IIT 23 Maths CH 1 Logarithm 1619508982637

IIT - 2023 : Mathematics
Ch. 1 : Logarithms
Syllabus : Logarithms and its properties.
Preface : Aim of this chapter is to illustrate the definition of logarithms, basic formulae of
logarithms and relation between common logarithm and natural logarithm. And it is useful
in the study of science and engineering.
Module 1
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Theory
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LOGARITHMS
We start with the definition of Logarithm of a number ‘N’ to the base ‘a’ with few
restrictions on ‘N’ and ‘a’.
Definition
Let a > 0, a  1 and N > 0. A number ‘x’ is called the logarithm of N to the base ‘a’ if and only
if ax = N.
log a N = x  ax = N, a > 0 , a  1 & N > 0
i.e.
Equivalent forms
an conditions
[ stands for if and only if i.e. both sides are equivalent]
The conditions laid, viz., a > 0, a  1 & N > 0 are essential for the existence of the
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logarithm in real number system, negative numbers and 0 have no logarithms; logarithms
of a negative number is imaginary and logarithm of zero does not exist.
Note 1 :
When we say logarithm of a negative number doesn’t exist we mean that they do not
exist in Real number system but they do exist in complex number system. Logarithm
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of zero doesn’t exist in complex number system too.

Notation : We denote the Real number set by R and complex number set by C.
Important Properties of Logarithms

Let m and n be positive real numbers a > 0, a  1 & b > 0, b  1 and p, q  R.
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i) loga (mn) = loga m + loga n (Product Rule)

m
ii) loga ( ) = loga m  loga n (Division Rule)
n
iii) log a (mP) = p log a m (Power Rule)
1
iv) log q m = log a m (Base Power Rule)
a q
p
v) log q mp = log a m (From (iii) and (iv))
a q
IIT/Bkt/Maths/Ch.1/Pg.1
(2) Vidyalankar : JEE Advanced - Mathematics
 Pit falls (Standard mistakes)

(a) log a (m+n)  log a m + log a n
(b) (log a x)p  p log a x
loga x
(c)  log a x  log a y
loga y
Note 2 :
Let a > 0, a  1. Then
1. loga a = 1 2. loga1 = 0
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1
 1
3. log1/a a = 4. log1/a m   log a m  log a  
m
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vi) Base Changing Formula
Let a > 0, a  1 and b > 0, b  1, m > 0.
log b m
Form I : log a m  (Note here the new base ‘b’ is introduced on RHS)
log b a
Form II : log a m. log b a  log b m (Note ‘a’ is missing on RHS)
Note 3 :
1. log b a log c b log a c = 1
2. log b a 
1
an …….. (using base changing formula form II)
…….. (a  1, b  1, a > 0, b > 0)

log a b
3. log b alog c blog x c  log x a …….. (using form II)
al
Fundamental Identity of Logarithms
 alogb x  xlogb a
Special Case : aloga x  x
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Illustrative Example (Using form I)

1. Which is greater log 3 5 or log 2 5 ?
log5 log5
log 3 5  and log 2 5 
log3 log2
(Note: not mentioning the base generally means the base is 10 or e, logarithms to
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the base ‘10’ are called common logarithms, logarithms to the base ‘e’ are called
natural logarithms.)
Now, we solve using logtable but as we progress further we would do this problem
without logbook.
Given, Log 2 = 0.3010 log 3 = 0.4771
Therefore log 2 < log 3
log5 log5

log3 log2
log 3 5  log 2 5
Notes on Logarithms (3)
Illustrative Examples :
1. log3 (3x 2 )  log 3 3  log 3 x 2 = 1 + 2 log 3 x
2. log 3 7.log 49 9  log 3 7.log 32 = log 3 7.log 7 3 = 1 (from (v))

72
2 2
 log 3 4 1  2
  0.5   = (log 53 4) =  log 5 4   log 5 4 (Note pit falls)
2
3.
  0.1   3  9
log 4 5 3 log 4 5
4. 64 = 4
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log 4 53
= 4 …..(Using Fundamental Logarithmic identity)
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= 53 = 125
same can be solved using the next identity
log b x log b a
a  x
(Note the arrows) (To remember note to get RHS, ‘a’ is replaced by ‘x’ and ‘x’
is replaced by ‘a’ in LHS))
log
a b  x b
x log a
Now we again take the example 5.

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5. 64log 4 5 = 5 log4 64
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log 4 43
= 5 ( log 4 4 = 1)
= 53 = 125
Solved Examples
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1. Prove that (log0.5 4) 2 = 2.
Solution:
log 4  log 22 =  2
0.5 21
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(log 0.5 4)2 = (2)2 = 4 = 2
2
2. Solve log 2 x 4  4log 4 = 2.
x
Solution:
2
log 2 x 4  4log 4 = 2
x
2
2 log 2 x  4log = 2
22 x
4 1 2
2 log 2 x  . log 2   = 2
2 2 x
2 log 2 x  1 log 2 x = 2
Let t = log 2 x
2 t +1t=2
2 t =t+1
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Squaring we get, 4t = (t + 1)2
 (t1) = 0  t = 1
2  log 2 x = 1
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 x = 2 [Ans.]
Note: In logarithmic equation find the solution and then check whether it satisfies all
the conditions i.e. whether it belongs to the domain of the equation.
3. Solve for x: log3/4 log8 (x2  7)  log1/2 log1/4 (x2  7)1  2

Solution :
3


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log3/4 log8 (x2  7)  log1/2 log1/4 (x2  7)1  2
 log3/4 log 3 (x2  7)  log1/2 log
1
2
1
2
22

(x2  7)1  2
 log3/4  log2 (x2  7)  log1/2  log2 (x2  7)  2


1  1
 log3/4  y   log1/2  log1/2 y  2 where log2 (x2  7)  y (suppose)
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 3  2
1
 log3/4  log3/4 y  1  log21 y  2
3
  log3/4 3  log2 y.log3/4 2  log2 y  3
 log2 y log3/4 2  1  3  log3/4 3
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3
 3 3
 log2 y  log3/4 2  log3/4   log3/4    log3/4 3
 4  4
8  64  8
 log2 y.log3/4  log3/4    2log3/4  
3  9  3
 log2 y  2  y=4  log2 (x2  7)  4
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 x2  7  24  16  x2  9  x =  3.
4. Solve : 2x 2
1
log x (log10 3x2 )  log
10 9
Solution :
2x 2
1
log x (log10 3x2 )  log
10 9
A logA b  b
 2log(3x2 )  log9
log(3x2 )  log3
x2 = 1
x = 1,
From log properties x > 0 & x  1.  x has no solution. [Ans.]
5. Solve: 5.xlog7 2  2log7 x  24 .

Solution :
5.xlog7 2  2log7 x  24
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xlog7 2  P
log7 2log2 x  log2 P
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log7 x  log2 P
2log7 x  P
 5.2log7 x  2log7 x  24
2log7 x  4  22
log7 x  2
6.
(A) 4
Solution : (B)

x = 49
log 2 log 2 2  2  2  ....

(B) 1
an  is
(C) 2 (D) None of these
[Ans.]
Let y = 2  2  2  ....
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y2 = 2  2  .....
 y2 = 2  (y  2)
(y  2) = y
2
 y2  5y  4  0
dy
(y  1) (y  4) = 0  y = 1, 4
But y  1, since it should be greater than 2
 y =4
Now log2 log2 4  log2 (2log2 2) = log2 2  1. Hence (B)
7. If ax = b, by = c, cz = a, then value of xyz is

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(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) log b a (D) log a b

Solution : (B)
ax = b, by = c, cz = a
Taking log,
x log a = log b, y log b = log c, z log c = log a
Multiplying we get
xyz (log a log b log c) = loga . logb . logc
xyz = 1 Hence (B)
Classwork Problems
Subjectives
 x4  2 
1. Solve : log(2x 1) 
 2x  1 
=1
 
2. Evaluate : log10  log10    log10  

12 25 2
 
5  
21  
7
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3. Solve the equation for x : log a(1 + logb(1+log c (1 + logd (x)))) = 0.
4. Solve : 16log4 log3 x  1  4log3 x  2(log3 x)2 .
1 1
5. If (5.3)x  (0.53)y  1000, then  
x y
Numerical Type
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6. The number of solutions of the equation 2 xlog10 x  3 xlog10 (1/x)  5 is
Objectives
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Single Correct Answer Type
1. For y = loga (x) to be defined a must be
(A) any +ive real number (B) any number
(C)  e (D) any +ive real number  1
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2
1log10  
3
2. The value of 100 is
(A) 75 (B) 225 (C) 150 (D) None of these
3. The value of log3 2log4 3log5 4 ……… log15 14log16 15 is

1 1 1
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(A) (B) (C) (D) 1

2 3 4
4. 7 log10   + 5 log10 
16 25   81 
 + 3 log10  80  is equal to
 
15  24   
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) log 2 (D) log 3
5. The equation loge x + loge (1 + x) = 0 can be written as

(A) x2 + x  1 = 0 (B) x2 + x + 1 = 0 (C) x2 + x  e = 0 (D) x2 + x + e = 0
Multiple Correct Answers Type

5
 3/4 (log2 x)2 (log2 x)
6. The equation x 4  2 has:
(A) exactly three real roots (B) no real root
(C) one irrational root (D) none of these
7. If log a b = x, a > 0, a  1 & b > 0 , b  1, then which of the following is (are) true :
a 1 x 1 x
(A) log ab   = (B) log a  (ab) =
b 1 x b 1 x
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 
1 x
(C) log b  (ab) = (D) None of these
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a 1 x
 
Homework Problems
Subjectives
log b y log b x log 2 (x) log 2 (x)1
1. Prove that x y ; use it to show that 4 2  1  0 has exactly
one solution.
2. If (abc) a + b + c
an
= 1 then prove that log abc (a3  b3  c3 ) 
1  log3 (abc)
log 3 (abc)
.
Numerical Type
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3. Find real number x which satisfies the equation
2 log 2 (log 2 (x))  log 1/2 (log 2 (2 2x)) = 1.
4. Sum of the roots of the equation 9log3 (log2 x) = log2 x  (log2 x)2 + 1 is equal to
dy
Objectives
log 2
1.   =
(A)  (B) 2 (C) 2 (D) None of these
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2. log0.01 (0.000001) =
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) None of these.
3. The number of roots of the equation 7  xlog 5 2  2log 5 x = 64

(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 0 (D) 1
 
4. If log 10 3x  3  log 10(2)  2log10 (3x  1) , then x =
(A) log5 3 (B) log3 5 (C) 1 (D) None of these
5. log10 tan 1 + log10 tan 2 + … log10 tan 89 =

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
2
6. The solution set of the equation xlog x (1x) = 9 is
(A) {2, 4} (B) {4}
(C) {0, 2, 4} (D) None of these
7. The value of log6 (216 6 ) is equal to

3 5 7 9
(A) (B) (C) (D)
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2 2 2 2
8. The value of (yz)log y logz . (zx)logzlog x . (xy)log x log y 
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(A) log (xyz) (B) xyz (C) 1 (D) 0
MatrixMatch Type
9. Column I Column II
(A) If log3 2, log3 (2x  1), log3 (2x  3) are in A.P., then x= (p) 2
(B)
(C)
(log0.5 4) 2 =
an
If loga 3  2 and logb 8  3, then loga b  (q)
(r)
log2 5
log6 16
(D) 3a (s) log3 4

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If a = log12 27, 4   =
3a
dy
Classwork Problems
2 7
1. x = 3 2. 1 3. x = 1 4. 3 3 5. 0.33
Numerical Type
6. [3]
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Objectives
1. (D) 2. (B) 3. (C) 4. (C) 5. (A)

6. (A), (C) 7. (A), (B)
Homework Problems
Subjective Type
1. x = 1 2. logabc (3abc)  LHS
Numerical Type
3. [8] 4. [2]
Objectives
1. (B) 2. (A) 3. (D) 4. (B) 5. (A) 6. (B)
7. (C) 8. (C)
MatrixMatch Type
9. (A)  (q); (B)  (s); (C)  (p); (D)  (r)
r
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Module 2
Graphs of logarithmic and exponential function y

y = log a x
0<a<1
I. For 0 < a < 1, x>0
From the figure 1.

(i) log a x   as x  0
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(ii) log a x    as x  
(1, 0) x
Fig. (1)
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II. For a > 1, x > 0
From the figure y
(i) log a x   as x   a >1
(ii) log a x    as x  0
dy
(1, 0) x
Practice drawing both the figures
keeping account of the points (i) and
(ii) above.
Fig. (2)
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Note 4 :
Logarithmic curves with any base would pass through (1, 0)
Properties useful for solving inequalities

i) If 0 < a < 1, 0 < x < 1  log a x > 0
ii) If 0 < a < 1, x > 1  log a x < 0
iii) If a > 1, 0 < x < 1  log a x < 0
iv) If a > 1, x > 1  log a x > 0
Note 5 :
log a x < 0 if ‘a’ and ‘x’ are on either side of 1 else log a x > 0
v) If 0 < a < 1, x < y  log a x > log a y

vi) If a > 1, x < y  log a x < log a y
log a x  p  x  ap
vii) If 0 < a < 1, 
loga x  p  x  ap
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Note the inequality reverse for 0 < a < 1
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log a x  p
  x  ap
viii) If a > 1, 
loga x  p
  x  ap
Note the inequality does not reverse for a > 1

We come back to the example (1) which is greater log 3 5 or log 2 5 ?
As 3 > 2

1
log 3 5 log 2 5
log 3 5  log 2 5
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log 5 3  log 5 2 (as 5 = base is greater than 1)
1
GRAPH OF LOGARITHMIC AND EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

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(This Subtopic will be Covered in Functions)
Logarithmic function is inverse of exponential function. We see graphically both a x and
log a x in one figure.
a >1
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y 0 < a <1
ax y
log a x
ax
(1, 0)
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x x
log a x
Fig. (3) Fig. (4)
Note 6:
Both ax and log a x are reflection of each other in y = x line
Illustrative Example:
1. log a (xn )  nlog a x ; is this equality true for all real values of x ?
Hence if n is even, then
LHS is defined for all x  R - {0}
But RHS is defined for x > 0.
So the domain (= possible real values of x) of the equation is intersection of
R- {0} and (0, ).
 The domain is (0, ).
Solved Examples
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
1. Solve : log2 x2  5x  6  1. 
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Solution :
 
log2 x2  5x  6  1
x2  5x  6  0
 (x  2) (x  3) > 0
x<2 & x>3 2 3 1 4
On simplifying,
x2  5x + 6 < 2
x2  5x + 4 < 0
(x  1) (x  4) < 0
1<x<4
Superimposing the two we get,
an Fig. (5) Fig. (6)
x  (1, 2)  (3, 4) [Ans.]

2. If log0.3 (x  1)log0.09 (x 1), then x lies in the interval :
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(A) (2, ) (B) (2, 1) (C) (1, 2) (D) None of these
Solution : (A)
1 1
log0.3 (x  1)log (x  1)  log0.3 (x  1)  log0.3 (x  1)0
(0.3)2 2 2
dy
or log0.3 (x  1)0log1 or (x  1) > 1 or x > 2

as base is less than 1, therefore the inequality is reversed, now x > 2.
 x lies in (2, ).
log2 (x  3)
3. If f(x) = is a real valued function, then x lies in the interval
x2  3x  2
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(A) R - {2, 1} (B) (2, ) (C) R- {3,2,1} (D) (-3,) -{-2,-1}
Solution : (D)
Condition :
(x2 + 3x + 2)  0
(x + 2)( x +1)  0
 x  2, x  1. …….(1)
x+3>0  x > 3 ….…(2)
 Domain is (3, ) - {2, 1} Hence (D)
Classwork Problems
Subjectives
1
1. If roots of x2  4x  log3 a  0 are real, show that a  .
81
1 1
2. Prove that log 113 lies between and .
2 3
 log1/3 , (c) log 1   > log 4 5

1 1 1
(a) log2 11  log2 3 , (b) log1/2
 25 
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3 2
4
3. Determine least integer ‘a’ such that 3a > 105 given log 10 3 = 0.4771.
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1 5
4. Prove  log10 7  .
5 4
log aN  log b N
5. If log a c = where N > 0 , N  1.
log bN  log c N
Numerical Type
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6. Find the solution set of the inequality logx 
x3 
 > 1.
 1  2x 
7. For a > 0, a  1, find the number of values of x satisfying the equation

2logx a  logax a  3log 2 a  0
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a x
Objectives
 =
dy
1. log7 log7 7 7 7
(A) 3 log2 7 (B) 1  3 log3 7 (C) 1  3 log7 2 (D) None of these
1 1 1
2.   
logxy xyz logyz xyz logzx xyz
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(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) logx xyz
3. If log(2x  3) (6x 2  23x  21)  4  log(3x  7) (4x 2  12x  9) , then x =
(A) 2 (B)  2 (C) 1/4 (D)  (1/4)

4. Value of log 10 3 lies in the interval
 2 1 1 
(A)  ,  (B) (1, 2) (C)  , 1 (D) None of these
5 2 2 
MatrixMatch Type
 x2  x 
(A) log0.6  log6 <0 (p) [0, 1/3)  (3, 10/3]
 x  4 

 10 
log1/ 25  x 2  x 1
(B)  1  3  (q) (2, 1)  (2, )  {1, 0, 1}
5 1
 
r
(C) log (2 + x) < 1 (r) (4, 3)  (8, )
x2
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x 1
(D) log10 0 (s) (, 2)  (0, 1)  (1, )
2x  1
Homework Problems
Subjectives
1. Which is greater?
(a) log 2 3 or
an
log 2 11 (b) log 1
3
1
2
or log 1
2
1
3
(c)
4
 1
log 4 5 or log 1  
 25 
6 loga x log10 a loga 5

 3log10 (x/10)  9log100 x log4 2 .
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2. Find x, if a
5
3. Find the real values of x for which log25 x2  log5 x  < 2.

2
dy
Numerical Type
4. Find the least value of the expression 2log10 x  logx 0.01 for x > 1.
Objectives
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log a logb log c

1. If   then aa  bb  cc =
bc c a a b
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) None of these
1 1
2. If y = a 1loga x and z  a 1loga y , then x =

1 1 1
1loga z 2loga z 1loga z
(A) a (B) a (C) a (D) None of these
1 1
3. If a2  c2  b2 , then   2 is true for
logbc a logb  c a
(A) b > c, a > 0, a  1 (B) b > | c |, a > 0, a  1
(C) b > c, b  c + 1, a > 0 (D) b > | c |, b  | c | + 1, a > 0, a  1
4. If log16 x + log4 x + log2 x = 14, then x =

1 1

r
5. If > x, then x may be
log3  log4 
ka
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 3.5 (D) 
6. If log 0.16(x  2)  log 0.4(x  2) , then x lies in the interval

(A)(, 2)  (3, ) (B) (3, ) (C) (, 2) (D) (2, 3)
Classwork Problems
Subjectives
1.
1
81
2. Proof
an 3. a = 11. 4. Proof 5. Proof
6. No real root
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Numerical Type
7. [2]
Objectives
dy
1. (C) 2. (C) 3. (D) 4. (A)

MatrixMatch Type
5. (A)  (r); (B)  (p); (C)  (q); (D)  (s)
Homework Problems
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Subjectives
1 1 1
1. (a) log2 11 (b) log1/2 (c) log1/ 4 2. x = 100 3. x5
3 25 25
Numerical Type
4. [4]
Objectives
1. (A) 2. (C) 3. (D) 4. (D) 5. (A) 6. (B)
Module 3
Natural and Common Logarithms
Logarithms to the base ‘e’, called Napierian (or natural) logarithms are used for
theoretical calculations.
i.e., ln x = loge x and log 10 e is known as Napierian constant and is = 0.43429.
log10 x
ln x = = 2.3025log10 x .
log10 e
r
For practical calculations common logarithms to the base 10 is used.
log10 N Contains Two Parts:
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(i) The integral part called ‘the characteristic’ and
(ii) The fractional part called ‘the mantissa’. Mantissa is always used as positive. Thus the
logarithm of a number is always written as the sum of a positive decimal fraction (the
mantissa) and a positive or negative integral part (the characteristic). If the characteristic
is negative we write ‘___’ above the integral and pronounced as bar. Thus 3.6452
(three bar .6452) stands for 3 + 0.6452.
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The characteristic of the logarithm to the base 10 is obtained by inspection. It is
1. (n  1)  ‘n’ the number of digits in the integral part of the number, if the number is > 1.
2. (n + 1)  ‘n’ the number of zero is after the decimal point. For finding mantissa,
mathematic tables are used.
Solved Examples
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1. Simplify : 3 .5472  2 .8371 + 1.4581.
Solution :
Given : 3 .5472  2 .8371 + 1.4581
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= (3 + 0.5472)  (2 + 0.8371) + (1 + 0.4581) …(integers and fractions are

separated)
= (3 + 2 + 1) + (0.5472  0.8371 + 0.4581) …(integers and fractions are clubbed)
= 0.1682
(2.41)2 2.61
2. Find the value of .
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1.374
Solution :
(2.41)2 2.61
Let x =
1.374
 log10 x = 2 log10 2.41 + log10 2.61  log10 1.374
= 2(0.3820) + (0.4166)  (0.1380) = 1.0426
 x = antilog (1.0426) = 11.04
3. Using log tables, evaluate :

 2.3 5   0.537 3 .
 72.5 4  18.25 2
Solution :
Let a = (2.3)5, b = (0.537)3, c = (72.5)4 and d = (18.25)2.
ab
Then we have to evaluate .
cd
a = (2.3)5
 log10a = log10 (2.3)5 = 5 log10 (2.3)
r
= 5  0.3617 = 1.8085
 a = antilog (1.8085)  a = 64.34
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b = (0.537)3
 log10b = log10 (0.537)3 = 3 log10(0.537)
= 3  1.7300  1.1900
 
 b = antilog 1.1900  b = 0.1549
 a + b = 64.34 + 0.1549 = 64.4949
Now, c = (72.5)4 an
 log10c = log10(72.5)4 = 4log10(72.5)
= 4  1.8603 = 7.4412
 c = antilog (7.4412)  c = 27620000  d = (18.25)2
 log10d = log10(18.25)2 = 2log10(18.25)
= 2  1.2613 = 2.5226
 d = antilog (2.5226)  d = 333.2
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 c  d = 27620000  333.2 = 27619666.8
ab 64.4949
 
cd 27619666.8
 ab  64.4949 
12
dy
 log10    log10  
 c  d   27619666.8 
1  64.4949  1
= log10    = log10  64.4949   log10  27619666.8 
2  27619666.8  2
1 1 1
= 1.8096  7.4412 = 1.8096  7  0.4412  1.8096  7  1 1 0.4412
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2 2 2
1 1
=  8  2.8096  0.4412 =  8  2.3684
2 2
= 4  1.1842  3.1842
ab

cd
 
 antilog 3.1842  0.001529
 2.3 5   0.537 3
  0.001529
 72.5 4  18.25 2
4. If log102 = 0.3010, find the number of digits in 264.

Solution :
log10264 = 64log102
= 64  0.3010 = 19.264
The characteristic is 19.
Hence the number of digits = 19 + 1 = 20.
Classwork Problems
Subjectives
r
1. Find the number of zeros between decimal point and first significant digit of
500
 1
3 , if log10 3  0.4771.
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 
2. If log10 2 = 03010, then log10 50 =
3. If log10 3 = 0.4771, then without using log tables, find :

(i) log10 9 (ii) log10 3 an
4. Simplify : 1.2489  1 .0891 + 2 .8897
35.870.0514
 1
(iii) log10  
9
(iv) log10(0.3)
5. Evaluate
0.0578
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by order property of natural numbers.
Objectives
1. The least integer m such that 7m > 105 is (given that log(343) = 2.5353)
dy
(A) 4 (B) 5 (C) 6 (D) None of these.
4  log x 2  1  2log y

2 2
2. The set of values of (x, y) that satisfy the system  are :
log2 x  log2 y
2
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(A)  2, 2  (B)  2, 2  
(C)  2, 2  (D) (2, 2)
(0.3125)2
3. The value of is
(0.4629)1 3
(A) 0.1163 (B) 0.2563 (C) 0.1263 (D) None of these
4. 5.38  0.47 =
(A) 1.591 (B) 1.691 (C) 1.791 (D) 1.491
5. The solution of the equation 5loga x + 5xloga 5 = 3, (a > 0) is

(A) a  log5 2 (B) alog5 2 (C) 2 log5 a (D) 2log5 a
Homework Problems
Subjectives
(2.13)2.5  (1.23)1.5
1. Simplify using log table.
(11.2)  (23.8)
r
16.23
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2. Evaluate 3 .
426.8
3. Find the value of 3

 35.2852   23.453 .
4. If log106024 =3.7799, write the logarithm of
(i) 602.4 (ii) 0.0006024
45.83  0.5432
5. Evaluate
Objectives
0.02739
Single Answer Correct Type

. an
1. Find the characteristics of log 0.00023
(A) 3 (B)  3 (C)  4 (D)  5
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1
2. If log 3 = 0.4771212, then find log .
9
(A) 0.9542 (B)  0.9542 (C) 0.9452 (D)  0.9452
dy

1
3. The set of equations : log100 | x  y |  and log10 y  log10 | x |  log100 4 is satisfied
2
for (x, y) :
 10 20   10 
(A)  ,  (B)  , 20  (C) (10, 20) (D) (10, 20)
 3 3   3 
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Comprehension Type
Using the following paragraph, solve Q. 4 and 5
Given an arithmetic b,b1,b2 ,b3 ,... and a geometric progression
progression
a,a1,a2 ,a3 ,... with positive terms. Let the common difference of A.P. be d and common
ratio of G.P. be r such that both are positive.
4. If   r1/d , then log (an )  bn 

(A) log a  b (B) log a  b (C) log (a / b) (D) log (ab)
5. If logy an  bn  logy a  b, then y =

(A) r1/d (B) r 1/d (C) r d (D) r d
Classwork Problems
Subjectives
r
1. 238 2. [1.699]
3. (i) 0.9542 (ii) 0.2386 (iii)  0.9542 (iv)  0.5229
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4. 1.0495 5. 5.649
Objectives
1. (C) 2. (A)

5. (A), (C)
an 3. (C) 4. (A)
Homework Problems
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Subjectives
1. 0.03389 2. 0.3362 3. 24.18
4. (i) 2.7799 (ii) 4.7799

5. 909.1
dy
Objectives
Single Answer Correct Type

1. (C) 2. (B)
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3. (A), (C)
Comprehension Type
4. (A) 5. (B)
Problems for Practice

Subjectives
x(y  z  x) y(z  x  y) z(x  y  z)
1. If   , prove that xyyx = zy yz = xzzx.
logx logy logz
2. Which of the following is greater : m = (log25)2 or n = log220?
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3. Suppose x, y, z > 0 and not equal to 1 and log x + log y + log z = 0. Find the value of
1 1 1 1 1 1
  
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x log y log z
 y log z log x
 z log x log y
(base 10)
log (x) 2
1)3
2 21/ 4  3log27 (x  2x
4. Prove that  0;  x  R.
74log49 x  x  1
5. Solve log48 + log4(x + 3)  log4(x  1) = 2
6. Solve 2x 2 27x/(x 1)  9.
7. Solve log2 (4  3x  6)  log2 9x  6  1.

an  
8. Solve 6(logx 2  log4 x)  7  0.
al
9. Solve 4logx / 2  x   2log  x   3log  x 
4x
2
2x
3
10. Solve 4log9 x  6xlog9 2  2log3 27  0,

dy
11. Solve 1 < log2(x  2)  2.
12. Solve log0.2 x  3  0.
3x
13. Solve log0.5  0.
Vi
x2
14. Solve log0.04 (x  1)  log0.2 (x  1).
15. Solve log(x  3) (x 2  x)  1.
16. Solve 2log3 x  4logx 27  5 (x  1).

1 1 1
17. If y  a 1loga x and z  a1loga y , then prove that x  a1loga z
18. Solve log(x)  log x2 (base is 10).

9
(log9 x)2  log9 x  5
19. Solve 3 2 3 3
 2x  3 
20. Solve the inequality log2    1.
 x 1 
21. Solve log2x 2  log4 2x  3 / 2.
r
22. Given a and b are positive numbers satisfying 4(log 10 a)2 + (log10b)2 = 1, then find the
range of values of a and b.
ka
Numerical Type
1 1 1
1. Simplify   .
1  loga bc 1  logb ca 1  logc ab
2. Using logarithms, find the value of 6.45  981.4.
then find the value of (b  d).
Objectives
an
3. Let a, b, c, d be positive integers such that log ab = 3/2 and logcd = 5/4. If (a  c) = 9,

4  2log 5 x
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1. The value of x satisfying 3  1/ 9 is
2. The number N = 6 log10 2 + log10 31 lies between two successive integers whose
sum is equal to
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(A) 5 (B) 7 (C) 9 (D) 10
3. The value of 49(1log7 2)  5 log5 4 is

(A) 27/2 (B) 25/2 (C) 625/16 (D) None of these
4. If (x  1)log10 (x 1)  100(x  1), then

(A) all the roots are positive real numbers
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(B) all the roots lie in the interval (0, 100)

(C) all the roots lies in the interval [1, 99]
(D) None of these
2
5. The set of all values of x satisfying xlogx (1 x)  9 is
(A) a subset of R containing N
(B) a subset of R containing Z (set of all integers)
(C) is a finite set containing at least two elements
(D) a finite set
6. The value of b for which the equation 2log1/25 (bx  28)   log5 (12  4x  x2 ) has
coincident roots is
(A) b = 12 (B) b = 4 (C) 5 (D) 7
7. If S = {x  N : 2  log2 x  1  1 log1/2 4  x2 } , then
(A) S = {1} (B) S = Z (C) S = N (D) None of these
8. If a 4  b5  1, then the value of loga (a5b4 ) equals
r
(A) 9/5 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 8/5
ka
9. If the equation 2x + 4y = 2y + 4x is solved for y in terms of x, where x < 0, then the sum
of the solutions is
(A) x log2(1  2x) (B) x + log2(1  2x) (C) log2 (1 2x ) (D) xlog2 (2x  1)
10
10. If log2 x  logx 2   log2 y  logy 2 and x  y then x + y =
3
(A) 2

11. If log10  x
(A) 4
1 
an
(B) 65/8 (C) 37/6
  x.log10 [log10 5  1], then x =

 2  x  1
(B) 3 (C) 2
(D) None of these
(D) 1
12. If 2xlog4 3  3log4 x  27, then x is equal to

al
(B) 2 (B) 4 (C) 8 (D) 16
1  2log3 2
13. The value of  (log6 2)2 is
(1  log3 2)2
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 1
dy
log8 (8 / x 2 )
14. Product of roots of the equation  3 is
(log8 x)2
(A) 1 (B) 1/2 (C) 1/3 (D) 1/4
15. Let a > 1 be a real number. Then the number of roots equation a 2 log2 x  5  4xlog2 a
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(A) 2 (C) infinite (C) 0 (D) 1
16. The number of roots of the equation log3 x

x  log3x x  0 is
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 0

17. If 2x  y  6y and 3 x 1  2y 1, then the value of (log3  log2) / (x  y) is
(A) 1 (B) log2 3  log3 2 (C) log(3/2) (D) None of these
log3 7 log7 3
18. 3 7 is equal to
(A) 0 (B) 4 (C) 4 (D) None of these
19. If x = loga bc, y = logb ca, z = logc ab, then

1 1 1
  
1 x 1 y 1 z
(A) a + y + z (B) 1 (C) ab + bc + ca (D) abc
r
20. The number of solutions of 2loge (2x)  loge (7x  2  2x2 ) is
ka
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) infinite
21. The solution set of 22 log81 9  3log2 16  10logx 83 is

(A) {83} (B) {3} (C) {10} (D) {3, 3}
log3 x2   log3 x  10 1

2
(A) {1, 9}
an
22. The set of all x satisfying the equation x
 1
(B) 9, 
 81
 1
(C) 1,4, 
 81

x2
is
 1
(D) 1,9, 
 81
23. If log2x+3 x2 < log(2x + 3) (2x + 3), then x lies in the interval
al
 3 
(A) x  (1, 3) (B) x  , 1(1,0)(0,3)
 2 
(C) x  (1, 0)  (0, 4) (D) none of these
dy
log2 24 log2 192

24. The value of  is
log96 2 log12 2
(A) 3 (B) 0 (C) 2 (D) 1
25. The value of log10  

a 2  1  a  log10  a 2  1  a is 
 2 a  1 (D) log  
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(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) log10 2

10 a2  1
1 1
26. If (2.3)x = (0.23)y = 1000, then  is equal to
x y
1 1 1
(A) 1 (B) (C) (D)
2 3 4
27. If log1/2 (0.0625) = x, then the value of x is

(A) 2 (B) 8 (C) 4 (D) 3
28. If log10 2 = 0.3010, then the position of first significant digit in the value of 2 37 is
(A) 11th (B) 12th (C) 13th (D) 14th
(log 2 x)2 6log 2 x 11

29. Number of real roots of x = 64 is
(A) 1 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 6
 1 
30. log 1  is
25 
r
16 
(A) Greater than log4 5 (B) Smaller than log4 5
ka
(C) Equal to log4 5 (D) Can’t say
1 1 1
31.   
logxy xyz logyz xyz logzx xyz
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) logx xyz

an
32. If log16 x + log4 x + log2 x = 14, then x =
Linked Comprehension Type

Paragraph for Q. No. 1 & 2
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Let the quantities 1, logyx, logzy and 15logxz and the first four terms of an arithmetical
progression with common difference d. All terms of the A.P. being real.
dy
1. Common difference d of the A.P. satisfies the equation

(A) 6x3  11x2 + 6x  16 = 0 (B) 6x3 + 11x2  6x  16 = 0
3 2
(C) 6x + 11x + 6x + 16 = 0 (D) 6x3  11x2  6x + 16 = 0
2. The value of (xz3 + xy + yz3) is equal to

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
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Paragraph for Q. No. 3 to 5
1 4
Let, A denotes the sum of roots of the equation   3 . B denotes the
5  4log4 x 1  log4 x
value of the product of m and n, if 2m = 3 and 3n = 4. C denotes the sum of the integral
3
roots of the equation log3x    log3 x   1.
2
x
3. The value of A + B equals

(A) 10 (B) 6 (C) 8 (D) 4
4. The value of B + C equals
(A) 6 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 8
5. The value of (A + C)  B equals
(A) 5 (B) 8 (D) 7 (D) 4
MatrixMatch Type
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1. Match with correct solution set
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List I List II
1 {  3}
   
2
(P) log0.25 x2  2x  8  log0.5 10  3x  x 2  1
2  1
(Q)
 
log2 x 2  7  5  log2 x 

6
7
 
4 
log2  x  
(R) 
an 

log(12x) 6x2  5x  1  log(13x) 4x 2  4x  1  2

x
 
3 1

6
  21 
313  1 , 

73  7 

   
4 {1, 7}
log10 1  x2  2x  1  log10 1  x 2  2log10 (1  x)
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(S)
Codes :
P Q R S
dy
(A) 1 4 3 2
(B) 4 1 2 3
(C) 3 4 2 1
(D) 2 4 1 3
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If log3 2  log3 (2x  1)  log3 (2x  1)  log3 (2x  3) ,

(A) (p) log3 4
then x =
(B) If loga 3  2 and logb 8  3, then loga b  (q) log6 16
 16   25   81 
(C) 7log2    5log2    3log2    (r) log2 5
 15   24   80 
3a
(D) If a = log12 27, 4   = (s) 1
3a
Subjectives
2. m > n 3. K = 103 5. x = 5
log3
6. x = 2, I   7. x = 1 8. x = 8 or x = 22/3
log2
9. x = 1, 4, 1/8 10. x = 9 11. 4 < x < 6
r
12. x  (2, 4]  {3} 13. 2 < x < 1/2 14. x  2
15. x  (3, 2) 16. 1 < x < 81 18. x = 10
ka
19. x = 9 or x = 97/2 = 37 20. x  2 21. x = 22 or 23
 1  1 
22. a   , 10  ; b   ,10
 10   10 
Numerical Type
1. [1]
Objectives
2. [6331]

an 3. [93]
1. (D) 2. (B) 3. (B) 4. (C) 5. (D) 6. (B)

7. (A) 8. (A) 9. (B) 10. (D) 11. (D) 12. (D)
al
13. (D) 14. (D) 15. (D) 16. (B) 17. (C) 18. (A)
19. (B) 20. (B) 21. (C) 22. (D) 23. (B) 24. (A)
25. (A) 26. (C) 27. (C) 28. (B) 29. (B) 30. (C)
dy
31. (C) 32. (D)

Linked Comprehension Type
1. (C) 2. (D) 3. (C) 4. (A) 5. (A)
MatrixMatch Type
1. (P)  (3), (Q)  (4), (R)  (2), (S)  (1)
Vi
2. (A)  (r); (B)  (p); (C)  (s); (D)  (q)



IIT 23 Maths CH 1 Logarithm 1619508982637

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IIT - 2023 : Mathematics

[ stands for if and only if i.e. both sides are equivalent]

of zero doesn’t exist in complex number system too.

Important Properties of Logarithms

i) loga (mn) = loga m + loga n (Product Rule)

 Pit falls (Standard mistakes)

…….. (a  1, b  1, a > 0, b > 0)

Illustrative Example (Using form I)

1. log3 (3x 2 )  log 3 3  log 3 x 2 = 1 + 2 log 3 x

2. log 3 7.log 49 9  log 3 7.log 32 = log 3 7.log 7 3 = 1 (from (v))

Now we again take the example 5.

1. Prove that (log0.5 4) 2 = 2.

(log 0.5 4)2 = (2)2 = 4 = 2

3. Solve for x: log3/4 log8 (x2  7)  log1/2 log1/4 (x2  7)1  2

 log3/4  log2 (x2  7)  log1/2  log2 (x2  7)  2

5. Solve: 5.xlog7 2  2log7 x  24 .

log 2 log 2 2  2  2  ....

7. If ax = b, by = c, cz = a, then value of xyz is

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) log b a (D) log a b

2. Evaluate : log10  log10    log10  

4. Solve : 16log4 log3 x  1  4log3 x  2(log3 x)2 .

3. The value of log3 2log4 3log5 4 ……… log15 14log16 15 is

(A) (B) (C) (D) 1

5. The equation loge x + loge (1 + x) = 0 can be written as

Multiple Correct Answers Type

3. The number of roots of the equation 7  xlog 5 2  2log 5 x = 64

5. log10 tan 1 + log10 tan 2 + … log10 tan 89 =

7. The value of log6 (216 6 ) is equal to

(D) 3a (s) log3 4

Multiple Correct Answers Type

Graphs of logarithmic and exponential function y

From the figure 1.

Properties useful for solving inequalities

v) If 0 < a < 1, x < y  log a x > log a y

Note the inequality does not reverse for a > 1

GRAPH OF LOGARITHMIC AND EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

Fig. (3) Fig. (4)

x  (1, 2)  (3, 4) [Ans.]

or log0.3 (x  1)0log1 or (x  1) > 1 or x > 2

 log1/3 , (c) log 1   > log 4 5

7. For a > 0, a  1, find the number of values of x satisfying the equation

(A) 3 log2 7 (B) 1  3 log3 7 (C) 1  3 log7 2 (D) None of these

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) logx xyz

3. If log(2x  3) (6x 2  23x  21)  4  log(3x  7) (4x 2  12x  9) , then x =

(A) 2 (B)  2 (C) 1/4 (D)  (1/4)

6 loga x log10 a loga 5

3. Find the real values of x for which log25 x2  log5 x  < 2.

log a logb log c

2. If y = a 1loga x and z  a 1loga y , then x =

4. If log16 x + log4 x + log2 x = 14, then x =

6. If log 0.16(x  2)  log 0.4(x  2) , then x lies in the interval

1. (C) 2. (C) 3. (D) 4. (A)

= (3 + 0.5472)  (2 + 0.8371) + (1 + 0.4581) …(integers and fractions are

3. Using log tables, evaluate :

4. If log102 = 0.3010, find the number of digits in 264.

2. If log10 2 = 03010, then log10 50 =

3. If log10 3 = 0.4771, then without using log tables, find :

(A) 4 (B) 5 (C) 6 (D) None of these.

4  log x 2  1  2log y

Multiple Correct Answers Type

5. The solution of the equation 5loga x + 5xloga 5 = 3, (a > 0) is

3. Find the value of 3