Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion

QUARTER 1
MODULE 1 :
Brainstorming for Research Topics
What this module is about
The 3 I’s: Inquiry, Investigation and Immersion module is a way of realizations that
come along their life such as the different issues which surrounds them. This query is the
act of asking for information that leads to exploration and absorption.

What you are expected to learn

Learning Objective:

1. The learner prepares a plan and focus on issues and ideas in their respective field.

Unlocking of Keywords

Inquiry - It is a question which you ask in order to get

some
information. It is the process of asking about or investigating
something in order to find out more about it.
Investigation - It is a proper inquiry or efficient study.

Immersion - It is the process of learning a skill by using nothing else

but
that skill. It is the fact of becoming completely involved in
something.
Research Study - Research is like exploring things to come up with the best idea/s
to response the needs of the society.
Concept - It is a conceptual representations, abstract objects or abilities
that make up the fundamental building blocks of thoughts and
beliefs

LESSON 1. Natural Inquiry

An inquiry is a method that has the aim of extending knowledge, undertaking
doubt, or solving a problem. A theory of inquiry is an interpretation of the various types of
inquiry and an action of the ways that each type of inquiry attains its aim.

1
 Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion

Now, to give you an idea on how to prepare for research, you may do the inquiry
based learning using the following steps mention below:

Focus. which is an ill-structured problem demands consideration of

diverse perspectives
Decide of a topic. think-aloud, asks probing questions, monitors and encourages
participants to decide a topic,
Understanding the problem. This will include clarifications of misconceptions and possibilities.
Design on the problem. this the final stage done to address problems within
manageable scales and extend their learning pathways.

Brainstorming is a way of inquiring ideas which will help you to develop concepts
and focusing technique by asking questions and knowing the interests of the persons
involve in the said issues . The potential ideas can be visualized for interpretations.

What I Have Learned

 Inquiry is an investigation. An act of asking information and seeking for truth and
information by interrogation/questioning.
 Know better the issues in the society. Clearly define the issue at hand. Start breaking
down the problem into components.
 Jot down issues which is much important to answer.
 Steps of preparing research: focus, decide on topic, understand the problem, decide on
the problem
 Treat the problem by assessing your problems and developing your treatment plan.

MODULE 2 :
IDENTIFYING THE PROBLEM AND ASKING THE QUESTION
Overview
It deals with identifying the inquiry and stating of the problem. It walks the students towards designing a
research project related to daily life, describing justifications or reasons for conducting the research stating the
background of the problem, presenting the Conceptual Framework, stating the Research Hypothesis, presenting
a written statement of the problem, asserting the definition of terms, stating the Importance of the study, and
determining scope and delimitation of the study.

This module has 7 lessons:

2
 Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion

1. Background of the problem

2. Conceptual Framework
3. Research Hypothesis (for Quantitative Research)
4. Statement of the Problem
5. Importance of the study
6. Scope and limitations of the study
7. Definition of terms
What you are expected to learn?
After going completed this module, you are able and expected to:
1. Explain the background of the study
2. Formulate the conceptual framework
3. Formulate clearly statement of research problem
4. State research definition of terms
5. Write a statement of the problem showing the following parts:
 Importance of the study
 Scope and delimitation of the study

LESSON 1: Background of the Problem

XXX_After you have carefully written your previous activities and perhaps ran it
through your associates though a many of times. While there are many elements for your
readers is the background of the study. The background of your study will provide context to
the information discussed throughout the research process. The background information of
your study may include both important and relevant studies.
Furthermore, the background of the study will deliberate your statement of the
problem, rationale, and research questions. It links the introduction to your research study and
guarantees a logical flow of ideas. Thus, it helps readers understand and comprehend your
reasons and explanations for conducting the study.

LESSON 2: Conceptual Framework

Researchers create and generate theoretical and conceptual frameworks that comprise
a philosophical and methodological model to help and aid to design their work.
A conceptual framework is an analytical tool with several variations and contexts that
can be applied in different categories of work where an overall picture is needed in order to
come up with the desired goal. It is necessary to make conceptual and theoretical distinctions
and organize ideas. Strong and resilient conceptual frameworks capture and apprehend
something real and do this in a way that is easy to remember and apply.

The theoretical and conceptual frameworks provide evidence of academic standards

and procedures that validates the authenticity of the study. They also proposed an explanation
and clarification of why the study is relevant and how the researcher expects to fill the gap in
the literature.

How to make a Conceptual Framework

As written by Maria Magher, A conceptual framework is a bit like a recipe or a blueprint.
It provides an outline of how you plan to conduct the research of your thesis, but it goes further
than that by also positioning your work within the larger field of research.

a. Conduct a Literature Review

Before you can have your own research, you need to understand and comprehend what
research has already been conducted on your topic of interest and curiosity. Conducting a
3
 Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion

literature review can help you to refine your central argument or hypothesis. You must also
conduct and gather the literature review to be able to place and organize your work within
the larger and greater area of study in your conceptual framework. Your framework
should present the relevant research ad show how your work will help to advance the field.

b. Create a Flow Chart

Conceptual frameworks are frequently visual in nature and allow those reading the
framework to understand the course of your research. You can present this in whatever
way makes the most sense for your work, which can include a flow chart, mind gap or
diagram. In every component of your research you should showcase the variables that
influence it.

c. Write a Narrative
Conceptual frameworks don’t have to include a diagram or graphic. You can always
present the same information and evidences by writing a narrative. Your narrative should
recap the variables influencing your research and explore how they may change the
hypothesis. The narrative should also explain and enlighten the basic methodology for
your research. If you include a diagram in your conceptual framework, a narrative should
also be included explaining these details for those who prefer more in-depth information.
Bolded headers to separate the sections of your narrative and to create a visual order of
information.

d. Return and Revise

As you begin your research, you may discover that certain elements of your conceptual
framework no longer needed. You will discover new variables, or you may identify that
your hypothesis is incorrect. You may discover additional research that challenges your
own theory and ideas. You should return to your framework and revise it if necessary.

Sample Schematic Diagram:

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

DemographicProfileofthe
respondents in terms of:
Age
Gender
Academic Achievement of 4Ps Pupils-Recipients
Occupation
Grade Level of the
parents
Monthly income of the
parents
interactive Method

LESSON 3: Research Hypothesis

Research Hypothesis is vital to all research endeavours, whether
qualitative or quantitative, exploratory or explanatory.
4
 Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion

In developing a testable research hypotheses takes skill, however, along with careful
attention to how the proposed research method treats the development and testing of
hypotheses.
The hypothesis in your study, you are predicting the relationship between two variables.
Following are some hints for the formulation of your hypothesis.

1. Be certain to read on the subject matter to explain with it before making a final decision
2. As noted, a research hypothesis is more than just a topic. It has two elements (variables)
that are in relation to each other. Your hypothesis is what you propose to “prove” by your
research. As a outcome of your research, you will arrive at a conclusion, a theory, or
understanding that will be useful or applicable beyond the research itself.
3. Avoid judgmental and critical words in your hypothesis.
4. Your hypothesis must involve an issue or question that cannot be answered exclusively by
the discipline of law.
5. Be certain that each term I your hypothesis is clearly understood and defined, do not deal
in generalities or assume that the reader knows the meaning of the technical term.
6. Specify, if appropriate, whether you will be dealing with state or federal law or both on a
comparative basis if appropriate.
7. Know that your hypothesis may change over time as your research progresses.
You must obtain the professor’s approval of your hypothesis, as well as any
modifications to your hypothesis, before proceeding with any work on the topic.

You will be expressing your hypothesis in 3 ways:

1. As a one-sentence hypothesis.
2. As a research question.
3. As a title for your paper.

Your hypothesis will be part of your research proposal. Sample on Research Hypothesis:
Null Hypothesis:
1. There is no significant relationship between respondents profile in the aca demi c
achievement.

LESSON 4: Presentation of Written Statement of the Problem

Research studies generally include the succeeding interconnected portions.

Purpose of the statement of the Problem

Marshall and Rossman (1995) explain clearly the purposes of the problem statement or
inquiry.
1. To describe the substantive focus of the research study
2. To frame it as
a. A larger theoretical policy
b. A practical problem and thereby, develop its significance
3. To pose initial research questions
4. To forecast the literature to be discussed in the second section and
5. To discuss the limitations of the study.

LESSON 5: Significance of the Study

This portion discusses how to write this section and provides an example to illustrate
the different techniques.
In actual fact, the section on significance of the study provides information to the reader
5
 Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion

on how the study will contribute. It must be exactly stated, however, what the study will
contribute and who will benefit from it.

Sample Significance of the study:

Significance of the Study
The researcher believed that the result of this study will help the following assess the 4Ps
program and its effect to the performance of the pupils.

The Department of Social Welfare and Development. The researcher believes that the
result of this study will be of great importance to the department since they are the ones
monitoring the 4Ps program. May this study serve as the basis in the modification of the
conditions in giving cash grants

The Administrators. The result of the study would be the basis of constructing and
implementing new and innovative teaching aids to help teachers fully supervise and assess
the pupils to achieve their full potential, since children are financially supported in their studies
by the government.

The Teachers. The result of this study may help the teacher in constructing and
developing new teaching strategies to help the students in their performance and be mindful
that even if students are provided and supported by government, they still need equal
guidance to perform well in school. The factors affecting the performance of the students
may also help the teacher as their basis in making daily lessons.

The Parents. The result of this study will inform the parents that their guidance is a big
impact on the performance of the students in school.

The Students. May the result of this research helps the student in understanding that
coming to school daily may be a guarantee that they will also have good academic
performance. And may the result give them the overview of how the government is supporting
their studies and that they must do their part by studying well.

LESSON 6: Scope and Limitation of the Study

As mentioned in other topics, to broad topics will lead the research nowhere.
The scope and delimitation of the study sets borders and limitations of the problem
inquiry and narrows down the scope of the inquiry.

Examples of Delimitation of Research

1. This study covers only those families in Barangay San Jose, Pasig City, benefited by
the government’s Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program.
2. This study includes only those English freshman classes that use both Blended Learning
and standard ways of Language teaching.

Definition of Terms
Glossary of Research Terms- this glossary is intended to assist you in
understanding commonly used terms and concepts when reading,
interpreting, and evaluating scholarly research in the social sciences.

Types and Functions

a. Conceptual Definition
Refers to the dictionary meaning.

6
 Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion

b. Operational Definition
Is the meaning of the concept or terms as used in a particular study.

Sample Operational Definition of Terms:

Conceptual Definition Operational Definition

Academic Performance CCT or Conditional Cash Transfer

It is the product of education- the This is a program that transfers cash,

degree to which a student, teacher or largely to deprived families, on the
organization has attained their circumstance that those families make
educational goals. It is dignified by prespecified funds in the
the final grade earned in the course. human assets of their kids.

What I Have Learned

This module discussed the usefulness of research in daily life. This module emphasized
that research titles must be specific and precise because broadly stated topics lead nowhere.
The Background of the study of the research states the rationale of the study, as well as
the surrounding circumstances on why the study is carry out. The statement of the problem is
clearly more shown the research questions which shows the focus of the research study.
The scope and delimitation of the study sets boundaries and parameters of the study.
The significance of the study cites the benefits of the study as well as its beneficiaries.

MODULE 3 : Reading on Related Studies

Review of Related Literature has always been an important and critical part of a
research paper. In this section, the different researches, articles, journals and all other
publications related to the chosen research topic will be identified, located, summarized
and analyzed.

At the end of this module you are expected to learn the following:
a. define and distinguish the definition, characteristics and mechanism of the review of related
literature;
b. formulate review of related literature for their respective research studies; and
c. Appreciate the importance of the review of related literatures in completing research studies.

What is Research?
Research is a process of systematic inquiry that entails collection of data;
documentation of critical information; and analysis and interpretation of that
data/information, in accordance with suitable methodologies set by specific
professional fields and academic disciplines.

7
 Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion

LESSON 1. Selection of Related Literatures

Review of Related Literatures, as stated in the Overview, is one of the major
components of a research paper. It gives an overview of all the writings relative to a
specific topic (Prieto,Naval & Carey, 2017). Therefore, selecting the right sources for
the literature review is very important in producing a quality research paper.

After you have chosen your research topic and crafted your 1 st Chapter
(Introduction), the next step for the completion of your research paper is the writing of
the Review of Related Literature. When writing your RRL, you must first consider the
sources that you are going to use as bases for the contents of this chapter. RRL
sources are commonly classified into two major types; namely:

a. Primary source- publications or writings wherein a researcher reports the results of their
own studies. Example: Monthly, quarterly or annual journals.
b. Secondary source- publications or writings wherein a certain author describes the work of
another author. Example: Textbooks, encyclopedias, yearbooks As much possible, use
the primary sources to avoid tampering and miscommunications on the data.

In identifying a possible source of your RRL, you can refer to the following
characteristics below:
1. The sources that you should use must be new or recent as possible.
2. It must be unbiased and objective as possible.
3. It must be relevant to your topic.
4. It must be in adequate number, not too few nor too many.

LESSON 2. Citation of Related Literatures

Manners of Citing Sources
After identifying your research title, crafting your Introduction and finding your possible sources for your
literatures, the next thing that must be truly considered by a researcher is the means of citing his/her used
literatures. Proper citation of a source is important for you to avoid complications and problems on the
authenticity of your data once your paper is already published.
Citation, in research, is defined as a means of informing your readers that a certain information came
from a specific source and you just borrowed it to widen the explanation of a certain situation or data of your
research. When citing literatures, you as the researcher, must see to it that information borrowed from other
authors are properly cited. The means of proper citation is shown below.
Citing of sources comes in two (2) manners, namely: a) in-text citation and b) referencing list.

I. In-text citation refers to all of the citations that can be found in all of the chapters in your research
paper. The commonly used information in this manner of citation are the following:
i. Author’s name
ii. Date of the publication of the source
iii. The page number where you found the information.

II. Referencing list refers to the bibliography and/or references of your research paper. This holds the
summary of the information of all of your sources. Information needed in making the referencing list
involves the following:
i. Author’s name
ii. Date of the publication of the source.
iii. The page number where you found the information.
iv. Publisher
v. Place of Publishing
vi. Volume
vii. Edition

8
 Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion

viii. Other relevant information

I. IN TEXT- CITATION
In the in text- citation of author(s) of the related literatures, three (3) guidelines should be considered,
namely: a) by author or writer, b) by topic and c) chronological means of citation.
i. By author or writer
- In this method of citation, all your data and information, facts, ideas or principles from your
sources are discussed or explained separately.
Example:
Cruz (2002) states that research is …
Dela Torre (2005) described conduct of research as …
- In this example, it is evident that by using by author or writer method, the information
coming from a specific author will be discussed separately from the others.
ii. By topic
- This method of citation is used when a number of authors or sources gives the same information about a
certain topic. The citation of the information will be granted to all of the authors.
Example:
Accordingly, research is … (Rio, 2000; Luna & Magsaysay, 2005).
- In this example, the authors (Rio, Luna and Magsaysay) shared the same information about research. When
you are going to use this information, make sure to cite ALL of the authors that published this said
information.
iii. Chronological
- Citing literatures using the chronological method involves sequencing the information based on the year it
was published.
Example:
Yu (2005) states that …
Ang (2007) discussed all about …
Chu (2010) deliberated regarding …
- In this example, the sources are arranged chronologically from the earliest to the latest.

Citations Styles
In citing literatures, you as a researcher, must see to it that citations of your sources are done correctly.
Citations styles are referred to as the format of the information needed during the citation. There are three (3)
most common citation styles that are used to cite sources, namely: a) American Psychological Association
(APA), b) Modern Language Association (MLA) and c) Chicago Manual of Style (CMS). These three citation styles
will be thoroughly discussed on the proceeding discussions.

1. American Psychological Association (APA)

This citation is commonly used when a researcher works in social science-related researches. APA
follows an author-date format, wherein, the needed information for its in-text citation is the author’s surname
and the year of publishing. APA follows different formats for varying author and its number. Citing in APA format
is shown in the next page.

I. APA Citation for works with one (1) author

In working with APA citation style for one author sources, you will need the author’s surname and the
year of its publication.
Example:
By author: Lee (2005) states that the earth is …
By topic: The composition of earth is … (Lee, 2005).

II. APA Citation for works with two (2) authors

Citing sources with two authors using APA style still needs the authors’ surnames and the year of
publication. The format varies whether you want to use a by author or by topic manner of citation.
Examples:

9
 Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion

By author: Kim and Lee (2009) states that …

By topic: Accordingly, … (Kim & Lee, 2009)
In the by topic manner, the word “and” will be replaced by a symbol “&” which is known as the
ampersand. The authors’ surname and the year of publishing is separated by comma (,).

III. APA Citation for works with three (3) to five (5) authors
The information needed in this number of authors are still the authors’ surname and the year of
publication. The format varies on the manner of citation used and the frequency of its usage.
Examples:
By author: Kim, Lee, Young and Yu (2015) discussed …
By topic: Today’s generation … (Kim, Lee, Young&Yu, 2015).

In the by topic manner, the replacement of the word “and” to “&” is still applicable. Still, authors’
surname and the year of publication will be separated using a comma.
If you wish to use the same source for a multiple time, different format will be followed.
Examples:
By author: Kim et al. (2015) discussed that …
By topic: Today’s generation … (Kim et al., 2015).

In this format, the citation will be shortened by sustaining the first author and replacing the others by
the word “et al.” which means “and others”. In “et al.”, the period will be placed only after the “al.”.

IV. APA Citation for works with six (6) to ten (10) authors
Citing literature with this number of authors follows the following format:
Examples:
By author: Lee et al. (2015) discussed that …
By topic: Today’s generation … (Lee et al., 2015). This format will be used in all of the citations made.

V. APA Citation for works with associations, corporations, government agencies, etc. as the author
In this case, the associations, corporations, government agencies will serve as the author. The year of
publication is still needed.
Examples:
By author: According to the Department of Education (2012) …
By topic: The education is … (Department of Education, 2012).

However, if the associations, corporations, government agencies have a well-known abbreviation, the
abbreviations can be added in the first citation and will be used the proceeding citations to follow. Abbreviations
shall be enclosed in a bracket [ ].
Examples:
First Citation: Department of Education [DepEd] (2012)…
Second Citation: DepEd (2012) discussed …

VI. APA Citation for works with indirect sources

Indirect sources refer to sources that were mentioned in another source. In this case, the primary
author is needed, the year it was published and its page number.
Example:
Brown discussed that … (as cited by Smith, 2002, p. 92).
The primary authors’ last name, year and page is separated by comma.

VII. APA Citation for electronic sources

Electronic sources refer to materials that are in an electronic form, i.e. pdf files. For this type of source,
the citation follows the author-date format, varying from its number of authors.
Examples:
By author: Perry (2006) states that the …
By topic: The … (Perry, 2006).
10
 Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion

VIII. APA Citation for websites with author and year published
In citing literatures from this source, the author-date format is still used.
Examples:
By author: John (2010) states that the …
By topic: The … (John, 2010).

IX. APA Citation for websites without author but with the year published
In citing this source,the title will replace the author and will follow the author-date format. The title will
be enclosed in quotation marks (“).
Examples:
By author: “The Solar System” (2012) ….
By topic: It is said that … (“The Solar System”, 2012)

X. APA Citation for websites with author but without year published
To cite these sources, date will be abbreviated by “n.d.”, which means “no date”.
Examples:
By author: Green (n.d.) stated that …
By topic: Accordingly, … (Green, n.d.)

XI. APA Citation for websites without author and year published
To cite these sources, use the title of the enclosed with quotation marks (“) in lieu to the author, and
write “n.d.” to specify no date.
Examples:
By author: “The Hydrosphere” (n.d.) …
By topic: Accordingly, … (“The Hydrosphere, n.d.)

2. Modern Language Association (MLA)

MLA is one commonly used citation styles in research papers which concerns in liberal arts and
humanities. Unlike APA, MLA follows an author- page format, wherein authors’ surname and the page number
where it could be found is needed. Format for the MLA style is shown below.

MLA Style Format:

I. Citing Print Sources
In the MLA format, the page number is always enclosed in a parenthesis and can be found at the ending of each
statement. The authors’ surname and the page number are NOT separated by a comma.
Examples:
Grey stated that …. (50). Accordingly, …. (Grey 50).

3. Chicago Manual of Style (CMS)

CMA is a citation style that present two basic documentation systems:
a) notes and bibliography and b) author-date. The use of the two documentation systems differ from the subject
matter and the sources cited.

1. Notes and Bibliography System

This documentation system is preferred in researches concerning the field of humanities such as
literature, arts and history. In this system, bibliographic information such as notes and bibliography are needed.
Footnotes or end notes are placed in the bottom part of the paper and holds a complete information relative to
the source.
1) CMS- Notes and Bibliography system citation for works with one author
Example:
In-text Citation:
Levi discussed that today’s tap water is not suitable for drinking anymore. 1
End note:
John Levi, Our water of today, (New York, LMR Publishing, 2016), 305
11
 Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion

In the example above, the information to be included in the in- text citation are the author and
the number in the endnote that is categorized by the superscript. The end note follows the format:
Author’s first name, author’s last name, Title, (Place of Publication, Publisher, year published)reference
page.

2) CMS- Notes and Bibliography system citation for works with two authors The format for this system is
the same as those with one author.
Example:
In-text Citation:
Levi and Charles discussed that today’s tap water is not suitable for drinking anymore. 1
End note:
John Levi and Thomas Charles, Our water of today, (New York, LMR Publishing, 2016), 305
3) CMS- Notes and Bibliography system citation for works with four or more authors
This system follows the same format as of the preceding two. Only one name of the author will
be presented, followed by et al. to represent the remaining authors.
Example:
In-text Citation:
Levi et al. discussed that today’s tap water is not suitable for drinking anymore. 1
End note:
John Levi et al., Our water of today, (New York, LMR Publishing, 2016), 305

2. Author-Date System
The CMS author-date system is commonly used when a researcher will pursue studies in line with
physical, natural and social sciences. Unlike the notes and bibliography system, this system uses the author’s
surname and date of publication. The complete information of the source will be given in the bibliography
section.
1) CMS- Author-Date system citation for works with two authors
Example:
In-text: It is stated that … (Cruz 2003, 378).
This is the format for this system: (Author’s last name year, page).
2) CMS- Author-Date system citation for works with four authors
Example:
In-text: It is stated that … (Cruz et al. 2003, 378).
In this case, reflect only the first author and replace the remaining with et al.

II. REFERENCING LIST

Referencing list is the other means of citing literatures. Commonly, this list is noted in the
references/bibliography section of the paper. Each citation style follows different format in making referencing
list. The format of the citation styles as discussed by Torneo and Clamor-Torneo (2017) are as follows.

1. APA Citation Style

When using the APA Citation style, referencing list is found at the end of the paper. It commonly
contains all information of the literatures that are cited in the paper. When following the APA format, all
references are listed alphabetically according to their surnames. Some reminders when using the APA format is
given below:
a. You should use a hanging indention. All lines, except the first one, must be indented by 0.5 from the left.
b. When writing the author’s name, surname must come first before the given name. Given name must be
represented by initials. When there are two or more authors, ellipses must be used to separate them.
c. The first word of the title must be capitalized. Other necessary publication information, major words
and proper noun should follow the same format.

Here are the guidelines of making a referencing list using the APA format from different sources.
1.1. Books
12
 Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion

Format: Author’s last name, Author’s given name and middle name initials, (Year of publication). Title of
work: Subtitle. Location: Publisher.
Example: James, B.N. (2009). The history of the universe: Knowing the truth out of our existence. Los
Angeles, California: LMS Publishing.
1.2. Journal Articles
Format: Author, A.A., Author, B.B., & Author C.C. (Year). Title of the article. Title of Periodical, volume
number (issue number), pages.
Example: Gonzales, P. (2010). Chemistry and life: A study on the functions and importance of chemistry
in daily life. Chemistry Trivia. Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 887-893.
1.3. Online news articles
Format: Author, A.A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper. Retrieved from
http://www.address.com/full/url/
Example: Cruz, K.L. (2019, January 23). The election mania. KBS News. Retrieved from
http://www.kbs.com/the_election_mania_2019
1.4. Online lecture notes and presentation slides
Format: Author, A.A. (Year). Title of article [file format]. Retrieved from
http://www.address.com/full/url
Example: Dela Cruz, A.N. (2019). The big bang theory [ppt]. Retrieved from
http://www.drive.google.com/file/6thgrkvlw5%bgmh/

2. MLA Citation Style

The MLA citation style commonly needs a Works Cited page on a different page at the end of the
research. All cited literatures in the body of the research must be cited in the Works Cited. The list of the
authors must be arranged alphabetically by its surnames. Here are some considerations that you must look into
when using the MLA Citation Style.
a. Hanging indention format must also be followed. Subsequent lines of each entry must be indented
by 0.5 from the left.
b. In using the MLA format, the author’s last name will be followed by the author’s complete given
name. If middle name is given, it should also be written after the given name. if the author has name
suffixes, it should be written at the last part.
c. All words in the title must be capitalized. Prepositions or conjunctions are excluded by this rule,
except if it is the first word of the title.

To understand more of the MLA Citation, here are format to be used:

2.1. Books
Format: Last name, First name. Title of Book. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium
of Publication.
Example: James, Brian. The history of the Universe: Knowing the Truth out of Our Existence. Los Angeles,
California: LMS Publishing, 2009. Print.

2.2. Online Journal Articles

Format: Last name, First name. “Title of Article”. Title of Publication, volume and issue number, (year of
publication). Date of access.
Note:
I. If the journal is exclusively available online, write “n.pag.” to denote that there is not
pagination of the publication.
II. If there is a print copy, provide the copy of page number and the medium of publication used.
Examples:
I. Gonzales, Pedro. Chemistry and Life: A Study on the Functions and Importance of Chemistry in
Daily Life. Chemistry Trivia. Vol. 3, No. 2, (2010):n.pag. 3 March 2011.
i. Gonzales, Pedro. Chemistry and Life: A Study on the Functions and Importance of
Chemistry in Daily Life. Chemistry Trivia. Vol. 3, No. 2, (2010): 887-893. Web. 3 March
2011.
13
 Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion

2.3. Online News Articles

Format: Last name, First name. “Title of the article”. Title of News Article. Date of Publication. Medium
of publication. Date of access.
Example: Cruz, Kyrie. “The Election Mania”. KBS News. (13 Dec. 2018). Web. 23 January 2019.

2.4. Online Lecture Notes and Presentation Slides

Format: Last name, First name. “Title of Presentation”. Date file was created. Medium
Example: Dela Cruz, Angelo. “The Big Bang Theory”. 1 February 1998. Powerpoint Presentation.

3. CMS Citation Style

In using the CMS Citation Style in making references, the sources will be arranged alphabetically,
through the author’s last name. Referencing list in CMS is termed as “Bibliography”. Bibliography must include
all the cited literatures in the research body.
Here are some guidelines of making bibliography.

3.1. Books
Format: Last name, First name. Title of Book. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication.
Example: James, Brian. The history of the universe: Knowing the truth out of our existence. Los Angeles,
California: LMS Publishing, 2009.

3.2. Online Journal Articles

Format: Lat name, First name. “Title of the article”. Title of Publication, volume and issue number, (year
of publication). Pages. Date when accessed. doi or url.
Example: Gonzales, Pedro. “Chemistry and Life: A Study on the Functions and Importance of Chemistry
in Daily Life”. Chemistry Trivia. Vol. 3, No. 2, (2010): 887-893. March 3 2011.
http://www.chemistry.org/journal_on_chemistry_and_lif e/

3.3. Online News Articles

Format: Last name, First name. “Title of the article”. Title of News Article, Date of publication. url. Date
of access (if necessary)
Example: Cruz, Kyrie. “The Election Mania”. KBS News. (Dec. 13 2018).
http://www.kbsnews.com/the_election_mania. January 23 2019.
3.4. Online Lecture Notes and Presentation Slides
Format: Last name. First name. “Title of Presentation”. Date of access or if available, date last modified.
url.
Example: Dela Cruz, Angelo. “The Big Bang Theory”. February 15, 1998.
http://www.powerpointslides.com/the_big_bang_theory

MODULE 4:
UNDERSTANDING WAYS TO COLLECT DATA
What I Need to Know
The 3 I’s : Inquiry, Investigation and Immersion module is a way of realizations
that come along their life such as the different issues which surrounds them. This query
is the act of understanding ways to collect data using explicit processes or techniques
used to recognize, choose, process and analyze data about an issue.
This module has five (5) lessons:

14
 Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion

• Lesson 1 - Research Design

• Lesson 2 – Research Setting
• Lesson 3 -Respondents and Sampling Procedure
• Lesson 4–Research Instrument
• Lesson 5 – Treatment of Data Learning

Objectives:
1. The learner describes adequately research design (either quantitative or
qualitative), sample, instrument used in quantitative research, data collection
and analysis procedures.
2. Presents written research methodology.

Unlocking key terms:

Design- The overall plan for collecting the data in a research study
Population- A complete set of persons or objects that possess some Common characteristic
of interest to the researcher.
Sample- A subset of the population that is chosen to represent the population
Procedure- It is the collection process of Gathering and measuring Information on variables of
interest in a systematic way that enables one to answer stated research questions,
test hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes.
WHAT`S IN?
What is Research?
Research is a process of systematic inquiry that entails collection of data;
documentation of critical information; and analysis and interpretation of that
data/information, in accordance with suitable methodologies set by specific professional
fields and academic disciplines.

WHAT`S NEW?
Research Design
The research design states to the whole approach that you decide on to add the
different components of the study in a coherent and logical way, thereby, ensuring you will
effectively address the research problem; it constitutes the blueprint for the collection,
measurement, and analysis of data. Note that your research problem determines the type of
design you should use.

15
 Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion

What is It
To unlock the challenges, would you be interested in choosing which design?
1. Quantitative / Qualitative Research
a. Quantitative Research: Methods that give emphasis to objective measurements
and the statistical, mathematical, or numerical analysis of data collected through samples,
questionnaires, and surveys, or by employing pre-existing statistical data using
computational techniques. Quantitative research concentrates on collecting numerical data
and simplifying it across groups of people or to explain a particular phenomenon.
b. Qualitative Research: A systematic subjective approach used to describe life
experiences and give them meaning. To gain insight; explore the depth, richness, and
complexity inherent in the phenomenon.

c. Quantitative research are:

c.1. Survey research uses interviews, questionnaires, and sampling polls to get
a sense of behavior with intense precision.
c.2. Correlational research tests for the relationships between two variables.
C.3. Causal-comparative research looks to uncover a cause and effect
relationship. This research is not conducted between the two groups on each
other.
c.4. Experimental research is guided specifically by a hypothesis.

d. Qualitative research are:

d.1. Ethnography, you immerse yourself in the target participants’
environment to understand the goals, cultures, challenges, motivations, and
themes that emerge.
d.2. Narrative approach weaves together a sequence of events, usually
from just one or two individuals to form a cohesive story.
d.3. Phenomenological study is an appropriate qualitative method when
you want to describe an event, activity, or phenomenon
d.4. Case study a way of explaining an organization, entity, company, or
event which involves a deep understanding through multiple types of data
sources.
To come up with the chosen design whether quantitative or qualitative research,
think of which best suites in the given title or topic to explore the collective ideas and picture
out to reveal better understanding.Abstract is allowed to envision the young minds. Make your
own chapter 3 specifically the research design on the space provided
What’s More
16
 Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion

CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presented the research design, research setting, respondents and
sampling procedure, research instrument, data gathering procedure and statistical technique.

Research Design
This study utilized the descriptive-qualitative method in order to achieve the purpose
of this study - which is to determine and describe the experiences of women with breast
cancer from Thrive Breast Cancer Support Group in Cagayan de Oro City. It is descriptive in
a sense that the data obtained was analyzed and describe. Specifically use the
phenomenological type that describes the actual experiences of the women diagnosed with
breast cancer.

The researchers used an interview guide questionnaire as instrument. Based on the

result of the survey tool conducted, researcher was able to determine the details of
experiences of women with breast cancer.
1. Guide Questions:
a. What design did you choose?
b. Describe the design and relate the use of which in your particular study.
c. Which specific type of the research design is being used in your study?
d. Why did you choose such type? That sounds nice! Do you want to continue?

2. RESEARCH SETTING
What is research setting? = The area where the investigator conducts the study.

Behind mnemonic idea/sabout the issues in their chosen field is a great realization to
describe at different angles.

EXAMPLE:

Research Setting
The study was conducted in Macasandig, Cagayan de Oro City, one of the
respondents’ house. The house has a big room where they usually held the group gathering.
It can accommodate up to 50 persons. The respondents were comfortable in sharing their
experiences at this place. The time frame for the study was from November 2016- October
2017.
Construct a research setting on the space provided:
A good description of the place and specific details where the study took place is of
utmost important.

3. POPULATION (Respondents)
Persons who have been invited to participate in a particular study and have
actually taken part in the study.

4. SAMPLING PROCEDURE
Sampling Methods:

17
 Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion

a. Random sampling is a technique which uses randomization to make sure that

every element of the population gets an equal chance to be part of the selected
sample.
b. Stratified sampling is a technique which divides the elements of the population
into small subgroups (strata) based on the similarity in such a way that the
elements within the group are homogeneous and heterogeneous among the
other subgroups formed.
c. Convenience Sampling, here the samples are selected based on the
availability.
d. Purposive sampling: This is based on the intention or the purpose of study.
e. Quota sampling: This type of sampling depends of some pre-set standard. It
selects the representative sample from the population.
f. Referral/ Snowball sampling: This technique is used in the situations where the
population is completely unknown and rare.
Example below:
Respondents and Sampling Procedure
The respondents of the study comprised of twelve (12) women who experienced
breast cancer in Thrive Breast Cancer Support group in Cagayan de Oro city. The sampling
design that the researchers utilized was purposive sampling. The respondents who
participated in the study were women who are breast cancer survivors. The said respondents
chose because the said women were the only respondents who are willing and available to
share their experiences in breast cancer.
Create your own Example:
5. DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE
The process of gathering and measuring information on variables of interest,
in an established systematic fashion that enables one to answer stated research
questions, test hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes.

Methods are: the use of survey tool, questionnaire, interviews, observation,

instruments, and recorded data or resources.

Example
Data Gathering Procedure
Upon the approval of the proposal by the research committee, the researchers
secured a permit to conduct this study from the Dean of College of Nursing. During the visit,
the date of the collections of the data from the respondents was set.

The researchers gave an informed consent before the start of the interview. The
researchers used an interview guide questionnaires themselves to ask questions to the
respondents. The answers made by the respondents recorded and written on the interview
guide questionnaire as the data for this study. After gathering the data, the researchers
collected and made transcriptions of the gathered responses. After that, the researchers
analyzed and interpreted the data.

Statistical Techniques
The analysis interpretation of the gathered data was facilitating by used of the
following statistical measure.
18
 Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion

1. The frequency and percentage counts used to describe the tabulated data for
respondent profile.
a. Percentage distribution
Percentage % = f/n
Where %-percentage symbol

f- number of frequency responses n- number

of respondents

WHAT I HAVE LEARNED?

1. Research design is a systematic way of collecting data.
2. Research setting refers to the place where you are going to conduct your
study.
3. Respondents are the persons involved in your study.
4. Sampling is part of the population.
5. Data gathering procedure is how you are going to gather your data.

19