hundred thousand.
For a coil of insulated round wires, this result must be corrected
by formula (93).
For a coil of the same radius, but of length £= 10 cm, c= 1 cm,
wound with 10 layers of 100 turns each, we have the following
values
By Stefan's formula, y = 0.59243, y = o. 1325
x %
2
Lu = 4ttX 10 x iooo X I-5553 6
= 195.452 millihenrys.
100
This Bulletin, 4, p. 369; 1907.
146 Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards Woi. 8, No. 1
= 47tx 97-34
.-. Lu A - ^Z = 4tt(i 650.95 - 97.34)
=
= 47rX 1553.61 cm for 10 turns.
2
For n= 1000 turns the self-inductance will be ioo times as great.
Z = 4ttXi5-53 6i Xio cm
m
6
= 195.232 millihenrys.
This value is about 1 part in 900 smaller than the above value,
showing that Stefan's formula gives too large results by that amount
for a coil of this length. If the coil were twice as long, the error
EXAMPLE 67. STEFAN'S FORMULA (90) COMPARED WITH (81) AND WITH
STRASSER'S (82) FOR COILS OF FEW TURNS, USING THE CORRECTION
FORMULA (93)
G?over\
Formulas for Mutual and Self-Inductance 147
i-754o
= 246.1 cm.
L=zL + 2M x 12
-— I t
Drude's Observed
By Stefan's Formula By Rayleigh's By Strasser's Values
n (90) and (93) Formula (69) and (80) Formula (82) or (81) (Values of L in
Centimeters)
EXAMPLE 68. FORMULAS (69) AND (80) COMPARED WITH (90) AND (93) FOR
COIL OF 20 TURNS WOUND WITH A SINGLE LAYER
Z-4WJlog, ioo-o.5 +
2
^(log e ioo+
£)J
log, 100 = 4.605170
Lu =i62 234.6o7rcm.
^= 0.01357
Sum = 0.66245
.-. JL = 47ran(C+F+JE)= 1324.90^ cm.
.\L = LU + JL= 163 559.507rcm.
102
Rosa, this Bulletin, 2, p. 161; 1906.
1 50 Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards E vol. 8, No. 1
0.5 cm deep (the radius being 25 cm) it would have been one part
in two thousand two hundred. For most experimental work, there-
fore, Stefan's formula is amply accurate.
= 70.562 millihenrys.
By the second method we first find Ls by (69), then d Lhy (91), x
or,
L = 72.648
s millihenrys.
/
z= 2[/iog ±^±^-V?T?+^+p] [94]
Where the permeability of the wire is ^t, and that of the medium
outside is unity, (95) appears in the form
Z=2/[log^-I+£] [96]
103
See paper by E. B. Rosa, this Bulletin, 4, p. 301; 1907.
—
This is
L = 2l
hH
obtained by subtracting from (95) IJ2 or from (96)
[97]
fi IJ2,
the magnetic flux within the conductor due to unit current.
This is
M= 2 [98]
. M= 2/ log — — +-
1 approximately [99]
^Ki-7]
d . /1
M y— ii
Fig. 46
jj
152 Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards Woi. 8, no. r
In the usual case of /*= 1 this will be, when d\l is small
If the end effect is large, as when the wires are relatively far
apart, use the expression for the self-inductance of a rectangle
below (107); or, better, add to the value of (100) the self-inductance
of AB + CD, using equation (94) in which /=2AB.
Experimental work at the Bureau of Standards, not yet published,
has shown that formula (100), and therefore (94) and (98) are con-
sistent with the formula (63) for the inductance of a circular ring.
[This is equivalent to the following formula in which the loga-
rithms are common:
^/[log^-i+f] [103]
:
Rosa
Grover]
"I
Formulas for Mutual and Self-Inductance 1 53
+ - 0.2235O + /3)
2/ 1
L=2l\ log [104]
{ a + /3 ]
In the above formula L is the self-inductance of a straight bar or
wire of length / and having a rectangular section of length a and
breadth 0.
TWO PARALLEL BARS. SELF AND MUTUAL INDUCTANCE
x a a
« — «..__>
aVW
Fig. 47
greater for parallel squares, and a very little less for diagonal
squares 104 (Fig. 47). We
should, therefore, use equation (99) with
d equal to g. in. d. of the sections from one another; that is, sub-
stantially, to the distances between the centers.
104
Rosa, this Bulletin, 3, p. 1; 1907.
154 Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards \voi. 8 }
no.
The
self-inductance of a return circuit of two such parallel bars
is equal to twice the self-inductance of one minus twice their
mutual inductance. That is,
L=2\L -Af\ 1
in which L x
is calculated by (104) and Mhy (99).
SELF-INDUCTANCE OF A SQUARE
L = \L -^ x t
M
the mutual inductance of two mutually perpendicular sides being
zero. Substituting a for / and d in formulas (94) and (98) we have,
Formulas (105) and (106) were first given by KirchhofT 105 in 1864.
SELF-INDUCTANCE OF A RECTANGLE
(a) The conductor having a circular section
M=
*L
al0g
{a + ^+ b* + d*- d )
+ bl °z{ b +
^ +b + d >-~~d^)]
>
106
Elektrotech. Zs., 27, p. 1175; 1906.
156 Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards [Vol. 8, no. 1
= */[logf+f| [113]
K'-M] c.4]
A approximation to L is given by (104), in which a is
closer
the thickness and is the breadth of the tape. For two such
tapes in the same plane, coming together at their edges with-
107
Allgemeine Gesetze der Inducirteti Strome, Abh. Berlin Akad.
108
Ann. der Phys. 29, p. 963; 1909.
—
Rosa
Grover
Formulas for Mutual and Self-Inductance 157
ductance is
M=2l
["5]
= 2 /^log^-o.886 3
J
where R %
is trie geometrical mean (1)
Z=2Z -2^ 1
&<-
= 4^( ^g = 4/ log, 4 [116]
j*J
(4) (5)
= 5.545 X length of one tape. Fig. 48
L = 2L — zM= 4/ log
X -^ [ii7]
and when the distance apart is equal to the breadth of the tapes,
Fig. 48 (5) ,we have
7T
lo
4;-a
and
tTT
L = A/-
^
= 27T / [118]
2
CONCENTRIC CONDUCTORS
Ar*/[ip*;£-i]
the outer tube cut through the inner when they collapse on the
cessation of current. The self-inductance of the inner conductor,
supposed a solid cylinder, is
L = 2l ['-!-!]
x
If the current goes through the latter and returns through the outer
tube, the self-inductance of the circuit is
L = L +L - 2M= L - L
X 2 x 2
since M equals Z 2
term for the field within a iy there being no magnetic field outside a 2 .
expression
•
_
2
a 3loga3 -q loga
2
1
1U K ag — ~2 -JT~
2 2
Z=2/los:— ["120I
L J
at
MULTIPLE CONDUCTORS
If a current be divided equally between two wires of length /,
Z = 2/ l0
^^"8] =2/ [l0g (^i~ [I2I]
[
where rgi the g. m. d. of the section of the wire is 0.7788/0 for a
round section.
If there are three straight conductors in parallel and distance d
apart, the self-inductance is similarly
(200
logg ^^\)= 1370.18 cm.
0.1 4/
L = 400 ( log e j
= 301 7.62 cm.
The more exact formula (94) gives practically the same result where
p is so small compared with /.
J
= 18.307 microhenrys.
IQQ + IQQ V5
M= 2|~iOO loge 200
^
_ lOQ yo + 200]
L J
= 2Oo[l0ge!±V5_V5 +
2]
2 + "^5 — V5 + j =330.24
^=400 loge cm.
L I 2 2j
2000 10
M= 2000
n/r f~i
loge
& IO
1 H
,
IOOO
= 2000 [5. 2983 — 0.9900]
= 8616.6 cm = 8.6166 microhenrys.
GrTver] Formulas for Mutual and Self-Inductance 161
The formula (98) gives a value less than two parts in one hundred
thousand greater.
EXAMPLE 72. FORMULAS (100) AND (101)
d-10
Hi
ZT = 4ooo^log e -+--_j
IO IO ,
I
= 4000X4-8452
= 19380.8 cm= 19.3808 microhenrys.
= 19.3808 microhenrys.
When the two conductors are of equal length, l=m, and (102)
becomes
M=2llog e 2 = 2 /X 0.693 1 5 cm.
other, assuming one turn in each. But with open circuits, as in this
case, we may have a mutual inductance between two single con-
ductors greater than the self-inductance of one of them.
about 11 per cent greater for a wire 1 mm in diameter than for one
2 mm in diameter.
If Ijp is constant, L is proportional to /, that is, if the thickness
of the wire is proportional to the length of the wire in the square,
the self-inductance of the square is proportional to its linear dimen-
sions.
We can obtain the same result from the values of self and mutual
inductances calculated in examples 70 and 71. That is, the result-
ant self-inductance of the rectangle is the sum of the self-induct-
ances of the four sides, minus twice the mutual inductances of
the two pairs of opposite sides. Thus
L= ( A+Z 3) + (L 2 + Z4 ) - 2M13 - 2M 2i
Z + A= 2740.36
2 8775.60
By example 71, 2M l3
= 660.48
2M 2,
= 98.04 758.52
.-.Z = 8017.08 cm
= 8.01 71 microhenrys.
EXAMPLE 77. FORMULAS (108), (109), AND (110) FOR THE SELF-INDUCT-
ANCE OF A RECTANGLE OR SQUARE MADE UP OF A BAR OF RECTAN-
GULAR SECTION
Let a =200 6=100 a = /3=i.ocm.
L = 8000(6.908 + .033)
= 8000 X 6.941 cm = 55.53 microhenrys.
For a circular section, diameter 1 cm, ^ = 0.5; substituting in (105)
L = 8ooo( log,
& 2000 H o. =524 J
\ 2000 /
= 8000 X 7.076 cm = 56.61 microhenrys,
= 800 log e (
'-
EXAMPLE 79. FORMULAS (113), (114), AND (115) FOR THE SELF AND MUTUAL
INDUCTANCE OF THIN STRAIGHT STRIPS OR TAPES
L = 2000 (
loge 2000 +- )
= 2000x8.1009=16202 cm
= 16.202 microhenrys,
as the self-inductance when the conducting strip is very thin. If
the tape is 2 mm thick we may allow for the effect of the thickness
by using (114) and we find
Two such tapes edge to edge in one plane will have a mutual
inductance by (115) of
= 2000x6.7146 cm
= 13.429 microhenrys.
EXAMPLE 80. FORMULA (117) FOR THE SELF-INDUCTANCE OF A RETURN
CIRCUIT OF TWO PARALLEL SHEETS; NONINDUCTIVE SHUNTS
/= 30 cm £=10 cm d= 1 cm.
By (132) log ^=1.0787
log R x
= log e IO — - = O.8026
Z = 4 /(logi? 2
-logi? 1)
= 120X0.2761
= 33.13 cm
= .0331 microhenrys.
EXAMPLE 81. FORMULA (122), 3 CONDUCTORS IN MULTIPLE
Suppose three cylindrical conductors, each 10 meters long and
4 mm diameter, the distance apart of their centers being 1 cm.
Substitute in (122) as follows:
If the whole current flowed through a single one of the three con-
ductors the self-inductance would be
L = 2000 (
log e - -
J
= 1 7.92 microhenrys,
or about 25 per cent more than when divided among the three.
itself is the
mean dis-
nth root
Fig. 50 of the product ofthe n distances between
all the various pairs line, n being
™ 1
ofpoints in the infinity.
Similar definitions apply to the g. m. d. of one area from another,
or of an area from itself.
109
Rosa, this Bulletin, 4, p. 325; 1907.
GrZer]
Formulas for Mutual and Self-Inductance 167
logR = loga-$
R = ae~ a
* C I2 3]
or R = o.222 >
i2> a
given by
log i? = log a —-
4
[126]
,£ = 0.7788 a
For an ellipse of semi-axes a and 6,
values given in the table one can obtain a quite accurate value
without the trouble of calculating it by formula (124).
[a and b are the Length and Breadth, of the Rectangles. R is the Geometrical
Mean Distance of its Area]
R
Ratio R a+b
1 :1 0.44705a 0.22353
1.25:1 0.40235a 0.22353
1.5 :1 0.37258a 0.22355
2 :1 0.33540a 0.22360
4 :1 0.27961a 0.22369
10 :1 0.24596a 0.22360
20 :1 0.23463a 0.22346
1 :0 0.22315a 0.22315
given by
2 _„ a
logJia ^l g„-[-L
?
+^+-±-t+ ^-, + ^+ J
[131]
This formula is very convergent, and only two or three terms are
generally required.
Grover\ 169
If d= b }
logi? & b+
log --3 [>33]
2 2
is a; that is,
R=a [134]
for each of the four cases named above.
The g. m.a point outside a circular ring, Fig. 54, from the
d. of
logi? =
oi nogo1 -a^ga ? _L [i35]
any figure, as S x,
within the ring from the
Fig. 54
ring. The g. m. d. of an external figure,
170 Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards \voi. 8, No. 1
Fi 55
for the point O x
with respect to S 2 .
situated rectangles are given by Rosa, 113 equations (8a) and (17).
As these expressions are somewhat lengthy and not often required
they are not repeated here. The values of the g. m. d. for two equal
squares in various relative positions to one another have been accu-
114
rately calculated by these formulas, and the results used in the
determination 115
of the correction term of formula (93). E
111
Absolute Measurements, Vol. II, Part I.
There are a number of misprints in equations 104, 109, ill, and 113 of Gray. The
sign of the first term of equation 104 should be +. The signs before^ 2 in the coeffi-
cients of the log in the first four terms of equation 109 should be all minus thus % ;
instead of y2 and the first term should have log \_{p-\-b-\-b / ) 2jrP 2 instead of log ~\
[(p+b+b') 2 -? 2 ].
112
Also by Rosa, equation (8) this Bulletin, 3, p. 6; 1907.
113
This Bulletin, 3, pp. 7 and 12, 1907.
114
This Bulletin, 3, pp. 9-19; 1907.
u5 This Bulletin, 3, p. 37; 1907.
Grovei\
Formulas for Mutual and Self-Inductance 171
S =-
a [i37]
that is, while the g. m. d. of a line from itself is 0.22313 times its
S = S =*a
1 2 [139]
7T
S =2a
2
2 2
and ^S — a^2
2
[H ]
116
Rosa, this Bulletin, 4, pp. 326-32; 1907.
117
Rosa, this Bulletin, 4, p. 326; 1907.
172 Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards Woi. s, No. 1
*=y^+f M Fig. 57
composed.
This decrease of the inductance is accompanied by an increase in
the resistance of the conductor. Whereas, however, the inductance
Groverl
Formulas for Mutual and Self-Inductance 173
This is the most important case of all, since the solution is rigor-
ous, and the results may be applied to the construction of practical,
absolute standards for high-frequency work. The problem has been
118
treated successively by Maxwell, Heaviside,
119
Rayleigh, 120 and
Kelvin. 121
Putting /= length of conductor
p = radius of conductor
o- = specific resistance of its material
fi = permeability
f= frequency, p = 2irf
R = resistance with
f
current of frequency f
L' = inductance " " " " /
118
Elect, and Mag., II, § 690.
119
Elect. Papers, II, p. 64.
120
Phil.Mag., 21, p. 381; 1886.
121
Math, and Phys. Papers, III, p. 491; 1889.
21674 — 12 12
174 Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards \yoi. 8, m. i
llTplX
x
a
Thus
R' xW [143]
R~ 2 Y
where
Z' = 2 {log
f I+
^4)]
[I44 ]
we
Since from (96)
find
M log ?- I+ (l
JL = L'-L=-2l l
-
JL
log — i +
J
[146]
= " [l47]
-77 \log—
2/
4 -3
In these expressions, ber x and bei x are functions introduced by
Lord Kelvin, being respectively the real and imaginary parts of the
ordinary Bessel function of order zero, yo having for its argument
,
Grover]
Formulas for Mutual and Self-Inductance 1 75
2 2 +
ber^r=i --0-0 2 2 2 5
2 4 2 4 6 8 '
[148]
bei^ = -2 --2-2 2 +
2 27 o 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 46 '
2 4 6 8 io
and ber';*; and bei r
.r are their differential coefficients with respect
to x.
These series are very convergent, bnt the calculation, naturally,
becomes laborious for large values of x. To lighten the labor of
calculation Russell
122
and Savidge 123 have developed asymptotic
expressions for ber x, bei x, ber 'x, bei 'x and the auxiliary quanti-
ties W, F, and Z which give their numerical values with an accu-
y
racy of about one part in ten thousand for values of x greater than
about 6, but whose accuracy increases rapidly as x becomes larger.
Savidge 123 has, in addition, calculated extensive tables of the
above functions and the allied ker and kei functions to four places
of decimals, and for values of the argument ranging between 1 and
30 in steps of one unit. These tables will be found very useful in
the solution of a variety of problems. For calculation with the
formulas (143) to (147), however, it seemed desirable to construct
tables in which the argument advances by smaller steps than in the
tables of Savidge. For this purpose ber x, bei x, ber ' x and bei '
122
Phil. Mag., 17, p. 524; 1909.
l23
Phil. Mag., 19, p. 49; 1910.
176 Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards [Vol. 8, No. 1
ir-±U + ,
+ i40
,
+
(|3)
3
V^y (|5)
2
V^ (|7)
3
V^
1" -.2 „2 „2
r 2~ 3 •
n (\2n-\-
12
(x
Y= x- 3 0' + + -1 +
(|3)"W (&©
v^y
d5)
2
(\7_y\2)
[>49]
1 1-2-3 (2W+l) /*\
+ 2 2 +
(* + i) i 2 3
2 - • n (|2n
10
l6 l 2 (|3) 3(|5)
;
(f)
+
W [)
2 +
1-2-3 (2^4-
o W
1)
+ +
(/Z + l) 2
I
2 2
2 3
S
71 (\2n+ 1)
2
W= 27tx V2
TX\_^2
+ (8x)\/2 T
%x T + JL
(Sx)
+
75
L ]
x ^'2 6
e Y 9 150
Y= a T (8^) s 4 [150]
d
2irx 8*^3 (8*) ^2 3(8*) ]
= g^r i
3 _ 15 _ _ 45
+
315
+
2tt^LV2 8* (S*)\/2 (8^)
3
^ 2(8^)72 ]|
The results are given in Table XXII which gives the values, to
— -^required
X I
in
it
and —
may seem
also.
differences, and in some places the second differences also, are smaller
with — than with - -^-. The accuracy of the Table XXII may be
regarded as greater than will usually be required, and should suffice
for the most precise work.
In addition to the general formulas of Kelvin (143) and (144),
Rayleigh 124 has given expansions holding for small values of the
argument x. These equations, which were extended to another term
by Heaviside, are, expressed in the present nomenclature,
=I+
2 F I2\2/ -180V2/ I2.28-30\2/
[151]
4z /*V 12
_x I 13 (x\* 647 (x\
+ •
xY 24V27 "^4320^2/
2
i2 -36o-56V2/
™~- 4 e ?- + ;(^)]-.
,°
= ^[ lo §-^- I
[ J 53]
J
These are seen to be in agreement with equations (143) and (144),
7
if we remember that the limiting values of — and -=
TJ/-
as the argu-
From (150) we find that only for values of x greater than about
900 the error from using (152) as small as one-tenth per cent.
is
For x = 70 the error is about 1 per cent, and in many practical cases
it is still larger.
The limiting value of the change of inductance is found from
(147) to be
The error from using (153) is only about one part in ten thousand
for x = 60. The error, however, arising from the neglect of the
From (154) we obtain the curious result that the limiting value
of the fractional change of inductance, as the frequency is indefi-
nitely increased, depends only on the ratio of the length of the wire
to the cross section. Table XXIII gives an idea of the way the
limiting value falls off as this ratio is increased.
G°rover]
Formulas for Mutual and Self-Inductance 179
A" = 5.8iixio- 4
and (156) takes the simple form
^ = 0.02142/3^/7
— mag-
VI must be applied. Finally, if the wire is, in addition, of
CONCENTRIC MAIN
here.
125
Phil. Mag., 17, p. 524; 1909.
180 Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards [Vol. 8, No. i
JL
L [158]
4 log - + 1
d [159]
4 log - +1
1
P
-I
R'
=
x W [160]
R "2 Y
the values of -= and
z w being taken from Table XXII.
—
Nicholson 126 has recently given a solution of the problem, when the
two wires are so close together that their mutual inductance suffers
a sensible change with the frequency. To obtain an idea of the
magnitude of this effect, in a practical case, the results by Nichol-
son's formulas were compared with those of (158) and (160). With
d= 1 cm and p = 0.1 cm, and with a frequency of io 6 (158) gives ,
smaller.
126
Phil. Mag., IS, p. 417: 1909.
g>Sw] Formulas for Mutual and SelfInductance 1S1
R'
Similarlv for the resistance, \\(xS) gives -=- = 7.56, while Xichol-
which shows that, if the wire of the ring were stretched ; light,
the value given in (161) would become
L
Hr) [l64]
,
4 log —_7
8a
(*v
\~r)*— \—a - t
l6 5]
4 lo §- 7
r
R '
^=2^-
x w r Afii
[166]
The quantities
^ - -^ and - ^> are to be taken from Table XXII
2 Y x Y
as before, the argument x being given by (156).
G°rovet\
Formulas for Mutual and Self-Inductance 183
x W R f
Z
T=-=
- , 4
6. 9 5035 ^=0.14923
By (154) ^^=-0.034148
The value found from Table XXIII by interpolation is 0.03416 +
dl
Formula (147) gives therefore -y^= —0.034148(1 —0.14923)
L
= —0.029052
By (145) JL = -85.08 cm
Recapitulating, the resistance at 500000 cycles per second is 6.95
times as great as with direct current, while the inductance is 85.08
cm or 2.9052 per cent less than the direct current value. This
change of the inductance is 85.08 per cent of the possible change of
100 cm
(0.034148 of the total inductance).
If the wire had been of manganin, for which the conductivity was
one thirtieth of that of copper, the value of x becomes
s= 18.932x^^ = 3.4566
184 Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards ivoi. 8, No. 1
and we find
— =1.47620
R' , 4Z
±- =.77255
4 Z
I- *y -.22745
&
^•=25.551 ^
AZ = 0.039526* 1
-^Z =
4 a
.96047
By (146)
(-r)^- "I^p -°-7795o
BY (i45) (^)x=<» = - 10000 cm
and the actual changes are
4L = — 9605 cm
-0.77950X. 96047= -0.7487
\~r)=
The influence of this relatively low permeability is enormous.
The resistance is more than twenty-five times its direct current
value, while the inductance is less than the direct current value by
nearly 75 per cent of the latter, the maximum possible change with
this permeability being about 78 per cent.
JL= —0.133 cm
The resistance increase is only 0.266 per cent and the decrease of
inductance is only about forty-five millionths of the total.
/— = 0.1582
Formanganin, ^ = 0.84675-*JZ-o.:
v 30
By (151) -^ = 1.0000030 2 — =1-0.0000015
1 — -t4Z
—= o. 00000 1 s
xY
The increase in resistance is about three millionths and the
decrease in inductance about five hundred-millionths of the direct
current values.
For iron, with /* = 100 as before
= 0.846757100^ = 3.2004
i28.284 v
- -p, and --p, will be the same as those in the cases corresponding
(lk\ = ___L_ i
0.091412
\ L/a;=oo IO.9396
100
= -0.9308.
\ L A- 1
d .
109.94
p
The results for the cases treated in the previous examples are,
therefore, for the parallel wires, as follows
Material Frequency
R^ Ah
R iv
Grfver]
Formulas for Mutual and Self-Inductance 187
-j-= -0.04442x0.79873
= -0.03548
Washington, January 1, 191 1.
NOTE.
After the present paper had gone to press, a third formula for the mutual induc-
tance of coaxial circles was published byNagaoka (Tokyo Math. Phys., Soc. 6, p. 10;
191 1). This formula was given by Nagaoka in the following form:
• ^-w4^(;:g:g::::;: )
The general term of the numerator being (— i) n
~ 1 n 2 q^ 2 ~ 1 and that of the
denominator (— i)™(27n+i)<7^—— -
M'
The quantity q is calculated from the modulus £/, which is complementary to the
modulus k\ of formula (2). Using the same nomenclature as in section 1 of this
collection we have
9
,+i
'-i + <9 <9 +
1 — Jk k z
k1 _ ri~ r _ A^a *
k , _ 2 V^r,
r +r (r. + r,)
t 9
2 *
r +r , 2
ri = ^/(A + ay +d 2
r ^^A-a) 2
+d 2
The general term of the above formula has been given for the sake of complete-
ness. In general, however, the convergence is so rapid that all but the first terms
are negligible.
1 88 Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards [Vol 8, No. z
As an example of the use of this formula, the calculation for the circles of exam-
ples 4and n above is appended:
A = a = 2$ d=\
^ = 72516 = 50.1 59744 ^2 = 4
4V2516
4 + V2516
^ = 0.72323683
/
- = 0.080303278 ^ = 0.080309959
1 - 40 + 90 = 0.9979281 2
3 s
1 - 2)9 + 5? = 0.98065227
Z 6
m=4 7T VA^{4^qf (i + 3q - 4q + 9q -
2 3 4
l n+ 5
)}
which suggests that the quantity q in this expression is equal to the square of the
corresponding quantity in formula (8) above. The truth of this proposition may be
established by expressing Landen's transformation in terms of q functions.
As regards numerical calculation, therefore, this last formula of Nagaoka is
entirely equivalent to his earlier formula (8) .
APPENDIX
21674 — 12 13 189
)
TABLE I
Maxwell's Table of
™-^OT=[(H^] 4TT-y/At
Log
M,__ Log
M,_
Ax /pr-^Aa
A,
60° 0' 1.499 4780 2 7868 65° 0' 1.637 6633 2 7508
6' 1.502 2648 2 7854 6' 1.640 4141 2 7508
12' /
1.505 0502 2 7840 12 1.643 1649 2 7507
18' 1.507 8342 2 7828 18' 1.645 9156 2 7507
24' 1.510 6170 2 7816 24 / 1.648 6663 2 7507
30' 1.513 3986 2 7803 30' 1.651 4170 2 7509
36' 1.516 1789 2 7790 36' 1.654 1679 2 7510
42' 1.518 9579 2 7778 42' 1.656 9189 2 7512
48 / 1.521 7357 2 7765 48 / 1.659 6701 2 7514
54' 1.524 5122 2 7753 54 / 1.662 4215 2 7516
/
61° 0' 1.527 2875 2 7743 66° 1.665 1731 2 7519
6/ 1.530 0618 2 7734 6' 1.667 9250 2 7522
12' 1.532 8352 2 7725 12' 1.670 6772 2 7524
18' 1.535 6077 2 7715 18 / 1.673 4296 2 7528
24' T.538 3792 2 7705 24 / 1.676 1824 2 7532
30 / 1.541 1497 2 7694 30' 1.678 9356 2 7535
36 / 1.543 9191 2 7683 36 / 1.681 6891 2 7539
42' 1.546 6874 2 7672 42' 1.684 4430 2 7543
48 / 1.549 4546 2 7663 48' 1.687 1973 2 7548
54 / T.552 2209 2 7654 54' 1.689 9521 2 7553
62° 0' 1.554 9863 2 7645 67° 0' 1.692 7074 2 7561
6' 1.557 7508 2 7637 6/ 1.695 4635 2 7567
12' 1.560 5145 2 7629 12 / 1.698 2202 2 7573
18' 1.563 2774 2 7622 18' T.700 9775 2 7580
24' 1.566 0396 2 7615 24 7 1.703 7355 2 7587
30' 1.568 8011 2 7607 30 / 1.706 4942 2 7595
36 / 1.571 5618 2 7598 36 / 1.709 2537 2 7603
42 / T.574 3216 2 7589 42' 1.712 0140 2 7610
48 / 1.577 0805 2 7582 48 7 T.714 7750 2 7619
54' 1.579 8387 2 7575 54' 1.717 5369 2 7628
63° 0' 1.582 5962 2 7570 68° 0' 1.720 2997 2 7637
6' T.585 3532 2 7567 6' 1.723 0634 2 7647
12 / 1.588 1099 2 7563 12' T.725 8281 2 7656
18' 1.590 8662 2 7559 18' 1.728 5937 2 7667
24 / 1.593 6221 2 7555 24' 1.731 3604 2 7679
30 / 1.596 3776 2 7549 30' 1.734 1283 2 7689
36' 1.599 1325 2 7543 36' 1.736 8972 2 7701
42' T.601 8868 2 7537 42' 1.739 6673 2 7713
48' T.604 6405 2 7533 48' 1.742 4386 2 7725
54 / T.607 3938 2 7530 54' 1.745 2111 2 7737
64° 0' 1.610 1468 2 7527 69° 0' 1.747 9848 2 7749
6/ 1.612 8995 2 7524 6' 1.750 7597 2 7763
12' 1.615 6519 2 7521 12' 1.753 5360 2 7778
18 / 1.618 4040 2 7519 18' 1.756 3138 2 7791
24 / 1.621 1559 2 7516 24' 1.759 0929 2 7806
30' 1.623 9075 2 7514 30' 1.761 8735 2 7821
36' T.626 6589 2 7513 36' T.764 6556 2 7836
42' 1.629 4102 2 7512 42' 1.767 4392 2 7853
48" 1.632 1614 2 7510 48' 1.770 2245 2 7871
54 / 1.634 9124 2 7509 54' 1.773 0116 2 7888
65° 0' 1.637 6633 2 7508 70° 0' T.775 8004 2 7904
Rosa "1
TABLE I— Continued
Log
M,_ A, Log
M.__ A,
/pr-yjAa
70° 0' 1.775 8004 2 7904 75° 0' 1.918 5141 2 9472
6' 1.778 5908 2 7920 6' 1.921 4613 2 9522
12' 1.781 3828 2 7938 12' 1.924 4135 2 9572
18' 1.784 1766 2 7956 18' T.927 3707 2 9623
24' 1.786 9722 2 7975 24' 1.930 3330 2 9676
30' 1.789 7697 2 7995 30' 1.933 3006 2 9729
36' 1.792 5692 2 8017 36' 1.936 2735 2 9783
42 / 1.795 3709 2 8037 42' 1.939 2518 2 9838
48' 1.798 1746 2 8056 48' 1.942 2356 2 9895
54' 1.800 9802 2 8078 54' 1.945 2251 2 9951
71° 0' 1.803 7880 2 8100 76° 0' T.948 2202 3 0007
6' 1.806 5980 2 8124 6' 1.951 2209 3 0066
12' 1.809 4104 2 8148 12' 1.954 2275 3 0127
18' 1.812 2252 2 8172 18' 1.957 2402 3 0188
24' T.815 0424 2 8195 24' 1.960 2590 3 0251
30' 1.817 8619 2 8220 30' T.963 2841 3 0316
36' 1.820 6839 2 8245 36' 1.966 3157 3 0380
42' 1.823 5084 2 8270 42' 1.969 3537 3 0446
48' 1.826 3354 2 8297 48' 1.972 3983 3 0514
54' 1.829 1651 2 8323 54' 1.975 4497 3 0583
72° 0' 1.831 9974 2 8349 77° 0' 1.978 5080 3 0652
6' 1.834 8323 2 8377 6' 1.981 5731 3 0723
12' 1.837 6700 2 8406 12' 1.984 6454 3 0795
18' 1.840 5106 2 8435 18' 1.987 7249 3 0869
24' 1.843 3541 2 8464 24' 1.990 8118 3 0944
30' 1.846 2005 2 8494 30' 1.993 9062 3 1020
36' T.849 0499 2 8525 36' 1.997 0082 3 1099
42' 1.851 9024 2 8556 42' 0.000 1181 3 1178
48' T.854 7580 2 8588 48' 0.003 2359 3 1259
54' 1.857 6168 2 8620 54' 0.006 3618 3 1341
73° 0' T.860 4788 2 8653 78° 0' 0.009 4959 3 1426
6' 1.863 3441 2 8688 6' 0.012 6385 3 1511
12' 1.866 2129 2 8723 12' 0.015 7896 3 1598
18' 1.869 0852 2 8759 18' 0.018 9494 3 1687
24' 1.871 9611 2 8795 24' 0.022 1181 3 1778
30' 1.874 8406 2 8831 30' 0.025 2959 3 1871
36' T.877 7237 2 8869 36' 0.028 4830 3 1964
42' 1.880 6106 2 8907 42' 0.031 6794 3 2061
48' 1.883 5013 2 8946 48' 0.034 8855 3 2159
54' 1.886 3959 2 8986 54' 0.038 1014 3 2258
74° 0' 1.889 2945 2 9025 79° 0' 0.041 3272 3 2360
6' 1.892 1970 2 9066 6' 0.044 5633 3 2465
12' 1.895 1036 2 9108 12' 0.047 8098 3 2570
18' 1.898 0144 2 9151 18' 0.051 0668 3 2679
24' 1.900 9295 2 9194 24' 0.054 3347 3 2789
30' 1.903 8489 2 9239 30' 0.057 6136 3 2901
36' 1.906 7728 2 9284 36' 0.060 9037 3 3016
42' 1.909 7012 2 9329 42' 0.064 2053 3 3132
48' 1.912 6341 2 9376 48' 0.067 5185 3 3252
54' 1.915 5717 2 9424 54' 0.070 8437 3 3375
75° 0' T.918 5141 2 9472 80° 0' 0.074 1812 3 3500
:
TABLE I— Continued
Log
M ,__ A, LOg
M.— Ai
$n-yjAa 47T-vAa
80° 0' 0.074 1812 3 3500 85° 0' 0.265 4154 4 6004
6' 0.077 5312 3 3628 6' 0.270 0156 4 6499
12' 0.080 8940 3 3760 12' 0.274 6655 4 7015
18' 0.084 2700 3 3892 18' 0.279 3670 4 7553
24' 0.087 6592 3 4027 24' 0.284 1223 4 8109
30' 0.091 0619 3 4165 30' 0.288 9332 4 8689
36' 0.094 4784 3 4307 36' 0.293 8021 4 9293
42' 0.097 9091 3 4452 42' 0.298 7314 4 9924
48' 0.101 3543 3 4601 48' 0.303 7238 5 0585
54' 0.104 8144 3 4752 54' 0.308 7823 5 1274
81° 0' 0.108 2896 3 4906 86° 0' 0.313 9097 5 1995
6' 0.111 7802 3 5064 6' 0.319 1092 5 2751
12' 0.115 2866 3 5226 12' 0.324 3843 5 3544
18' 0.118 8092 3 5392 18' 0.329 7387 5 4375
24' 0.122 3484 3 5561 24' 0.335 1762 5 5250
30' 0.125 9045 3 5735 30' 0.340 7012 5 6172
36' 0.129 4780 3 5912 36' 0.346 3184 5 7143
42' 0.133 0692 3 6094 42' 0.352 0327 5 8168
48' 0.136 6786 3 6280 48' 0.357 8495 5 9254
54' 0.140 3066 3 6470 54' 0.363 7749 6 0404
82° 0' 0.143 9536 3 6667 87° 0' 0.369 8154 6 1624
6' 0.147 6203 3 6869 6' 0.375 9777 6 2923
12' 0.151 3072 3 7076 12' 0.382 2700 6 4306
18' 0.155 0148 3 7287 18' 0.388 7006 6 5786
24' 0.158 7435 3 7503 24' 0.395 2792 6 7370
30' 0.162 4938 3 7722 30' 0.402 0162 6 9072
36' 0.166 2660 3 7949 36' 0.408 9234 7 0904
42' 0.170 0609 3 8183 42' 0.416 0138 7 2884
48' 0.173 8792 3 8425 48' 0.423 3022 7 5031
54' 0.177 7217 3 8673 54' 0.430 8053 7 7373
83° 0' 0.181 5890 3 8926 88° 0' 0.438 5417 7 9921
6' 0.185 4816 3 9185 6' 0.446 5341 8 2723
12' 0.189 4001 3 9452 12' 0.454 8064 8 5816
18' 0.193 3453 3 9728 18' 0.463 3880 8 9247
24' 0.197 3181 4 0013 24' 0.472 3127 9 3079
30' 0.201 3194 4 0308 30' 0.481 6206 9 7389
36' 0.205 3502 4 0606 36' 0.491 3595 10 2275
42' 0.209 4108 4 0915 42' 0.501 5870 10 7868
48' 0.213 5023 4 1236 48' 0.512 3738 11 4341
54' 0.217 6259 4 1565 54' 0.523 8079 12 1932
84° 0' 0.221 7824 4 1904 89° 0' 0.536 0011 13 0958
6' 0.225 9728 4 2255 6' 0.549 0969 14 1917
12' 0.230 1983 4 2617 12' 0.563 2886 15 5520
18' 0.234 4600 4 2991 18' 0.578 8406 17 2914
24' 0.238 7591 4 3379 24' 0.596 1320 19 6050
30' 0.243 0970 4 3778 30' 0.615 7370 22 8537
36' 0.247 4748 4 4192 36' 0.638 5907 27 7976
42' 0.251 8940 4 4621 42' 0.666 3883 36 3882
48' 0.256 3561 4 5065 48' 0.702 7765 55 9176
54' 0.260 8626 4 5526 54' 0.758 6941
85° 0' 0.265 4154 4 6004
The above table has been recalculated and some of the values
corrected in the last place. The values given are sufficiently accu-
rate to give M within one part in a million.
A
Rosa
Grover}
1
Formulas for Mutual and Self-Inductance *93
TABLE II
Giving the Values of Log F and Log E as Functions of tan y. (See p. 20)
TABLE III
a/A
TABLE IV
Rosa ~\
Formulas for Mutual and Self-Inductance
Grover} 195
TABLE V
Constants A and B for Strasser's Formula (82)
n A B n A B
1 16 354.396 35693
2 17 415.739 46775
3 1.38629 8.318 18 482.75 60314
4 4.96981 46.298 19 555.54 76662
5 11.3259 150.82 20 634.22 96198
6 20.9009 376.05 21 718.89 119330
7 34.0594 794.79 22 809.65 146490
8 51.1097 1499.58 23 906.59 178140
9 72.3189 2603.62 24 1009.81 214760
10 97.9226 4241.59 25 1119.38 256880
11 128.131 6570.33 26 1235.38 305030
12 163.136 9769.51 27 1357.91 359790
13 203.110 14042.2 28 1487.02 421750
14 248.215 19615.3 29 1622.80 491560
15 298.597 26740.1 30 1765.32 569860
TABLE VI
Table of Constants for Stefan's Formula (90)
cj b
»/c or yi y2 &/c or c/ b yi y*
Grover J
197
TABLE VII
Values of Correction Term A , Depending on the Ratio — of the Diameters of Bare and Covered
A=log c .74 5 2-
(
I
D)
d d d
D A A,
D A A,
D A A, A,
0.80 0.3337 -126 0.55 -0.0410 -184 0.30 -0.6471 -339 -12
.79 .3211 -127 .54 - .0594 -187 .29 - .6810 -351 -13
.78 .3084 -129 .53 - .0781 -190 .28 - .7161 -364 -13
.77 .2955 -131 .52 - .0971 -194 .27 - .7525 -377 -15
.76 .2824 -133 .51 - .1165 -198 .26 - .7902 -392 -16
0.75 0.2691 0.50 -0.1363 0.25 -0.8294
198 Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards I
Vol. 8, No. 1
d d
D A Ai A 3
D A Ai A*
Rosa 1
Formulas for Mutual and Self-Inductance
Grover\ 199
TABLE VIII
Values of the Correction Term B, Depending on the Number of Turns of Wire on the Single Layer
Coil
B=-
n
2 mloge
z
—
Km
where Rm is geometric mean distance of the sections of the current sheet whose
centers coincide with those of the wires. (See this Bulletin, 2, p. 168, equat. (11);
1 906,
1 0.0000 50 0.3186
2 .1137 60 .3216
3 .1663 70 .3239
4 .1973 80 .3257
5 .2180 90 .3270
6 .2329 100 .3280
7 .2443 125 .3298
8 .2532 150 .3311
TABLE IX
Value of the Constant As as a Function of t\a, t being the Depth of the Winding and a the Mean
Radius
^= 6^-^(loge 8f+^.76)
-
t/a A 3
0.6949
0.10 0.6942
0.15 0.6933
0.20 0.6922
0.25 0.6909
TABLE X
Values of the Correction Term Bs depending on the Number of Turns of Square Conductor on
Single Layer Coil
n i \ -Km /
TABLE XI
Table of Napierian Logarithms to Nine Decimal Places for Numbers from 1 to 100
log i525=log 25+log 61; log 9. 8=log 98— log 10, etc.
:
TABLE XII
Values of F and E
The following table of elliptic integrals of the first and second
kind taken from Legendre's
is Traite des Fonctions Elliptiques,
Volume 2, Table VIII
F A, A2 E &i A2
0° 1.570 796 120 239 0° 1.570 796 - 120 -239
1 1.570 916 359 240 1 1.570 677 - 359 -239
2 1.571 275 599 240 2 1.570 318 - 598 -239
3 1.571 874 839 241 3 1.569 720 - 836 -238
4 1.572 712 1 080 241 4 1.568 884 -1 075 -238
5 1.573 792 1 321 243 5 1.567 809 -1 312 -237
6 1.575 114 1 564 244 6 1.566 497 -1 549 -236
7 1.576 678 1 808 246 7 1.564 948 -1 785 -235
8 1.578 486 2 054 247 8 1.563 162 -2 020 -234
9 1.580 541 2 302 249 9 1.561 142 -2 255 -233
10 1.582 843 2 551 252 10 1.558 887 -2 487 -232
11 1.585 394 2 803 254 11 1.556 400 -2 719 -230
12 1.588 197 3 057 257 12 1.553 681 -2 949 -228
13 1.591 254 3 314 260 13 1.550 732 -3 177 -227
14 1.594 568 3 574 263 14 1.547 554 -3 404 -225
15 1.598 142 3 836 266 15 1.544 150 -3 629 -223
16 1.601 978 4 103 270 16 1.540 521 -3 852 -221
17 1.606 081 4 373 274 17 1.536 670 -4 073 -218
18 1.610 454 4 647 278 18 1.532 597 -4 291 -216
19 1.615 101 4 925 283 19 1.528 306 -4 507 -214
20 1.620 026 5 208 288 20 1.523 799 -4 721 -211
21 1.625 234 5 495 293 21 1.519 079 -4 932 -208
22 1.630 729 5 788 298 22 1.514 147 -5 140 -205
23 1.636 517 6 087 304 1 23 1.509 007 -5 345 -202
24 1.642 604 6 391 311 i
24 1.503 662 -5 547 -199
25 1.648 995 6 702 317 !
25 1.498 115 -5 746 -196
26 1.655 697 7 019 324 i 26 1.492 368 -5 942 -T92
27 1.662 716 7 343 332 27 1.486 427 -6 134 -189
28 1.670 059 7 675 340 28 1.480 293 -6 323 -185
29 1.677 735 8 015 349 29 1.473 970 -6 508 -181
30 1.685 750 8 364 358 1
30 1.467 462 -6 689 -177
31 1.694 114 8 722 367 1 31 1.460 774 -6 866 -173
32 1.702 836 9 089 377 32 1.453 908 -7 039 -168
33 1.711 925 9 466 388 33 1.446 869 -7 207 -164
34 1.721 391 9 854 400 34 1.439 662 *-7 371 -159
35 1.731 245 10 254 412 |
35 1.432 291 -7 531 -155
36 1.741 499 10 666 425 1
36 1.424 760 -7 685 -150
37 1.752 165 11 091 439 37 1.417 075 -7 835 -145
38 1.763 256 11 530 453 38 1.409 240 -7 980 -140
39 1.774 786 11 983 469 39 1.401 260 -8 120 -134
40 1.786 770 12 452 486 40 1.393 140 -8 254 -129
41 1.799 222 12 938 504 41 1.384 886 -8 382 -123
42 1.812 160 13 442 523 42 1.376 504 -8 505 -117
43 1.825 602 13 965 543 43 1.367 999 -8 622 -111
44 1.839 567 14 508 565 44 1.359 377 -8 733 -105
45 1.854 075 15 073 588 45 1.350 644 -8 838 - 98
Rosa
Groverj
1
Formulas for Mutual and Self-Indtcctance 203
45° 1.854 075 15 073 588 45° 1.350 644 -8 838 -98
46 1.869 148 15 661 613 46 1.341 806 -8 936 -92
47 1.884 809 16 274 640 47 1.332 870 -9 028 -85
48 1.901 083 16 914 669 48 1.323 842 -9 113 -78
49 1.917 997 17 584 700 49 1.314 729 -9 190 -71
50 1.935 581 18 284 735 50 1.305 539 -9 261 -63
51 1.953 865 19 017 770 51 1.296 278 -9 324 -56
52 1.972 882 19 787 809 52 1.286 954 -9 380 -48
53 1.992 670 20 597 852 53 1.277 574 -9 427 -40
54 2.013 266 21 449 898 54 1.268 147 -9 467 -31
55 2.034 715 22 347 949 55 1.258 680 -9 498 -22
56 2.057 062 23 296 1 004 56 1.249 182 -9 520 -14
57 2.080 358 24 300 1 064 57 1.239 661 -9 534 - 4
58 2.104 658 25 364 1 130 58 1.230 127 -9 538 + 5
59 2.130 021 26 494 1 203 59 1.220 589 -9 533 +15
60 2.156 516 27 698 1 284 60 1.211 056 -9 518 +25
61 2.184 213 28 982 1 373 61 1.201 538 -9 492 36
62 2.213 195 30 355 1 472 62 1.192 046 -9 457 47
63 2.243 549 31 827 1 583 63 1.182 589 -9 410 58
64 2.275 376 33 410 1 708 64 1.173 180 -9 351 70
65 2.308 787 35 118 1 848 65 1.163 828 -9 281 82
66 2.343 905 36 965 2 006 66 1.154 547 -9 199 95
67 2.380 870 38 971 2 186 67 1.145 348 -9 104 109
68 2.419 842 41 158 2 393 68 1.136 244 -8 995 123
69 2.460 999 43 551 2 631 69 1.127 250 -8 872 138
70 2.504 550 46 181 2 907 70 1.118 378 -8 734 153
TABLE XIII
Values of log F and log E
(See Note, p. 213)
y LogF Aj A, LogE Aj A a
216 74 14
2o6 Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards Woi. <?, No, i
Grover\ 213
TABLE XIV
Binominal Coefficients for Interpolation by Differences
0.01 -0.005 +0.003 0.26 -0.096 +0.056 0.51 -0.125 4-0.062 0.76 -0.091 +0.038
.02 - .010 + .006 .27 - .099 + .057 .52 - .125 + .062 .77 - .089 + .036
.03 - .015 + .010 .28 - .101 + .058 .53 - .125 + .061 .78 - .086 + .035
.04 - .019 + .013 .29 - .103 + .059 .54 - .124 + .060 .79 - .083 + .033
.05 - .024 + .015 .30 - .105 + .060 .55 - .124 + .060 .80 - .080 + .032
.06 - .028 + .018 .31 - .107 + .060 .56 - .124 + .059 .81 - .077 + .031
.07 - .033 + .021 .32 - .109 + .061 .57 - .123 + .058 .82 - .074 + .029
.08 - .037 + .024 .33 - .111 + .062 .58 - .122 + .058 .83 - .071 + .028
.09 - .041 + .026 .34 - .112 + .062 .59 - .121 + .057 .84 - .067 + .026
.10 - .045 + .028 .35 - .114 + .063 .60 - .120 + .056 .85 - .064 + .024
.11 - .049 + .031 .36 - .115 + .063 .61 - .119 + .055 .86 - .060 + .023
.12 - .053 4- .033 .37 - .117 + .063 .62 - .118 + .054 .87 - .057 + .021
.13 - .057 + .035 .38 - .118 + .064 .63 - .117 + .053 .88 - .053 + .020
.14 - .060 + .037 .39 - .119 + .064 .64 - .115 + .052 .89 - .049 + .018
.15 - .064 + .039 .40 - .120 + .064 .65 - .114 + .051 .90 - .045 + .016
.16 - .067 + .041 .41 - .121 + .064 .66 - .112 + .050 .91 - .041 + .015
.17 - .071 + .043 .42 - =122 + .064 .67 - .111 + .049 .92 - .037 + .013
.18 - .074 + .045 .43 - .123 + .064 .68 - .109 + .048 .93 - .033 + .012
.19 - .077 + .046 .44 - .123 + .064 .69 - .107 + .047 .94 - .028 + .010
.20 - .080 + .048 .45 - .124 + .064 .70 - .105 + .045 .95 - .024 + .008
.21 - .083 + .049 .46 - .124 + .064 .71 - .103 + .044 .96 - .019 + .007
.22 - .086 + .051 .47 - .125 + .064 .72 - .101 + .043 .97 - .015 + .005
.23 - .089 + .052 .48 - .125 -I- .063 .73 - .099 + .042 .98 - .010 + .003
.24 - .091 + .053 .49 - .125 + .063 .74 - .096 + .040 .99 - .005 + .002
.25 - .094 + .055 .50 - .125 + .063 .75 - .094 + .039 1.00 - .000 + .000
2
INTERPOLATION FORMULA
*(*-i)(*-. a )(*- 3 ) ..
4 !
ILLUSTRATION
A = 117
2
A =
3
1
TABLE XV
Values of the Quantities q—? or Q \~ ~k and ^°<?io (2+e) with Argument q or q x
(For use with Formulas (8), (9), (45), (76), (77), and (78))
q
orqi
H A e A Logio (1+e) A
«*-!
q
or qi
H
«*-!
A s A Logio (1+e) A
0.090 0.000 01181 137 0.000 19474 1779 0.000 08457 772
.092 .000 01318 150 i
0.100 0.000 02000 102 0.000 29609 1194 0.000 12857 519
.101 .000 02102 106 .000 30803 1230 .000 13376 533
.102 .000 02208 110 .000 32033 1266 .000 13909 550
.103 .000 02318 115 !
.000 33299 1303 .000 14459 566
.104 .000 02433 119 1 .000 34602 1340 .000 15025 582
0.110 0.000 03220 149 0.000 43233 1581 0.000 18772 686
.111 .000 03369 154 .000 44814 1624 .000 19458 705
.112 .000 03523 160 .000 46438 1667 .000 20163 724
.113 .000 03683 166 .000 48105 1711 .000 20887 742
.114 .000 03849 172 .000 49816 1756 .000 21629 762
0.115 0.000 04021 178 0.000 51572 1802 0.000 22391 783
.116 .000 04199 184 .000 53374 1848 .000 23174 802
.117 .000 04383 191 .000 55222 1895 .000 23976 823
.118 .000 04574 196 .000 57117 1943 .000 24799 843
.119 .000 04770 204 .000 59060 1992 .000 25642 865
0.120 0.000 04974 210 0.000 61052 2041 0.000 26507 885
.121 .000 05184 218 .000 63093 2091 .000 27392 908
.122 .000 05402 226 .000 65184 2143 .000 28300 930
.123 .000 05628 232 .000 67327 2195 .000 29230 953
.124 .000 05860 240 .000 69522 2247 .000 30183 975
0.125 0.000 06100 248 0.000 71769 2301 0.000 31158 998
.126 .000 06348 255 .000 74070 2355 .000 32156 1022
.127 .000 06603 265 .000 76425 2410 .000 33178 1046
.128 .000 06868 272 .000 78835 2466 .000 34224 1071
.129 .000 07140 280 .000 81301 2523 .000 35295 1094
Rosa
GroverS
"J Formulas for Mutual and Self-Inductance 217
Q
or qi
H
«*-& A s A Logio (1+e) A
0.130 0.000 07420 '290 0.000 83824 2581 0.000 36389 1120
.131 .000 07710 299 .000 86405 2639 .000 37509 1145
.132 .000 08009 308 .000 89044 2698 .000 38654 1171
.133 .000 08317 317 .000 91742 2759 .000 39825 1196
.134 .000 08634 327 .000 94501 2820 .000 41021 1224
0.135 0.000 08961 336 0.000 97321 2881 0.000 42245 1251
.136 .000 09297 347 .001 00202 2945 .000 43496 1277
.137 .000 09644 357 .001 03147 3012 .000 44773 1305
.138 .000 10001 367 .001 06155 3073 .000 46078 1333
.139 .000 10368 378 .001 09228 3138 .000 47411 1362
0.140 0.000 10746 389 0.001 12366 3204 0.000 48773 1389
.141 .000 11135 401 .001 15570 3272 .000 50162 1420
.142 .000 11536 411 .001 18842 3339 .000 51582 1448
.143 .000 11947 423 .001 22181 3409 .000 53030 1479
.144 .000 12370 435 .001 25590 3479 .000 54509 1509
0.145 0.000 12805 448 0.001 29069 3549 0.000 56018 1539
.146 .000 13253 459 .001 32618 3621 .000 57557 1571
.147 .000 13712 473 .001 36239 3694 .000 59128 1602
.148 .000 14185 485 .001 39933 3768 .000 60730 1634
.149 .000 14670 498 .001 43701 3842 .000 62364 1666
TABLE XVI
Values of and — e/ with Argument q
e2 x
= 3 2^ -4o^ +48^ -
61 1
3 4 5
• • •
Qi «l A — ei' A
qi ei A- -e,' A
qi ei A — ei' A
TABLE XVII
Coefficients of the Hypergeometric Series in Formula (18)
Series at a2 a3
TABLE XVIII
Showing the Location and Magnitude of the Positive and Negative Maxima and the Positions of
the Roots of the Coefficients in Gray's and Searle and Airey's Formulas
(For use in Formulas (40), (43), and (56))
X X X X
A x 2
A x A x 6
A x 8
the largest root the function increases rapidly without limit. The
functions L2n have the same form as X 2n)
- being the variable
instead of
A
21674 — 12- •15
222 Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards [ Vol. 8, No. i
TABLE XIX
Values of Coefficients in Gray's and Searle and Airey's Formulas
(For use in Formulas (40) (43), and (56))
X
A x 2 x 4 x 6 Xs Xio x 12 x„
TABLE XX
Nagaoka's Table of Values of the Correction Factor for the Ends K, as a Function of the
-1 2a
Angle Q=tan
e K A! A 2
6 K A i
A 2
TABLE XXI
Diameter
Nagaoka's Table of Values of the End Correction K as Function of the Ratio
Length
For use in Formula (75))
Diameter Diameter
Length K Ai A2 Length K A! A 2
0.00 1.000 000 -4231 +24 0.45 0.833 723 -3160 +21
.01 .995 769 -4207 26 .46 .830 563 -3139 22
.02 .991 562 -4181 24 .47 .827 424 -3117 21
0.05 0.979 092 -4107 +25 0.50 0.818 136 -3054 +21
.06 .974 985 -4082 26 .51 .815 082 -3033 21
0.10 0.958 807 -3982 +25 0.55 0.803 075 -2950 +20
.11 .954 825 -3957 24 .56 .800 125 -2930 20
.12 .950 868 -3933 23 .57 .797 195 -2910 20
.13 .946 935 -3910 26 .58 .794 285 -2890 20
.14 .943 025 -3884 27 .59 .791 395 -2870 20
Diameter Diameter
Length
K Aj A 2
Length K A, A 2
A 3
1.00 0.688 423 -10726 + 344 3.50 0.394 401 -6209 + 220
1.05 .677 697 -10382 330 3.60 .388 192 -5989 207
1.10 .667 315 -10052 316 3.70 .382 203 -5782 195
1.15 .657 263 -9736 303 3.80 .376 421 -5587 186
1.20 .647 527 -9433 290 3.90 .370 834 -5401 174
1.25 0.638 094 -9143 + 278 4.00 0.365 433 -5227 + 168
1.30 .628 951 -8865 266 4.10 .360 206 -5059 161
1.35 .620 086 -8599 255 4.20 .355 147 -4898 152
1.40 .611 487 -8343 244 4.30 .350 249 -4746 141
1.45 .603 144 -8099 236 4.40 .345 503 -4605 138
1.50 0.595 045 -7863 + 224 4.50 0.340 898 -4467 + 134
1.55 .587 182 -7639 215 4.60 .336 431 -4333 125
1.60 .579 543 -7424 208 4.70 .332 098 -4208 118
1.65 .572 119 -7216 198 4.80 .327 890 -4090 115
1.70 .564 903 -7018 190 4.90 .323 800 -3975 102
1.75 0.557 885 -6828 + 184 5.00 0.319 825 -18321 +2227 -397
1.80 .551 057 -6644 176 5.50 .301 504 -16094 1830 -306
1.85 .544 413 -6468 170 6.00 .285 410 -14264 1524 -241
1.90 .537 945 -6298 161 6.50 .271 146 -12740 1283 -193
1.95 .531 647 -6137 154 7.00 .258 406 -11457 1090 -153
2.00 0.525 510 -11809 + 580 7.50 0.246 949 -10367 + 937 -127
2.10 .513 701 -11229 539 8.00 .236 582 -9430 810- -104
2.20 .502 472 -10690 499 8.50 .227 152 -8620 706 - 86
2.30 .491 782 -10191 465 9.00 .218 532 -7914 620
In the last part of this table several errors in the fifth and sixth
places of decimals have been corrected.
226 Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards {Vol. 8, No. i
TABLE XXII
Functions for Calculating Resistance and Inductance of Straight, Cylindrical Wires with
Varying Frequency {sec. 10)
X
W A A
x W A, A
Z
A, A
4 Z
A, A
Y x 2 2 Y 2 Y 2 x Y 2
2.0 1.07816 -3649 +505 1.07816 1559 192 0.48057 + 1999 - 90 0.96113 - 770 -92
2.1 1.04167 -3144 442 1.09375 1751 192 0.50056 1909 - 96 0.95343 - 862 -92
2.2 1.01023 2702 387 1.11126 1943 195 0.51965 1813 -102 0.94482 - 954 -91
2.3 0.98321 2315 339 1.13069 2138 192 0.53778 1711 -108 0.93527 -1045 -90
2.4 0.96006 1976 297 1.15207 2330 188 0.55489 1603 -113 0.92482 -1135 -86
2.5 0.94030 -1679 +256 1.17538 2518 179 0.57092 + 1490 -115 0.91347 -1221 -81
2.6 0.92351 1423 224 1.20056 2697 170 0.58582 1375 -116 0.90126 -1301 -73
2.7 0.90928 1199 190 1.22753 2867 157 0.59957 1259 -116 0.88825 -1374 -65
2.8 0.89729 1009 162 1.25620 3024 142 0.61216 1143 -114 0.87451 -1439 -56
2.9 0.88720 847 136 1.28644 3166 128 0.62359 1029 -111 0.86012 -1495 -47
3.0 0.87873 - 711 +114 1.31809 +3293 +109 0.63388 + 918 -106 0.84517 -1542 -36
3.1 0.87162 597 92 1.35102 3402 + 93 0.64306 812 -100 0.82975 -1578 -25
3.2 0.86565 505 75 1.38504 3495 + 76 0.65118 712 - 93 0.81397 -1603 -16
3.3 0.86060 430 58 1.41999 3571 + 61 0.65830 619 - 87 0.79794 -1619 - 6
3.4 0.85630 372 46 1.45570 3632 + 44 0.66449 532 - 78 0.78175 -1625 + 4
3.5 0.85258 - 326 + 36 1.49202 +3677 + 31 0.66981 454 - 70 0.76550 -1621 +11
3.6 0.84932 290 24 1.52879 3708 + 19 0.67436 384 - 61 0.74929 -1610 +20
3.7 0.84642 266 18 1.56587 3727 + 10 0.67820 323 - 55 0.73320 -1590 26
3.8 0.84376 248 13 1.60314 3737 - 1 0.68143 268 - 47 0.71729 -1564 31
3.9 0.84128 235 8 1.64051 3736 - 7 0.68411 221 - 40 0.70165 -1533 36
GroLr\ Formulas for Mutual and Self-Inductance 227
W x W Z 4 Z
X
Y Ai A 2 2 Y A x
A 2 Y \ A 2 x Y Aj A 2
4.0 0.83893 - 227 + 5 1.67787 +3729 - 12 0.68632 + 181 - 33 0.68632 -1497 +39
4.1 0.83666 222 3 1.71516 3717 - 17 0.68813 148 - 28 0.67135 -1458 43
4.2 0.83444 219 + 1 1.75233 3700 - 19 0.68961 120 - 23 0.65677 -1415 43
4.3 0.83225 218 1.78933 3681 - 20 0.69082 97 - 17 0.64262 -1372 45
4.4 0.83007 218 1.82614 3661 - 22 0.69179 80 - 15 0.62890 -1327 45
5.0 0.81709 -419 +14 2.04272 + 7081 -45 0.69496 +62 -6 0.55597 -2091 +151
5.2 0.81290 405 18 2.11353 7036 -31 0.69558 56 -1 0.53506 1940 138
5.4 0.80885 387 20 2.18389 7005 -19 0.69614 55 0.51566 1802 124
5.6 0.80498 367 22 2.25393 6987 - 8 0.69669 55 +1 0.49764 1678 112
5.8 0.80131 345 23 2.32380 6979 0.69725 56 -1 0.48086 1566 101
6.0 0.79786 -322 +21 2.39359 + 6979 + 4 0.69781 +55 -1 0.46521 -1465 + 91
6.2 0.79464 301 21 2.46338 6983 8 0.69836 54 -2 0.45056 1374 82
6.4 0.79163 280 19 2.53321 6992 8 0.69891 52 -3 0.43682 1292 74
6.6 0.78883 261 17 2.60313 6999 8 0.69942 49 -3 0.42389 1218 68
6.8 0.78621 244 16 2.67312 7007 8 0.69991 46 -4 0.41171 1150 62
7.0 0.78377 -228 +13 2.74319 + 7015 + 6 0.70037 +42 -3 0.40021 -1088 + 57
7.2 0.78149 215 13 2.81334 7021 5 0.70080 39 4 0.38933 1031 52
7.4 0.77934 202 12 2.88355 7026 5 0.70118 35 3 0.37902 979 49
7.6 0.77731 190 11 2.95380 7031 3 0.70154 32 3 0.36923 930 45
7.8 0.77541 179 9 3.02411 7034 + 1 0.70185 29 -2 0.35992 885 42
-1 0.28731 - 569 + 21
10.0 0.75971 -261 +24 3.79857 +17620 + 3 0.70405 +30 -4 0.28162 -1330 +120
10.5 0.75710 237 21 3.97477 17623 4 0.70435 26 4 0.26832 1210 104
11.0 0.75473 216 19 4.15100 17627 4 0.70461 22 3 0.25622 1106 91
11.5 0.75257 197 16 4.32727 17631 4 0.70483 19 2 0.24516 1015 80
12.0 0.75060 181 15 4.50358 17635 3 0.70503 17 -2 0.23501 935 71
12.5 0.74879 -166 +13 4.67993 +17638 + 3 0.70520 +15 -1 0.22567 - 863 + 64
13.0 0.74712 154 11 4.85631 17641 2 0.70535 14 2 0.21703 800 57
13.5 0.74559 142 10 5.03272 17643 2 0.70549 12 1 0.20903 743 51
14.0 0.74416 132 9 5.20915 17645 3 0.70561 11 2 0.20160 692 46
14.5 0.74284 -123 + 8 5.38560 17648 + 2 0.70572 + 9 -1 0.19468 -646+40
.
X
w Aj
x W Z 4 Z
A,
Y ^2 2 Y Y Al "'
i Y Ai
15.0 0.74161 -222 +27 5.56208 +35301 + 6 0.70581 +16 -3 0.18822 -1172 +137
16.0 0.73939 195 22 5.91509 35307 5 0.70597 13 2 0.17649 1035 114
17.0 0.73743 173 19 6.26817 35312 5 0.70611 11 1 0.16614 921 97
18.0 0.73570 154 16 6.62129 35317 4 0.70622 10 2 0.15594 824 82
19.0 0.73416 139 13 6.97446 35321 3 0.70632 8 -1 0.14870 742 70
26.0 0.72673 -143 +20 9.44748 +70674 + 5 0.70669 6 -1 0.10872 - 775 +103
28.0 0.72530 123 15 10.15422 70679 - 4 0.70675 5 —1 0.10096 672 84
30.0 0.72407 -108 -13 10.86101 +70683 - 3 0.70680 +4 -1 0.09424 - 589 + 69
32.0 0.72299 95 11 11.56785 70686 3 0.70684 3 0.08835 519 58
50.0 0.71721 -170 +49 17.93032 +353509 +13 0.70700 +3 0.05656 - 942 +269
60.0 0.71551 121 30 21.46541 353522 8 0.70703 2 0.04713 673 168
TABLE XXIII
Values of Limiting Change of Inductance with the Frequency
21 d 8a
P
A2
P /MA P /AL\
A
\L Ai Ai A2 A2
/x=oo VL /x=oo VL /x=oo t
TABLE XXIV
Values of the Argument x for Copper Wires 1 mm Radius and Conductivity 5.811x10'
c g. s. Units
t xo A f x« K
cycles per meters cycles per meters
second second
Absolute formulas Mutual inductance of coaxial circles, 6, 7, 9, 20, 21\ 23; mu-
:
tual inductance of concentric, coaxial solenoids, 64, 73, 78, gi; mutual inductance
of coaxial solenoids, 64, 69, 73, 89; self-inductance of solenoids, 117, 118, 129,
132, 733, Table IV; mutual inductance of circle and solenoid, 99, 100, 103,
706, io/y 708, 709; inductance of rectangle of rectangular section, 155.
Absolute invariant 17.
Adjacent conductors. See Linear conductors.
Airey. See Searle and Airey.
Ampere balance. See Current balance.
Amplitude of incomplete elliptic integrals, 64, 100.
Annular area, geometric mean distance of, 168, 169; geometric mean distance of
point to area, 169.
Annulus. See Annular area.
Approximate formulas; inductance of solenoid of more than one layer, Cohen, 140,
750; inductance of circular ring, Kirchhoff, no, 774; mutual inductance of coaxial
solenoids of equal length, 55, 78; inductance of coil of rectangular cross section,
Maxwell, 135, 743; Perry 126, 743; mutual inductance of coaxial circles, Wiede-
mann, footnote 13.
Arithmetical mean distance, 171, 172.
Arithmetical mean square distance, 171, 172.
Asymptotic formulas for IV, Y, and Z, 176.
Attraction of coils. See Current balance.
Ayrton and Jones current balance, 704.
B
Bar. See Rectangular bar.
Ber and bei functions, 174, 175.
Bessel functions, 15, 174.
Blathy, inductance of a ring, 113.
Breadth, equivalent of coil 38, 47,
Bromwich, 16, in, 113.
Campbell, extension of Joneses formula, 100, 709; form for standard of mutual in-
ductance, 708.
Choice of formulas: Mutual inductance of coaxial circles, 19; mutual inductance of
coaxial coils of rectangular section, 43; mutual inductance of coaxial solenoids, 73,
83, 84, 86; inductance of solenoids, 125; inductance of coils of rectangular cross
section, 142.
Circles. and coaxial solenoid.
See Coaxial circles,, Circular areas, Circle
Circle and coaxial solenoid, mutual inductance of, 98-110.
Circular areas: Geometric mean distance of, 167; geometric mean distance of a
point from, 169; geometric mean distance of two, 170; arithmetical mean distance
of, 171; arithmetical mean square distance of, 171.
231
232 Index
Circular coils of rectangular cross section Inductance of, 135-150 choice of formu-
: ;
Coaxial circles Formulas for the inductance of, 6-32 choice of formulas, 19 sum-
: ; ;
Coaxial solenoids Formulas for the mutual inductance of, 52-98 case where coils
: ;
are not concentric, 59, 64, 73 choice of formulas, 73, 83, 84, 86.
;
Cohen, absolute formula for the mutual inductance of coaxial solenoids 64, 69, 73,
78, 79, 91 ; correction of JVien's formula, in approximate formula for the induc-
;
Conductors. See Concentric conductors, linear conductors, rings, tubes, tapes, etc.
Constant of Lorenz apparatus. See Lorenz apparatus.
Constants. See Tables of constants, etc.
Correction, of current sheet formulas for inductance of solenoids for windiug of
round wire, 122, 127 ; for unequal distribution of current over cross section of coil,
140-142, 147-149; of simple expression for toroidal coil, 125.
Correction factor. See End correction, correction, etc.
Cross section. See Coaxial coils of rectangular cross section, Circular coils of rec-
tangular cross section, Equal coils of rectangular cross section, Square cross
section.
Current balance, of Ayrton and. Jones, 104, 106; of National Physical Laboratory, 107.
Current sheets, 76, 97, 119.
Cylindrical wire. See Straight cylindrical wire.
Cylindrical coils. See Solenoids, Coaxial solenoids.
Cylindrical conductors. See Linear conductors.
cylindrical wires, 173, 174, 177, 179, 183-185 ; of two parallel cylindrical wires, 180,
181, 185, 186 ; of a circular ring, 181, 182, 186, 187.
Differential coefficients, 34, 39.
Dimensions of equivalent current sheet 76, 97, 119.
Disk in Lorenz apparatus. See Lorenz apparatus.
Distribution of current. See Correction for unequal, High frequency formulas, In-
crease of resistance, Decrease of inductance.
Dynamometers: Gray, 60, 86; Ayrton and Jones, 104, 106.
E
"Eddy currents. See High frequency formulas, Decrease of inductance, Increase of
resistance.
Ellipse. See Elliptical area.
Elliptical area, geometric mean distance of, 167.
Elliptic integrals. See also Incomplete elliptic integrals, mutual inductance formu-
las involving 6, 7, 9, 64, 68, 71, 98, 99, 100; inductance of solenoids, 118; series
expansions for complete, 8, 9; tables of, as functions of tan y, 193; Legendre's
Tables, 202-212.
End correction For mutual inductance of equal concentric solenoids, 55 for self-
: ;
mutual inductance of coaxial coils of rectangular cross section, 44-52; mutual in-
ductance of coaxial solenoids, 77-98 ; mutual inductance of circle and solenoid,
103-110; self -inductance of circular ring, 774-115 ; self-inductance of solenoids,
126-135 ; self-inductance of coils of rectangular cross section, 142-150; self and
mutual inductance of linear conductors, 159-166 ; inductance and resistance with
high frequency, 183-187.
Extension of Maxwell's series formula for circles, 14,30; BlaxwelVs formula for
equal, concentric solenoids, 53, 77-80 ; Rbiti's formula for coaxial solenoids, 57-59,
80-86 ; Jones's formula for circle and solenoid, 10 1, 102, 103-106, 108, 109 ; Ray-
leigh' s and Nivens's formula for the inductance of solenoids, 117, 129 ; Russell's
formulas for W, Y, and Z, 176.
of coaxial solenoids, 55, 56, 72, 78; mutual inductance of short secondary on long
primary, 68; self-inductance of solenoids (see Webster).
Heaviside, equal coaxial solenoids, 55, 78; high frequency formulas, 173.
Hicks, inductance of a ring, 113.
High frequency formulas, in, 172-187.
234 Index
Jacobi, q series, 11, 12, 65-67, 120, 121; Theta functions, 66.
Jones, mutual inductance of circle and solenoid, 99, 102, 106; see also Ayrton,
Campbell.
Joubert. See Mascart.
YLelvin, resistance and inductance of straight wires at high frequency, 173, 174; ber
and bei functions, 175.
Ker and Kei functions, 175.
Kirchhoff, inductance of a ring, no, 114; inductance of a solenoid, 118; summation
formula for the inductance of a solenoid, 123; inductance of a square, 154; formula
for mutual inductance of coaxial coils, 73.
L
\,anden s transformation, 7.
y
M
Marlens, mutual inductance of rectangles, 156.
Mascart, 55.
Jlathy, corrected formula of, for coaxial circles, 17, 31; simple special formula de-
rived from this, 18, 32.
Maxwell, mutual inductance of coaxial circles, 6-8, 13, 20, 21, 28, Table I; mutual
inductance of equal coaxial, concentric solenoids, 53, 77, 79, 80; inductance of a
ring, no, in, 114, 113; inductance of coil of rectangular cross section, 135, 136,
j 42, j 43; correction for distribution of current in round wires, 140.
Index 235
N
IXagaoka, mutual inductance of coaxial circles, 11, 12, 26, 2/, Table XV
and XVI;
mutual inductance of coaxial solenoids 64-67, 73, 89, 91-93; inductance of sole-
noids, 119-121, 130-132.
Nasmyth, 87.
National Physical Laboratory, current balance of, 107.
Natural logarithms of numbers from 1 to 100, Table XL
Neumann, inductance of straight cylindrical wire, 151, 159; mutual inductance of
parallel rectangles, 156, 164.
Nicholson, inductance and resistance of parallel wires at high frequency, 180.
Niven. See Rayleigh.
Noninductive Shunts, inductance of, 158.
"Rayleigh (also Rayleigh and Niven), formula of quadratures, 34, 35, 45, 46, 90 ; in-
ductance of circular ring, in, 114, 115 ; inductance of solenoids, 116, 126-129 ; in-
ductance and resistance of straight wires at high frequency, 173, 177.
Rectangles, geometric mean distance of, see Rectangular area inductance of, 154,
;
of two, 170.
236 Index
Rectangular bars, inductance of, 152, 153, 162 ; mutual inductance of, 153, 154.
Rectangular cross section. See Coaxial coils of rectangular cross section, Equal
coils of rectangular cross section.
Reduction from current sheet to winding of round wires, 122, 128^ Tables VII and
VIII.
Resistance. See Increase of resistance with the frequency.
Return Circuit, inductance of parallel wire, 151, 152, 161 ; same at high frequency,
1S0, 181, 183, 186 ; inductance with rectangular cross section, 154, 162.
Ring, inductance of circular solid, 110-112, 114; inductance with elliptical cross
section, 113 inductance and resistance with high frequency, 181, 182, 186.
;
for distribution of current in coil of rectangular cross section, 138, 139, 141, 144-
150, Tables IX and X ;
geometric mean distance, 168-170 arithmetical mean dis-
;
w
W, T, and Z functions, definitions of, 174; expansions for, 176, 177; see also Table
XXII.
Wallis, series expansions for elliptic integrals, 9.
Webster, inductance of a solenoid, 121, 132.
Weierstrass, p functions, 17, 65. _
Weinstein, mutual inductance of coaxial circles, 7, 25 ; mutual inductance of coaxial
coils, 40, 41,57, 71, 96; inductance of coil of rectangular cross section, 137, 143.
Wiedemann, mutual inductance of circles, footnote, 13.
Wien, inductance of ring, in, 112 ring rotating in uniform magnetic field, 113, 114.
;
Y
Y function. See W, Y, and Z functions.
z
Z See W, F, and
function. Z functions.
Zonal harmonics, 59.
21674 — 12 16