Tungsten carbide

Tungsten carbide (chemical formula: WC) is a chemical

compound (specifically, a carbide) containing equal parts of Tungsten carbide
tungsten and carbon atoms. In its most basic form, tungsten carbide
is a fine gray powder, but it can be pressed and formed into shapes
through sintering for use in industrial machinery, cutting tools,
chisels, abrasives, armor-piercing shells and jewelry.

Tungsten carbide is approximately twice as stiff as steel, with a

Young's modulus of approximately 530–700 GPa,[4][7][8][9] and is
double the density of steel—nearly midway between that of lead Names
and gold. It is comparable with corundum (α-Al2 O3 ) in hardness IUPAC name
and can be polished and finished only with abrasives of superior Tungsten carbide
hardness such as cubic boron nitride and diamond powder, wheels
and compounds. Other names
Tungsten(IV) carbide

Tungsten tetracarbide

Contents Identifiers
CAS Number 12070-12-1 (https://
Naming
commonchemistry.c
Synthesis as.org/detail?cas_rn
Chemical properties =12070-12-1) 
Physical properties 3D model (W+≡C−): Interactive
(JSmol)
Structure image (https://chem
Applications apps.stolaf.edu/jmol/
Cutting tools for machining jmol.php?model=%5
Ammunition BC-%5D%23%5B
Mining and foundation drilling W%2B%5D)

Nuclear ChemSpider 2006424 (https://ww

Sports usage w.chemspider.com/C
Surgical instruments & medical hemical-Structure.20
Jewelry 06424.html)
Other ECHA 100.031.918 (https://
Toxicity InfoCard echa.europa.eu/sub
References stance-information/-/
substanceinfo/100.0
Cited sources
31.918)
External links
EC Number 235-123-0
PubChem 2724274 (https://pub
Naming CID chem.ncbi.nlm.nih.g
Historically referred to as Wolfram, Wolf Rahm, wolframite ore ov/compound/27242
was then later carburized and cemented with a binder creating a 74) (W+≡C−)
composite now called "tungsten carbide".[10] Tungsten is Swedish
RTECS YO7250000
for "heavy stone".
number
Colloquially among workers in various industries (such as UNII PKZ44S724L (http
machining), tungsten carbide is often simply called carbide. s://fdasis.nlm.nih.go
v/srs/srsdirect.jsp?re
Synthesis gno=PKZ44S724L) 
UN number 3178
Tungsten carbide is prepared by reaction of tungsten metal and
carbon at 1,400–2,000  °C.[11] Other methods include a lower CompTox DTXSID4029305 (htt
Dashboard ps://comptox.epa.go
temperature fluid bed process that reacts either tungsten metal or
(EPA)
blue WO3 with CO/CO2 mixture and H2 between 900 and v/dashboard/chemic
1,200 °C.[12] al/details/DTXSID40
29305)
WC can also be produced by heating WO3 with graphite: directly
InChI
at 900 °C or in hydrogen at 670 °C following by carburization in
InChI=1S/C.W/q-1;+1  
argon at 1,000  °C.[13] Chemical vapor deposition methods that
Key: UONOETXJSWQNOL-UHFFF
have been investigated include:[11] AOYSA-N 

reacting tungsten hexachloride with hydrogen (as a SMILES

reducing agent) and methane (as the source of carbon)
(W+≡C−): [C-]#[W+]
at 670 °C (943 K)
Properties
WCl6 + H2 + CH4 → WC + 6 HCl Chemical WC
formula
reacting tungsten hexafluoride with hydrogen (as
reducing agent) and methanol (as source of carbon) at Molar mass 195.85 g·mol−1
350 °C (623 K) Appearance Grey-black lustrous
solid
WF6 + 2 H2 + CH3OH → WC + 6 HF + H2O
Density 15.63 g/cm3[1]
Melting point 2,785–2,830 °C
Chemical properties (5,045–5,126 °F;
3,058–3,103 K)[3][2]
There are two well-characterized compounds of tungsten and
carbon, WC and tungsten semicarbide, W2 C. Both compounds Boiling point 6,000 °C (10,830 °F;
may be present in coatings and the proportions can depend on the 6,270 K)
coating method.[14] at 760 mmHg[2]
Solubility in Insoluble
Another meta-stable compound of tungsten and carbon can be water
created by heating the WC phase to high temperatures using
Solubility Soluble in HNO3,
plasma, then quenching in inert gas (plasma spheroidization).[15]
HF[3]
This process causes macrocrystalline WC particles to spheroidize
and results in the non-stoichiometric high temperature phase Magnetic 1·10−5 cm3/mol[3]
susceptibility
WC1-x existing in a meta-stable form at room temperature. The
(χ)
fine microstructure of this phase provides high hardness (2800-
3500 HV) combined with good toughness when compared with Thermal 110 W/(m·K)[4]
other tungsten carbide compounds. The meta-stable nature of this conductivity
compound results in reduced high temperature stability. Structure
At high temperatures WC decomposes to tungsten and carbon and Crystal Hexagonal, hP2[5]
this can occur during high-temperature thermal spray, e.g., in high structure
velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) and high energy plasma (HEP) Space group P6m2, No. 187[5]
methods.[16]
Point group 6m2[5]
Oxidation of WC starts at 500–600  °C (773–873  K).[11] It is Lattice a = 2.906 Å,
resistant to acids and is only attacked by hydrofluoric acid/nitric constant c = 2.837 Å[5]
acid (HF/HNO3 ) mixtures above room temperature.[11] It reacts α = 90°, β = 90°,
with fluorine gas at room temperature and chlorine above 400 °C γ = 120°
(673  K) and is unreactive to dry H2 up to its melting point.[11] Molecular Trigonal prismatic
Finely powdered WC oxidizes readily in hydrogen peroxide shape (center at C)[6]
aqueous solutions.[17] At high temperatures and pressures it reacts
with aqueous sodium carbonate forming sodium tungstate, a Thermochemistry
procedure used for recovery of scrap cemented carbide due to its Heat 39.8 J/(mol·K)[4]
selectivity. capacity (C)
Std molar 32.1 J/mol·K
Physical properties entropy
(S o298)
Tungsten carbide has a high melting point at 2,870 °C (3,140 K), a Related compounds
boiling point of 6,000  °C (6,270  K) when under a pressure Other anions Tungsten boride
equivalent to 1 standard atmosphere (101.325 kilopascals),[2] a Tungsten nitride
thermal conductivity of 110  W·m−1 ·K−1 ,[4] and a coefficient of
thermal expansion of 5.5 µm·m−1 ·K−1 .[7] Other cations Molybdenum
carbide
Tungsten carbide is extremely hard, ranking about 9 to 9.5 on the Titanium carbide
Mohs scale, and with a Vickers number of around 2600.[8] It has a Silicon carbide
Young's modulus of approximately 530–700 GPa,[4][7][8][9] a bulk Except where otherwise noted, data
modulus of 630–655 GPa, and a shear modulus of 274 GPa.[18] It are given for materials in their
has an ultimate tensile strength of 344  MPa,[9] an ultimate standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F],
compression strength of about 2.7  GPa and a Poisson's ratio of 100 kPa).
0.31.[18]  verify (what is   ?)
Infobox references
The speed of a longitudinal wave (the speed of sound) through a
thin rod of tungsten carbide is 6220 m/s.[19]

Tungsten carbide's low electrical resistivity of about 0.2 µΩ·m is comparable with that of some metals (e.g.
vanadium 0.2 µΩ·m).[11][20]

WC is readily wetted by both molten nickel and cobalt.[21] Investigation of the phase diagram of the W-C-
Co system shows that WC and Co form a pseudo binary eutectic. The phase diagram also shows that there
are so-called η-carbides with composition (W,Co)6 C that can be formed and the brittleness of these phases
makes control of the carbon content in WC-Co cemented carbides important.[21] In the presence of a
molten phase such as cobalt, abnormal grain growth is known to occur in the sintering of tungsten carbide,
with this having significant effects on the performance of the product material.

Structure
There are two forms of WC, a hexagonal form, α-WC (hP2, space group P6m2, No. 187),[5][6] and a cubic
high-temperature form, β-WC, which has the rock salt structure.[22] The hexagonal form can be visualized
as made up of a simple hexagonal lattice of metal atoms of layers lying directly over one another (i.e. not
close packed), with carbon atoms filling half the interstices giving
both tungsten and carbon a regular trigonal prismatic, 6
coordination.[6] From the unit cell dimensions[23] the following
bond lengths can be determined: the distance between the tungsten
atoms in a hexagonally packed layer is 291 pm, the shortest
distance between tungsten atoms in adjoining layers is 284 pm, and
the tungsten carbon bond length is 220 pm. The tungsten-carbon
bond length is therefore comparable to the single bond in W(CH3 )6
α-WC structure, carbon atoms are
(218 pm) in which there is strongly distorted trigonal prismatic
gray.[5]
coordination of tungsten.[24]

Molecular WC has been investigated and this gas phase species has
a bond length of 171 pm for 184 W12 C.[25]

Applications

Cutting tools for machining

Sintered tungsten carbide–cobalt cutting tools are very abrasion

resistant and can also withstand higher temperatures than standard
high-speed steel (HSS) tools. Carbide cutting surfaces are often
used for machining tough materials such as carbon steel or stainless
steel, and in applications where steel tools would wear quickly,
Cemented carbide drill and end mills
such as high-quantity and high-precision production. Because
carbide tools maintain a sharp cutting edge better than steel tools,
they generally produce a better finish on parts, and their
temperature resistance allows faster machining. The material is usually called cemented carbide, solid
carbide, hardmetal or tungsten-carbide cobalt. It is a metal matrix composite, where tungsten carbide
particles are the aggregate, and metallic cobalt serves as the matrix.[26][27]

Ammunition

Tungsten carbide, in its monolithic sintered form, or much more often in cemented tungsten carbide cobalt
composite (see above), is often used in armor-piercing ammunition, especially where depleted uranium is
not available or is politically unacceptable. W2 C projectiles were first used by German Luftwaffe tank-
hunter squadrons in World War II. However, owing to the limited German reserves of tungsten, W2 C
material was reserved for making machine tools and small numbers of projectiles. It is an effective
penetrator due to its combination of great hardness and very high density.[28][29]

Tungsten carbide ammunition is now generally of the sabot type. SLAP, or saboted light armour penetrator,
where a plastic sabot discards at the barrel muzzle, is one of the primary types of saboted small arms
ammunition. Non-discarding jackets, regardless of the jacket material, are not perceived as sabots but as
bullets. Both of the designs are, however, common in designated light armor-piercing small arms
ammunition. Discarding sabots such as are used with M1A1 Abrams main gun are more commonplace in
precision high-velocity gun ammunition.[30][31]

Mining and foundation drilling

Tungsten carbide is used extensively in mining in top hammer rock
drill bits, downhole hammers, roller-cutters, long wall plough
chisels, long wall shearer picks, raiseboring reamers, and tunnel
boring machines. In these applications it is also used for wear and
corrosion resistant components in inlet control for well screens,
sub-assemblies, seal rings and bushings common in oil and gas
drilling.[32] It is generally utilised as a button insert, mounted in a
surrounding matrix of steel that forms the substance of the bit. As
the tungsten carbide button is worn away the softer steel matrix
containing it is also worn away, exposing yet more button insert. A tricone roller cone assembly from
a raiseboring reamer, showing the
protruding tungsten carbide buttons
Nuclear inset into the rollers

Tungsten carbide is also an effective neutron reflector and as such

was used during early investigations into nuclear chain reactions, particularly for weapons. A criticality
accident occurred at Los Alamos National Laboratory on 21 August 1945 when Harry Daghlian
accidentally dropped a tungsten carbide brick onto a plutonium sphere, known as the demon core, causing
the subcritical mass to go supercritical with the reflected neutrons.

Sports usage

Trekking poles, used by many hikers for balance and to reduce

pressure on leg joints, generally use carbide tips in order to gain
traction when placed on hard surfaces (like rock); carbide tips last
much longer than other types of tip.[33]

While ski pole tips are generally not made of carbide, since they do
not need to be especially hard even to break through layers of ice,
rollerski tips usually are. Roller skiing emulates cross country
A Nokian bicycle tire with tungsten
skiing and is used by many skiers to train during warm weather
carbide spikes. The spikes are
months. surrounded by aluminum.

Sharpened carbide tipped spikes (known as studs) can be inserted

into the drive tracks of snowmobiles. These studs enhance traction
on icy surfaces. Longer v-shaped segments fit into grooved rods called wear rods under each snowmobile
ski. The relatively sharp carbide edges enhance steering on harder icy surfaces. The carbide tips and
segments reduce wear encountered when the snowmobile must cross roads and other abrasive surfaces.[34]

Car, motorcycle and bicycle tires with tungsten carbide studs provide better traction on ice. They are
generally preferred to steel studs because of their superior resistance to wear.[35]

Tungsten carbide may be used in farriery, the shoeing of horses, to improve traction on slippery surfaces
such as roads or ice. Carbide-tipped hoof nails may be used to attach the shoes;[36] in the United States,
borium – chips of tungsten carbide in a matrix of softer metal such as bronze or mild steel – may be welded
to small areas of the underside of the shoe before fitting.[37]: 7 3 

Surgical instruments & medical

Tungsten carbide is also used for making surgical instruments meant for open surgery (scissors, forceps,
hemostats, blade-handles, etc.) and laparoscopic surgery (graspers, scissors/cutter, needle holder, cautery,
etc.). They are much costlier than their stainless-steel counterparts and require delicate handling, but give
better performance.[38]

Jewelry

Tungsten carbide, typically in the form of a cemented carbide

(carbide particles brazed together by metal), has become a popular
material in the bridal jewelry industry due to its extreme hardness
and high resistance to scratching.[39][40] Even with high-impact
resistance, this extreme hardness also means that it can occasionally
be shattered under certain circumstances.[41] Some consider this
useful, since an impact would shatter a tungsten ring, quickly
removing it, where precious metals would bend flat and require Tungsten carbide ring
cutting. Tungsten carbide is roughly 10 times harder than 18k gold.
In addition to its design and high polish, part of its attraction to
consumers is its technical nature.[39] Special tools, such as locking pliers, may be required if such a ring
must be removed quickly (e.g. due to medical emergency following a hand injury accompanied by
swelling).[42]

Other

Tungsten carbide is widely used to make the rotating ball in the tips
of ballpoint pens that disperse ink during writing.[43]

Tungsten carbide is a common material used in the manufacture of

gauge blocks, used as a system for producing precision lengths in
dimensional metrology.

English guitarist Martin Simpson is known to use a custom-made

tungsten carbide guitar slide.[44] The hardness, weight, and density
of the slide give it superior sustain and volume compared to Spherical tungsten carbide under
standard glass, steel, ceramic, or brass slides. scanning electron microscope,
magnification x950, Material
Tungsten carbide has been investigated for its potential use as a Laboratory
catalyst and it has been found to resemble platinum in its catalysis
of the production of water from hydrogen and oxygen at room
temperature, the reduction of tungsten trioxide by hydrogen in the presence of water, and the isomerisation
of 2,2-dimethylpropane to 2-methylbutane.[45] It has been proposed as a replacement for the iridium
catalyst in hydrazine-powered satellite thrusters.[46]

A tungsten carbide coating has been utilized on brake discs in high performance automotive applications to
improve performance, increase service intervals and reduce brake dust.[47]

Toxicity
The primary health risks associated with tungsten carbide relate to inhalation of dust, leading to silicosis-
like pulmonary fibrosis.[48] Cobalt-cemented tungsten carbide is also anticipated to be a human carcinogen
by the American National Toxicology Program.[49]
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Cited sources
Kurlov, Alexey S.; Gusev, Aleksandr I. (2013). Tungsten Carbides: Structure, Properties and
Application in Hardmetals (https://books.google.com/books?id=vcLBAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA3).
Springer Science & Business Media. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-00524-9 (https://doi.org/10.100
7%2F978-3-319-00524-9). ISBN 978-3-319-00524-9. LCCN 2013942113 (https://lccn.loc.go
v/2013942113). S2CID 136700223 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:136700223).

External links
International Chemical Safety Card 1320 (http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics13
20.htm)
NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards (https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0647.html)

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