8/27/22, 2:15 AM G.R. No.

230519

Today is Saturday, August 27, 2022

  Constitution Statutes Executive Issuances Judicial Issuances Other Issuances Jurisprudence International Legal Resources AUSL Exclusive

FIRST DIVISION

[ G.R. No. 230519, June 30, 2021 ]

DANIEL G. IMPERIAL, PETITIONER, VS. PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, RESPONDENT.

DECISION

GAERLAN, J.:

Before this Court is a petition for review on certiorari1 under Rule 45 of the Rules of Court seeking to annul and set
aside the Decision2  of the Court of Appeals (CA) in CA-G.R. CR No. 36434 dated June 14, 2016, and its
Resolution3 dated March 8, 2017, denying the motion for reconsideration thereof. The assailed Decision affirmed the
April 26, 2013 Decision4  of the Regional Trial Court (RTC) of Muntinlupa City, Branch 205, finding the petitioner
Daniel G. Imperial guilty beyond reasonable doubt of the crime of qualified theft as defined and penalized by Article
310, in relation to Article 308, of the Revised Penal Code (RPC).

Petitioner Daniel G. Imperial (petitioner) was charged with the crime of qualified theft, by virtue of an Information
dated November 28, 2008, the accusatory portion of which reads:

That on or about the 25th day of April 2008, in the City of Muntinlupa, Philippines, and within the jurisdiction of this
Honorable Court, the above-named accused, being then the Head of the Maintenance Department of Now Trading
Concept Multi-Purpose Cooperative (NTC­MPC) herein represented by Melody Lorilla and as such charged for
possession and custody with the materials used for maintenance work, hence, enjoyed the trust and confidence
reposed upon him by the complainant, with intent to gain, with grave abuse of such trust and confidence and without
the knowledge and consent of the complainant, did then and there willfully, unlawfully and feloniously take, steal and
carry away complainant's One (1) roll of Royal Cord No. 14/3, 75 meters in length, worth Five Thousand Seven
Hundred Pesos (P5,700.00), to the damage and prejudice of Now Trading Concept Multi-Purpose Cooperative
(NTC-MPC) in the aforementioned amount of P5,700.00.

CONTRARY TO LAW.5

The petitioner was arraigned on January 20, 2009, and entered a plea of not guilty to the crime charged. After pre-
trial, the case proceeded with the trial on the merits.6

Version of the Prosecution

The prosecution presented as its witnesses the following employees of Now Trading Concept Multi-Purpose
Cooperative (NTC-MPC): private complainant and Head of Operations and Purchase Department Melody A. Lorilla
(Lorilla), Maintenance Staff Raymond Bantillo (Bantillo), General Cashier Geruel Mortilla (Mortilla), and Security
Guards Alejandro Albeza (Albeza) and Abdelgamar Uddin (Uddin).

Their testimonies tend to establish that the petitioner worked as Head of the Maintenance Department of NTC-MPC
since January 15, 2008. On April 21, 2008, petitioner requested Lorilla to make a purchase order of one (1) roll
Royal Cord size 14/3 for the repair of a wash tub and dryer in the company's warehouse 2.7 As requested, Lorilla
accomplished a purchase order on April 25, 2008, which she then handed to Bantillo who, in turn, purchased the
same from the company supplier, New 366 Merchandising. Santillo then brought the wire he purchased directly to
the company's warehouse.8

https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2021/jun2021/gr_230519_2021.html 1/7
8/27/22, 2:15 AM G.R. No. 230519
Per Albeza's logbook entry on April 25, 2008, at 9:35 a.m., Bantillo brought in "one roll electric conductor (wire)
Royal Cord No. 14/3. From. New 366 Merch."9  Bantillo handed the cord to the petitioner, who then instructed the
former to place it inside the Mazda pick-up. On the same day, at around 9:42 a.m., petitioner brought the wire out of
the warehouse based on another entry in the same logbook: "Check out Kuya Dan bring out one roll royal cord
number 14/3." Petitioner went out of the RMT Industrial complex and headed towards the National Road. Minutes
later, petitioner went back to the warehouse; this prompted Albeza to text his fellow security guard, Uddin,
instructing him to check if the Mazda pick-up service vehicle driven by the petitioner still contained the Royal Cord
No. 14/3. Uddin then peeked through the open window of the Mazda, and not seeing anything, he replied
"negative."10

On April 26, 2008, Albeza approached Lorilla and asked her if she made an order of Royal Cord No. 14/3. Lorilla
answered in the affirmative. Albeza then reported that the cord ordered is missing. Lorilla went to the wash tub and
verified whether the missing cord was attached to it, but discovered that old wires were used to repair the machine.11

The following working day, or on April 28, 2009, Uddin reported that petitioner brought to their warehouse, through
Orlando Ilada, a Royal Cord size 16/2. Lorilla then informed her boss, Atty. Clifford Lim (Atty. Lim) of the incident.
With this, Atty. Lim formed an investigating committee and ordered Albaza and Uddin to blotter the incident to the
Muntinlupa City Police station.12  On or about June 7, 2008, the petitioner was suspended and, subsequently,
dismissed from work.13 As petitioner failed to heed the company's subsequent demands pertaining to his "unpaid
receivables and cash advances," Atty. Lim then instructed Lorilla, pursuant to a special power of attorney, to file the
instant complaint for NTC-MPC.14

Version of the Defense

The petitioner testified in his defense. Likewise, the defense presented as witness the petitioner's brother and co-
worker, Luis Imperial, who corroborated the petitioner's testimony.15

The petitioner denied the charges against him. While he admits having requested the purchase of a Royal Cord size
14/3 for the repair of a wash tub and dryer on April 21, 2008, petitioner nonetheless claimed that the wires did not
come until about four days after he had made the request. But, as the company was insisting on the immediate
repair of the wash tub and dryer, on April 24, 2008, the petitioner instructed Nestor Serrano and Luis Imperial to look
for other wires to be used.16

On April 25, 2008, petitioner instructed Bantillo to go to Lorilla and follow up his request. On the same day, Bantillo
returned with the wires. Consistent with the practice of the maintenance department, petitioner directed him to load
the wires on the Mazda pick-up vehicle so as to make the same readily available for urgent repairs. At that time, the
vehicle was being repaired in warehouse 2 by Jose Pajarillo. Petitioner submitted that he did not replace the
temporary wires installed despite the arrival of new ones so as not to disrupt the running of the wash tub and dryer
which was imperative to the operation of the company at that time.17

On April 28, 2008, petitioner met Atty. Lim who then inquired about the missing Royal Cord No. 14/3 wire. Petitioner
went out, boarded the Mazda pick-up and noticed that there were wires behind the driver's seat. Petitioner asked
Orlando Ofilada (Ofilada) to unload the same from the vehicle. Then, petitioner went to the office of Atty. Lim and
related that he found the missing wires, to which the latter responded "okay." Later that day, petitioner was
confronted by Lorilla regarding the missing wires. Petitioner directed her to the stockroom, where they proceeded to
retrieve the wires. The two parted ways thereafter. Lorilla went to the NTC-MPC Main office while the petitioner
returned to the maintenance office.18

On May 2, 2008, petitioner received a letter of suspension from Atty. Lim, relating to an accusation that he had
stolen a Royal Cord size 14/3. After the committee hearing held on June 5, 2008, the petitioner received his
termination letter on July 27, 2008.19

The Trial Court's Ruling

On April 26, 2013, the RTC rendered its Decision,20 the dispositive portion of which reads:

WHEREFORE, on the basis of all the foregoing, the Court hereby finds the accused DANIEL G.
IMPERIAL, GUILTY beyond reasonable doubt for the crime of Qualified Theft as charged, and hereby
sentences him to suffer the indeterminate penalty of imprisonment of four (4) years, two (2) months and
one (1) day of prision correccional as minimum, to nine (9) years, four (4) months and one (1) day of
prision mayor as maximum, and to indemnify the complainant company of Five Thousand Seven
Hundred Pesos (Php 5,700.00) as actual damages.

With costs against the accused.

SO ORDERED.21

https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2021/jun2021/gr_230519_2021.html 2/7
8/27/22, 2:15 AM G.R. No. 230519
In so ruling, the RTC held that the prosecution established the elements of the crime charged. The RTC ruled that
the logbook entries proved that it was the petitioner who requested purchase of the Royal Cord 14/3 wires, for which
he was responsible as head of the maintenance department. Further, the RTC noted that what the petitioner
returned to the warehouse was a Royal Cord wire 16/2, which is different from that purchased by the company and
as such, this cannot absolve him from liability. Finally, the RTC found that the petitioner's intent to gain is evident
from his actuations.22

The CA's Ruling

Aggrieved, the petitioner appealed to the CA. On June 14, 2016, the CA rendered its Decision23 affirming the RTC's
decision, as follows:

WHEREFORE, the  Appeal  is DISMISSED. The April 26, 2013 Decision of the Regional Trial Court
Branch 205 of Muntinlupa City, convicting Accused-Appellant for the crime of  Qualified Theft,
under  Article 310, in relation to  Article 308  of the  Revised Penal Code, is AFFIRMED with
MODIFICATION, insofar as the penalty of imprisonment is concerned, in that the accused is sentenced
to an indeterminate penalty of 4 years, 2 months, and 1 day of prision correccional, as minimum, to 9
years, 4 months and 1 day of prision mayor, as maximum.

SO ORDERED.24 (Citation omitted)

In essence, the CA affirmed the factual findings and conclusions of law by the RTC. The CA ruled that the
inconsistencies cited by the petitioner do not affect the veracity and weight of the testimony of the prosecution's
witnesses inasmuch as all the elements of the crime of qualified theft have been proven. The CA found that the
material possession of the missing Royal Cord size 14/3 was with the petitioner; that he unlawfully took the same;
that intent to gain is presumed from such unlawful taking; and that in the course thereof petitioner committed grave
abuse of confidence reposed upon him by NTC-MPC as head of its Maintenance department. Nonetheless, the CA
modified the penalty finding error in the RTC's computation.25

The petitioner filed a motion for reconsideration, which the CA denied in its Resolution26 dated March 8, 2017.

Hence, this petition for review on  certiorari, whereby the petitioner submits that the CA erred in affirming that the
prosecution established his guilt beyond reasonable doubt for the crime of qualified theft.

In its Comment,27 the respondent argues that the instant petition seeks the review of factual matters that are beyond
the province of a petition for review. The respondent posits that contrary to petitioner's allegation, there is no grave
abuse of discretion in this case to warrant the reversal of the common factual findings of the RTC and the CA.
Finally, the respondent avers that the absence of direct evidence is not an obstacle for conviction as circumstantial
evidence obtains pointing to the petitioner's guilt of the crime charged.

In his Reply,28 the petitioner alleges that the CA's failure to consider the testimony of defense witness Luis Imperial
is tantamount to grave abuse of discretion. The petitioner reiterates that had the CA considered the same, it would
have concluded that the commission of the offense is impossible as the Mazda pick-up was under repair, as such, it
was impossible to bring out the Royal Cord No. 14/3 wire out of the company premises. Finally, the petitioner claims
that there is no basis for his conviction as the prosecution failed to prove that the missing Royal Cord 14/3 wire was
handed over to him and that he was the last person in possession thereof.

Briefly, the Court must then resolve in this petition for review whether the CA committed a reversible error in
affirming the RTC's decision which convicted the petitioner of the crime of qualified theft.

The Court's Ruling

The Court rules in the affirmative.

The petition invites the Court to review the truth or falsity of the parties' allegations, and re-evaluate the probative
value of the evidence presented and ultimately determine whether the lower court correctly appreciated the same.
Plainly, these are questions of fact which are beyond the province of a petition for review.29  This limitation in the
scope of review is not an absolute rule, it admits of exceptions, established by jurisprudence, viz.:

(1) When the conclusion is a finding grounded entirely on speculation, surmises or conjectures; (2) When the
inference made is manifestly mistaken, absurd or impossible; (3) Where there is a grave abuse of discretion; (4)
When the judgment is based on a misapprehension of facts; (5) When the findings of fact are conflicting; (6) When
the Court of Appeals, in making its findings, went beyond the issues of the case and the same is contrary to the
admissions of both appellant and appellee; (7) The findings of the Court of Appeals are contrary to those of the trial
court; (8) When the findings of fact are conclusions without citation of specific evidence on which they are based; (9)
When the facts set forth in the petition as well as in the petitioner 's main and reply briefs are not disputed by the

https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2021/jun2021/gr_230519_2021.html 3/7
8/27/22, 2:15 AM G.R. No. 230519
respondents; and (10) The finding of fact of the Court of Appeals is premised on the supposed absence of evidence
and is contradicted by the evidence on record.30 (Citations omitted)

Of these, the petitioner asks the Court to review the facts of the case on the ground that the CA committed grave
abuse of discretion in rendering the judgment of conviction on the basis of the testimonies of the witnesses of the
prosecution.31

Grave abuse of discretion is a concept well defined by jurisprudence. It connotes a capricious and whimsical
exercise of judgment which amounts to lack of jurisdiction. To warrant the nullification of the assailed issuance, the
abuse of discretion must be grave as where the power is exercised in an arbitrary or despotic manner by reason of
passion or personal hostility and must be so patent and gross as to amount to an evasion of positive duty or to a
virtual refusal to perform the duty enjoined by or to act at all in contemplation of law. There is grave abuse of
discretion in cases where there are palpable errors of jurisdiction; a violation of the Constitution, law, or
jurisprudence; or when there has been a gross misapprehension of facts.32

After a careful review of the records of the case at bar, the Court is convinced that the CA committed grave abuse of
discretion, as its factual findings are not supported by the required quantum of evidence that is sufficient to sustain a
judgment of conviction.

The crime of qualified theft is defined and penalized under Article 310 in relation to Articles 308 and 309 of the RPC.
The crime is deemed consummated when the following elements are present: (1) taking of personal property; (2)
that the said property belongs to another; (3) that the taking is done with intent to gain; (4) absence of the owner's
consent; (5) that it is accomplished without the use of violence, intimidation, nor of force upon things; and (6) that it
be done with grave abuse of confidence.33

Herein, the prosecution failed to establish the corpus delicti of the crime of theft. Corpus delicti, in its legal sense,
refers to the fact of the commission of the crime charged or to the body or substance of the crime. In the crime of
theft, corpus delicti has two elements: 1) that personal property is lost by its owner, and 2) that it was lost through
felonious taking.34

In this case, the Court notes that the evidence for the prosecution is largely circumstantial. Thus, it behooves upon
the court to determine the sufficiency of the circumstances and whether the same "tend by inference to establish the
fact" constituting the elements of the crime charged.35

Admittedly, direct evidence is not imperative for conviction to ensue. The guilt of the accused may be established by
circumstantial evidence,36  provided: ( 1) there is more than one circumstance; (2) the facts from which the
inferences are derived are proven; and (3) the combination of all circumstances is such as to produce conviction
beyond reasonable doubt.37  In addition, under the amendment introduced by A.M. No. 19-08-15-SC, "inferences
cannot be based on other inferences." Conviction must be based on strong, clear, and compelling evidence.38 In this
case, the prosecution failed to meet these standards.

To establish the element of taking, actual or constructive possession of personal property must be proven- first, by
its owner or lawful possessor and  second, the subsequent unlawful acquisition of thereof by the accused. In the
case of Roque v. People,39 the Court citing an earlier case, noted that the crime of theft as defined by the RPC lays
great stress on the first element, "which is the taking away, that is, getting possession, laying hold of the
thing...without the consent of the owner."40 Thus, when the delivery of a thing did not have the effect of transferring
possession, it is regarded that possession remains with the owner and the act of disposing such thing without the
latter's consent constitutes the crime of theft.41 Conversely, when delivery to another was made with the intention of
transferring ownership or possession, the subsequent disposition by the transferee does not constitute theft. "The
crime of theft implies an invasion of possession; therefore, there can be no theft when the owner voluntarily parted
with the possession of the thing. Indeed, a taking which is done with the consent or acquiescence of the owner of
the property is not felonious."42

The main witness for the prosecution, Lorilla affirmed that the purchase order for the missing Royal Cord was given
to Bantillo and the item subsequently purchased was brought inside the NTC-MPC premises, not by the petitioner
but by Bantillo. Petitioner did not acquire actual possession of the same. The parties admitted and the petitioner
affirmed that he directed Bantillo to place the Royal Cord in the Mazda pick-up, the company service vehicle, which
the latter accomplished. At the point relevant to this controversy, records established that this vehicle was not used
nor assigned only to the petitioner.43 In short, petitioner did not have exclusive access to or control over the vehicle,
as to render any item inside it within his constructive possession. Under these circumstances, the Court cannot
exclude the possibility that some other person may have committed the alleged theft against the company.44 The
rule in circumstantial evidence cases is that to produce conviction beyond reasonable doubt, the evidence offered
by the prosecution must exclude the possibility that some other person committed the crime.45  Failure to do so is
tantamount to reasonable doubt that warrants acquittal. In this case, the inference that the missing Royal Cord was
taken by the petitioner was based on the fact that he gained control and possession over the same, which was not
proven. Clearly, the corpus delicti in the crime of theft was not proven and the petitioner must be acquitted.

https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2021/jun2021/gr_230519_2021.html 4/7
8/27/22, 2:15 AM G.R. No. 230519
The RTC and the CA blindly relied on the testimonies of the prosecution witnesses that Bantillo placed the missing
Royal Cord on the passenger seat of the Mazda pick-up and that, thereafter, the petitioner left the company
premises on board the pick-up and later returned without the same Royal Cord. Both courts failed to consider that
the prosecution also averred that per the security guard's logbook, the petitioner did not personally, but through one
Ofilada, brought in one Royal Cord with a different specification than that purchased. Verily, other than the testimony
of Bantillo, there is no other evidence showing that custody and responsibility over the missing cord were transferred
to and acknowledged by the petitioner. At no point, therefore, did the petitioner had actual possession and had
exclusive control over the missing royal cord immediately prior to its loss. As such, even with the petitioner's
admissions of his instructions to Bantillo and Ofilada, the Court cannot discount the fact that some other person may
have committed the theft.

The fact that petitioner is the head of NTC-MPC's maintenance department does not automatically mean
constructive possession without proof of actual transfer of accountability or possession over the missing royal cord.
If at all, the petitioner's position charges him of administrative, not criminal liability.

Verily, without proof that petitioner acquired possession of the missing royal cord at any time, there is no taking.
There can be no occasion in which the petitioner can appropriate for himself the subject Royal Cord and for the
crime of theft to occur.

It bears to add that when evidence of theft is circumstantial as in t his case, proof as to motive, that is, intent to gain,
is essential and cannot be merely inferred.46  "Animus lucrandi  or intent to gain is an internal act which can be
established through the overt acts of the offender."47  In the case at bar, the prosecution failed or did not even
attempt to offer proof of such motive. On the contrary, the petitioner's submissions which were unrebutted by the
respondent belie the existence of motive to commit the crime of qualified theft, i.e., the measly amount of the subject
royal cord in comparison to the petitioner's salary and his three (3) untarnished years in service prior to the date of
the alleged incident.48 Moreover, petitioner's conduct after the incident is revealing. When confronted regarding the
missing cord, Lorilla narrated that the petitioner pointed her to the stock room and showed her a Royal Cord of
different specification. Lorilla, however, did not react and, instead, immediately returned to her office. Had petitioner
indeed took the cord, he would not have taken lengths in leading Lorilla to the stockroom; in the same way, if
petitioner was indeed responsible for the missing cord, then why didn't Lorilla corrected the petitioner that what he
had shown was not what they were looking for, so that the latter could rectify the situation? Questions likewise
abound as to why the petitioner would take a royal cord 14/3 and then supposedly replace it with a new royal cord
16/2.49 Why would a person, who intends to make a profit, replace an item he has taken?

In view of all the foregoing, the Court has reasonable doubt with respect to the guilt of the petitioner for qualified
theft.

In closing, it must be emphasized that the cornerstone of all criminal prosecutions is the constitutional guarantee of
presumption of innocence. This places the burden upon the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused beyond
αwρhi৷
ℒ

reasonable doubt. In so doing, it can only rely upon the strength of its evidence without regard to the weakness of
the defense. Hence, when the case for the prosecution rests upon circumstantial evidence, to produce conviction,
the same must be adequately established and corroborated.50 Thus, to warrant a conviction:

[I]t is not sufficient to establish a probability, though a strong one arising from the doctrine of chances, that the fact
charged is more likely to be true than the contrary; but the evidence must establish the truth of the fact to a
reasonable and moral certainty; a certainty that convinces and directs the understanding and satisfies the reason
and judgment of those who are bound to act conscientiously upon it. 51

No less than the highest quantum of proof is required in criminal cases, as the life and liberty of a person are at
stake. In these cases, the overriding consideration is not whether the court doubts the innocence of the accused, but
whether it entertains a reasonable doubt as to their guilt.52  In so evaluating, courts must consider every
circumstance in favor of the accused's innocence.53 The accused bears no burden to prove his or her innocence;
thus, the weakness of the defense is inconsequential. When the prosecution fails to establish by proof beyond
reasonable doubt the commission of the crime charged and in identifying the accused as the one responsible
therefor, as in this case, acquittal must follow.54

WHEREFORE, in consideration of the foregoing disquisitions, the petition is GRANTED. The Decision dated June
14, 2016 and the Resolution dated March 8, 2017 of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. CR No. 36434 are
hereby REVERSED AND SET ASIDE. Petitioner Daniel G. Imperial is ACQUITTED of the crime of qualified theft on
the ground of reasonable doubt.

SO ORDERED.

Gesmundo, C.J., (Chairperson), Caguioa, Carandang, and Zalameda, JJ., concur.

https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2021/jun2021/gr_230519_2021.html 5/7
8/27/22, 2:15 AM G.R. No. 230519
Footnotes
1
 Rollo, pp. 14-27.
2
 Id. at 32-43; penned by Associate Justice Noel G. Tijam (a former Member of this Court) and concurred in
by Associate Justices Francisco P. Acosta and Eduardo B. Peralta, Jr.
3
 Id. at 44-46.
4
 Id. at 56-93.
5
 Records, p. 1.
6
 Rollo, p. 33.
7
 Id. at 85.
8
 Id. at 85, 89.
9
 Id. at 89.
10
 Id. at 89-90.
11
 Id. at 88.
12
 Id. at 88-89.
13
 Id. at 85.
14
 Id. at 85, 88-89.
15
 Id. at 91-92.
16
 Id. at 91.
17
 Id.
18
 Id.
19
 Id.
20
 Id. at 56-93; rendered by Judge Amelia A. Fabros.
21
 Id. at 93.
22
 Id.
23
 Id. at 23-43.
24
 Id. at 42-43.
25
 Id. at 38-41.
26
 Id. at 44-46.
27
 Id. at 145-171.
28
 Id. at 178-183.
29
 Pascual v. Burgos, et al., 776 Phil. 167, 188-189 (2016).
30
 Medina v. Mayor Asistio, Jr., 269 Phil. 225, 232 (1990).
31
 Rollo, p. 21.
32
 Pascual v. Burgos, supra note 29 at 190-191, citing  United Coconut Planters Bank v. Looyuko, 560 Phil.
581, 591-592 (2007).
33
 People v. Mejares, 823 Phil. 459, 467-468 (2018).

https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2021/jun2021/gr_230519_2021.html 6/7
8/27/22, 2:15 AM G.R. No. 230519
34
 Zapanta v. People, 707 Phil. 23, 32 (2013).
35
 Zabala v. People, 752 Phil. 59, 67 (2015)
36
 Id.
37
 2019 RULE ON EVIDENCE, Rule 133, Section 4.
38
 People v. Austria, 273 Phil. 65, 75 (1991).
39
 486 Phil. 288 (2004).
40
 Id. at 308.
41
 Id. at 310.
42
 Medina v. People, 760 Phil. 729, 737 (2015).
43
 Rollo p. 7a3; TSN of Hearing dated November 24, 2009, records, pp. 714; TSN of Hearing dated June 22,
2012, records, pp. 1110-1111.
44
 See Cruz, et al. v. People, 821 Phil. 372, 386-387 (2017).
45
 Zabala v. People, supra note 36 at 68.
46
 Medina v. People, supra note 40 at 735.
47
 People v. Reyes, 447 Phil. 668, 674 (2003).
48
 Rollo, pp. 24-25.
49
 TSN of Hearing dated February 16, 2020, records, p. 860.
50
 Macayan, Jr. v. People, 756 Phil. 202, 228 (2015).
51
 People v. Claro, 808 Phil. 455, 464-465 (2017).
52
 Macayan, Jr. v. People, supra.
53
 People v. Claro, supra.
54
 Id.

The Lawphil Project - Arellano Law Foundation

https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2021/jun2021/gr_230519_2021.html 7/7