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Week 8 9 StatProb11 - Q3 - Mod4 - Estimation of Parameters - Version2
Week 8 9 StatProb11 - Q3 - Mod4 - Estimation of Parameters - Version2
- Illustrating t- distribution
Direction: Read the following questions carefully and choose the letter of your
answer. Use the t-table at the appendix as needed. Use a separate sheet
of paper.
What’s New
t- distribution which is also known as Student’s t-distribution, is a probability
distribution which is utilized in estimating parameters of a certain population in case of
the sample size is small and/or the population variance or standard deviation is
unknown. It is like with the z-distribution that is bell-shaped and symmetric about the x-
axis but flatter and more spread.
Take note that z-test is only used when the population standard deviation or
variance is known and/or the sample size is large enough. But for sample sizes which
are small, sometimes the population standard deviation or variance is unknown, rely on
the t-distribution whose value can be known using:
(𝒙̅ − 𝝁)
𝒕= 𝒔
√𝒏
where 𝑥̅ is the sample mean, 𝜇 is the population mean, s is the standard deviation of the
sample and n is the sample size.
In addition, there is a lot of different or family of t-distributions. Its particular form
is determined by its degrees of freedom. Degrees of freedom refers to the number of
independent observations in a given set of data. The number of independent
observations is sample size minus one or in symbols, that is df= n-1 where df is the
degrees of freedom and n is the sample size. Hence, given a sample size of 9 will have
a degrees of freedom 8 and if given a degrees of freedom of 14 will mean a sample size
of 15. However, for some or other applications, degrees of freedom can be calculated if
a different way.
Moreover, some properties of t-distribution is that the mean distribution is equal
to 0 and its variance is greater than 1 although close to 1. T- distribution is the same as
the standard normal distribution given with infinite degrees of freedom.
With any statistic that have a bell- shaped distribution with is approximately
normal, the t-distribution can be used. This means that the population distribution must
be normal, symmetric, unimodal and no outliers. Also, the t-distribution can still be
utilized for moderately skewed population distribution given that it is unimodal, without
outliers and size is at least 40. Lastly, the t-distribution can be applied for a size greater
than 40 and without outliers.
The t- distribution Table
In order to get the t- value, a t-distribution table is shown above which is consist
of the degrees of freedom (df) which is the numbers at the leftmost column, “α” which
is some of the special areas at the topmost row and the t-values which are located at
the right of the degrees of freedom and below “α”.
2 1.886 2.920
⋮ ⋮ ⋮
8 1.397 1.860
Activity 1
Determine what is asked based on the given data below.
df 𝛼 0.1
3.078
1
2 1.886
⋮ ⋮
13 1.350
2. df= 10 𝛼 = 0.025 𝑡(𝛼 ,𝑑𝑓) =2.228
1 3.078 6.314
2 1.886 2.920
⋮ ⋮ ⋮
10 1.372 1.812 2.228
1 3.078 6.314
2 1.886 2.920
⋮ ⋮ ⋮
27 1.372 1.812 2.025
Since: df= 27
df= n – 1
27= n – 1
27+1= n (Addition Property of Equality)
n= 28
Direction: Read the following questions carefully and choose the letter of your
answer. Use a separate sheet of paper.
Direction: Read the following questions carefully and choose the letter of your
answer. Use the t-table at the appendix as needed. Use a separate sheet
of paper.
What’s In (Review)
In the previous lessons, you learned about t- distribution in which there are
properties on when it can be used. Also, you learned that as sample size increases, the
t-distribution tends to approach normality or z-distribution.
What’s New
Percentile is one of the measurements in statistics which tells the value below in
which an observations’ percentage in a set of observations falls. For example, you
score 70 in an exam and it was mentioned that you the 85th percentile, it means that
85% of the scores are below you and 15% of the scores are above you.
In addition, in finding the percentile for a t- distribution, t-table can be utilized as it
is a number on a statistical distribution whose less- than the probability is the given
percentage. So, if you are ask on the 80th percentile of the t-distribution with respect to
its degrees of freedom, that refers to the value whose left tail is less than probability is
80% or 0.8 and whose right tail or greater than probability is 20% or 0.2.
Activity 1
Determine what is asked based on the given data below.
df 𝛼 0.05
6.314
1
2 2.920
⋮ ⋮
13 1.771
2. df= 10 Percentile= 90th 𝑡(𝛼,𝑑𝑓) = 1.372
Since the degrees of freedom is given already, we can now identify the 90th
percentile which is 1.372.
df 𝛼 0.1
1 3.078
2 1.886
⋮ ⋮
10 1.372
Direction: Read the following questions carefully and choose the letter of your
answer. Use the t-table at the appendix as needed. Use a separate sheet
of paper.
Direction: Read the following questions carefully and choose the letter of your
answer. Use the t-table and z-table at the appendix as needed. Use a
separate sheet of paper.
What’s New
Estimating is consists of either giving a certain value or giving an interval. When
an interval estimate has an attached confidence coefficient, it will be called confidence
interval. Confidence interval is a range with lower limit and upper limit used to estimate
population parameter. The lower and the upper limit of the interval is within the certain
level of confidence.
To get the confidence interval, we use either of the following:
𝜎 𝜎 𝜎
• 𝑥̅ ± 𝑍𝛼⁄2 ( 𝑛) 𝑜𝑟 𝑥̅ − 𝑍𝛼⁄2 ( 𝑛) < 𝜇 < 𝑥̅ + 𝑍𝛼⁄2 ( 𝑛) for estimating population mean when
√ √ √
variance is known or sample size is greater than 30; or
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
• 𝑥̅ ± (𝑡(𝛼,𝑛−1) 𝑥 ( 𝑛)) 𝑜𝑟 𝑥̅ − (𝑡(𝛼,𝑛−1) 𝑥 ( 𝑛)) < 𝜇 < 𝑥̅ + (𝑡(𝛼,𝑛−1) 𝑥 ( 𝑛)) for estimating
2 √ 2 √ 2 √
population mean when variance is unknown and sample size is less than 30 where;
𝑥̅ = sample mean
𝜎 = population standard deviation
n = sample size
𝜎 𝑠
𝑍𝛼⁄2 ( 𝑛) 𝑜𝑟𝑡(𝛼,𝑛−1) 𝑥 ( 𝑛) = margin of error- refers to the maximum allowable
√ 2 √
difference between the sample and true value
3 3
= 30 − (𝑡(0.05,25−1)𝑥 ( )) < 𝜇 < 30 + (𝑡(0.05,25−1) 𝑥 ( ))
2 √25 2 √25
3 3
= 30 − (𝑡(0.025,24) 𝑥 ( )) < 𝜇 < 30 + (𝑡(0.025,24) 𝑥 ( ))
√25 √25
3 3
= 30 − (2.064 𝑥 ( )) < 𝜇 < 30 + (2.064 𝑥 ( ))
√25 √25
= 30 − (1.24) < 𝜇 < 30 + (1.24)
= 28.76 < 𝜇 < 31.24
Therefore, confidence interval is from 28.76 to 31.24 with a width of 2.48.
Activity 1
Identify the confidence interval estimate and compute its width based on the
given data below.
15 15
= 21 − (𝑡(0.02,10−1) 𝑥 ( )) < 𝜇 < 21 + (𝑡(0.02,10−1)𝑥 ( ))
2 √ 10 2 √10
15 15
= 21 − (𝑡(0.01,9) 𝑥 ( )) < 𝜇 < 21 + (𝑡(0.01,9) 𝑥 ( ))
√ 10 √10
15 15
= 21 − (2.821𝑥 ( )) < 𝜇 < 21 + (2.821𝑥 ( ))
√10 √10
= 21 − 13.38 < 𝜇 < 21 + 13.38
= 7.62 < 𝜇 < 34.38
Therefore, confidence interval is from 7.62 to 34.38 with a width of 26.76.
3. Confidence level= 95% σ= 10
n= 40 𝑥̅ = 23.5
𝜎 𝜎
= 𝑥̅ − 𝑍𝛼⁄2 ( 𝑛) < 𝜇 < 𝑥̅ + 𝑍𝛼⁄2 ( 𝑛)
√ √
10 10
= 23.5 − 𝑍0.05⁄ ( ) < 𝜇 < 23.5 + 𝑍0.05⁄ ( )
2 √40 2 √40
10 10
= 23.5 − 1.96 ( ) < 𝜇 < 23.5 + 1.96 ( )
√40 √40
10 10
= 23.5 − 1.96 ( ) < 𝜇 < 23.5 + 1.96 ( )
√40 √40
10 10
= 23.5 − 1.96 ( ) < 𝜇 < 23.5 + 1.96 ( )
√40 √40
= 23.5 − 3.1 < 𝜇 < 23.5 + 3.1
= 20.4 < 𝜇 < 26.6
Therefore, confidence interval is from 20.4 to 26.6 with a width of 6.2.
4. Confidence level= 99% s= 3
n= 15 𝑥̅ = 28
𝑠 𝑠
= 𝑥̅ − (𝑡(𝛼,𝑛−1) 𝑥 ( )) < 𝜇 < 𝑥̅ + (𝑡(𝛼,𝑛−1) 𝑥 ( ))
2 √𝑛 2 √𝑛
3 3
= 28 − (𝑡(0.01,15−1) 𝑥 ( )) < 𝜇 < 28 + (𝑡(0.01,15−1)𝑥 ( ))
2 √15 2 √15
3 3
= 28 − (𝑡(0.005,14) 𝑥 ( )) < 𝜇 < 28 + (𝑡(0.005,14) 𝑥 ( ))
√15 √15
3 3
= 28 − (2.977𝑥 ( )) < 𝜇 < 28 + (2.977𝑥 ( ))
√ 15 √15
= 28 − (2.31) < 𝜇 < 28 + (2.31)
= 25.69 < 𝜇 < 30.31
Therefore, confidence interval is from 25.69 to 30.31 with a width of 4.62.
What’s more (Enrichment Activity)
Identify the confidence interval estimate and compute its width based on the
given data below.
1. A study was conducted to determine the average salary of a teacher. With this,
81 teachers were invited as samples. It was known that the mean salary of
these sample teachers is P24,000 with a standard deviation P1,000. Construct
a 90% confidence interval estimate for the average salary of all teachers.
2. The average hour spent in computer by 20 senior high school students during
online class is 7 hours with a standard deviation of 2 hours. Construct a 98%
confidence interval of the average hour spent by all senior high school
students. Identify the width of the interval.
3. Interview 10 grade 11 senior high school students in your community on their
weekly allowance. Use the information gathered to estimate the weekly
allowance of all grade 11 senior high school students.
Direction: Read the following questions carefully and choose the letter of your
answer. Use the t-table and z-table at the appendix as needed. Use a
separate sheet of paper.
- Computing the appropriate sample size using the length of the interval
- Solve problems involving sample size determination
Direction: Read the following questions carefully. Identify the appropriate sample size
of each problem and choose the letter of your answer. Use z-table at the
appendix as needed. Use a separate sheet of paper.
What’s New
In estimating, especially on confidence interval, sample mean, margin of error or
maximum allowable deviation, population variance and sample size are essential to get
a more scientific hypothesis (educated guess) of the true value, the population mean.
In estimating, the sample size need to be consider in order to make it more valid
and reliable. Especially on research, the number of respondents must be considered.
The number of members or element of a population must be taken into consideration
aside from being manageable. The selected samples, either through probability or non-
probability sampling, must be taken at least to its minimum need to go through the
study. With this, the researcher/s will be able to make a feasible conclusion about the
parameter of a certain population being studied.
In order to solve for the least number of sample size given a certain confidence
interval, this formula can be used:
𝜎 2
𝑛 = (𝑍𝛼 𝑥 )
2 𝑑
(Note: If the computed sample size has a decimal part, it must be rounded off to the
next higher integer as samples need to be whole number.
Solution:
Given: σ = 5
CI= 99%
d=2
2
𝜎
n = (𝑍𝛼⁄2 𝑥 (𝑑))
2
5
= (𝑍0.01⁄ 𝑥 (2))
2
2
= (2.575𝑥 (2.5))
= (6.44)2
n = 41.47
n ≈ 42
Activity 1
Identify the number of samples needed in each problem.
2. During the pandemic, the LGU gave cash assistance to those who individuals
who were badly affected. It was said that the cash assistance is normally
distributed with a standard deviation of P500. If a concerned citizen wanted to
know if it is true with 97% confidence level within P300 of the true population
mean, how many individuals does he need as samples?
Assessment (Post test)
Direction: Read the following questions carefully. Identify the appropriate sample size
of each problem and choose the letter of your answer. Use z-table at the
appendix as needed. Use a separate sheet of paper.
Banigon, Ricardo B., et al. Statistics and Probability for Senior High School.
Educational Resources Corporation, 2018
https://stattrek.com/probability-distributions/t-distribution.aspx
https://www.dummies.com/education/math/statistics/how-to-find-
percentiles-for-a-t-distribution/
MODULE WRITER’S PROFILE
Position : TEACHER II
Educational Attainment:
District : Jasaan