Basic Calculus: Quarter 4 - Module 5
Basic Calculus: Quarter 4 - Module 5
Basic Calculus: Quarter 4 - Module 5
BASIC CALCULUS
Quarter 4 – Module 5
The Definite Integral of a Function
using Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
Mathematics – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 – Module 5: Computing the definite Integral of a function using
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
First Edition, 2020
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Basic Calculus
Quarter 4 – Module 5
The Definite Integral of a
Function using Fundamental
Theorem of Calculus
I
LEARNING COMPETENCY:
OBJECTIVES:
K: Recall the Fundamental theorem of calculus;
S: Compute the definite integral of a function using
Fundamental theorem of calculus;
A: Internalize the concept of the Fundamental theorem of
calculus.
𝟑 𝟔
1. ∫𝟐 (𝒙𝟑 + 𝟓)𝒅𝒙 𝟐. ∫𝟐 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)𝒅𝒙
2
Lesson 1 Compute the definite integral of a function
using Fundamental theorem of calculus
’s In
QUICK RECALL!
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Part 1
If f is a continuous on [a, b], then the function
𝑥
F(x) = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
has a derivative at every point in [a, b] and
𝑑𝐹 𝑑 𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 𝑓(𝑥).
𝑑𝑥
’s New
𝑎
1. Zero rule: ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0.
𝑎 𝑏
2. Reversing Limits of Integration Rule: ∫𝑏 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥.
𝑏 𝑏
3. Constant Multiple Rule: ∫𝑎 𝑘𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥.
𝑏 𝑏
3a. Special case: ∫𝑎 −𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥.
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
4. Sum Rule: ∫𝑎 [𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑎 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 .
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
5. Difference Rule: ∫𝑎 [𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − ∫𝑎 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 .
𝑏 𝑏
6. Domination Rule: g(x) ≥ f(x) on [a, b] → ∫𝑎 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ≥ ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥.
𝑏
6a. Special Case: f(x) ≥ 0 on [a, b] → ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ≥ 0.
𝑏
7. Max-Min Rule: min f . (b – a) ≤ ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ≤ max 𝑓 . (𝑏 − 𝑎)
3
Lower bound Upper bound
𝑏 𝑐 𝑐
8. Interval Addition Rule: ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑏 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥.
𝑐 𝑐 𝑏
9. Interval Subtraction Rule: ∫𝑏 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥.
is It
Definite Integration
We define the definite integral of the function f(x) with respect to x from a to b
as:
𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹𝑥 F(b) – F(a)
where F(x) is the anti-derivative of f(x). We call a and b the lower and upper limits
of integration respectively. The function being integrated, f(x), is called the
integrand.
Remember! Integration constant are not written in definite integrals since they
always cancel in them:
𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥)
= [F(b) + C] – [ F(a) + C]
= F(b) + C - F(a) – C
𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = F(b) – F(a) → THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM (FTC),
PART 2
4
THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM (FTC), PART 2
Example 1:
3
Evaluate ∫−1(𝑥 3 + 1)𝑑𝑥
Solution:
3 1
∫−1(𝑥 3 + 1)𝑑𝑥 = [4 𝑥 3+1 + 𝑥]
𝑥4
= [ 4 + 𝑥]
34 (−1)4
= [ 4 + 3] − [ + (−1)]
4
81 1
= ( 4 + 3) − (4 − 1)
81 1
= +3− +1
4 4
= 24
Example 2:
6
Evaluate ∫2 (𝑡 2 + 1)𝑑𝑡
Solution:
6 1
∫2 (𝑡 2 + 1)𝑑𝑡 = [3 𝑡 2+1 + 𝑡]
𝑡3
= [ 3 + 𝑡]
(6)3 (2)3
=[ + 6] − [ + 2]
3 3
216 8
=( + 6) − (3 + 2)
3
8
= 72 + 6 - 3 − 2
1
= 73 3
5
’s More
3 𝑥 2 −4 2 𝑑𝑥
a. ∫0 𝑑𝑥 b. ∫−1
𝑥−2 𝑥
Solutions:
3 𝑥2
thus, ∫0 (𝑥 + 2)𝑑𝑥 = [ 2 + 2𝑥]
32
= [ 2 + 2(3)] − [0]
9
=2+6
= 10.5
b. The function f(x) = 1/x is discontinuous at 0 on [-1, 2], so FTC does not
apply. The discontinuity is unbounded, it is not removable, so it is not integrable
by our current understanding.
6
I Can Do
Activity 3
Fill in the blanks the information needed to make the solutions correct
3 𝑡4
1. ∫2 (𝑡 3 + 5) 𝑑𝑥 = [____ + 5𝑡]
(3)4 24
=[ + _____] − [ 4 + 5(__)]
4
16
= ( 4 + 15) − ( 4 + 10)
= + 15 − 4 − 10
4
= 21.25
2 𝑥3 𝑥2
2. ∫1 (𝑥 2 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = [ 3 − ]
____
23 _____ 13 12
=[3 − ]− [3 − ]
2 2
8 4 1 1
= ( 3 − 2) − ( 3 − 2)
8 4 1 1
=3− − +
2 3 2
7 3
=3− 2
= _______
Evaluate the following integral using FTC. Show your solutions in your notebook.
−6
3 32
1. ∫0 𝑥𝑑𝑥 6. ∫1 𝑥 5
2 1
2. ∫1 (𝑥 2 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 7. ∫0 (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3)𝑑𝑥
2 1
3. ∫−1 𝑥𝑑𝑥 8. ∫−1(𝑟 + 1)2 𝑑𝑟 Hint: square first
2 3
4. ∫−1(𝑥 2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 9. ∫2 (𝑥 3 − 4𝑥)𝑑𝑥
3 3 (𝑥 2 −1)
5. ∫0 (4 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 10. ∫−2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+1
7
8
ACTIVITY 1 ASSESSMENT
1. 21.25 1. 9/2 6. 5/2
2. 73 1/3 2. 5/6 7. 2 1/3
3. 3/2 8. 8/3
ACTIVITY 3 4. 15/4 9. 6 1/4
1. 4, 5(3), 2, 81 5. 3 10. -5/2
5
2. 2, (2)2 , 6
References
9
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