Volume 7, Issue 8, August – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

Effects of Land-use Types on Some Soil Properties in

Tsinipanbe, Chunku, Wukari L.G.A,
Taraba State, Nigeria
Makhai N. Usman1*, Yilvwal M. Domshak2, Angyu M. Dantani3
1
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University Wukari, Wukari, Taraba State, Nigeria
2, 3
Department of Soil Science and Land Resources Management, Federal University Wukari, Taraba State, Nigeria

Abstract: - influencing biological transformation on the rooting zone

Purpose: This study aims to assess the effects of land use (Murty et al., 2002). Land use changes are known to be
type on the properties of soil in this area. This study also important drivers for redistribution; and it influences surface
aims to investigate the effects of long term cultivation on runoff, erosion and sedimentation process. Many researchers
soil properties in the area. have reported that change of land use, implemented locally
such as long time cultivation, deforestation, urbanization, or
Design/methodology/approach: This study uses the soil overgrazing cause significant variation in soil properties,
samples from the study area, which were subjected to terrestrial cycles and reduction of output; and the conversion
laboratory analysis to obtain the data of the physical, of natural forest and plantation to other forms of land use can
morphological and chemical properties of the soil in the cause soil erosion and lead to a reduction in soil organic
area. The obtained data was processed through analysis matter content, loss of soil quality and modification of soil
of variance. structure and its stability
(Chen et al., 2001;Conant et al., 2003Hacisalihoglu,2007K
Findings: The results of this study indicate that the soil hormoli et al., 2009Sarawathy et al., 2007). The signs and
morphology of the internal content of the land used magnitudes of these changes vary with cover and
generally appears to be very clear. It was also observed management (Baskin and Binkley, 1998Celik, 2005). Most
that sand dominated the soil in both the cultivated and changes in land use affect the amount of carbon held in
fallowed land area of the studied pedons. The percentage vegetation and soil, either in releasing carbon dioxide (a
base saturation mean indicates that the cultivated and greenhouse gas) or removing it from the atmosphere. Human
fallowed land use is high and a bit acidic and the soil population pressure upon land resources and their demand for
taxonomy shows that the soil in the area is Typic food has resulted in the increase of land use, and intensive
Kandiuustalfs of the order of Afisols agriculture (Houghton,1994Geissen et al., 2009); intensive
land use may cause important changes in soil physical and
Keywords:- Land-use, Soil, Physical properties, Chemical chemical characteristic and can affect soil fertility increase or
properties, Morphological properties, Soil taxonomy, cause soil compaction (Geissen, 2009); land use changes
Pedons. through cultivation may rapidly diminish soil quality, as
ecologically sensitive components of tropical soil are not able
I. INTRODUCTION to buffer the effect of intensive agricultural practices (Islam
and Weil, 2000). In the southern guinea savanna, particularly
Land use change is one of the main drivers of Taraba State which is regarded as the ‘’Natures gift to the
environmental change; it has become a major Nation,’’ farming is the predominant economic activity. The
aspect of global environmental change as an important continuous unguided use of the soils for agricultural
component in understanding the sequence of changes in the production and other benefits had exposed the soil to different
characteristics and the interactions of human activities in the forms of degradation. In Wukari, there are many land use
environment (Karlen et al., 2003). These changes influence activities which is driven by population growth, yet studies
the basic reserves of land and a variety of natural process, are limited on the effects of land use practices on soil physical
including the soils which are not static and hence more and chemical properties. This study was aimed at observing
susceptible to change in their nutrient and moisture content. the effects of land use on the soil physical and chemical
The dynamic soil nature describes the condition of a specific properties in Wukari, Taraba State.
soil due to land use and management practices (Karlen et al.,
2003). Land use influences aggregation, aggregate stability
and overall soil health (Castro et al., 2002 Herrick et al.,
2001). Land use changes also have a great influence on many
soils physical and chemical properties mostly soil organic
matter thereby affecting its quality attribute and fertility.
Land use practices also affect the distribution and supply of
soil nutrient by directly altering soil properties and by

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Volume 7, Issue 8, August – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS Locust tree (Parkia filicoidea), Guava (Psidium guajava),
mango (Mangifera indica) and Cashew (Canarcadium
A. Location of study area occidentale) among others (Osujieke et al., 2017).
The study was conducted at Tsinipanbea along Ibi road
in Wukari local government area, Taraba State. The study e. Field Study
area lies between the coordinate 7º5627.77N, 9º4639.30E and A reconnaissance survey visit was conducted in the
7º 5627.81N, 9º 4636.72E. study site. After which a base map was prepared using
existing maps and other relevant materials as to facilitate or
LANDUSE COORDINATE ELEVATION help in carrying out the field studies. The slope were divided
TYPE into two physiographic land use unit namely Toe slope and
Cultivated land 7º5627.77N mid slope. Two profile pits was dug, one at the cultivated land
(CL) 9º4639.30E and the other on the fallowed land or secondary land. Also
Fallow land (FL) 7º 5627.81N 188metres each horizon was described and sample was collected for
9º 4636.72E analysis following the guideline of FAO (2006).Two profile
Table 1: Coordinate and Elevation of the Study Area pits was used for the study. Soil sample collected was air
Source: personal field measurement, (2022) dried and sieved using a 2mm sieve before laboratory
analysis.
a. Geology
Wukari lies in the guinea savanna vegetation in the
southern part of Taraba state, Nigeria. The northern part of
the state consists of undulating hills and shrubs. Wukari is
situated over cretaceous (fossils) sandstone which is possibly
Bima- sandstone according to TSMEUD, (2005). Some of the
geological activities are drilling of borehole and mining.

b. Hydrology
Wukari is govern by it headquarter in the town on the
A4 highway, Wukari is bounded by the river Donga which
flows through the Benue River and forms a boundary with
Nasarawa state to the northeast.(Blench and Roger 2019).

c. Climate
The entire area is a gently undulating plain, with a mean Fig 1: Map of Wukari Local Government showing the study
altitude of 200 m above sea level. The drainage systems drain area
northward and serve as tributaries network to the River Benue Source: Oko et al., 2017
while eastward discharge of rivulets and other smaller
tributaries from Wukari town drains towards the Donga f. Sampling and Sample Preparation
River, which is a major tributary of River Benue. The mean The total of two representative soil profile pits of depths,
annual rainfall value ranges from 1000 - 1500 mm. The onset (0-15, 15-30, 30-53, 53-68, 68-100cm) and (0-20, 20-31, 31-
of the raining season is usually around April while the offset 52, 52-76, 76-100cm) for toe slope and mid slope respectively
period is October. The mean maximum temperature is being was dug in the land use. The coordinates was obtained using
experienced around April at about 40ºC while the mean GPS. The field characterization of the profiles was carried out
minimum temperature occurs between the period of and the soil samples were obtained from the pedons horizons
December and February at about 20ºC (NIMET, 2015). at the bottom of the profiles so as to avoid contamination. The
samples were preserved in polyethylene bags and were taken
d. Vegetation to the laboratory for physicochemical and morphological
Vegetation of Wukari Local Government Area falls properties. The soil sample collected from each horizon was
within the Southern guinea savannah zone. The vegetation air dried at room temperature, grading using mortar and pestle
manifest seasonal pattern and it is mainly of tree savannah in and was pass through 2mm sieve in the laboratory for all soil
which the dominant species is the large red heart (Hymeno analysis except for soil organic matter (SOM) and total
cardia) providing a limited amount of shade. The nitrogen, which was further pass through 0.5mm sieve. And
accompanying shrubs and grasses are Guinea grass (Panicum the samples were analyzed for physical, chemical and
maximum), speargrass (Imperata cylindrica), Morning glory morphological properties.
(Ipomoea carnea), Pignut (Hyptis suaveolens), Bahama grass
(Cynodon dactylon), Spiderwort (Commelina benghalensis),
Wiregrass (Eleusine indica), Lemon verbena (Lippia dubai),
sedge flower (Cyperus difformis) etc. There are also
restricted areas of hard wood (Isoberlina) savannah
woodland, which forms the forest reserves of the area. Other
species include Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldu- lensis),
Neem tree (Azadirachta indica), Gmelina (Gmelina arborea),

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ISSN No:-2456-2165
B. Laboratory Analysis One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) procedure was
used to compare the effects of land use on soil physical and
a. Physical properties: Particle size distribution was chemical properties. Means was compared by least
determined using disturbed soil samples by hydrometer significant difference (LSD) at P<0.05 levels and rejection or
method as described by Boyoucous (Gee and Or 2002). acceptance of hypothesis was made. Standard deviation and
a1 Bulk density was also determined by core method. Bulk standard error was used to determine the error level of the
density (Bd) which is defined as the mass unit of volume of analysis.
dry soils and these volumes include both solids and pores
(Brady and Weil, 1999). D. Soil classification
b.2 Total porosity was calculated assuming a particle density Soil taxonomy was categorized according to the basis of
of 2.65g/cm3, the size distribution of aggregates was the keys of Soil Taxonomy by USDA till the level of sub-
measured by wet sieving through a series of sieve (2.0, 1.0, group.
0.5, 0.25mm). The percent water stable aggregates (%WSA)
on each of the size range were determined. III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
b. Chemical properties: Soil organic carbon was determined
by the Walkley - Black method (Nelson and Sommer, 1996). A. Morphological properties of the soil
a1 Total nitrogen (TN) was determined by Kjeldahl The morphological characteristic of the soil in the study
(Brenner, 1996) method. site are shown in table 2. All the horizons were well drained
b2 Soil pH an electrical conductivity (EC) was measured by in the land used type. The surface was loose at the two
pH/conductivity method (Rhoades, 1996) in soil water pedons. The pedons have angular blocky structure at all the
solution. horizon. The physiographic position have different color
c3 Available phosphorus extracted by Bray-1 extractant matrix range, are described as follows: at the cultivated land
(Bray and Kurtz, 1945). area (CLA) observed across the horizon colour matrix range
Ca2+and Mg2+ was read by atomic absorption from dark reddish brown 2.5YR 3/3, dark red 2.5YR 3/6, light
spectrophotometer while K+ and Na was read with flame reddish brown 2.5YR 6/3, light reddish brown 2.5YR 6/4,
photometer. light-reddish brown 2.5YR 7/3 at moist condition. At fallow
d4 Effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC) is the land (FL), colour matrix range from dark reddish brown 2.5
summation of exchangeable bases. The base saturation was YR 3/3, light reddish brown 2.5 YR 6/4, red 2.5 YR 5/6,
then calculated as ratio of exchange bases to the effective yellowish red, 5YR 5/8, and yellowish red 5YR 6/6 also at
cation exchange capacity (ECEC) expressed in percentage. moist condition. The drainage and physiographic condition
may also influence the observation change in the colour
matrix of the land used type. The internal content of the land
used type generally appears to be very clear
C. Statistical tools

Table 2: Soil Morphological Properties of the Study Area

Horizon Depth Munsell Structure Mottle Horizon Texture Consistency Vegetation Root
colour boundary presence
Cultivated
land
AP 0-15 2.5yr-3/3 Granular Nil Diffuse Smooth Friable Vegetation Very fine
dark
reddish
brown
AB 15-30 2.5yr-3/6 blocky Nil diffuse Smooth Firm Vegetation Very
dark red fine,
medium
Bt 30-53 2.5yr-6/3 Blocky Nil diffuse Silty Loosely Vegetation Fine
light Firm
reddish
brown
Bt1 53-68 2.5yr-6/4 blocky Nil diffuse Silty Friable Vegetation Coarse
light medium
reddish
brown
Bt2 68-100 2.5yr-7/3 angular Nil diffuse Coarse Friable Vegetation Medium
light blocky
Fallow reddish
land brown

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ISSN No:-2456-2165
AP 0-20 2.5yr-3/3 granular Nil diffuse Smooth Friable Vegetation Very fine
dark
reddish
brown
AB 20-31 2.5yr6/4 Sticky Nil diffuse Smooth Friable Vegetation Fine
light
reddish
brown
Bt 31-52 2.5yr 5/6 Blocky Nil diffuse Smooth Firm and Vegetation Medium
red sticky
Bt1 52-76 5yr 5/8 angular Nil Diffuse Smooth Firm and Vegetation Medium
yellowish blocky very sticky
red
Bt2 76-100 5yr 6/6 angular Nil diffuse Silty Very hard Vegetation Not any
yellowish blocky and sticky
red

B. Physical properties of soil pedons studied 29.60% for CLA and 30.20% for FLA. It decreases and
Soil physical properties are important indicators to increases irregularly with increasing depth, while clay
evaluate the activities of agricultural practices. The soil content was observed to have a mean value of 12.48% for
properties of different sizes are the factors that impact on crop CLA and 19.96% for FLA respectively. The clay content
root, growth and nutrient transport. The particle size decreases down the depth in CLA, which could be attributed
distributions of the soil of the studied site are as presented in to sorting of soil minerals by biological and agricultural
table 3. The sand percentages mean value range from 57.92% activities. Therefore, sand dominated in both the CLA and
for CLA and 49.84% for FLA. Silt has a mean value of FLA of the studied pedons.

Table 3: Soil Physical Properties of the Study Area

Horizon Depth (CM) % SAND % SILT % CLAY TEXTURAL CLASS (TC)
Cultivated land
AP 0-15 57.60 37.80 4.60 SL
AB 15-30 43.20 48.80 8.00 L
Bt 30-53 53.60 33.80 12.60 SL
Bt1 53-68 73.60 21.80 4.60 SL
Bt2 68-100 61.60 5.80 32.60 SL
Mean 57.92 29.60 12.48
Fallow land
AP 0-20 61.60 31.80 6.60 SL
AB 20-31 47.60 43.80 8.60 L
Bt 31-52 51.20 32.80 16.00 SL
Bt1 52-76 37.20 28.80 34.00 L
Bt2 76-100 51.60 13.80 34.60 SL
Mean 49.84 30.20 19.96
Key: TC=textural class, MC=moisture content,L=loamy sand, SL= sandy loam.

C. Soil chemical properties in the studied pedons on soil pH, cation Exchange capacity, base saturation, water
Table 4 displays the laboratory chemical analysis of the holding capacity and ECEC (Akamigbo, 1999). The total
soil from the studied area. The mean value of pH across the nitrogen content was increased by the land uses over the
area is 6.9 in CLA and 6.8 in FLA. This shows that the soil is critical values of 0.15%. It has been observed that the main
acidic. The acidic condition of various land use types could cause of nitrogen deficiency in tropical soil is intense
be attributed to severe leaching by high rainfall and low leaching and erosion due to high rainfall and absorption of
organic matter content. The soil organic matter content has a some nutrients by the plants. And the content of available
mean value of 0.48 in CLA and 0.56 for FLA respectively. phosphorus in the analysis of the soil obtained in the study
Both show low content of organic matter, than in the critical area at CLA showed a decreased of trend of about 15.76 at
level (1.5%-2.0%) for tropical soils of Nigeria. The values CLA and 16.83 at FLA which depicts a low level of
were less equally at variance with the critical value of 3% for occurrence<15mg/kg. This could be attributed to local or
northern Nigeria Soils. This can be attributed to management natural manner of fertilizer application. Exchangeable bases
practices such as frequent bush burning, continuous farming values showed that Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Calcium
and runoff by water. Organic matter has a positive influence (Ca) and Magnesium (Mg) were low in both the CLA and

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FLA soils except Ca which shows moderate amount present understand that the changes of physioco-chemical properties
in both. The mean values of Ca, Mg, K, and Na are indicated observed in the study soil pedons of the area were the results
as follows (4.26 cmol/kg, 0.8 cmol/kg, 0.3 cmol/kg and of different cultivations and fertilizations. The result of the
0.2cmol/kg) for CLA and (4.36 cmol/kg, 0.8 cmol/kg, 0.3 study area shows that, percentage base saturation (%BS)
cmol/kg and 0.2cmol/kg), FLA. The rating indicated that Na, mean value range from 97.70-80.09%) for CLA and FLA
K, Mg were very low in the Studied land use types, the low respectively. The percentage base saturation mean indicates
values in basic cations could be attributed to the type of parent that the CLA and FLA use types is high. The result of the
material present, high rainfall runoff or erosion, and leaching percent BS indicates that basic cation dominates the cation
(Chude et al., 2011). The changes in the soil properties are exchange capacity in all the land used types of the soil studied
attributed by the management activities such as cultivation pedons.The finding may indicated that on the percentage base
and fertilizer application. The total exchangeable acidity saturation of the studied pedons or land used types could be
mean values were obtained to be 0.332cmol/kg for CLA and attributed to the effects of parent material, weathering and
0.136cmol/kg in FLA respectively. Therefore, it can be global climate change.

Table 4: Chemical Properties of the Soils Studied

Horizon Dept PH O.m O.C T CN AVP TE Ca Mg K Na TE ECE %B Ca/
h H2 0 N A B C S Mg
(cm) 1.2
5

Cultivated land
AP 0-15 6.9 1.47 0.85 1.7 0.5 17.3 0.1 4.3 0.8 0.3 0.2 5.7 5.85 97.4 5.37
3 9 5 6 2 2 4
AB 15- 6.9 0.33 0.19 1.6 0.12 16.3 0.1 4.2 0.8 0.3 0.2 5.6 5.75 97.3 4.88
30 4 7 5 6 2 2 9
Bt 30- 6.9 0.38 0.22 1.6 0.14 11.4 1.1 4.3 0.7 0.3 0.2 5.5 5.66 97.8 6.06
53 5 2 1 2 1 4 8
Bt1 53- 6.7 0.12 0.07 1.6 0.04 16.9 0.1 4.2 0.8 0.3 0.2 5.5 5.65 97.8 5.15
68 8 4 2 1 1 1 3 8
Bt2 68- 6.7 0.12 0.07 1.6 0.04 16.6 0.1 4.3 0.7 0.3 0.2 5.5 5.7 97.8 5.66
100 7 7 2 6 1 1 8 9
6.8 0.48 1.6 0.16 15.7 0.3 4.2 0.3 0.2 5.5 5.72 97.6 5.42
64 4 0.28 2 8 64 32 6 0.8 16 14 9 2 96 4
1.2 116. 116. 2.7 113. 15.4 132 1.2 8.1 1.7 2.5 1.2
1.43 0.26 8.42
0 50 40 6 80 8 .8 86 5 3 6 1
Fallowl
and
AP 0-206.8 0.38 0.22 1.8 0.12 15.6 0.1 4.4 0.8 0.3 0.2 5.8 5.99 97.8 5.11
2 2 9 6 4 6 6 3
AB 20- 6.8 1.47 0.85 1.7 0.5 18.6 0.1 4.3 0.8 0.3 0.2 5.1 5.86 97.4 5.12
31 2 2 5 4 2 5 7 4
Bt 31- 6.8 0.52 0.3 1.6 0.19 14.9 0.1 4.5 0.8 0.3 0.2 5.8 6.01 98 5.56
52 1 2 2 1 2 6 9
Bt1 52- 6.8 0.12 0.07 1.6 0.04 17.3 0.1 4.3 0.8 0.3 0.2 5.6 5.79 97.9 5.31
76 2 3 2 1 2 4 7 3
Bt2 76- 6.7 0.33 0.93 1.6 0.58 17.6 0.1 4.3 0.8 0.3 0.2 5.6 5.77 9.27 5.24
100 9 5 2 1 4 7
6.8 0.56 0.47 1.6 0.28 16.8 0.1 4.3 0.8 0.3 0.2 5.6 5.88 80.0 5.26
12 4 4 6 6 28 36 6 28 22 5 52 4 94 8
0.1 93.3 82.2 5.3 83.7 25. 2.0 2.6 3.4 4.0 5.1 49.4
9.03 1.89 3.48
9 4 1 9 6 79 51 2 0 0 0 3
OC= Organic carbon, OM= Organic matter, TN= Total nitrogen, AvP= Available phosphorus, TEA= Total exchangeable acidity,
TEB= Total exchangeable bases, ECEC= Effective cation exchange capacity, BS= Base saturation

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D. Interpretation of Correlations among Soil Physico- highly significant with total nitrogen (TN) at probability of
Chemical Properties Studied 1% level with a value of 0.799. Ca/Mg ratio is significantly
Table 5 indicated that clay is negatively correlated with related with available phosphorus at 5% with a value of 0.710
pH, OM, TN, at the value of 0.49, 0.47, and 0.49 and and the available phosphorus is highly significant with total
positively related with available phosphorus with a value of exchangeable acid (TEA) at probability of 1% with a value of
0.16, while the total exchangeable acid (TEA) showing that it 0.858. Magnesium (Mg) showing significantly related with
is highly significant with available phosphorus with value of total exchangeable acid (TEA) at 5% probability with a value
0.858 at the probability level of 1%. Silt is significant with of 0.720, but calcium is positively related with total
clay at 5% of probability level with the value of 0.675. Silt exchangeable bases (TEB) with a value of 0.56. Effective
clay ratio is highly significant with clay at 1% probability cation exchange capacity (ECEC) is highly significant with
level with the value of 0.888. pH of H20 is showing a positive calcium (Ca) at 1% probability level with a value of 0.816,
correlated with OM, TN, TEA with a value of 0.39, 0.10, and and also highly significant with sodium (Na) at 1%
0.38 and is negatively related with available phosphorus with probability level with a value of 0.890. Furthermore,
the value of 0.30. Organic matter (OM) is correlated potassium is significantly correlated with effective cation
significantly with SCR, OC, and CN at 5% probability with exchange capacity (ECEC) at probability of 5% level with a
the value range of 0.633, 0.756 and 0.730.Potassium (K) is value of 0.670 respectively.

Table 5: Correlations among Soil Physico-Chemical Properties Studied

Clay PH Om TN AVP TEA TEB ECEC
Ph -0.49 - - - - - - -
Om -0.47 0.39 - - - - - -
TN -0.49 0.10 0.49 - - - - -
AVP 0.16 -0.30 0.32 0.16 - - - -
TEA -0.16 0.38 -0.07 -0.13 -0.858** - - -
TEB 0.12 0.01 -0.37 0.08 -0.29 -0.14 - -
ECEC -0.18 -0.03 0.37 0.61 0.12 -0.36 0.47 -
SAND -0.36 -0.34 -0.11 0.20 -0.09 0.00 0.08 -0.19
SILT -0.675* 0.741* 0.54 0.31 -0.08 0.15 -0.18 0.33
SCR -0.888** 0.655* 0.633* 0.53 0.14 -0.05 -0.14 0.17
*
OC -0.06 0.15 0.756 0.28 0.42 -0.16 -0.26 0.25
CN -0.03 0.14 0.730* 0.25 0.41 -0.15 -0.25 0.24
Ca 0.10 -0.24 0.11 0.29 -0.26 -0.03 0.56 0.816**
* *
Mg -0.36 0.19 0.41 0.54 0.663 -0.720 0.14 0.55
K -0.43 0.28 0.18 0.799** -0.24 0.11 0.36 0.670*
Na 0.04 -0.27 0.21 0.48 0.20 -0.35 0.30 0.890**
BS -0.51 0.27 0.13 0.20 -0.24 0.15 -0.08 0.09
CaMg 0.25 -0.02 -0.12 -0.32 -.710* 0.715* 0.09 -0.23
*=Significant at 5% probability level, ** = highly significant at 1% probability level

 The Crops that will be Suitable in land use of the Soil (CLA) and 49.84 for fallow land area (FLA) of the studied
Studied Area pedons. This showed that sand dominated the soil separates
According to the result of the analysis obtained both for of silt and clay in the studied area
cultivated land area and fallow land area maize, millet and
sorghum are the identified crops that are suitable to use in the E. Taxonomy Classification of Soils in the Studied Area
studied area due to the available nutrient element present in The soils of the studied area were classified using
the pedons studied because they are micronutrients which the USDA soil taxonomy system, Soil Survey Staff (2014) and
plants required in small quantity. The available nutrients are correlated with world reference base (IUSS, 2015). Pedon 1
obtained with a mean value range for TN=1.62, AvP=15.764, was classified as Typic Kandiustalfs (Hypereutric Lixisoils),
Ca=4.26, Mg=0.8, K=0.316, Na=5.722 for cultivated land while pedon 2 was classified as Arenic (Kandiustalfs Loamic
area (CLA) and for fallow land area (FLA) the mean value Lixisol).
range for TN=1.66, AvP=16.828, Ca=4.36, Mg=0.828,
K=0.322, Na=0.25 respectively. Also, the result showed that PEDON 1
the crops can thrived well in both of the studied pedons at the Features: sandy particles class throughout a layer and
pH value range of 6.9-6.8 which indicated that the soil is the epipedon has a texture class of sand loamy throughout,
slightly acidic. Furthermore, there is a reduction in crops high base saturation >50%, ustic soil moisture regime,
yield due to low organic matter (OM) and organic carbon isophyerthermic soil temperature, Kandic horizon, argillic
(OC) contents in both of the studied pedons and sand have the horizon.
highest mean value range from 57.92% in cultivated land area

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ISSN No:-2456-2165
Order Afisols Donald Institute for Archaeological Research, Universi
Sub-order Ustalfs ty of Cambridge.
Great group Kandiustalfs [5]. Brady, N.C. and Weil, R.R. (1999). The Nature and
Sub-group Typic Kandiustalfs (HypereutricLixisols) Properties of Soils. 12th Edition, Prentice Hall
Publishers, London, 1-9, 453-536, 727, 739-740
PEDON 2 [6]. Bray, R.H. and Kurt, L.T. (1945) Determination of Total
Features: Loamy particles throughout the layer Organic and Available Forms of Phosphorus in Soils.
extending from the mineral soil surface from the top of a Soil Science, 59, 39-45
Kandic horizon at the depth of 52-76cm, argillic horizon, high [7]. Bremner, J.M. (1996). Nitrogen Total. Sparks, D.L. (ed)
base saturation >50%. methods of soils analysis, parts, chemical method.
Order Afisols 2nded, SSSA Book Series No. 5, SSSA, Madison, W1
Sub-order Ustalfs 1085-1125
Great group Kandiustalfs [8]. Castro, F.C., Lourenco, A., Guimaraes, M.D.F.,
Sub-group Typic Kandiustalfs (Hypereutric Lixisols) Fonseca, I.C.B., (2002): Aggregate stability under
different soil management system in a Red latosol in the
IV. CONCLUSION state of Parana, Brazil. Soil tillage Research 65:45-51.
[9]. Celik, I. (2005). Land use effects on organic matter and
The study was carried out to determine the effects of physical properties of soil in a southern Mediterranean
land use types on some physico-chemical properties of the highland of Turkey. Soil and Tillage Research, 83: 270-
soils of Tsinipanbea, Chunku Wukari local government area 277. https://doi.org/10.1016//j.still.2004.08.001
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on a flat terrain for the physico-chemical properties. Data A comparative study on the microbiological
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phosphorus (AvP), total nitrogen (TN) and ECEC. The result [11]. Chude, V.O., Malgwi, W.B., Amapu, I.Y. and Ano,
of the research finding also reveal that the fallow land had the A.O. (2011). Manual on Soil Fertility Assessment,
highest content of organic matter, organic carbon, TN, AvP Federal Fertilizer Department. FAO and National
and ECEC. This attributed to the accumulation of litter on the Program on Food Security, Abuja, Nigeria. 62.
surface of the soil which recycles nutrients and makes them [12]. Conant, R.T., Smith, G.R., Paustian, K. (2003). Spatial
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Dane, J.H. and Topp, G.C., Eds., Methods of Soil
We the authors wish to acknowledge the department of Analysis, Part 4, Physical Methods, Soils Science
Soil Science and Land Resources Management, Federal Society of America, Book Series No. 5, Madison, 255-
University Wukari, Wukari, Taraba State for availing us the 293.
opportunity to carry out this project and to also use some [15]. Geissen,V., Sanchez-Hernandez, R., Kampichler, C.,
equipment in their laboratories to carry out the analysis of the Ramos-Reyes, R., Sepulveda-Lozada A., Ochoa-
soil samples. We are indeed grateful Goana, S., de Jong, B.H.J., Huerta-
Lwanga E., Hernandez-
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