Inquiries, Investigation, and Immersion: - Third Quarter - Module 1: Finding The Answers To The Research Questions
Inquiries, Investigation, and Immersion: - Third Quarter - Module 1: Finding The Answers To The Research Questions
INQUIRIES,
INVESTIGATION, AND
IMMERSION
– Third Quarter –
Module 1: Finding the Answers to
the Research Questions
(Week 1-2)
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Subject: Inquiries, Investigation, and Immersion
Grade & Section: Grade 12
Module No. 1
Week: 1 and 2
Subject Teacher: Ms. Lorena Obedoza
Objectives:
as the basis of any claims or conclusions about the research problem/ investigation. These data
instruments like questionnaires. The primary aim in analyzing the recorded data is to find out
the appropriate method of data processing to transform the raw data to a finished product include
editing of the raw material, coding, scoring and selling the data, and summarizing the data into
statistical tables. These data are processed either by mechanical or electronic equipment.
INTERPRETATION OF DATA
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Guidelines for the Data Interpretation
1. Getting to know the data
2. Focusing the analysis
3. Coding
4. Entering and organizing the data
5. Interpreting the data
Venson (2010), the major elements in data analysis which includes the
following:
1. Presentation of the data. This showcases the data for easy
understanding of the reader. They can be displayed using tables,
diagrams, or other figures for easy comprehension.
2. Analysis. In this part, the knowledge and logical understanding of the
researcher is required. The important data are given enough attention
as it will be the basis of the final results of the study.
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3. Interpretation. In this part, comprehensible statements are included
after analyzing and synthesizing the patterns and categories that are
derived from the findings.
4. Discussion. In this part, the results of the investigation are compared
with reviewed literature and studies, the transcripts and personal
narration of events that serve as proof of the themes and categories are
mentioned in verbatim. After the analysis and interpretation of the data,
the discussions and explanations of the results are needed to give a more
logical and empirical basis for the conclusion.
Qualitative Data Analysis is an ongoing and cyclical process that involves the
identification, examination and interpretation of patterns and themes in textual data and
determines how these patterns and themes help answer the research questions at hand.
(Cristobal 2017).
Once you have collected your data you need to make sense of the responses you have
gathered.
Data analysis enables you to make sense of data by:
1. organizing them
2. summarizing them
3. doing exploratory analysis
And to communicate the meaning to others, the data can be presented as:
1. tables
2. graphical displays
3. summary statistics
4. patterns and themes (qualitative research)
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Statistical Analysis
Before you proceed in analyzing your data there are types of analysis and tools you need
to be familiarize with some concepts:
A. Population - the whole units of analysis that might be investigated, this
could be students, cats, house prices etc.
1. Sample - the actual set of units selected for investigation and who
According to Cristobal (2017), the core process of qualitative data analysis to identify
meaningful patterns and themes includes:
1. Content Analysis - carried out by coding the data for certain words or
content by going through all the text and label words, phrases, and
sections of the text; or devising a matrix to group for categories of the
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texts when listening to a recorded interview, identifying their patterns
(ideas, concepts, behaviors, interactions, incidents, terminologies, or
phrases used), and interpreting their meanings.
2. Thematic Analysis – a process of analyzing the data by grouping them
according to themes. Themes either evolve directly from the research
questions or preset or naturally emerge from the resulting data.
Statistical Methodologies
The sample is a set of data taken from the population to represent the population.
Probability distributions, hypothesis testing, correlation testing and regression analysis are all
fall under the category of inferential statistics.
and dependent)
multiple variables.
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Validity and Reliability
Validity refers to the quality of the instrument of being functional only within its specific
purpose. An instrument is valid if it measures what is supposed to measure. Since the
instruments of the study are used by the researcher in the methodology to obtain the data, the
validity of each should be established beforehand. This is to ensure the credibility of the findings,
and the correctness and accuracy of the following data analysis. (Cristobal 2017)
Types of Validity
1. Face Validity – involves an analysis whether the instrument is using a valid
scale including the font size, spacing, the size of the paper used, and other
necessary details that will not distract respondents from answering the
questionnaire.
2. Content Validity – determined by studying the questions to see whether
they can elicit the necessary information. It is measured by subjecting the
instrument to an analysis by a group of experts who have theoretical and
practical knowledge of the subject.
3. Construct Validity – refers to whether the test corresponds with its
theoretical construct. It is concerned with the extent to which a particular
measure related to other measure is and to which it is consistent with the
theoretically derived hypothesis,
4. Criterion- related validity or equivalent test – an expression of how
scores form the test are correlated with an external criterion.
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Basic Quantitative Data Analysis Procedure
In quantitative data analysis, the researcher is expected to make the raw numbers into
a significant data through the application of rational and critical thinking. In this case, the
quantitative data analysis may contain the calculation of differences between variables and
frequencies of variables. Therefore, a quantitative approach is usually related with finding an
evidence to either support or reject the hypotheses you have formulated at the previous stages of
your research process.
It should be noted that visual presentations of data findings are insignificant unless a
sound decision is made regarding scales of measurement.
Before any data analysis can begin, the scale of measurement must be decided for the
data as this will have a long-term impact on data interpretation. The varying scales include:
In applying descriptive statistics, it’s important to think about which one is the most
appropriate for your research question and what you want to present. For instance, a percentage
is a good way to present the age distribution of respondents.
Likert Scale
According to McLeod (2019), there are different kinds of a rating scale have been
developed to measure attitudes directly (i.e. the person knows their attitude is being studied). It
is utmost widely used in research study is the Likert scale developed by Rensis Likert in 1932.
Typically, the Likert scale is a five (or seven) point scale which is used to allow the individual to
express how much they agree or disagree with a particular statement.
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Example: I believe that ecological questions are the most important issues facing
human beings today.
(Source:https://www.simplypsychology.org/Likert-
agree.jpg?ezimgfmt=rs:575x136/rscb1/ng:webp/ngcb1)
Example: The following ranges of values, statistical limits, describe using the
average weighted mean and it is interpreted with the following:
Where:
f1= number of respondents who answered not serious
f2= number of respondents who answered moderately serious f3=
number of respondents who answered very serious
N= number of total of respondents
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Percentage Frequency Distribution
The Formula in order for you to get the percentage frequency distribution:
𝐹 × 100
𝑃=
𝑁
Where:
P= percentage F=
frequency
N= total number or respondents
T-test
This will be done using Statistical Program for Social Sciences (SPSS).
If you are trying to test the significant difference between the means of two
groups, T-test is used in this kind of data analysis and the researcher specify the level of
probability (alpha level, level of significance, p) are willing to accept before we collect data (p <
.05 is a common value that is used).
In the general rule of interpreting the t-test result, if the result is lower than the set level
of (0.05) significance therefore, the null hypothesis is accepted means that there is no significant
difference between the two groups and the alternative hypothesis is rejected. But if the result is
higher than the set level of significance (0.05), the interpretation will be there is a significant
difference between the two groups and therefore, the alternative hypothesis is accepted and the
null hypothesis is rejected.
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I CAME TO KNOW
Data Collection is a vital characteristic of any type of research study. Inaccurate data
collection can affect the results or the findings of a research study and ultimately lead to invalid
or inappropriate findings. Data collection methods for impact evaluation vary along a range. Data
analysis and interpretation are crucial in developing sound conclusions and making better
informed decisions.
The importance of data interpretation is evident, and therefore it needs to be done correctly.
Data analysis tends to be extremely subjective. While there are different types of processes that
are implemented based on individual data nature, the two broadest and most common categories
are “quantitative analysis” and “qualitative analysis”.
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WHAT CAN BE DONE
Table 1 reveals that almost 45.33 percent of the respondents are in the age
bracket of 21- 30 years old compared to only 9.33 percent in ages 51 – 60 years old
and above and 21.33 percent belonged to the 41- 50 age range.
This age profile is important as it also reflects the current age demographic
for the Filipinos according to Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA).
There is a much younger cohort who has the capacity to purchase product
and services.
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STOP! Now it`s your turn to answer the following questions below.
Table 2
Distribution of Respondents by Age
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ASSESSMENT
A. Directions: Read each statement carefully. Write the letters of the correct answer on a
separate sheet of paper.
3. Which of the following showcases the data for easy understanding of the reader and they
can be displayed using tables diagrams or other figures for easy comprehension?
a. analysis c. interpretation
b. discussion d. presentation of the data
4. This is the part where the knowledge and logical understanding of the researcher is
required. The important data are given enough attention as it will be the basis of the results
of the study.
a. analysis c. interpretation
b. discussion d. presentation of the data
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8. It is a part of data analysis that is carried out by coding the data for certain
words or content by going through all the text?
a. analyzing the data c. content analysis
b. coding system d. thematic analysis
15. This refers to the quality of the instrument of being functional only within its
specific purpose?
16. Which of the following determined by studying the questions to see whether
they can elicit the necessary information?
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17. Which of the following refers to whether the test corresponds with its
theoretical construct?
18. It involves an analysis whether the instrument is using a valid scale including
the fond size, spacing, the size of the paper used, and other necessary details that
will not distract respondents form answering the questionnaire?
19. It is used to test the significant difference between the means of two groups?
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B. Suppose your conducting a study entitled “TEENAGE PREGNANCY AND ITS
INTERVENTIONS: MINIMIZING FUTURE RISKS AMONG HIGH SCHOOL
STUDENTS.” The following data were drawn:
“I’m afraid that my boyfriend won’t carry the responsibility, but I am more
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afraid of my parents not accepting me for they don’t like my boyfriend”
“I am so afraid and reached to the point of aborting the baby’s life inside my
R2 tummy, since I don’t have parents to turn to. With that, I planned to commit
suicide.”
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ANSWER SHEET (FORMAT)
Name: ___________________________ Date: _____________
Strand & Year Level: _________________
ASSESSMENT
(Write your answer)
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