Anaphysio 1 Review Brain Hub Review Center October 2021 Review Proper
Anaphysio 1 Review Brain Hub Review Center October 2021 Review Proper
Anaphysio 1 Review Brain Hub Review Center October 2021 Review Proper
GROWTH IN BONE LENGTH PTH : increases the uptake of calcium in the intestine
Bone length is achieved by the growth of EPIPHYSEAL PLATE. - Promotes the formation in vitamin D
1. ZONE of RESTING STAGE in the intestines
nearest to the epiphysis and contains - Increases the reabsorption of calcium
chondrocytes that do not divide rapidly. from urine in the kidneys.
2. ZONE of PROLIFERATION IF the calcium is HIGH in the blood
Chondrocytes form a new cartilage thru interstitial cartilage - PTH levels decrease
growth. Chondrocytes divide and form columns resembling stacks of plates - (+) movement of calcium to the bones
or coins. - Vitamin D is decreased so less
absoprtion in the intestines.
3. ZONE of HYPERTROPHY - Less reabsorption of Calcium in urine.
- the chondrocytes produced in the zone of CALCITONIN :
proliferation mature and enlarges. - Decreases Osteoclastic activity resulting to the decrease
in blood calcium levels.
4. ZONE of CALCIFICATION -
- very thin and contains hyperthropied EFFECTS OF AGING in the skeletal SYSTEM
chondrocytes and calcified cartilage matrix. 1. Bone is more brittle in older clients
Diapysis increases in length due to new cartilage are formed in the zone of 2. Bone Mass decreases
proliferation and enlargement of cells in the zone of hypertrophy. 3. Increases the like hood of bone fracture.
• NOTE : as the bone achieves Normal adult size, 4. Increase like hood of bone compression
bone growth stops as the epiphyseal plate is ossified and becomes an Curvature of the spine, stooped posture)
epiphyseal line. 5. Tooth loss
- 12 to 15 years old.
BUT
The articular cartilage does not become ossified AXIAL SKELETONS :
when growth of the epiphyseal plate stops. A. SKULL
B. VERTEBRAE, STERNUM AND HYOID
FACTORS AFFECTING THE BONE GROWTH REVIEWEER : G. CLYDE E. REBADULLA OD.,MD.,RN.,RM
1. Nutrition
> Vitamin D. Increases the absorption of calcium n the intestines. AXIAL SKELETON : SKULL
- expose to sunlight. SKELETON
RICKETS = Vitamin D deficiency in Chidren Skeleton : 206 Bones
Paired Bones : same bones on both sides of the body
OSTEOMALCIA = Vitamin D defficiency in ADULTS
86
2. HORMONES Unpaired Bones : bones in the midline of the body,
- GROWTH Hormones : increases the over all 34
tissue growth.
Tubercle : small rounded bump
GIGANTISM : Abnormally increased Height.
a ligament may be attached to this
ACROMEGALLY : increase in connective tissue growth including the bones Process : a prominent projection
after the epiphyseall plate have ossified. Foramen : Hole : maybe occupied by a nerve or
-Increase in the diameter or thickness of the
blood vessel
bone.
Dwarfism : Condyle : has a smooth rounded end covered by a
- Abnormally decreased in height. particular cartilage.
SEX HORMONES : AXIAL SKELETON :
ESTROGEN ( female sex hormones)
- forms the upright axis of the body.
TESTOSTERONE ( male sex hormones )
Both caused burst of growth in puberty. - protects the brain, spinal cord, and vital
However >> both can stimulate the ossification of organs housed within the thorax
epiphyseal plate. SKULL
RESULT : Female stop growing earlier than males cause
- other name is cranium
estrogen can cause a quicker clossure of the epiphyseal plate.
Brain case : 8 bones - it’s a single bone that extends completely
Paired : Parietal and temporal across the skull.
UN Paired : Frontal, Occipital, Zygomatic or Cheekbone : seen and felt on the face.
sphenoid and ethmoid bones. Zygomatic arch : consist of joint processes from the temporal
FACIAL BONES : and zygomatic bones and forms a
- forms the structure of the face bridge on the side of the skull.
- 2 Maxilla MAXILLA :
2 Zygomatic Upper Jaw > anterior to the zygomatic bone
2 Palatine Mandible :
2 lacrimal Lower Jaw : inferior to the maxilla.
2 nasal Consist of two parts :
2 Inferior nasal concha 1. Body
1 Mandible 2. Ramus: (+) MANDIBULAR
1 Vomer CONDYLE > articulates with the temporal bone
____ allowing movement of the mandible.
14 Bones Coronoid Process is the attachment site of the
Facial Bones >support the organs of vision, smell temporalis muscle to the mandible.
and taste. Alveolar Process : Present in the Maxilla and the mandible
> attachment for muscles of mastication for the attachment of teeth.
Facial expression and Eye movements.
Maxilla Anterior view of the skull
Mandible holds the teeth Frontal bone : Forehead
Temporal bones : holds the Auditory ossicles. Zygomatic Bones : Cheekbone
Calvaria Or Skullcap : top of the skull Maxilla
*** Mandible.
Superior View of the skull : see the sutures. Cavities of the skull :
Posterior view of the skull ORBITS
Lamdoid suture : the suture that connects the NASAL cavity.
parietal bones and the occipital bones. ORBIT : Enclose the eyeball
Wormian or Sutural bones : extra small bones that - eye ball rotates within
lines the lambdoid suture. - Provides protection of the eye
External occipital protruberance : - attachment for the muscle of the eye
- Present on the postereior surface of the
occipital bone. OPENINGS OF THE ORBIT :
- site of attachment of ligamentun NUCHA Superior and inferior Orbital fissure
Ligamentum Nucha : - provide openings through which the nerves and blood
an elastic ligament that extend the neck down and vessels communicate with the orbit or pass to the face.
helps keep the head erect by pulling on the occipital region
of the skull. OPTIC canal : entry of the optic nerve from the
Nuchal lines : smal ridges that extend laterally from cranial cavity to the eye.
the protuberance and are the point of Nasolacrimal canal: from the orbit to the nasal cavity.
attachments of several neck muscles. > carries tears from the eyes to the nasal cavity
LATERAL VIEW OF THE SKULL : Nasal cavity :
Temporal largest part of the side of the skull Nasal Septum : divides the nasal cavity into right
Parietal and left halves.
Squamous Suture : Joins the parietal and temporal Superiorly : Perpendicular plate of ethmoid
bones. Inferiorly : Vomer
External accoustic or auditory meatus : Anterior : septal cartilage
large hole that serves as a Lateral : 3 bony shelves : Nasal Concha.
passageway for sound towards the ear drum. Note L: nasal concha and nasal septum increases the surface
Mastoid Process : area in the nasal cavity which promotes moistening and
- Large inferior projection warming of the inhaled air and the removal of particles from
- just below the inferior auditory meatus the air by overlying mucous membranes.
- filled with mastoid air cells connected to the Nasal Septum
middle ear. • Paranasal Sinuses :
- serves as attachment for muscles that - Paranasal sinuses : air filled cavities within bones
rotates the neck. which opens up in the nasal cavity.
> lightens the weight of the bones
Shenoid Bone : Greater Wing > Acts as resonating chambers during voice
- anterior to the temporal bones. production
Inferior View of the Skull VERTEBRAE
: Base of the skull Parts :
FORAMEN MAGNUN Body : Weight bearing portion of the vertebra.
Vertebral arc = projects posteriorly from the body
- present in the occipital bone
Two parts of the vertebral arch:
- where the spinal cord passes through from 1. TWO PEDICLES = attached to the body
the brain 2. TWO Laminae = extends from the transverse
- passageway of the vertebra arteries. process to the spinous process.
Occipital condyles : connects the skull to the Vertebral SPINE ( SEE ILLUSTRATION )
vertebrae. Located just adjacent to the
foramen magnun.
Vertebral Foramen
CAROTID CANAL = its an opening formed by vertebral arch and the posterior
- seen from the inferior side part of the body.
- the entry of the carotid artery to supply the brain.
JUGULAR FORAMINA VERTEBRAL CANAL
-Exit point of the Internal jugular vein = formed by vertebral foramina and the next vertebral
STYLOID PROCESS foramina.
= contains the spina l cord and cauda equina
- two long pointed pen shaped processes from the inferior
surface of the temporal bone. Transverse process
- attached are muscles for movement of the tongue, hyoid = extends laterally from each side of the vertebral arch
bone and pharynx. between the lamina and the pedicle
Mandibular Fossa
- where mandibular condyle articulates with the SPINOUS PROCESS
skull. ( anterior to the mastoid) = located at the junction between the two laminae.
= a series of lumps down the
Nasal Septum
midline of the back.
> Posterior surface is bounded on each side by the NOTE : Transverse and spinous process are attachment sites
vertical bony plates of sphenoid bone. for muscles moving the vertebral column
a. Medial pterygoid plates
b. Lateral pterygoid plates Articular process
VOMER : forms most of the posterior portion of the = for the support and movement of the vertebral
culumn
nasal septum.
a. Two Suprior A.P.
Hard Palate or the BONY PROMINENCE
b. Two Inferior A.P.
- forms the floor of the nasal cavity. Note : Superior A.P of one vertebra articulates with the
inferior process of tye next Superioor Vertebrae.
Note. Connective tissue provides a pathway for nerves and blood to reach ALL OR NONE PRINCIPLE
muscle fibers. *********
STIMULUS
Muscle fibers Subthreshold stimulus
Sarcolemma = is not strong enough to cause an action potential in any axons in the nerve
= plasma membrane of the muscle fibers. supplying the muscle
Sarcoplasm = No contractions
Threshold stimulus Reduction of muscle fibers leading to reduction of muscle mass .
= strong enough to produce an action potential causing all the fibers to Loss of strength and speed is due to loss of fast twitch muscle.
contract Decrease in the density of capillaries in skeletal muscles
Submaximal = stronger stimuli After exercise, a longer period of time is required to recover.
Maximal Stimulus most common cause : Sedentary lifestyle
= produce action potentials in the axons of all motor units of that muscle
Supra maximal even greater strength but No additional effects. SMOOTH MUSCLES
Types : 1. Visceral smooth muscles
Multiple wave summmation 2. Multiunit smooth muscles
= Increased tension resulting from increased frequency VISCERAL SMOOTH MUSCLE ( Organs)
of stimulation. = in the walls of most organs of the body like the intestines,
=Muscle contractions >Relaxation >C >R>C>RC>RC>R>C reproductive tract and Urinary tracts.
One contraction is added to the previous contraction = ALSO CALLED SIGLE UNIT OR UNITARY SMOOTH MUSCLES.
RESULT : Overall force of contraction increases.
INCOMPLTE TETANUS = muscle fibers partially re;lax during MULTI UNIT SMOOTH MUSCLES
contractions = Present in the walls of the blood vessels.
COMPLETE TETANUS = action potentials are produced rapidly = and iris of the eye.
that that NO relaxation occurs.
Calcium is needed for muscular contractions. REGULATION OF SMOOTH MUSCLE SCONTRACTIONS
- If elevated will continue to cause contractions. = involuntary
TREPPE = Multi unit contracts only when stimulated by nerves, hormones and other
= In case of a muscle that has rested for a long time: substances.
upon the application of Low frequency stimuli, and a resting state = CAN PERIODICALLY AND SPONTANEOUSLY CONTRACT. Ex: thee digestive
after stimulation, the contraction triggered by a second stimulus is greater system
that the first and the third contraction is greater than the second. Hormones can affect the regulation of smooth muscles.
Types of Muscle contractions
ISOMETRIC Contractions SMOOTH MUSCLES
The length of the muscles does not change, but the amount of - spindle shape with single nucleus in the middle of the cell.
tension increases during the contraction process. - no myo fibrils and does not have strated appearance.
Ex : Constant length of postural muscles - NO troponin. No T tubules- less cytoplasmic reticulum to store Calcium
ISOTONIC Contractions - CALMODULIN = a protein where calcium attaches because
= The amount of tension produced by the muscles is constant smooth muscle does not have troponoin.
during contractions but the length of the muscle changes.
Concentric and Eccentric contractions Functional properties of Smooth muscles
Concentric contractions 1. Capable of of autorythmic contractions.
- Isotonic contractions in which muscle tension increases and the 2. Contracts slower than the skeletal muscles.
muscle shortens 3. Has the ability to control tension for long periods while spending very
- SHORTENS the muscles little energy.
ECCENTRIC Contractions - help maintain blood pressure
- are isotonic contractions in which tensions is maintained - relaxation can cause a drop in blood vessels
as the muscle lengthens. 4. Can maintain a constant pressure despite the change in volume like the
- Lengthens the muscles. urinary bladder.
Muscle tone 5. The ability of the smooth muscles to contract effectively remains relatively
- is the constant tension produced by the muscles over a long constant despite changes in the muscle length.
period of time.
- Physiological position of rest. CARDIAC MUSCLES
Fatigue - found in the heart.
= decreased capacity to do work and the reduced efficiency of performance - striated with one nucleus in the center
that normally follows as period of activity. (+) Intercalated disks = specialized cell to cell attachment which have gap
PSYCHOLOGIC Fatigue junctions that allow action potential to pass from one cell to cell.
= the muscles are capable of functioning but thye individua - has pacemaker
percieves that additional muscular work is not possible - With auto rythmicity
MUSCULAR Fatigue
= results from depletion of ATP.
PHYSIOLOGIC contracture MUSCULAR SYSTEM
- muscles occationally becomes incapable of contracting and
relaxing due to extreme muscle fatigue. - the driving force behind movement
ATP is the immediate source of Muscle contractions - Cause: muscles contracting and lengthening.
***** - Other functions : define body shape
Muscular hypertrophy and Atrophy : maintain posture.
Hypertrophy Muscles are masters ofpulling on bones.They can pull, pull,
- Increase in muscle size.
pull.
- but the number of cells or muscle fibers are the same.
Moves body parts by contracting (getting shorter
ATROPHY
- A decrease in muscle size
- Individual muscle fibers decrease in size and with progressive loss Controls life functions (breathing, heartbeat, digestion,
of myofibrils. etc.)
DISUSE ATROPHY Voluntary muscles
- Decrease in muscle size due to disuse.( unused muscle) - bring about movement.
- Examples: Bed ridden people, Stroke patients casts - consciously controlled,
Management: Exercise - can be trained to be stronger.
DENERVATION ATROPHY - Note : These are the muscles used when exercising
- results when the nerves innervating the muscles are severed.. and playing sport
RESULT : Flaccid Paralysis. - Another name for skeletal muscle is striated muscle.
management : Reinnervation of muscle
• When the bicep contracts and the triceps relaxes,
the arm bends.
Effects of Aging in Skeletal muscles
• When the Tricep contracts and the bicep relaxes the ⚫ Quadriceps - front of leg muscles (extension of
arm straightens. the leg at the knee)
⚫ Hamstrings - back of leg muscles (flexion of the
Structures/Types of Muscle leg at the knee)
⚫ Gastrocnemius - calf muscles
Two varieties of Skeletal muscles. = Plantar flexes the foot.
1. Flexors ● Gluteus maximus = Extends the upper leg.
2. extensors. _______
Flexors and extensors usually work in pairs, Isometric contractions
Example : = are muscle contractions which result in
flexor – bends a joint (biceps) increased tension but the length of the muscle
extensor – straightens a joint (triceps stays the same.(SAME LENGHT )
No movement.
TENDONS : attaches muscle to bone Example : when pushing against a wall.
⚫ . Each muscle is made up of muscle fibres and when
these contract, or pull against the skeleton, Isotonic contractions
movement takes place. = are muscle contractions which result in
TENDON : A tissue attaching the Muscles and bones limb movement.
⚫ It is the tendons that allow muscles to move the = The muscle changes length as it works; either
bones. lengthening or shortening.
antagonistic pairs -Shortening is called a concentric contraction.
= muscle contracts and pulls the other one relaxes -Lengthening is called an eccentric
to allow the joint to work. contraction.
NOTE : Even sitting still we are using muscles. - With movement
The heart beats, the diaphragm causes us to
breathe, etc THE EFFECTS OF EXERCISE
⚫ AGONIST OR PRIME MOVER= The muscle doing the 1.Muscle hypertrophy - increase in muscle mass
work (contracting) and creating the 2.Increase in muscular strength
movement. 3. Increase in muscular endurance
⚫ ANTAGONIST : The muscle which is relaxing and
letting the movement take place.
SYNERGIST : Other muscles support the prime Potential injuries to the muscular system
mover (agonist) in creating movement ⚫ Muscle atrophy - a loss of muscle mass and strength
Origin- is where the tendon of the muscle joins the when strength training is stopped .
stationary bone(s). ⚫ Soft tissue injuries to muscles - these include tears,
Insertion- is where the tendon of the muscle joins the pulls, and strains.
moving bone(s). Unused muscle cells actually become smaller if
3 Kinds of Muscle not used regularly. Become weak and flabby
SKELETAL- striated, voluntary, attached to bones and RICE
causes skeletons to move. ⚫ Rest - a period of time to allow the injury to recover.
SMOOTH- involuntary, NO conscious thinking, in ⚫ Ice - this directs cold to the injured tissue and
arteries, veins stomach and intestine( can relief pain and limit swelling.
peristalsis). ⚫ Compression - helps limit and reduce swelling
CARDIAC – autonomic, involuntary, in the heart. of the injury.
****************** ⚫ Elevation - reduces swelling by elevating injured
VOLUNTARY MUSCLE : muscles that can be controlled part of body above the level of the
INVOLUNTARY muscles : muscles that can not be
Controlled
Muscles work by contracting and pulling NERVOUS SYSTEM
Skeletal muscles make us move. However, muscles are only lecture:
capable of one type of force. PULLING. G.CLYDE E. REBADULLA OD.,MD.,RN.,RM
IMPORTANT MUSCLE FOR EXAMINATION TOPICS : NERVOUS SYSTEM
⚫ Deltoid - shoulder muscles (abducts the upper BRAIN AND SPINAL NERVES
arm from body) PERIPHERAL AND CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
⚫ Trapezius - upper back muscle (rotates the Functions: (N.S)
shoulder blades backwards)
⚫ Latissimus dorsi - lower back muscle (rotates 1. Communications between region of the body
upper arm at the shoulders) 2. Coordination of body functions
3. Orientation to environment
⚫ Pectorals - front of chest muscles (adduction of
4. Assimilation
the arm) NEURON – the basic functional unit of the nervous System
⚫ Abdominals - stomach muscles (flexion and NEUROGLIA AND Glial cells
rotation of the trunk) 1. help increase the neuron transmission,
⚫ Biceps - top of arm muscles (flexion of arm at 2. provide nutrients to the neuron,
the elbow) 3. affect synapse
⚫ Triceps - underneath of arm muscles (extension 4. protect the neuron.
of arm at the elbow) Central nervous system
⚫ Gluteals - bum muscles (extension of the upper a. Brain
b. Spinal cords
leg)
Peripheral Nervous system
A. spinal nerves Note ; Myelinated nerve fibers appears white that’s why its called
B. Somatic nerves white matter.
C. Dorsal root ganglia Nmyelinated nerve fibers are called gray matter.
D. Cranial nerves Nodes of Ranvier : allows the nerve transmission from node to
Peripheral Nervous system node increasing the transmission speed of the neuron.
Afferent or sensory division= conduct Saltatory conduction
impulses to the CNS - jumping transmission in the nodes of ranvier.
Efferent or Motor division= conduct impulses from the NEUROGLIAL CELLS
brain to the different parts of the body. - -Provide support, nourishment, and protection to
SUB UNITS ; Neuron.
SOMATIC MOTOR N.S REVIEWER: G. Clyde e. Rebadulla
= receives impulse from the brain and innervaqte the muscles
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
= innervates glands , smooth muscles , cardiac muscles and organs. BRAIN AND SPINAL NERVES
Centers in the Brain for ANS ; ( subconscious directions ) BRAIN : 1.4 kilograms
Midbrain • Procencephalon : Forebrain :
Pons 1. Cerebral hemisphere
medulla oblongata 2. Diencephalon
spinal cord Mesencephalon : Mid brain
THE NEURON or nerve cell Rhombencephalon : Hind brain :
- functional unit of the nervous system 1. Pons
• Dendrites – receive neural messages & transmits towards 2. Medulla Oblongata
cell body/nucleus. 3. Cerebellum
• Axon – transmits neural messages away from cell body. Central Nervous System (CNS)
AXON A. BRAIN
myelinated vs unmyelinated I. Cerebrum
- nodes of Ranvier - L and R hemispheres
- synaptic knob/ presynaptic terminal - processing center for though, language,
- synapse memory, sensory information & movemnt
Nerve Body or Soma
Parts of the nerve Cells - has 5 regions/lobes:
1. Neuroplasm - cytoplas of the nueron 1. frontal lobe
2. Nissl Bodies – the endoplasmic reticulum of the nerve cell > for complex mental processes (speech
3. Nucleus – thought, learning, emotion, mvmnt judgement, reasoning
AXON HILLOCK – triangular region of the nerve cell body that is 2. temporal lobe
devoid of nissl bodies. > for speech, auditory center
_____ 3. parietal lobe
Parts of the Nerve cell > for interpretation of bodily sensations
1. cell body 4. occipital lobe
- has nucleus & cytoplasm > for 1° visual center
2. dendrites 5. limbic lobe
- small processes extending from the cell body > for emotion, learning, memory
3. axon Meninges
- long process extending from the cell body to another DURA MATER
neuron or end organ - tough and fibrous membrane
Function s of the neurons; - Thickest
1. SENSORY OR Efferent ARACHNOID MATER
= conducts impulses to the CNS - delicate membrane
2. Motor or EFFEERENT PIA MATER
= conducts impulses away from the CNS - very tightly bound brain and spinal cord
3. ASSOCIATION OR INERNEURONS - vascular membrane
= located between sensory and motor and also transmitts impulses
to the brain for processing. SPACES
Classification of Neurons based on synapse EPIDURAL SPACE
1. MULTIPOLAR NEURONS SUBDURAL SPACE
- with single nerve cell and axons SUBARACHNOID SPACE
- with multiple dendrites. ********
- majority of neurotransmitter are of this type Ventricles of the brain
2. BIPOPLAR NEURONS • From the neural tube
- nerve cell bodies has two poles • Lateral ventricle : Occupies each of the hemispheres
- has axon on one pole and a dendrite on Choroid plexus : secretes the CSF
on other pole Small areas in the superior portion of the ventricles
= for vision and smell Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid Circulation (CSF)
3. UNIPOLAR OR PSEUDO UNIPOLAR - ventricles
- a single body with a single process attached to it ▪ 4 fluid filled cavities that connect w/ 1 another & w/
- most common nerves of the body are unipolar : EX :ulnar nerve. the spinal canal
SYNAPSE : ▪ contain choroid plexus
- a space between the neurons
- area of communication between neurons containing - cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
chemicals for neurotransmission. • - analysis of CSF composition and pressure for diagnostic
NEUROTRANSMITTERS – chemicals in the synapse purposes
NEUROGLIA OR GLIAL CELLS • CSF : provides cushion and buoyancy to the
SWANN cell or Neurolemmocyte brain.
- these cells wrap around the axons leaving small gaps between CSF in the lateral ventricles
successive cells called the Nodes of Ranvier. Foramina of Monroe
Myelin = these are lipoproteins which are the main component of Third ventricle ( located in the thalamus )
neurolemmocyte. by cerebral aqueduct ( aqueduct of sylvius )
MYELIN SHEATH = a series of Myelin. Fourth ventricle
Central canal - Corpus callosum = C – shaped structure that connects the
Spinal cord cerebral hemispheres.
CSF Genu ; Anterior portion
Copy the chart : Splenium : Posterior portion
• CSF : 150 ml • Septum Pellucidum : separates the two lateral ventricles
• goes to the dura matter, to the venous sinuses, and the fluid Brainstem
goes to the cardiovascular system thru the internal Jugular 1. midbrain
vein. - reticular activating system (RAS)
- relay station for auditory & visual information
FOREBRAIN - control of body movement
• CEREBRUM 2. pons
• Convolutions : Folds and ridges in the cerebrum - cardiac acceleration and vasoconstriction centers
Gyri = ridges 3. medulla
Sulci = Depressions : Fissures - cardiac slowing, respiratory, vomiting vasomotor, swallowing
LOBES : Frontal center
Parietal
Occipital Cerebellum
Temnporal -receives info from muscles, joints and tendons
Lateral Fissure : Separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and - coordinates voluntary movement and maintains trunk stability &
Parietal lobes of the brain. equilibrium
Frontal Lobe : • Diencephalon : consist of Thalamus
Central sulcus : responsible for higher functions Hypothalamus
= Intellect Thalamus : Relay center that receives all the sensory information
Abstract reasoning, Creativity from the body and serves and sends it to the cerebral cortex.
Social awareness , Language HYPOTHALAMUS : directs some parts of ANS
BROCCA’S area : Motor speech Area : Involved in the endocrine function of
= responsible for speech formation the Pituitary gland.
Precentral Gyrus = center for water balance, thirst, pleasure hunger, sleep
Primary Motor Cortex : This cortex is important for pattern, Temperature regulation sexual desire, rage,
directing a part of the body to move. aggression.
Motor Homunculus : Construct s the image of the body on the brain Diencephalon
and produces the image of the person. 1. thalamus
PARIETAL LOBE : - major relay center/
Post Central Gyrus or Primary sensory cortex “central switchboard”
- Receives sensory information from the body. 2. hypothalamus
- Pinpoints the sensory part of the body that is affected. - regulates endocrine (e.g. hormonal activity)
- Sensory Homunculus autonomic functions
- ASSOCIATION AREAS : Interprets the sensation (e.g. stressresponse,appetite,body tempfluid balance,
- Pain, cold and etc. emotions)
WERNICKE’S area : responsible for Language development. ; for PINEAL GLAND = located in the thalamus
Written and spoken Language and coherent sentences. = endocrine glands that secretes
OCCIPITAL LOBE : Melatonin
= responsible for Vision = A hormone that regulates daily
= Shapes, color, Distant vision, and recollection of past rhythm
visual images. MID brain : is a small area posterior to the
Transverse Fissure : Separates the area between the occipital lobe diencepahlon
and the cerebellum Cerebral peduncles : occupies an area
superior to the pons.
TEMPORAL LOBE: • Cerebral Aquiduct : a canal that passes
- Contains the Primary Auditory Cortex : through the midbrain.
- Interprets hearing, interpretes the nature of sound, location, Corpora Quadrigemina : Consist of :
rhythm and distance. Superior Colliculi : For Visual Reflexes
- Translate words into thoughts Inferior Colliculi.
- Also contains 1. Olfactory center : smell Substancia Nigra : Causes Parkinsons disease
2. Gustatory center : taste. if not functioning Properly.,
INSULA - a small mass of cortical material in the HIND BRAIN : consist :
temporal lobe. a. PONS : Anterior : relay center : Respiratory
Center b.
CEREBRAL HEMESPHERES Medulla oblongata : Center for Respiration
Longitudinal fissure BP Control
= Separates the 2 brain hemispheres Area of transfer of information from right
LEFT Cerebral : involves in Language and reasoning to left hemispheres.
RIGHT : For space, pattern, Perception artistic awareness, Terminates in the Foramen magnum and continue as a
imagination and music Comprehension. cervical region of the spinal cord.
Cerebral Dominance : also known as Cerebral Symmetry. Cerebellum : For maintenance of Posture
Especialization of cerebral hemispheres to different tasks. For Balance. Muscle Coordination.
Cerebellum ;
FOREBRAIN Consist of :
- Pituitary gland Outer cerebellar cortex :
- Optic chiasm – transmits visual impulses from the Inner Arbor Vitae ( White Matter )
optic nerve to the brain
- Mammillary bodies : two small process posterior to the FOURTH Ventricle : Triangular space anterior
pituitary which function for olfactory reflexes to the cerebellum.
• HIND BRAIN BRAIN
• CEREBellum • Consist of Gray Matter : Myelinated.
- PONS = relay center for information This forms the cerebral cortex.
- Medulla Oblongata = Connects the brain to the spinal cord Cerbral cortex : area for active integrative
- FOREBRAIN : process
- Located in the superficial region of the - Autonomic Nervous System
brain > Sympathetic Nervous System
- Main metabolic area > Parasympathetic Nervous System
- Thinking Area of the brain.
Organization of Nervous Tissue
• WHITE matter : Unmyelibnated.
- CNS - PNS
- Consists of tracts that take information from one region of the ▪ cortex & nuclei ▪ ganglia
brain to the cerebral cortex for processing ant integration. ▪ pathway or tracts ▪ nerves
- Brings the sensory information from the spinal cord to Neuron
the cortex o r back from the cor4tex to the spinal cord.. - basic unit of the nervous system
• BASAL NUCLEI - characteristics:
- deep islands of gray matter in the brain.
1. ability to generate nerve impulse
- involved in the subconcious process
ex. Swinging of the arms while walking. 2. transmit impulse w/in the cells
- - also for regulation of Muscle tone 3. transmit impulse to other cells
• LIMBIC SYSTEM :
- involved in formation of mood, emotions, • SPINAL CORD
memory, = major communication link between the brain and PNS.
- center for feeding, sexual desire, fear and = Integration of stimulus and \response
satisfaction.
= from the foramen magnum to the level L1 and L2.
_____
THE CRANIAL NERVES =31 pairs
• Cranial Nerves
- 12 pairs SPINAL NERVES
- A. Cranial nerves - 31 paired nerves that exit the spinal cord
- - 12 paired nerves that exit the cranial cavity - each nerve has ventral (anterior) and dorsal (posterior)
- - cranial nerve:
branch
*******
CRANIAL NERVES Enlargements
1.OLFACTORY – Nose smell Sensory S CERVICAL ENLARGEMANT
2. OPTIC - eyes Vision Sensory S = supplies the upper limbs ( T3 to T2 )
3. OCULOMOTOR Eyes All eye muscles M LUMBOSACRAL ENLARGEMENTS
Except = Supplies the lower limbs. ( T 7 to T11 )
those supplied by CN. 4 & CONUS MEDULLARIS
6
= tapered end of SC to form a conelike
Ciliary and Iris Sphincter
4. THROCHLEAR Eyes Superior Oblique M regions at L2
6. ABDUCENS Eye lateral rectus M FILUM TERMINALE- a thin thread like connective tissue
5. TRIGEMINAL B that attaches the SC to the coccyx
Sensory to Face, Nose, sinuses CAUDA EQUINA
Motor: To Muscles for mastication = the end\ part of the SC that resembles a horse tail.
7. FACIAL Face Muscles of the face B - parallel cluster of nerves
Nervus Intermedius
Motorfor:Submaxillart, Sublingual,
Lacrimal gland Cross section of the spinal cord
Sensory: Anterior part of the tongue GRAY MATTER
Soft Palate - H shaped or butterfly
8.VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR B WHITE Matter – located on the periphery
Ears Hearing and Balance Gray Matter
9. GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL B
- two NARROW HORNS (posterior horns)
Sensory: Posterior part of the
toungue, Tonsils, Pharynx, Middle Ear for SENSORY information from the somatic
Motor : Stylopharyngeus nerves
Pharyngeal musculature - Two rounded horns
10. VAGUS B sends MOTOR signals to the spinal nerves
Motor: Pharynx, Heart, Lungs,Bronchi, Lateral horns = additional section of the gray matter.
GI Tract • Gray commissure = connection on each
Sensory : Heart, Lung, Bronchi, Trachea
side of the gray matter.
Larynx, Pharynx. GI Tract, External Ear M
11. ACCESSORY • CENTRAL CANAL = runs the length of the spinal cord.
Sternocliedomastoid, Trapezius • WHITE Matter – located on the periphery
12. HYPOGLOSSAL M
Tongue Musculature Tracts or Fasciculi
ASCENDING TRACTS
= takes sensory information to the brain
PERIPHERAL AND CENTRAL DESCENDING TRACTS
= receive MOTOR information from the brain
NERVOUS SYSTEM COLUMNS = bundles of tracts in larger units
Posterior median sulcus
PERIPHERAL AND CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
depression in the posterior surface of the
Divisions of the Nervous System:
spinal cord
- CNS -PNS
Anterior Median Fissure
▪ brain ▪ nerves & ganglia
= deeper depression the anterior side of the
▪ spinal cord >sensory division
spinal cord.
>motor division
SPINAL CORD
- Somatic Motor Nervous System
anatomically: from C1 – L2 – 12 thoracic
- functionally: carries sensory and motor info. – 5 lumbar
: involuntary response to pain – 5 sacral
- x-section: gray matter – 1 coccygeal
: white matter PLEXUSES
dermatome: area of skin innervated by - Brancing network of spinal nerves.
the sensory fibers of a single dorsal
root of a spinal nerve CERVICAL PLEXUS
- from upper spinal nerves of the neck
SPINAL CORD ASCENDING TRACT - Phrenic nerve - stimulates diaghragm - for breathing
SPINAL CORD DESCENDING TRACT - for muscles and skin of the neck and skin and ears.
Meninges of the Spinal Cord ( pinch clients ears for sensory )
DURA MATTER = superficial Brachial Plexus
Thecal sac = the membrane that = C5 to T 1
covers or sorrounds the spinal cord. - innervates the upper extremities
EPIDURAL SPACE - AXILLary NERVE the major nerve
= the space that separates the spinal cord from the periosteum for upper shoulders
= area for epidural anesthesia RADIAL nerve: for the extensors of the hand
Musculocutaneos nerve
Meninges - extensors of the hand
Ulnar nerve – flexors of hand muscles
DURA MATER Median nerve - hand and forearm flexors
- tough and fibrous membrane
- Thickest BRACHIAL PLEXUS
ARACHNOID MATER THORACIC NERVES
- delicate membrane - Exits through the foramina of the vertebral column
PIA MATER - for ribs, muscles and the thoracic wall.
- very tightly bound brain and spinal cord • Lumbar and Sacral plexus
- vascular membrane • LUmbosacral plexus)
- For the lower limbs
SPACES INBETWEEN MENINGES EXAMPLE:
EPIDURAL SPACE, SUBDURAL SPACE, SUBARACHNOID SPACE OBTURATOR nerves
- Innervates the adductor muscle of the thigh.
ARACHNOID SPACE Pinch your medial thigh
- the thin spiderlike, cobweb like membrane FEMORAL nerve; Innervates the muscle of the anterior thigh
Subdural space – space between the Dura and arachnoid Pinch your anterior thigh
PIA matter – third deepest layer. Nerves innervating the leg and foot
Tibial nerve Common fibular (peroneal nerve
Subarachnoid space SCIATIC NERVE
- the space between the archnoid and Pia matter. TEST; pinch the posterior aspect of the thigh,
Subarachnoid
- contains blood vessels and CSF.
NERVES: END OF LECTURE;
• Parallel neuron fibers that carry information from one REVIEWER: G.C.E. REBADULLA
area to onother.
Nerve wrappings:
Thymus gland
- a ductless gland with two lobes
part of the lymphatic system
Thymosin- production of T cells for the immune system.
STOMACH
Gastrin- stimulates the production of gastric acid for
digestion
ILLUSTRATION:
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
PREPARED BY G.C.E. REBADULAA
OD.,MD.,RN.,RM.MAP.