Research II: Quarter 4 - Module 1: Writing Scientific Paper
Research II: Quarter 4 - Module 1: Writing Scientific Paper
Research II
Quarter 4 – Module 1:
Writing Scientific Paper
Using International Guidelines
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of
the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or
office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for the exploitation of such work for a
profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of
royalties.
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their
respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership
over them.
Research II
Quarter 4 – Module 1:
Writing Scientific Paper using
International Guidelines
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can
continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.
Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-step as
you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.
Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge of lessons in each SLM. This
will tell you if you need to proceed with completing this module or if you need to ask
your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for a better understanding of the lesson.
At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check your
learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you will
be honest in using these.
In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also provided
to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can best
help you on your home-based learning.
Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part of this
SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And read
the instructions carefully before performing each task.
If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the tasks
in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.
Thank you.
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
write your scientific paper which is aligned with international standards. The scope
of this module allows it to be used in many different learning situations. The language
used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The activities are arranged
to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them
can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
2. Accomplish the required ISEF (International Science and Engineering Fair) Forms.
1
What I Know
Directions: Read each question carefully. Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. Which of the following items is not found written on the title page?
a. Research title
b. Research problem
c. Researcher adviser
d. Research’s full name
3. Which of the following best described the abstract of the research paper?
a. Contains the implications of the research findings.
b. Highlights the potential contributions of research results to the country
or different sectors of society.
c. Explains the procedures employed in the research in sufficient detail so
that they can be evaluated and repeated if necessary.
d. Gives readers a general understanding of the contents of the study
report, which briefly describes the problem, the methods used, and the
results and conclusions.
4. How are the contents of the title page typed-written (research title, author/s
titles, school name, and advisor name)?
a. typed in uppercase and lowercase and justified
b. typed in uppercase and lowercase and centered
c. typed in uppercase and lowercase and aligned left
d. typed in uppercase and lowercase and aligned right
5. Which of the following is not found in the abstract part of the research
paper?
a. research method
b. sample references
c. important findings and results
d. objectives and scope of the investigation
2
6. Which of the following International Science and Engineering Fair (ISEF)
Forms is accomplished after the conduct of the experiment?
a. Student Checklist (1A)
b. Qualified Scientist Form (2)
c. Checklist for Adult Sponsor (1B)
d. Registered Research Institutional (1C)
7. Which of the following parts provides the entire paper with a very brief
summary?
a. Abstract c. Discussion
b. Conclusion d. Methodology
8. Which of the ISEF Forms is referred to when there is a need for a qualified
scientist to give advice and supervision in the conduct of research?
a. Form 1A
b. Form 1B
c. Form 1C
d. Form 2
9. What part of the scientific research paper gives credit to the works cited?
a. Abstract c. Bibliography
b. Appendices d. Acknowledgement
10. Which part of the research paper are additional materials such as tables,
figures, maps, photographs, diagrams, and other images found?
a. Abstract c. Bibliography
b. Appendices d. Acknowledgement
3
Lesson
What’s In
The mind that opens to a new idea never returns to its original size.
-Albert Einstein
The basic structures of the IMRaD format were thoroughly discussed in the
previous lesson. Consequently, it is important to revisit the initial parts of the
research paper when one must plan on what to pursue next.
Guide Questions:
1. What is the title of your research work?
2. What are the objectives and significance of the study?
3. What statistical tool did you use in analyzing your data?
4. What is/are the significant result/s of your work?
5. What is/ are the implication/s of your results for future research and its
application?
6. Write one related study (follow the APA Reference Format 7th ed. below) and
point out clearly how the cited study is related to your problem.
APA Book format:
Author, A., and Author, B. (Copyright year). Title of the book (ed).
Publisher. DOI or URL
APA Journal Article Format:
Author, A., and Author, B. (Copyright year). Title of the article. Name of
the Periodical, volume (issue), #-#, https://doi.org./xxx
4
What’s New
The abstract is a concise summary of the study. It gives the readers a general
idea of the contents of the research report which briefly states the problem, the
methodology used, and the findings and conclusions.
ABSTRACT
Mosquitoes (Aedes vexan) are common house insects usually found in dark,
humid places.They lay eggs in or near water wherein wigglers also develop.
Mosquitoes are harmful and pestered humans and animals for thousands of years
and now. To control these insects, laboratory chemicals are effective, but they are
expensive and not environment-friendly. In the rural barangays, there are common
herbal plants used by rural folks in exterminating harmful insects like mosquitoes.
Based on the data gathered from the feasibility tests on Treatment A-1:2.5
makabuhay-to-water ratio mixture, the results are the following: 40.12 % mortality
rate on adult mosquitoes and 80.66% mortality rate on wigglers. This means the
extract has less significant effect against adult mosquitoes but has big larvicidal
potential on wigglers.
Analytical tests showed Control 1 was more effective compared to makabuhay
extract. Makabuhay extract, on the other hand, had more available raw materials
and costs less and was easier to prepare. After a month of research, the following
conclusions were reached:
1. Makabuhay stem can be a source of an extract which is yellow-greenish
suspension;
2. Makabuhay extract has larvicidal effect;
3. Makabuhay extract has a more deadly effect on wigglers compared to
adults mosquitoes; and
4. The extract has significantly weaker larvicidal power compafed to
commercial larvicides.
The makabuhay extract showed promising results indicating it could be a
feasible substituted to commercial insecticides. The use of makabuhay could also
be one of the ways in eliminating chemical solutions that harm our environment.
Guide Questions:
1. What was the purpose or objective of the researcher in conducting the study?
Briefly state the problem investigated.
2. How did the researcher conduct the investigation??
3. What did the researcher find out in this study? State the findings and the
interpretations/conclusions drawn from them.
Findings Interpretations/Conclusions
_________________________________ ____________________________________
_________________________________ ____________________________________
5
What Is It
References
(modified from a diagram at http://www.services.unimelb.edu.au/asu/writing/).
6
Writing the Scientific Paper with the Additional Parts
Aside from the basic structure of the IMRAD format, additional parts such as
the title page, abstract, conclusion, recommendations, bibliography, table of
contents, and appendices are also essential parts of every research paper.
A. Title Page
The title of a research report answers the question: “What did you study?”. It
is a brief statement of the subject and clearly defines the examined variables which
consist of 10 to 12 words.
The title page includes the research title, full name(s) of the researcher (s),
the full name of a research adviser and consultant (if any) which are typed in
uppercase and lowercase, and centered as shown below.
B. Abstract
An abstract is a 150- to 250-word paragraph that gives readers a high-level
description of your essay or report's structure and content. It should state your main
point and key points, as well as any consequences or applications of the analysis you
address in the article. It functions to describe, not to evaluate or defend, the paper.
The abstract should begin with a brief but precise statement of the problem
or issue, followed by a description of the research method and design, the major
findings, and the conclusions drawn. It includes the most critical approach and
material key terms, which make it easier for a reader to find the abstract in a
computer search and to determine whether or not to read the whole research paper.
An Abstract usually spends 25% of its space on the purpose and importance
7
of the research (Introduction); 25% on what you did (Methods); 35% on what you
found (Results); and 15% on the principal conclusions and implications of the
research.
Here is an example of an abstract of a study showing how this section of a
research paper should be written.
ABSTRACT
8
C. Table of Contents
The Table of Contents (TOC) is an organized listing of the major parts and
sections of a research paper. Readers will immediately be able to see how the
research paper is organized and then skip down to sections that are most relevant to
them. An example of a table of contents is given below.
Conclusion
This section describes how to draw generalizations from the findings. Explains
how your study blends into your field of study.
Suggested guidelines for this purpose:
a. Conclusions are based on concrete results; in other words, the completion
is cited along with the conclusion.
b. It answers all the research questions.
c. Any generalization not accompanied by appropriate details is acceptable.
d. Conclusions apply only to the population represented by the sample
studied.
e. Conclusions are written in the present tense
9
Below is an example of the Conclusion part based on the Results and
Discussion of a research study on “PECTINASE-ENHANCED PRODUCTION OF
ESSENTIAL OIL FROM LEMONGRASS (Cymbopogon citratus)”
RESULTS
The results of this study were shown in the preceding tables and figures.
Table 1. Comparison of the Percentage Essential Oil Yield of the Control and Enzyme-treated lemongrass
Treatment Trial Trial Trial Trial Trial Trial Trial Trial Average
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Control 0.64 0.41 0.39 0.63 .023 0.42 0.63 0.38 0.47
Enzyme-
Treated 0.98 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.99 0.94 0.98 0.96 0.96
Conditions Used: 0.5% enzyme concentration
12 hours incubation time
28oC incubation temperature
1:6 sample: buffer dilution ratio
DISCUSSION
10
E. Recommendations
This section contains the implications of the research findings.
Suggested guidelines in writing the recommendations:
a. Recommendations are based on specific findings. If a directly relevant
finding cannot be cited, the recommendation is not acceptable.
b. Two implications of research findings are:
b.1. implications for action (i.e., in the light of a particular finding, what
should be done) and policies that may be formulated.
b.2. implications for further research (i.e., what improvements can be done
on the present study; how the present study may be expanded; etc.)
Written below are the recommendations from the above-mentioned conclusion
RECOMMENDATIONS
F. Bibliography
The written information sources used in the analysis are recorded in this
section. It includes in the research paper related resource materials. It lists all books,
papers, journal articles, and communication cited in the paper following the required
format.
The sample bibliography given below follows the APA Format.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Adegoke, G.O and B.A Odesola. 1994. Storage of maize and cowpea and inhibition of microbial
agents of biodeterioration and biodegradation 6(2): PP. 81-84
Bellanato, J and Hidalgo. Infrared Analysis of Essential Oils. Heyden and Son Ltd. Madrid, p. 1035
Brandares. M. F. T ., A.M. Vuelban, B.B Darjusn, M. R. Ricalde and F.E. Anzaldo. 1987. Stability
studies of essential oils from Philippines Plants. II Cymbopogon citratus (DC)Stapf. Phil.
Jou. Sci. 116 (4): 391-402
11
G. Appendix
The ISEF forms constitute written evidence of what is about to occur or has
already occurred in a research project in some cases. To ensure compliance with the
ISEF rules and with the laws and regulations applicable to the project, they are
intended to provide the details required for the analysis of the project.
List of ISEF forms that are accomplished before the conduct of the experiment.
List of ISEF forms that should be accomplished after the conduct of the
experiment.
Note: The forms you will fill-out depends on the type of research you have conducted
(involving humans, vertebrate animals, hazardous chemicals, etc.)
a. Qualified Scientist Form (2)
b. Risk Assessment Form (3)
12
c. Human Participants Form (4)
d. Human Informed Consent Form
e. Vertebrate Animal Form (5A)
f. Vertebrate Animal Form (5B)
g. Potentially Hazardous Biological Agents Risk Assessment Form (6A)
h. Human and Vertebrate Animal Tissue Form (6B)
i. Continuation Project Form (7)
What’s More
Directions: Read the sample research paper carefully and analyze whether the
guidelines on the content and format are followed correctly.
13
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
Recently there has been a lot of attention focused on producing medicines and
products that are natural. Several fruits and fruit extracts, as well as arrowroot tea
extract (Kim & Fung, 2004) and caffeine (Ibrahim et al., 2004), have been found to
exhibit antimicrobial activity against E. coli O157:H7. This suggests that plants that
manifest relatively high levels of antimicrobial action may be sources of compounds
that can be used to inhibit the growth of foodborne pathogens. Bacterial cells could
be killed by the rupture of cell walls and membranes and by the irregular disruption
of the intracellular matrix when treated with plant extracts (Kim & Fung, 2004).
The guava (Psidium guajava) is a phytotherapic plant used in folk medicine
that is believed to have active components that help to treat and manage various
diseases. The many parts of the plant have been used in traditional medicine to
manage conditions like malaria, gastroenteritis, vomiting, diarrhea, dysentery,
wounds, ulcers, toothache, coughs, sore throat, inflamed gums, and some other
conditions (Abdelrahim et al. 2002; Jaiarj et al., 1999; Lutterodt, 1992). This plant
has also been used for the controlling of life-changing conditions such as diabetes,
hypertension, and obesity (Abdelrahim et al. 2002, Begum et al., 2004; Karawya et
al., 1999; Morales et al., 1994; Sunagawa et al., 2004). In this study, we aim to
evaluate the total extracts of Psidium guajava leaves, growing at Fort Valley State
University, using various aqueous and organic solvents to establish if it is effective
against killing or inhibiting the growth of foodborne bacterium Staphylococcus
aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis, and Bacillus cereus which can cause
foodborne illness and spoilage.
1
14
Gnan and Demello (1999) testing guava leaf extract found good antimicrobial activity
against nine different strains of Staphylococcus aureus. The antibacterial activity of
guava leaf extract was tested against acne-developing organisms by Qa'dan et al.
(2010) concluding that the leaf extracts may be beneficial in treating acne especially
when they are known to have anti-inflammatory activities.
METHODOLOGY
The leaf samples were collected from the guava trees growing at the Specialty
Plant House at Fort Valley State University. Random leaf samples were collected into
plastic zip-lock bags with appropriate labeling and stored in an ice cooler until being
transported to the laboratory for extraction.
The leaf samples were washed in tap water, dried, and placed into a blender
to be grounded into a powder. Four solvents were arranged in increasing polarity; n-
hexane (>95%), methanol (>95%), ethanol (>99.5%), and boiling distilled water were
used for the maceration extraction procedure. The leaf powder was added to each of
the solvents to make a 20% concentration. The mixtures were made in a sterile
125 mL Erlenmeyer flask wrapped in aluminum foil to avoid evaporation and
exposure to light for 3 days at room temperature. The flasks were placed on a
platform shaker at 70 rpm. After 3 days of soaking in the solvent, the mixtures were
transferred to 50 mL tubes and centrifuged for 10 min at 4,000 rpm at 25°C. The
supernatant was collected and stored at 4°C until use.
Antibacterial Activity
15
on each plate, with a total of three plates used for each extract for selecting the
bacterium. For each bacterial strain, controls were maintained where pure solvents
were used instead of the extract. The plates are sealed with parafilm, labeled, and
placed in an incubator set to 37°C. After 24 hours of incubation, each plate was
examined for inhibition zones. A ruler was used to measure the inhibition zones in
millimeters. Every experiment was carried out in parallel, and the results represented
the average of at least three independent experiments.
RESULTS
The results of the study indicated that only two of the crude solvent extracts
prepared from the leaves of Psidium guajava, methanol and ethanol, showed
inhibitory activity against bacteria. Only Gram-positive bacteria, Bacillus cereus, and
Staphylococcus aureus were susceptible to the two extracts, while neither of the
Gram-negative bacteria showed any inhibition.
n-Hexane — — — —
Ethanol — —
Methanol — —
Water — — — —
Table 1. Inhibition zones are the mean including borer (5 mm) diameter ± standard
deviation.
—: no inhibitory activity.
DISCUSSION
Results found in this study were supported and/or opposed in the data
reported in the literature. Nascimento et al. (2000) conducted a study which supports
the finding of the present study in which the guava extract was able to have inhibitory
effects against Staphylococcus and Bacillus and no effect on the Escherichia and
Salmonella, whereas Chanda and Kaneria (2011) oppose the findings concerning the
Gram-negative bacteria. Mahfuzul Hoque et al. (2007) found no antibacterial activity
of ethanolic extracts of guava against E. coli and S. entertidis; however, Vieira et al.
(2001) found guava sprout extracts were effective against inhibiting E. coli.
3
16
Sanches et al. (2005) found that the aqueous extract of guava was effective against
Staphylococcus and Bacillus. The methanolic extracts of guava reported by Lin et al.
(2002) showed significant inhibitory activity against the growth of 2 isolates of
Salmonella and enteropathogenic E. coli.
n-hexane
CONCLUSIONS
RECOMMENDATION
APPENDICES
17
BIBLIOGRAPHY
(sample references only)
Criteria Yes No
I. Title
2. Is the title brief?
3. Is the title comprehensive?
4. Does the title specify the objectives of the research?
5. Is the title relevant to the objectives of the research??
6. Is the significance of the study reported in the paper?
II. Table of Contents
1. Are the parts properly arranged?
2. Are the pages properly numbered?
III. Abstract
1. Does the abstract specify the objectives, methodology, and
results, and conclusion in capsule form?
IV. Introduction
1. Does it define the origin of the problem?
2. Does it indicate the rationale of the study
3. Does it clearly state the researcher’s goal?
4. Are the goals stated researchable/feasible to be achieved?
5. Does the study indicate relevance to current needs?
6. Are the variables under the study defined?
7. Does the related literature critically analyze the cited studies?
8. Are the related literature current or updated? (published in
the last 5 years)
18
V. Methodology
1. Is the gathering of data described in the paper?
2. Were the materials properly described?
3. Is the procedure of the study in chronological order?
4. Does the procedure looks like a kitchen recipe?
5. Does the study define the variables in the research?
6. Are the sources of samples in the study given?
7. Is the sampling procedure defined in the research?
8. Are the treatments given to the samples defined in the study?
9. Is the data-gathering procedure defined in the study?
10. Is the research design defined in the study?
11. Are the data presented using tables and/or graphs?
12. Are the procedures appropriate for the study?
13. Is the statistical treatment of data stated in the study?
VI. Results
1. Are the results organized?
2. Are the results processed?
3. Are all the tables and graphs properly and completely
labeled?
VII. Discussion
1. Is the discussion of the results organized?
2. Is the discussion of results complete?
3. Is the discussion of the results relevant to the data collected?
VIII. Conclusion
1. Is the conclusion accurate?
IX. Recommendations
1. Are the recommendations appropriate based on the results
of the study?
X. Appendices
1. Are the images properly arranged?
2. Are the images properly labeled?
XI. Bibliography
1. Are the references arranged alphabetically?
A. Title G. Discussion
B. Table of Contents H. Conclusion
C. Abstract I. Recommendations
D. Introduction J. Appendices
E. Methodology K. Bibliography
F. Results
19
What I Have Learned
20
What I Can Do
Directions: Using the template below, write your research paper following the IMRaD
format with the additional parts. Be guided using the rubric in writing a scientific
paper
Name
School
Category (Field of Study)
Research Teacher
Title/Topic
Abstract
A 2-3 paragraph which is composed of not more than 250 words. It includes the
purpose of the experiment, the procedure, and approaches used in the
methodology, data collection and data analysis, and conclusion including possible
research applications. Only minimal reference to previous work may be included.
Introduction
A brief overview of the context that supports the research issue and explains why
this study is scientifically relevant and explains the social effect of your research, if
applicable. Include here also, the review of related studies and literature (you may
write 5 reviews of related studies)
Methodology
List of all the materials used in the experiment. Ensure concentrations of all chemicals,
source and amount of all living organisms, and all equipment used.
Describe the procedures, risk and safety, and proper disposal (if necessary).
Report on the collection and analysis of data.
Results
Usually, the Results part includes only the results. No summary of the results or
finding on them. Results are generally written in the past tense. Make sure all the
tables and figures are individually labeled and numbered. Captions go beyond
tables and/or graphs.
Discussion
Focus on proven knowledge of current results. You summarize your key findings in
21
this section, make a necessary comment on those findings and relate them to other
studies. Other studies may agree or disagree with the present results.
Bibliography
List at least five (5) major references (e.g., scientific journal articles, books, internet
sites) used in the study. The Reference list should be properly written.
Criteria Possible
Points
A. Title Page
§ All the elements present and followed the proper format 3
B. Abstract
§ Statement of the introduction, methodology, results, and 3
discussion?
C. Rationale for the Project
§ Introduction of the study which includes the observations,
issues, problems which explains why the study was
conducted (2) 4
§ Research problem/s and research gap are present (2)
D. Research Question/s, Hypothesis (es), Results/Findings,
Engineering Goals
§ The clear connection between this section and the
rationale above (2)
If Experimental 6
§ The research question/s clearly stated and specific and
logical (2)
§ The hypothesis(es) clearly stated (2)
If Engineering
§ The goals specific and clearly stated (6)
E. Procedures
§ The procedure/s sequential and detailed (2)
It includes risk and safety (1)
If Experimental
22
§ The hypothesis (es) stated above were tested (2)
§ The method for data collection is clearly stated (2)
§ Control and experimental group are identified and
designed correctly (2) 11
§ Repeated Trials used (2)
If Engineering
§ Clear building plan (thought was given to materials (4)
§ Methods of testing (4)
F. Results and Discussion
§ It includes tables or graphs in sequence and is properly
labeled (3) 6
§ Results supported by related studies, literature, theories,
or principles (3)
G. Conclusions and Recommendations
§ Conclusions and recommendations are parallel to each 4
other (4)
H. Bibliography
§ Minimum of at least 5 science/engineering major journal
articles, must pertain to project topic in proper APA format
(10) (minus 1 point for each error in references, max 5
points)
§ No spacing within citation, single space between citations 12
(2)
§ 2-point bonus for 10 or more references (can only receive
once)
I. Format
§ Past tense (2)
§ Times New Roman/Size 12 font, double-space (2) 6
§ Title- bold-faced and centered (2)
Total Points Earned 55
23
Assessment
Additional Activities
Name: __________________________________________
Date: ___________________________________________
ISEF Forms are professional, legal documents and ALL instructions Possible
MUST be followed accurately and completely. See your teacher with Points
any questions BEFORE the forms are due. Deadlines are CRUCIAL
on this SRP assignment. 100
Overall Submission: all papers clipped together, in # order, with
a rubric, no directions included, not stapled, research plan 20
attachment behind Form 1A.
Forms format:
All forms are either neatly written in Blue ink OR typed 10
on the computer.
24
Note: All signatures/ and signature dates must be in
Blue I nk
no crossing-out, white-out, or stray marks
Form (1) Checklist for Adult Sponsor/Safety Assessment 15
Form: complete, neat,accurate
Supplementary Forms:
all other required forms complete, neat, accurate, 5
signed, in BLUE
Forms in # order
On-time and with this rubric (name, date, block/period) 10
25
26
What I Know What’s In What’s New What’s New (cont’n)
1. b 1. To determine the feasibility Conclusion
2. b Answere may of makabuhay as an 1.Makabuhay stem can be a
3. d vary insecticides against source of an extract which is
4. b depending on yellow-greenish suspension;
mosquitoes.
2.Makabuhay extract has
5. b the research 2. Extraction of makabuhay larvicidal effect;
6. b work of the leaves and used an 3.Makabuhay extract has a more
7. a students insecticides. deadly effect on wigglers
8. d Findings: compared to adults mosquitoes;
9. c 40.12 % mortality rate on adult and
10. b mosquitoes and 80.66% 4.The extract has significantly
mortality rate on wigglers weaker larvicidal power compafed
to commercial larvicides.
What’s More What’s More
Activity 2
What I Have Learned What I can Do
1. ISEF Forms
2. Bibliography Students answers may vary
3. Abstract depending on their research work.
4. conclusion The final research paper together
5. IMRaD format with the ISEF forms and the ISEF
6. Table of contents rubrics will be submitted along with
7. Appendices the module.
8. Recommendations
9. Title Page
10. Title
Additional Activity
Send thru messenger or email
Assessment
1. false 6. true
2. false 7. true
3. false 8. false
4. true 9. true
5. false 10. true
Answer Key
References
Biswas, Bipul, Rogers, Kimberly., McLaughlin, Frederick, Daniels, Dwayne, and
Anand Yadav. Antimicrobial Activities of Leaf Extracts of Guava (Psidium
guajava L.) on Two Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive Bacteria. International
Journal of Microbiology. 2013
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijmicro/2013/746165/
Caintic, Helen. & Juanita Cruz. Scientific Research Manual. C&E Publishing, Inc.
2008
Identifying Parts of a Citation: Why Citing Sources is Important. University of
Nebraska Kearney.
https://guides.library.unk.edu/c.php?g=710678&p=5051044#:~:text=Citing
%20or%20documenting%20the%20sources,you%20include%20in%20your%2
0paper
International rules for pre-college science research: guidelines for science and
engineering fair. Regeneron ISEF a Program of Society for Science and the
Public.
https://sspcdn.blob.core.windows.net/files/Documents/SEP/ISEF/2021/Ru
les/Book.pdf
ISEF Forms. Society for Science.
https://www.societyforscience.org/isef/forms/.
ISEF Forms and Research Plan Rubrics.
https://www.lcps.org/cms/lib4/VA01000195/Centricity/Domain/3552/SRP
%205%2010-11.pdf
Rabago, Lilia, Crescencia Joaquin, and Juanita Cruz. Research II A Guide to
Investigatory Projects. Department of Science and Technology Science
Education Institute, 2001.
“Writing a Scientific Research Report (IMRaD).” The Writing Center. 2019.
https://writingcenter.gmu.edu/guides/writing-an-imrad-report. 2019
27
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call: