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Order Denying Wauwatosa's Motion To Dismiss
Order Denying Wauwatosa's Motion To Dismiss
Plaintiffs,
Defendants.
City of Wauwatosa, aimed at opposing police violence. (Fourth Am. Compl., Docket # 155.)
The plaintiffs sue the City of Wauwatosa (the “City”), former Wauwatosa Police Department
(“WPD”) Chief of Police Barry Weber, City of Wauwatosa Mayor Dennis McBride, WPD
WPD Officers Maria Arbiter, Jeffrey Farina, Joseph Lewandowski, Daniel Mitchell, George
Opelt, Robert Piehl, Russell Richardson, Joseph Roy, James Short, Brian Skornia, Luke
Vetter, Timothy Warren, Shane Wrucke, Kelly Zielinski, and John Doe Officers 1-100 (the
“John Doe Officers”) (collectively “the defendants”) for numerous constitutional and other
federal and state law violations. On February 1, 2022, apart from count twelve, I dismissed
plaintiffs’ Third Amended Complaint without prejudice. (Docket # 152.) The plaintiffs filed
a Fourth Amended Complaint (Docket # 155), and the defendants now renew their motion
BACKGROUND
On February 2, 2020, 17-year-old Alvin Cole was shot and killed by former WPD
Officer Joseph Mensah at the Mayfair Mall in Wauwatosa. (Fourth Am. Compl. ¶ 129,
Docket # 155.) On May 25, 2020, George Floyd, a Black man, was shot and killed at the
hands of a white police officer in Minnesota. (Id. ¶ 128.) In their Fourth Amended Complaint,
plaintiffs allege that in the wake of these deaths and others, throughout the summer of 2020,
the United States was “immersed in the largest social justice movement in history. In a
repudiation of anti-Black racism, white supremacy, police violence, mass criminalization, and
mass incarceration, millions joined demonstrations around the globe in solidarity against
police violence which was inspired by the tragic deaths of people such as George Floyd, Alvin
Plaintiffs allege that they, as well as thousands of others, engaged in a wide variety of
actions throughout the summer and fall of 2020, including rallies, marches, and other
“creative protests” to oppose police violence. (Id. ¶ 5.) Plaintiffs allege that one political
protest movement emerging in Wisconsin after George Floyd’s death was called The People’s
Revolution (“TPR”). (Id. ¶ 6.) TPR organized and began protesting in May 2020, after George
Floyd’s death. (Id. ¶¶ 6–7.) Then, in response to the peaceful protests, plaintiffs allege that on
or around May 25, 2020, Ratkowski, a city of Wauwatosa employee who works at the WPD,
created a “TPR Target List,” containing the names of persons Ratkowski perceived to be
affiliated with TPR. (Id. ¶ 10.) The Target List allegedly contained the names, photos,
addresses, dates of birth, and other personal information of those listed, and Ratkowski
allegedly indiscriminately distributed the list to local, state, and federal agencies. (Id.)
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Then, on June 1, 2020, Officer Mensah’s identity and role in the shooting of Alvin
Cole were made public. (Id. ¶ 137.) As a result, Wauwatosa became the center of several
protests while the Alvin Cole shooting was under review by the Milwaukee County District
Attorney’s office. (Id. ¶ 138.) On July 15, 2020, Wauwatosa’s Police and Fire Commissioner
suspended Officer Mensah with pay. (Id. ¶ 141.) Protests subsequently occurred in the City of
Wauwatosa on August 13 and 14 and September 5, 2020. (Id. ¶ 144.) On August 23, 2020,
Jacob Blake was shot in the back by a police officer in Kenosha, Wisconsin. (Id. ¶ 240.)
Emergency” (the “Emergency Order”) which enacted a curfew restricting pedestrian and
vehicular traffic on Wauwatosa streets from 7:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m. from October 7 to October
12, 2020. (Id. ¶ 235.) Mayor McBride allegedly instituted the curfew in anticipation of the
October 7, 2020 announcement from the Milwaukee County District Attorney’s Office that
Officer Mensah would not be criminally charged for Cole’s death and because of the
“unexpected tragic incidents” that occurred during protests in Kenosha in the wake of Blake’s
shooting. (Id. ¶¶ 234–35, 240.) Despite the curfew, protests occurred in the City of Wauwatosa
on October 8, 9, 10, and 11, 2020. (Id. ¶¶ 304–888.) Plaintiffs allege that thirty-eight of them
were given non-criminal tickets by WPD Officers for violating the Emergency Order during
Plaintiffs allege that they were ticketed, arrested, and/or targeted in and by the City of
Wauwatosa and its employees for being physically present or engaging in peaceful protests in
the wake of the homicides of George Floyd, Alvin Cole, and the shooting of Jacob Blake, and
for peacefully protesting the inequitable treatment imposed upon persons of color who have
been severely hurt or killed by police officers. (Id. ¶ 7.) Plaintiffs further allege that Mayor
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McBride signed the emergency proclamation on September 30, 2020 and declared the curfew
without the knowledge or approval of Wauwatosa’s Common Council, the local governing
body in Wauwatosa, and lacked the legal authority to do so. (Id. ¶¶ 237, 243.) They allege
that at the time McBride signed the Emergency Order, there were no credible threats to the
Plaintiffs allege that the Emergency Order gave rise to the WPD, Wauwatosa City
unconstitutional tactics that were clearly intended to injure, silence, and intimidate the
plaintiffs as well as all citizens. These abusive tactics included violently beating protestors,
engaging in false arrests, the creation of false arrest records, use of chemical agents, and
kettling protestors in enclosed areas. (Id. ¶ 15.) Plaintiffs allege that the police response also
STANDARD OF REVIEW
A motion to dismiss under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) challenges the sufficiency of the
complaint on the basis that the plaintiff has failed to state a claim upon which relief can be
granted. A complaint must contain “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the
pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). The Supreme Court has interpreted this
language to require that the plaintiff plead “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is
plausible on its face.” Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). In Ashcroft v.
Iqbal, the Supreme Court elaborated further on the pleadings standard, explaining that a
“claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to
draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged,” though
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this “standard is not akin to a ‘probability requirement.’” 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). The
allegations in the complaint “must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative
When determining the sufficiency of a complaint, the court should engage in a two-
part analysis. See McCauley v. City of Chicago, 671 F.3d 611, 616 (7th Cir. 2011). First, the court
must “accept the well-pleaded facts in the complaint as true” while separating out “legal
conclusions and conclusory allegations merely reciting the elements of the claim.” Id. (citing
Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 680). Next, “[a]fter excising the allegations not entitled to the presumption
[of truth], [the court must] determine whether the remaining factual allegations ‘plausibly
suggest an entitlement to relief.’” Id. (citing Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 681). As explained in Iqbal,
“[d]etermining whether a complaint states a plausible claim for relief will . . . be a context-
specific task that requires the reviewing court to draw on its judicial experience and common
sense.” 556 U.S. at 679. All factual allegations and any reasonable inferences must be
construed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Price v. Bd. of Educ. of City of
ANALYSIS
pursuant to 42 U.S.C. §1983; the Driver’s Privacy Protection Act (“DPPA”), 18 U.S.C. §
2721; Title VI; and Wisconsin state law.1 I will address each category of claims in turn.
Plaintiffs concede that the Seventh Claim for Relief should be dismissed. (Pls.’ Resp. Br. at 15, Docket # 187.)
1
As such, the Seventh Claim for Relief (Fourth Am. Compl. ¶¶ 996–1031) is dismissed.
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1. Section 1983 Claims
Plaintiffs bring the following causes of action pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983: First
Amendment Violation (Curfew Order) (Claim One); Fourteenth Amendment – Due Process
Denial (Claim Three); First and Fourteenth Amendment (Protestor List) (Claim Four); First
Amendment Retaliation (Claim Five); Deliberate Indifference (Claim Six); Excessive Force
(Claim Eight); Unlawful Arrest (Claim Nine); Unlawful Search and Seizure of Cars, Phones
As an initial matter, defendants argue that because defendants Weber, Arbiter, Farina,
Skornia, Vetter, Warren, Wrucke, Zielinski, and McBride are only named in their individual
capacities for “declaratory and injunctive relief only,” and because injunctive and declaratory
relief under § 1983 is only available against parties in their official capacities, the fourth
amended complaint fails to state a claim against these individuals. (Defs.’ Br. at 6–7.)
Defendants are correct that “injunctive relief against a state official may be recovered
only in an official capacity suit.” Hill v. Shelander, 924 F.2d 1370, 1374 (7th Cir. 1991); see also
Dertz v. City of Chicago, 912 F. Supp. 319, 328 (N.D. Ill. 1995), on reconsideration in part, No. 94
C 542, 1997 WL 85169 (N.D. Ill. Feb. 24, 1997) (“Moreover, the equitable relief that the
injunction barring the defendants from implementing the policy in the future—can be
obtained only from the defendants in their official capacities, not as private individuals.”). In
the fourth amended complaint, with the exception of McBride, who is sued in “his individual
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capacity for declaratory and injunctive relief only and in his individual capacity for punitive
damages,” (Fourth Am. Compl. ¶ 89), each individual defendant is sued in his or her
individual capacities for “declaratory and injunctive relief only” (id. ¶¶ 90–106).
Plaintiffs seemingly recognize their quandary, noting they made “an error” in the
parties section of the complaint. (Pls.’ Resp. Br. at 7.) Plaintiffs argue that they “have made
clear throughout the entirety of this litigation that they intend to bring suit against Defendants
for money damages,” and because they were only given two weeks to redraft their complaint,
they “apparently made an oversight in failing to remove the official capacity relief request
from the perfunctory parties section.” (Id.) Plaintiffs state that they “take responsibility to
immediately amend this complaint to correct this oversight” and argue that “to dismiss all of
Plaintiffs’ claims against the individual Defendants for a multitude of constitutional violations
would be exceedingly unjust and in contravention of the pleading standards.” (Id. at 7–8.)
Plaintiffs’ arguments are not persuasive. As an initial matter, plaintiffs’ assertion about
a “tight timeframe” is a nonstarter. This is the plaintiffs’ fourth attempt at re-drafting a proper
pleading. Furthermore, if plaintiffs needed additional time to file their fourth amended
complaint, they could have simply requested such leave from the Court. They did not.
Moreover, I am unconvinced that the plaintiffs “have made clear” throughout the litigation
that they were seeking money damages against the individual defendants. In the first iteration
of the complaint against Weber and McBride, plaintiffs specifically pled they were suing the
defendants in their official capacities for declaratory and injunctive relief only. (Compl. ¶¶ 9–
10, Docket # 1.) In the amended complaint, the plaintiffs sued Weber, McBride, and the John
Doe Officers each “in his official capacity for declaratory and injunctive relief only.” (Am.
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On August 21, 2021, however, when the plaintiffs filed their second amended
complaint (mistakenly titled third amended complaint), the plaintiffs specifically sued
McBride “in his official capacity for declaratory and injunctive relief only and in his individual
capacity for punitive damages”; whereas the remaining defendants were sued in their “official
capacity for declaratory and injunctive relief only.” (Second Am. Compl. ¶¶ 81–91, Docket #
47.) Plaintiffs then filed a Third Amended Complaint (titled the “Corrected Third Amended
Complaint”) on September 8, 2021, again suing all defendants in their “official capacity for
declaratory and injunctive relief only,” with the exception of McBride, who was sued “in his
official capacity for declaratory and injunctive relief only and in his individual capacity for
After alerting plaintiffs that their official capacity suits against the individual
defendants are treated as suits brought against the government entity itself and thus are
redundant to their claims against the City, the plaintiffs amended their complaint to sue
McBride in “his individual capacity for declaratory and injunctive relief only and in his
individual capacity for punitive damages,” (Fourth Am. Compl. ¶ 89), and to sue each other
individual defendant in his or her individual capacity for “declaratory and injunctive relief
Plaintiffs seem to argue that what they meant to plead was they were suing each
individual defendant in his or her individual capacity for money damages only. (Pls.’ Resp.
Br. at 7–8.) But that is not what the plaintiffs pled, either in this iteration of the complaint or
in the previous four iterations. Rather, plaintiffs were clear they were suing the individual
defendants under § 1983 for declaratory and injunctive relief only, and in fact, did specify
which defendant they intended to sue for money damages—Mayor McBride. Plaintiffs
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specifically changed their pleading to include a claim for money damages against McBride in
their second amended complaint, but the claims against the other individual defendants
As stated in the previous decision, while “[i]t is true that the pleading rules favor
decisions on the merits rather than technicalities[,] . . . these general principles have some
limits.” (Docket # 152 at 8, quoting Stanard v. Nygren, 658 F.3d 792, 800–01 (7th Cir. 2011).)
“Leave to replead need not be allowed in cases of ‘repeated failure to cure deficiencies by
amendments previously allowed.’” Id. at 801 (quoting Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182
(1962)). Plaintiffs will not be allowed to file yet another amended complaint. After failing to
correct its deficiencies in four attempts, I have little confidence that yet another amendment
would do anything beyond causing further delay in this case. Thus, the plaintiffs’ § 1983
claims against defendants Weber, Arbiter, Farina, Lewandowski, Mitchell, Opelt, Piehl,
Ratkowski, Richardson, Roy, Schimmel, Short, Skornia, Vetter, Warren, Wrucke, and
McBride in his individual capacity are dismissed. However, plaintiffs’ claim against McBride
in his individual capacity for money damages (First Claim for Relief) can go forward.
Plaintiffs allege that McBride illegally enacted the Emergency Order for the express purpose
of violating the plaintiffs’ First Amendment rights. (Fourth Am. Compl. ¶¶ 911–16.)
constitutional deprivation.” Carmody v. Bd. of Trustees of Univ. of Illinois, 893 F.3d 397, 401 (7th
Cir. 2018) (internal quotations and citations omitted). The Fourth Amended Complaint
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sufficiently alleges McBride’s personal involvement in the constitutional deprivation to go
forward.
Plaintiffs also bring claims five, eight, nine, ten, and twelve against John Doe Officers.
The complaint does not specify whether the claims are brought against the John Doe Officers
in their individual capacities, or whether they are requesting injunctive, declaratory, and/or
monetary relief against them. Defendants argue that the plaintiffs’ failure to identify John
Does 1-100 after sixteen months of litigation warrants dismissal of those individuals from this
lawsuit. (Defs.’ Br. at 3.) Plaintiffs counter that the statute of limitations has not yet run on
their claims, discovery has not yet concluded, and the City has failed to keep proper records,
all of which have impeded plaintiffs’ ability to identify the unknown officers. (Pls.’ Resp. Br.
at 3–6.)
While discovery was stayed on February 1, 2022 (Docket # 153), the John Doe
defendants have been parties to this action since the amended complaint filed on March 6,
2021 (Docket # 24). There was ample opportunity to conduct discovery during this nearly
year-long time frame. In fact, by January 2022, the parties had conducted numerous
depositions as well as exchanged written discovery. And the plaintiffs specifically requested
in Document Request No. 4 on January 5, 2021, for the defendants to provide: the “names of
all the Wauwatosa Police Officers, and the names of any local, state, or federal law
enforcement officers who assisted the Wauwatosa Police Department and the City of
Wauwatosa during the curfew from October 7, 2020 to October 12, 2020.” (Docket # 37.)
The defendants provided the plaintiffs with City of Wauwatosa staffing lists from the relevant
October dates on February 18, 2021. (Docket # 37-1 at 5.) When plaintiffs filed a motion to
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compel discovery responses on July 7, 2021, they specifically did not challenge the defendants’
Even in their most recent motion for sanctions filed on January 21, 2022 for alleged
Request No. 4 as to the names of the officers who assisted the WPD during the October 2020
curfew. (Docket # 137-17 at 4.) Rather, plaintiffs state that the responsive documents that
have not been handed over include the “executed contracts” or “executed agreements”
between various entities and the City or WPD. (Id.) These documents relate to the first part
of Document Request No. 4, not the second part, which covers the names of the officers who
Thus, while plaintiffs argue that their failure to identify the John Doe officers “is not
for a lack of trying,” but is “unfortunately in large part due to the lack of discovery
compliance” (Pls.’ Resp. Br. at 6), this statement does not comport with the record. Plaintiffs
had defendants’ response as to the names of the officers who worked that night and did not
challenge the defendants’ response. If the plaintiffs could not properly ascertain the John Doe
Officers’ identities with the responses given in the year-long timeframe given, it is unclear
how additional discovery will change this. For these reasons, I will dismiss the John Doe
Officer defendants.
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x Ninth Claim for Relief
What remains is plaintiffs’ First Claim for Relief against McBride in his individual capacity
The plaintiffs name the City of Wauwatosa in their first and third claims for relief. In
Monell v. Department of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658 (1978), the Supreme Court held that
municipalities and other local governmental bodies are “persons” within the meaning of §
1983. Id. at 689. However, a municipality is not liable under § 1983 unless the alleged
deprivation of constitutional rights was caused by a municipal policy or custom. Bd. of Cnty.
Comm'rs of Bryan Cnty., Okl. v. Brown, 520 U.S. 397, 403 (1997) (“[I]n Monell and subsequent
cases, we have required a plaintiff seeking to impose liability on a municipality under § 1983
to identify a municipal ‘policy’ or ‘custom’ that caused the plaintiff’s injury.”). A plaintiff may
establish municipal liability by showing “(1) an express policy that causes a constitutional
deprivation when enforced; (2) a widespread practice that is so permanent and well-settled
that it constitutes a custom or practice; or (3) an allegation that the constitutional injury was
caused by a person with final policymaking authority.” Waters v. City of Chicago, 580 F.3d 575,
The plaintiffs allege that the City enacted an unconstitutional Emergency Order on
September 30, 2020. (Fourth Am. Compl. ¶ 12.) They claim that the City had an official policy
of enforcing the Emergency Order and that this policy violated their First Amendment Rights.
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(Id. ¶¶ 905–909, 922, 925.) Defendants argue that the Fourth Amendment Complaint “makes
Br. at 9.) Plaintiffs allege, however, that the power to grant an emergency order flows from
Wis. Stat. § 323.11, which provides that the “governing body” of “any local unit of
government” can declare an emergency existing within the local government unit whenever
certain conditions arise. (Fourth Am. Compl. ¶ 244.) Plaintiffs allege that McBride lacked the
legal authority to unilaterally declare the Emergency Order without the approval of the
Common Council. (Id. ¶ 245.) They further allege that McBride enacted the Emergency Order
with the express intent to quell the plaintiffs’ political speech, as no condition existed which
would lead him to believe that violence or property destruction was imminent. (Id. ¶¶ 911–
16.) I find that these allegations sufficiently claim that the City had an express policy that
Plaintiffs also proceed against the City under a “final policymaker” theory. Plaintiffs
allege that McBride, as Mayor and chief executive for the City, is the final policymaker. (Id.
¶ 910.) They also allege, however, that McBride unilaterally signed the Emergency Order in
violation of the law. (Id. ¶¶ 12, 253–56.) Defendants argue plaintiffs cannot have it both ways,
either McBride lacked the authority to sign the Emergency Order (and thus arguably is not
the final policymaker) or he did have the final policymaking authority to enact the Emergency
law. Burger v. Cnty. of Macon, 942 F.3d 372, 375 (7th Cir. 2019). Plaintiffs allege that the proper
procedure for enacting an emergency order is found in Wis. Stat. § 323.11, which requires
that an emergency order be enacted by the “governing body” of a “local unit of government.”
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(Fourth Am. Compl. ¶ 244.) Plaintiffs further allege that Wis. Stat. § 323.14 provides an
emergency exception that permits an executive to declare an emergency where the emergency
necessitating the proclamation prevents the governing body from meeting. (Id. ¶ 249.) While
plaintiffs clearly allege that McBride was acting contrary to law when he enacted the
Emergency Order (id. ¶¶ 243–50), the complaint also alleges that McBride, as the executive,
did sign the Emergency Order, the Order went into effect, and law enforcement followed it.
At this stage, the question is whether plaintiffs have plead sufficient facts to allow the Court
to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the alleged misconduct. I find
the complaint alleges sufficient facts for the plaintiffs to proceed on a “final policymaker”
Finally, while defendants also argue that the underlying First Amendment claim fails
as a matter of law (Defs.’ Br. at 12–15), this is an argument more appropriately brought on
summary judgment, not on a motion to dismiss. Thus, I find the plaintiffs’ fourth amended
complaint sufficiently states a Monell claim against the City in the First Claim for Relief.
In the Third Claim for Relief, plaintiffs allege that the City violated their rights to due
process by maintaining the Target List and failing to provide a process by which individuals
could challenge their inclusion on the list. (Fourth Am. Compl. ¶ 942.) To state a procedural
due process claim, a plaintiff must allege the existence of a protected liberty or property
interest, see Domka v. Portage Cnty., Wis., 523 F.3d 776, 779 (7th Cir. 2008), and that plaintiff
was deprived of that interest without due process of law, Veterans Legal Defense Fund v.
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Plaintiffs allege that labeling one as affiliated with TPR was stigmatizing and harmful
to their reputations. (Id. ¶ 944.) But this does not properly state a due process claim as
“reputation is not a property or liberty interest within the meaning of the due process clauses
of the federal Constitution.” Bowens v. Quinn, 561 F.3d 671, 675 (7th Cir. 2009).
Similarly, plaintiffs allege that they were deprived of a liberty and/or property interest
in their personal information that was allegedly disseminated. (Id. ¶ 942.) Plaintiffs allege
defendants disseminated their photos, names, and identifying personal information such as
home address, phone number, and date of birth. (Id. ¶¶ 153, 942.) Again, for a plaintiff to
establish a protectible liberty interest, plaintiff must establish more than stigma; rather, “the
plaintiff also must establish the alteration of legal status.” Brown v. City of Michigan City,
Indiana, 462 F.3d 720, 731 (7th Cir. 2006). In other words, the plaintiff must show the
alteration or extinguishment of a right or status previously recognized by state law. Id. at 730.
Finally, plaintiffs plead that inclusion on the Target List caused deprivations of
employment. (Fourth Am. Compl. ¶ 946.) There may be a protectible property interest in
employment. Miyler v. Vill. of E. Galesburg, 512 F.3d 896, 898 (7th Cir. 2008). However,
whether one has a property interest in continued employment depends on the interest being
defined by an independent source, such as state law or a contract. Id. Here, the complaint
does not specify any particular plaintiff losing any particular employment opportunities due
to their inclusion on the Target List. Accordingly, the facts as alleged here are woefully
inadequate to claim a property right in employment that triggers due process protections.
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For these reasons, plaintiffs’ complaint falls far short of claiming a protectible liberty
or property interest of which they were deprived due process. The Third Claim for Relief is
The plaintiffs allege that Defendants Ratkowski and Roy violated the Driver’s Privacy
Protection Act (“DPPA”). (Second and Fourteenth Claims for Relief.) Under the DPPA, it is
“unlawful for any person knowingly to obtain or disclose personal information, from a motor
vehicle record, for any use” not permitted by the DPPA. 18 U.S.C. § 2722(a). An individual
whose personal information has been obtained or disclosed in violation of the DPPA may
Defendants argue that the claims against Ratkowski and Roy must be dismissed
because the plaintiffs sue the individual defendants in their individual capacities for
declaratory and injunctive relief only. (Defs.’ Br. at 19.) I disagree. The distinction between
“individual” and “official” capacity claims pertains to § 1983, not to the DPPA. The
complaint asserts a claim for damages under the DPPA, citing § 2724(b). (Fourth Am. Compl.
¶¶ 940, 1114.)
Defendants further argue that the complaint fails to state a claim because the officers’
actions were permissible under the statute. (Defs.’ Br. at 19.) Defendants argue that §
2721(b)(1) states that a permissible use of “personal information” includes: “use by any
government agency, including any court or law enforcement agency, in carrying out its
functions, or any private person or entity acting on behalf of a Federal, State, or local agency
in carrying out its functions.” Defendants argue that the complaint alleges the defendants
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disclosed the plaintiffs’ personal information in the course of their law enforcement duties and
as such, the complaint fails to state a claim under the DPPA. (Defs.’ Br. at 19–22.)
similarly argued that “as long as it can identify a subsection of the law under which some
exempt, whether it serves an identified purpose or not.” Senne v. Vill. of Palatine, Ill., 695 F.3d
597, 605 (7th Cir. 2012). The court expressly rejected that position. The court explained that
Id. at 606. The Seventh Circuit noted that the DPPA was passed predominantly as a public
safety measure and “[n]ot surprisingly, the Act’s expanded authority for law enforcement was
an important part of the same narrative.” Id. at 607. The court further noted, however, that in
the Congressional records, Senator Harkin qualified that the exception for law enforcement
use “‘is not a gaping loophole in this law.’” Id. (quoting 139 Cong. Rec. S15,962 (daily ed.
Nov. 17, 1993) (statement of Sen. Harkin)). Rather, the exception “‘provides law enforcement
agencies with latitude in receiving and disseminating this personal information,’ when it is
done ‘for the purpose of deterring or preventing crime or other legitimate law enforcement functions.’”
Id. at 608 (quoting 139 Cong. Rec. S15,962 (daily ed. Nov. 17, 1993) (statement of Sen.
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Harkin)) (emphasis in original). Thus, “[g]iven the concern of Congress for these safety and
security issues, the disclosed information actually must be used for the purpose stated in the
The complaint alleges that Ratkowski and Ray took “personal information,” as
defined by the DPPA, in the form of driver’s license photos, addresses, telephone numbers,
and dates of births, compiled a list, and then disseminated the information to hundreds of
people, including WPD officers, Wauwatosa elected officials, employees, and various other
third parties outside of the WPD. (Fourth Am. Compl. ¶¶ 935–37, 153–54, 893–95, 1103–14.)
They allege that the information was used to effectively create a list of people to harass and
surveil. (Id. ¶ 937.) It is entirely unclear how dissemination of this information served a role
crimes. Thus, at this juncture, I find the plaintiffs sufficiently state claims under the DPPA.
As such, the Second and Fourteenth Claims for Relief will go forward.
3. Title VI Claim
In the Eleventh Claim for Relief, plaintiff William Rivera sues the City under Title VI.
Title VI provides that “[n]o person in the United States shall, on the ground of race, color, or
national origin, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of or be subjected to
U.S.C. § 2000d. “To state a claim under Title VI, plaintiffs must allege facts satisfying two
elements: (1) that they have been intentionally discriminated against on the grounds of race;
and (2) that defendants are recipients of federal financial assistance.” Khan v. Midwestern Univ.,
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In the complaint, plaintiffs allege that the City receives federal financial assistance for
its programs and activities that are subject to the requirements of Title VI; specifically, the
City has received federal funds and has been awarded the Emergency Preparedness Grant as
well as over $20 million in funds from the American Rescue Plan from the federal
government. (Fourth Am. Compl. ¶¶ 1080–81.) Plaintiffs further allege that Rivera was
arrested while trying to return home from work during the curfew on October 9, 2020. (Id. ¶
1082.) Plaintiffs allege that Rivera was told by the arresting officer that he was arresting him
The defendants’ argument for dismissal of this claim appears to confuse Title VI with
§ 1983. Defendants argue that Rivera’s claim fails because he sued a John Doe officer, and
because he failed to allege a widespread illegal practice. (Defs.’ Br. at 11–12.) But in the
Fourth Amended Complaint, plaintiffs now correctly sue the City, not individual officers,
after being previously instructed that “the mere fact that the Defendants are employed by the
government . . . does not mean that they are recipients of federal funds.” (Docket # 152 at 29,
quoting Rogers v. Off. of the Att’y Gen., No. 1:16-CV-429-TLS, 2017 WL 2864950, at *3 (N.D.
And Monell does not apply to municipal liability under Title VI, it applies to municipal
liability under § 1983. The complaint sufficiently alleges facts necessary to state a claim under
Title VI—(1) that plaintiff Rivera was intentionally discriminated against based on his race
and (2) that the City is a recipient of federal financial assistance. For these reasons, plaintiff
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4. Malicious Prosecution Claim
In the Thirteenth Claim for Relief, plaintiffs Isiah Baldwin, Aidali Rivera, and
Rosalind Rogers sue Farina and Schimmel for malicious prosecution under Wisconsin state
law. There are “six essential elements” of a claim for malicious prosecution under Wisconsin
law:
(1) there must have been a prior institution or continuation of some regular
judicial proceedings against the plaintiff; (2) such former proceedings must
have been by, or at the instance of, the defendant; (3) the former proceedings
must have terminated in favor of the defendant therein, the plaintiff in the
action for malicious prosecution; (4) there must have been malice in instituting
the former proceedings; (5) there must have been want of probable cause for
the institution of the former proceedings; and (6) there must have been injury
or damage resulting to the plaintiff in the former proceedings.
Whispering Springs Corp. v. Town of Empire, 183 Wis. 2d 396, 404, 515 N.W.2d 469, 472 (Ct.
App. 1994). As to defendant Schimmel, plaintiffs allege that Schimmel, while acting within
the scope of his employment (Fourth Am. Compl. ¶ 100), maliciously prosecuted Rivera,
Baldwin, and Rogers without probable cause, that the judicial proceedings were ultimately
terminated in favor of the three plaintiffs, and Schimmel’s actions caused the plaintiffs
damage (id. ¶¶ 1093–1102). As to defendant Farina, the plaintiffs allege that Farina, while
acting within the scope of his employment (id. ¶ 92), ticketed the plaintiffs without probable
cause, leading to initiation of judicial proceedings against them that caused them damages
(id. ¶¶ 1093–1102).
The defendants argue that the plaintiffs specifically allege that both Schimmel and
Farina were acting within the scope of their employment while issuing and prosecuting the
citations and thus, under Wisconsin law, they have absolute immunity for their actions,
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As to Schimmel, under Wisconsin law, “[i]t has been recognized that prosecuting
attorneys, when acting within the scope of their prosecutorial functions, are absolutely
immune from damages, the theory being that in so acting they are performing a quasi-judicial
function.” Riedy v. Sperry, 83 Wis. 2d 158, 168, 265 N.W.2d 475, 480 (1978). The Wisconsin
Supreme Court has stated that: “Judicial officers acting in the exercise of their jurisdiction are
exempt from civil liability for malicious prosecution irrespective of the existence of malice or
corrupt motives. A public prosecutor acting in his official capacity is absolutely privileged to
initiate or continue criminal proceedings.” Bromund v. Holt, 24 Wis. 2d 336, 341, 129 N.W.2d
149, 152 (1964). In Ford v. Kenosha Cnty., 160 Wis. 2d 485, 466 N.W.2d 646 (1991), the
Wisconsin Supreme Court, quoting Judge Learned Hand, explained that the theory of
immunity is that “it is better to leave unredressed the wrongs done by dishonest officers than
to subject those who try to do their duty to the constant dread of retaliation.” Id. at 495, 466
N.W.2d at 650.
The cases plaintiffs cite do not counsel otherwise. Plaintiffs cite Burns v. Reed, 500 U.S.
478 (1991) and Kalina v. Fletcher, 522 U.S. 118, 120 (1997), for the proposition that
prosecutorial immunity is not absolute. (Pls.’ Resp. Br. at 27–28.) But in both of those cases,
the Supreme Court found the defense unavailable when prosecutors were performing a
function other than serving as an advocate in judicial proceedings. See Kalina, 522 U.S. at 126–
27. In Burns, the Court found that absolute immunity was unavailable when prosecutors were
giving legal advice to police during their pretrial investigation of the facts. 500 U.S. at 492–
96. And in Kalina, the Court addressed prosecutorial immunity in the context of a prosecutor
making false statements of fact in an affidavit supporting an application for an arrest warrant.
522 U.S. at 120. The Kalina Court reiterated, however, that “[w]e do not depart from our
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prior cases that have recognized that the prosecutor is fully protected by absolute immunity
The Fourth Amended Complaint alleges that Schimmel was acting within the
traditional functions of an advocate while prosecuting citations for the City of Wauwatosa.
Thus, under Wisconsin law, he is immune from damages for malicious prosecution. As such,
absolute immunity, only qualified immunity. (Pls.’ Br. at 28.) Defendants respond that the
doctrine of qualified immunity is inapplicable to their state law claims (Defs.’ Reply Br. at 12,
Docket # 189), citing Bromund in support (Defs.’ Br. at 29). In Bromund, the Wisconsin
Supreme Court stated that: “Although there is authority to the contrary, the same immunity
is, in general, extended to the police and other law enforcement officers acting within the
scope of their duties, with the possible exception of a situation where they themselves initiate
the complaint or concoct false evidence.” 24 Wis. 2d at 341, 129 N.W.2d at 152.
In Yarney v. State, Dep’t of Health & Soc. Servs., 1998 WL 345030, at * 5, 220 Wis. 2d
715, 583 N.W.2d 673 (Ct. App. 1998) (unpublished), the Wisconsin Court of Appeals noted
that it saw no reason to analyze a defendant’s state malicious prosecution claim differently
from his federal claims under 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981 & 1983. The Yarney court found that under
federal law, a nonjudicial officer, such as an investigator for the district attorney’s office, who
undertakes ministerial actions intimately related to the judicial process at the express direction
and control of the prosecutor, enjoys absolute immunity. Id. at *4. If, however, the
investigator initiates actions on his own, or carries out the investigatory functions of the
prosecutor, he loses his absolute immunity and is entitled only to qualified immunity. Id. And
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“[t]he qualified immunity evaporates only if the challenged actions are deemed to be clearly
I do not find that the facts as alleged show that Farina is entitled to absolute immunity.
While Farina may be entitled to qualified immunity, I will not decide that issue at this
juncture. See Hanson v. LeVan, 967 F.3d 584, 589 (7th Cir. 2020) (“[D]ismissal under Rule
12(b)(6) is not . . . always (if ever) the most suitable procedural setting to determine whether
an official is qualifiedly immune, because immunity may depend on particular facts that a
plaintiff need not plead to state a claim.”). The complaint alleges that Farina violated the
plaintiffs’ clearly established constitutional right to speak and gather when he allegedly issued
tickets to the plaintiffs with the intent to intimidate, dissuade, and chill their right to protest.
(Fourth Am. Compl. ¶ 204.) Thus, I cannot resolve the issue of qualified immunity at this
As noted above, the following claims are being dismissed, with prejudice:
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Once again, this Fourth Amended Complaint represents the complaint’s fifth iteration,
and its fourth amendment. In the February 1, 2022 Decision and Order dismissing the
plaintiffs’ Third Amended Complaint and granting leave to re-plead, the plaintiffs were
warned that continued failure to properly remedy the complaint’s errors risked dismissal with
prejudice. (Docket # 152 at 8.) This case has been pending for nearly two years, and only now
do we have a proper operative complaint. For these reasons, I find it appropriate to dismiss
the above claims with prejudice. See DJM Logistics, Inc. v. FedEx Ground Package Sys., Inc., 39
F.4th 408, 414 (7th Cir. 2022) (“Dismissal with prejudice of the fourth complaint was
warranted because the amendment of the third complaint failed to comply with the district
As to the Seventh Claim for Relief, the plaintiffs conceded that it should be dismissed
as redundant to the Fifth and Eighth claims for relief. (Pls.’ Br. at 15.) Although voluntary
dismissal under Rule 41(a)(2) is generally a dismissal without prejudice, given the plaintiffs’
agreement that the Seventh Claim for Relief is merely redundant of the Fifth and Eighth
claims, which are dismissed with prejudice, Claim Seven is also dismissed with prejudice.
Lewandowski, Mitchell, Opelt, Piehl, Richardson, Short, Skornia, Vetter, Warren, Wrucke,
Zielinski, and John Doe Officers 1-100 are dismissed from the case.
x The First Claim for Relief as to McBride, in his individual capacity, for money
damages;
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x The Second and Fourteenth Claims for Relief as to Ratkowski and Roy;
Defendants Farina, McBride, Roy, Ratkowski, and the City of Wauwatosa remain as
Nearly two years into the case, we finally have an operative complaint. The clerk’s office
will contact the parties regarding scheduling a conference. The parties are ordered to meet
and confer prior to the conference to discuss, given the claims and parties remaining in the
case, what additional discovery needs to be conducted. Particularly, given the remaining
claims and parties, I will revisit the allowable number of depositions. The parties should
confer on which depositions, if any, remain and be prepared to address this. As stated in the
February 1, 2022 Order, the parties will not be allowed to completely re-start discovery. The
parties must also propose an amended schedule for closing discovery, filing dispositive
motions, and conducting a jury trial. The proposal must be filed three (3) days prior to the
conference. The parties should aim to file a joint proposed schedule. Only if, after working
together in good faith, the parties are unable to jointly agree on dates, should the parties file
separate proposals.
Finally, given the new operative complaint, it is unclear which discovery motions
remain relevant. I will therefore deny the pending discovery motions without prejudice:
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x Defendants’ Motion for Protective Order (Docket # 116);
The parties are ordered to confer in good faith on any remaining discovery issues to
allow this litigation to move forward. Any relevant discovery issues that remain will be
ORDER
DENIED IN PART. Counts Three, Four, Five, Six, Seven, Eight, Nine, Ten, Twelve, and
Lewandowski, Mitchell, Opelt, Piehl, Richardson, Short, Skornia, Vetter, Warren, Wrucke,
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the discovery motions (Docket # 37, 79, 86, 116,
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the clerk’s office will contact the parties to set a
scheduling conference. The parties are ordered to meet and confer prior to the conference to
discuss what additional discovery is needed and to propose an amended scheduling order.
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Dated at Milwaukee, Wisconsin this 24th day of August, 2022.
COURT:
BY THE COUR
RT:
_________ _____
__
NANCY JOSEPH
United States Magistrate Judge
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