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IIT 23 Maths CH 1 Logarithm 1619508982637
IIT 23 Maths CH 1 Logarithm 1619508982637
Ch. 1 : Logarithms
Syllabus : Logarithms and its properties.
Preface : Aim of this chapter is to illustrate the definition of logarithms, basic formulae of
logarithms and relation between common logarithm and natural logarithm. And it is useful
in the study of science and engineering.
Module 1
r
Theory
ka
LOGARITHMS
We start with the definition of Logarithm of a number ‘N’ to the base ‘a’ with few
restrictions on ‘N’ and ‘a’.
Definition
Let a > 0, a 1 and N > 0. A number ‘x’ is called the logarithm of N to the base ‘a’ if and only
if ax = N.
log a N = x ax = N, a > 0 , a 1 & N > 0
i.e.
Equivalent forms
an conditions
The conditions laid, viz., a > 0, a 1 & N > 0 are essential for the existence of the
al
logarithm in real number system, negative numbers and 0 have no logarithms; logarithms
of a negative number is imaginary and logarithm of zero does not exist.
Note 1 :
When we say logarithm of a negative number doesn’t exist we mean that they do not
exist in Real number system but they do exist in complex number system. Logarithm
dy
IIT/Bkt/Maths/Ch.1/Pg.1
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Note 2 :
Let a > 0, a 1. Then
1. loga a = 1 2. loga1 = 0
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1
1
3. log1/a a = 4. log1/a m log a m log a
m
ka
vi) Base Changing Formula
Let a > 0, a 1 and b > 0, b 1, m > 0.
log b m
Form I : log a m (Note here the new base ‘b’ is introduced on RHS)
log b a
Form II : log a m. log b a log b m (Note ‘a’ is missing on RHS)
Note 3 :
1. log b a log c b log a c = 1
2. log b a
1
an …….. (using base changing formula form II)
the base ‘10’ are called common logarithms, logarithms to the base ‘e’ are called
natural logarithms.)
Now, we solve using logtable but as we progress further we would do this problem
without logbook.
Given, Log 2 = 0.3010 log 3 = 0.4771
Therefore log 2 < log 3
log5 log5
log3 log2
log 3 5 log 2 5
IIT/Bkt/Maths/Ch.1/Pg.2
Notes on Logarithms (3)
Illustrative Examples :
log 4 5 3 log 4 5
4. 64 = 4
r
log 4 53
= 4 …..(Using Fundamental Logarithmic identity)
ka
= 53 = 125
same can be solved using the next identity
log b x log b a
a x
(Note the arrows) (To remember note to get RHS, ‘a’ is replaced by ‘x’ and ‘x’
is replaced by ‘a’ in LHS))
log
a b x b
x log a
Solved Examples
dy
Solution:
log 4 log 22 = 2
0.5 21
Vi
2
2. Solve log 2 x 4 4log 4 = 2.
x
Solution:
2
log 2 x 4 4log 4 = 2
x
2
2 log 2 x 4log = 2
22 x
IIT/Bkt/Maths/Ch.1/Pg.3
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4 1 2
2 log 2 x . log 2 = 2
2 2 x
2 log 2 x 1 log 2 x = 2
Let t = log 2 x
2 t +1t=2
2 t =t+1
r
Squaring we get, 4t = (t + 1)2
(t1) = 0 t = 1
2 log 2 x = 1
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x = 2 [Ans.]
Note: In logarithmic equation find the solution and then check whether it satisfies all
the conditions i.e. whether it belongs to the domain of the equation.
3
an
log3/4 log8 (x2 7) log1/2 log1/4 (x2 7)1 2
log3/4 log 3 (x2 7) log1/2 log
1
2
1
2
22
(x2 7)1 2
3
3 3
log2 y log3/4 2 log3/4 log3/4 log3/4 3
4 4
8 64 8
log2 y.log3/4 log3/4 2log3/4
3 9 3
log2 y 2 y=4 log2 (x2 7) 4
Vi
x2 7 24 16 x2 9 x = 3.
4. Solve : 2x 2
1
log x (log10 3x2 ) log
10 9
Solution :
2x 2
1
log x (log10 3x2 ) log
10 9
A logA b b
2log(3x2 ) log9
IIT/Bkt/Maths/Ch.1/Pg.4
Notes on Logarithms (5)
log(3x2 ) log3
x2 = 1
x = 1,
From log properties x > 0 & x 1. x has no solution. [Ans.]
r
xlog7 2 P
log7 2log2 x log2 P
ka
log7 x log2 P
2log7 x P
5.2log7 x 2log7 x 24
2log7 x 4 22
log7 x 2
6.
(A) 4
Solution : (B)
x = 49
Let y = 2 2 2 ....
al
y2 = 2 2 .....
y2 = 2 (y 2)
(y 2) = y
2
y2 5y 4 0
dy
(y 1) (y 4) = 0 y = 1, 4
But y 1, since it should be greater than 2
y =4
Now log2 log2 4 log2 (2log2 2) = log2 2 1. Hence (B)
IIT/Bkt/Maths/Ch.1/Pg.5
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Classwork Problems
Subjectives
x4 2
1. Solve : log(2x 1)
2x 1
=1
r
ka
3. Solve the equation for x : log a(1 + logb(1+log c (1 + logd (x)))) = 0.
1 1
5. If (5.3)x (0.53)y 1000, then
x y
Numerical Type
an
6. The number of solutions of the equation 2 xlog10 x 3 xlog10 (1/x) 5 is
Objectives
al
Single Correct Answer Type
1. For y = loga (x) to be defined a must be
(A) any +ive real number (B) any number
(C) e (D) any +ive real number 1
dy
2
1log10
3
2. The value of 100 is
(A) 75 (B) 225 (C) 150 (D) None of these
4. 7 log10 + 5 log10
16 25 81
+ 3 log10 80 is equal to
15 24
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) log 2 (D) log 3
IIT/Bkt/Maths/Ch.1/Pg.6
Notes on Logarithms (7)
7. If log a b = x, a > 0, a 1 & b > 0 , b 1, then which of the following is (are) true :
a 1 x 1 x
(A) log ab = (B) log a (ab) =
b 1 x b 1 x
r
1 x
(C) log b (ab) = (D) None of these
ka
a 1 x
Homework Problems
Subjectives
log b y log b x log 2 (x) log 2 (x)1
1. Prove that x y ; use it to show that 4 2 1 0 has exactly
one solution.
2. If (abc) a + b + c
an
= 1 then prove that log abc (a3 b3 c3 )
1 log3 (abc)
log 3 (abc)
.
Numerical Type
al
3. Find real number x which satisfies the equation
2 log 2 (log 2 (x)) log 1/2 (log 2 (2 2x)) = 1.
4. Sum of the roots of the equation 9log3 (log2 x) = log2 x (log2 x)2 + 1 is equal to
dy
Objectives
Single Correct Answer Type
log 2
1. =
(A) (B) 2 (C) 2 (D) None of these
Vi
2. log0.01 (0.000001) =
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) None of these.
4. If log 10 3x 3 log 10(2) 2log10 (3x 1) , then x =
(A) log5 3 (B) log3 5 (C) 1 (D) None of these
IIT/Bkt/Maths/Ch.1/Pg.7
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r
2 2 2 2
8. The value of (yz)log y logz . (zx)logzlog x . (xy)log x log y
ka
(A) log (xyz) (B) xyz (C) 1 (D) 0
MatrixMatch Type
9. Column I Column II
(A) If log3 2, log3 (2x 1), log3 (2x 3) are in A.P., then x= (p) 2
(B)
(C)
(log0.5 4) 2 =
an
If loga 3 2 and logb 8 3, then loga b (q)
(r)
log2 5
log6 16
Classwork Problems
2 7
1. x = 3 2. 1 3. x = 1 4. 3 3 5. 0.33
Numerical Type
6. [3]
Vi
Objectives
Single Correct Answer Type
1. (D) 2. (B) 3. (C) 4. (C) 5. (A)
Subjective Type
1. x = 1 2. logabc (3abc) LHS
IIT/Bkt/Maths/Ch.1/Pg.8
Notes on Logarithms (9)
Numerical Type
3. [8] 4. [2]
Objectives
Single Correct Answer Type
1. (B) 2. (A) 3. (D) 4. (B) 5. (A) 6. (B)
7. (C) 8. (C)
MatrixMatch Type
9. (A) (q); (B) (s); (C) (p); (D) (r)
r
ka
Module 2
Fig. (1)
al
II. For a > 1, x > 0
From the figure y
(i) log a x as x a >1
(ii) log a x as x 0
dy
(1, 0) x
Practice drawing both the figures
keeping account of the points (i) and
(ii) above.
Fig. (2)
Vi
Note 4 :
Logarithmic curves with any base would pass through (1, 0)
IIT/Bkt/Maths/Ch.1/Pg.9
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Note 5 :
log a x < 0 if ‘a’ and ‘x’ are on either side of 1 else log a x > 0
r
Note the inequality reverse for 0 < a < 1
ka
log a x p
x ap
viii) If a > 1,
loga x p
x ap
1
log 3 5 log 2 5
log 3 5 log 2 5
an
log 5 3 log 5 2 (as 5 = base is greater than 1)
1
a >1
dy
y 0 < a <1
ax y
log a x
ax
(1, 0)
Vi
x x
log a x
Note 6:
Both ax and log a x are reflection of each other in y = x line
IIT/Bkt/Maths/Ch.1/Pg.10
Notes on Logarithms (11)
Illustrative Example:
1. log a (xn ) nlog a x ; is this equality true for all real values of x ?
Hence if n is even, then
LHS is defined for all x R - {0}
But RHS is defined for x > 0.
So the domain (= possible real values of x) of the equation is intersection of
R- {0} and (0, ).
The domain is (0, ).
Solved Examples
r
1. Solve : log2 x2 5x 6 1.
ka
Solution :
log2 x2 5x 6 1
x2 5x 6 0
(x 2) (x 3) > 0
x<2 & x>3 2 3 1 4
On simplifying,
x2 5x + 6 < 2
x2 5x + 4 < 0
(x 1) (x 4) < 0
1<x<4
Superimposing the two we get,
an Fig. (5) Fig. (6)
log2 (x 3)
3. If f(x) = is a real valued function, then x lies in the interval
x2 3x 2
Vi
(A) R - {2, 1} (B) (2, ) (C) R- {3,2,1} (D) (-3,) -{-2,-1}
Solution : (D)
Condition :
(x2 + 3x + 2) 0
(x + 2)( x +1) 0
x 2, x 1. …….(1)
x+3>0 x > 3 ….…(2)
Domain is (3, ) - {2, 1} Hence (D)
IIT/Bkt/Maths/Ch.1/Pg.11
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Classwork Problems
Subjectives
1
1. If roots of x2 4x log3 a 0 are real, show that a .
81
1 1
2. Prove that log 113 lies between and .
2 3
r
3 2
4
3. Determine least integer ‘a’ such that 3a > 105 given log 10 3 = 0.4771.
ka
1 5
4. Prove log10 7 .
5 4
log aN log b N
5. If log a c = where N > 0 , N 1.
log bN log c N
Numerical Type
an
6. Find the solution set of the inequality logx
x3
> 1.
1 2x
Objectives
Single Correct Answer Type
=
dy
1. log7 log7 7 7 7
1 1 1
2.
logxy xyz logyz xyz logzx xyz
Vi
2 1 1
(A) , (B) (1, 2) (C) , 1 (D) None of these
5 2 2
IIT/Bkt/Maths/Ch.1/Pg.12
Notes on Logarithms (13)
MatrixMatch Type
5. Column I Column II
x2 x
(A) log0.6 log6 <0 (p) [0, 1/3) (3, 10/3]
x 4
10
log1/ 25 x 2 x 1
(B) 1 3 (q) (2, 1) (2, ) {1, 0, 1}
5 1
r
(C) log (2 + x) < 1 (r) (4, 3) (8, )
x2
ka
x 1
(D) log10 0 (s) (, 2) (0, 1) (1, )
2x 1
Homework Problems
Subjectives
1. Which is greater?
(a) log 2 3 or
an
log 2 11 (b) log 1
3
1
2
or log 1
2
1
3
(c)
4
1
log 4 5 or log 1
25
Numerical Type
4. Find the least value of the expression 2log10 x logx 0.01 for x > 1.
Objectives
Single Correct Answer Type
Vi
IIT/Bkt/Maths/Ch.1/Pg.13
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1 1
3. If a2 c2 b2 , then 2 is true for
logbc a logb c a
(A) b > c, a > 0, a 1 (B) b > | c |, a > 0, a 1
(C) b > c, b c + 1, a > 0 (D) b > | c |, b | c | + 1, a > 0, a 1
1 1
r
5. If > x, then x may be
log3 log4
ka
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 3.5 (D)
Classwork Problems
Subjectives
1.
1
81
2. Proof
an 3. a = 11. 4. Proof 5. Proof
6. No real root
al
Numerical Type
7. [2]
Objectives
Single Correct Answer Type
dy
Homework Problems
Vi
Subjectives
1 1 1
1. (a) log2 11 (b) log1/2 (c) log1/ 4 2. x = 100 3. x5
3 25 25
Numerical Type
4. [4]
Objectives
Single Correct Answer Type
1. (A) 2. (C) 3. (D) 4. (D) 5. (A) 6. (B)
IIT/Bkt/Maths/Ch.1/Pg.14
Notes on Logarithms (15)
Module 3
Natural and Common Logarithms
Logarithms to the base ‘e’, called Napierian (or natural) logarithms are used for
theoretical calculations.
i.e., ln x = loge x and log 10 e is known as Napierian constant and is = 0.43429.
log10 x
ln x = = 2.3025log10 x .
log10 e
r
For practical calculations common logarithms to the base 10 is used.
log10 N Contains Two Parts:
ka
(i) The integral part called ‘the characteristic’ and
(ii) The fractional part called ‘the mantissa’. Mantissa is always used as positive. Thus the
logarithm of a number is always written as the sum of a positive decimal fraction (the
mantissa) and a positive or negative integral part (the characteristic). If the characteristic
is negative we write ‘___’ above the integral and pronounced as bar. Thus 3.6452
(three bar .6452) stands for 3 + 0.6452.
an
The characteristic of the logarithm to the base 10 is obtained by inspection. It is
1. (n 1) ‘n’ the number of digits in the integral part of the number, if the number is > 1.
2. (n + 1) ‘n’ the number of zero is after the decimal point. For finding mantissa,
mathematic tables are used.
Solved Examples
al
1. Simplify : 3 .5472 2 .8371 + 1.4581.
Solution :
Given : 3 .5472 2 .8371 + 1.4581
dy
(2.41)2 2.61
2. Find the value of .
Vi
1.374
Solution :
(2.41)2 2.61
Let x =
1.374
log10 x = 2 log10 2.41 + log10 2.61 log10 1.374
= 2(0.3820) + (0.4166) (0.1380) = 1.0426
x = antilog (1.0426) = 11.04
IIT/Bkt/Maths/Ch.1/Pg.15
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r
= 5 0.3617 = 1.8085
a = antilog (1.8085) a = 64.34
ka
b = (0.537)3
log10b = log10 (0.537)3 = 3 log10(0.537)
= 3 1.7300 1.1900
b = antilog 1.1900 b = 0.1549
a + b = 64.34 + 0.1549 = 64.4949
Now, c = (72.5)4 an
log10c = log10(72.5)4 = 4log10(72.5)
= 4 1.8603 = 7.4412
c = antilog (7.4412) c = 27620000 d = (18.25)2
log10d = log10(18.25)2 = 2log10(18.25)
= 2 1.2613 = 2.5226
d = antilog (2.5226) d = 333.2
al
c d = 27620000 333.2 = 27619666.8
ab 64.4949
cd 27619666.8
ab 64.4949
12
dy
log10 log10
c d 27619666.8
1 64.4949 1
= log10 = log10 64.4949 log10 27619666.8
2 27619666.8 2
1 1 1
= 1.8096 7.4412 = 1.8096 7 0.4412 1.8096 7 1 1 0.4412
Vi
2 2 2
1 1
= 8 2.8096 0.4412 = 8 2.3684
2 2
= 4 1.1842 3.1842
ab
cd
antilog 3.1842 0.001529
2.3 5 0.537 3
0.001529
72.5 4 18.25 2
IIT/Bkt/Maths/Ch.1/Pg.16
Notes on Logarithms (17)
Subjectives
r
1. Find the number of zeros between decimal point and first significant digit of
500
1
3 , if log10 3 0.4771.
ka
35.870.0514
1
(iii) log10
9
(iv) log10(0.3)
5. Evaluate
0.0578
al
by order property of natural numbers.
Objectives
Single Correct Answer Type
1. The least integer m such that 7m > 105 is (given that log(343) = 2.5353)
dy
(A) 2, 2 (B) 2, 2
(C) 2, 2 (D) (2, 2)
(0.3125)2
3. The value of is
(0.4629)1 3
(A) 0.1163 (B) 0.2563 (C) 0.1263 (D) None of these
4. 5.38 0.47 =
(A) 1.591 (B) 1.691 (C) 1.791 (D) 1.491
IIT/Bkt/Maths/Ch.1/Pg.17
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Homework Problems
Subjectives
(2.13)2.5 (1.23)1.5
1. Simplify using log table.
(11.2) (23.8)
r
16.23
ka
2. Evaluate 3 .
426.8
Objectives
0.02739
Comprehension Type
Using the following paragraph, solve Q. 4 and 5
Given an arithmetic b,b1,b2 ,b3 ,... and a geometric progression
progression
a,a1,a2 ,a3 ,... with positive terms. Let the common difference of A.P. be d and common
ratio of G.P. be r such that both are positive.
IIT/Bkt/Maths/Ch.1/Pg.18
Notes on Logarithms (19)
Classwork Problems
Subjectives
r
1. 238 2. [1.699]
3. (i) 0.9542 (ii) 0.2386 (iii) 0.9542 (iv) 0.5229
ka
4. 1.0495 5. 5.649
Objectives
Single Correct Answer Type
1. (C) 2. (A)
Homework Problems
al
Subjectives
1. 0.03389 2. 0.3362 3. 24.18
Objectives
Comprehension Type
4. (A) 5. (B)
IIT/Bkt/Maths/Ch.1/Pg.19
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r
3. Suppose x, y, z > 0 and not equal to 1 and log x + log y + log z = 0. Find the value of
1 1 1 1 1 1
ka
x log y log z
y log z log x
z log x log y
(base 10)
log (x) 2
1)3
2 21/ 4 3log27 (x 2x
4. Prove that 0; x R.
74log49 x x 1
3x
13. Solve log0.5 0.
Vi
x2
IIT/Bkt/Maths/Ch.1/Pg.20
Notes on Logarithms (21)
2x 3
20. Solve the inequality log2 1.
x 1
21. Solve log2x 2 log4 2x 3 / 2.
r
22. Given a and b are positive numbers satisfying 4(log 10 a)2 + (log10b)2 = 1, then find the
range of values of a and b.
ka
Numerical Type
1 1 1
1. Simplify .
1 loga bc 1 logb ca 1 logc ab
Objectives
an
3. Let a, b, c, d be positive integers such that log ab = 3/2 and logcd = 5/4. If (a c) = 9,
IIT/Bkt/Maths/Ch.1/Pg.21
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6. The value of b for which the equation 2log1/25 (bx 28) log5 (12 4x x2 ) has
coincident roots is
(A) b = 12 (B) b = 4 (C) 5 (D) 7
r
(A) 9/5 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 8/5
ka
9. If the equation 2x + 4y = 2y + 4x is solved for y in terms of x, where x < 0, then the sum
of the solutions is
(A) x log2(1 2x) (B) x + log2(1 2x) (C) log2 (1 2x ) (D) xlog2 (2x 1)
10
10. If log2 x logx 2 log2 y logy 2 and x y then x + y =
3
(A) 2
11. If log10 x
(A) 4
1
an
(B) 65/8 (C) 37/6
(D) 1
log8 (8 / x 2 )
14. Product of roots of the equation 3 is
(log8 x)2
(A) 1 (B) 1/2 (C) 1/3 (D) 1/4
15. Let a > 1 be a real number. Then the number of roots equation a 2 log2 x 5 4xlog2 a
Vi
IIT/Bkt/Maths/Ch.1/Pg.22
Notes on Logarithms (23)
log3 7 log7 3
18. 3 7 is equal to
(A) 0 (B) 4 (C) 4 (D) None of these
r
20. The number of solutions of 2loge (2x) loge (7x 2 2x2 ) is
ka
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) infinite
(A) {1, 9}
an
22. The set of all x satisfying the equation x
1
(B) 9,
81
1
(C) 1,4,
81
x2
is
1
(D) 1,9,
81
23. If log2x+3 x2 < log(2x + 3) (2x + 3), then x lies in the interval
al
3
(A) x (1, 3) (B) x , 1(1,0)(0,3)
2
(C) x (1, 0) (0, 4) (D) none of these
dy
1 1
26. If (2.3)x = (0.23)y = 1000, then is equal to
x y
1 1 1
(A) 1 (B) (C) (D)
2 3 4
IIT/Bkt/Maths/Ch.1/Pg.23
(24) Vidyalankar : JEE Advanced - Mathematics
28. If log10 2 = 0.3010, then the position of first significant digit in the value of 2 37 is
(A) 11th (B) 12th (C) 13th (D) 14th
1
30. log 1 is
25
r
16
ka
(C) Equal to log4 5 (D) Can’t say
1 1 1
31.
logxy xyz logyz xyz logzx xyz
1 4
Let, A denotes the sum of roots of the equation 3 . B denotes the
5 4log4 x 1 log4 x
value of the product of m and n, if 2m = 3 and 3n = 4. C denotes the sum of the integral
3
roots of the equation log3x log3 x 1.
2
x
IIT/Bkt/Maths/Ch.1/Pg.24
Notes on Logarithms (25)
r
1. Match with correct solution set
ka
List I List II
1 { 3}
2
(P) log0.25 x2 2x 8 log0.5 10 3x x 2 1
2 1
(Q)
log2 x 2 7 5 log2 x
6
7
4
log2 x
(R)
an
3 1
6
21
313 1 ,
73 7
4 {1, 7}
log10 1 x2 2x 1 log10 1 x 2 2log10 (1 x)
al
(S)
Codes :
P Q R S
dy
(A) 1 4 3 2
(B) 4 1 2 3
(C) 3 4 2 1
(D) 2 4 1 3
2. Column I Column II
Vi
IIT/Bkt/Maths/Ch.1/Pg.25
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Subjectives
2. m > n 3. K = 103 5. x = 5
log3
6. x = 2, I 7. x = 1 8. x = 8 or x = 22/3
log2
9. x = 1, 4, 1/8 10. x = 9 11. 4 < x < 6
r
12. x (2, 4] {3} 13. 2 < x < 1/2 14. x 2
15. x (3, 2) 16. 1 < x < 81 18. x = 10
ka
19. x = 9 or x = 97/2 = 37 20. x 2 21. x = 22 or 23
1 1
22. a , 10 ; b ,10
10 10
Numerical Type
1. [1]
Objectives
2. [6331]
MatrixMatch Type
1. (P) (3), (Q) (4), (R) (2), (S) (1)
Vi
IIT/Bkt/Maths/Ch.1/Pg.26