PENNY INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE

COKER COMPOUND, COKER, LAGOS.

JSS 2 SECOND TERM SCHEME OF WORK

1. REVISION / COMPUTER PROGRAMMING 7. ICT AS A TRANSFORMATION TOOL

LANGUAGE 8. ICT AS A TRANSFORMATION TOOL
2. BASIC LANGUAGE 9. BENEFITS OF ICT
3. SIMPLE BASIC STATEMENTS 10. ICT GADGETS
4. GRAPHIC PACKAGE I 11. REVISION
5. FEATURES OF GRAPHIC PACKAGE 12. EXAMINATION
6. GRAPHIC PACKAGE II

WEEK ONE
REVISION / COMPUTER PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

A programming language is a vocabulary and set of grammatical rules for instructing a computer
to perform specific tasks. It can also be defined as a coded language used by programmers to
write instructions that a computer can understand to do what the programmer wants.

A program is a collection of instructions that performs a specific task when executed by a

computer. The physical can computer machinery that executes the instructions is the hardware.
A computer programmer, programmer, developer, coder or software engineer is a person who
writes computer software. They are also individual that compose instructions for the computer
system to refer to when performing a given action.
The term programming language usually refers to high level languages such as

 BASIC (an acronym for Beginner’s All Purpose Symbolic Instruction code) is a family of general
purpose, high level programming languages that was designed by John Gorge Kemeny and
Thomas Eugene Kurtz in 1964.
 C programming language was developed by Dennis Ritchie in 1972.
 C++ programming language was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup
 COBOL (an acronym for Common Business Oriented Language). COBOL was designed in 1959
by CODASYL (an acronym for Conference/Committee on Data Systems Languages) and was
partly based on previous programming language design work by Grace Hopper, commonly
referred to as the (grand) mother of COBOL.
 FORTRAN (derived from formula translators). It was designed by a team of programmers and
was first published in 1957. The versions of FORTRAN listed by the American National
 Standards Association (ANSA) are: - FORTRAN 66 (FORTRAN IV) in 1966, FORTRAN 77 in 1978,
FORTRAN 90 in 1990, FORTRAN 95, and FORTRAN 2003.
 Pascal Programming language was designed by Nicklaus Wirth in 1968-1969 and published in
1970.
 Ada programming language. Ada was originally designed by a team led by John Ichbiah of a
Honeywell and was named after Ada Lovelace (1815-1852) who is credited with being the first
computer programmer. Examples include Java, Perl, and Algol etc.
LEVELS OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

1. MACHINE LANGUAGE (ML)

The computer system only understands the machine language (ML) which is impossible for
humans because they are written in binary code (consisting entirely of numbers i.e 11000).
Machine language uses the representation of zero (0) and one (1) to denote OFF and ON
electrical symbols.

FEATURES OF MACHINE LANGUAGE

 It is the machine language or machine dependent
 Consumes less space by computer memory unlike high level language
 It is written in 0’s and 1’s.
 It is very difficult to write and modify.

2. LOW LEVEL LANGUAGE (LLL)

Assembly Languages (AL) was introduced to ease the difficulty in programming in ML. AL uses
mnemonics to represent operations to be performed by the computer and symbols to
represent data. To do that, AL requires a translator called an Assembler to translate AL to ML
for the computer to understand. ML and AL is machine dependent and they are both referred
to as Low Level Languages (LLL).

FEATURES OF LOW LEVEL LANGUAGE

 Machine dependent.
 Synthetic code is used e.g. HLT for HALT
 Mnemonic codes are used in place of actual machine.

3. HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE (HLL)

In other to simplify computer programming, programming languages that resembles human
language were developed. These languages are called High Level Languages (HLL). Examples
are Ada, Pascal, FORTRAN, C, C++, COBOL and BASIC e.t.c.
 FEATURES OF HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE

 It is machine independent
 It consists of series of instruction codes.
 You must adhere to some rules while writing the high-level languages.
 It is easy to read and understand.
 They are problem oriented.

COMPARISON OF LEVELS OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

S/N MACHINE LANG. LOW LEVEL LANG. HIGH LEVEL LANG.

1. Machine dependent Machine dependent Machine independent
2. It is written in 0’s & 1’s Mnemonic code is used. It consist series of instruction
code.
3. Difficult to write and Less difficult to write and Easy to write, read and
modify. modify. modify.
4. Consumes much memory Consumes less memory space Does not consume memory
space. compared with machine space.
language.

WEEK TWO
MEANING OF BASIC
BASIC stands for Beginner All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. It is not only simple but also a very
powerful high level programming language. It consists of statements written in English words and
mathematical notation. It is written in a human understandable form.
The two professors, John G. Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz developed the language in 1964 at Dartmouth
College, USA, as means of teaching students a simple language for programming a computer.

VERSIONS OF BASIC
i. QBASIC ii. T.BASIC iii. V.BASIC iv. GWBASIC v. Apple Soft BASIC
vi. BASICA – (BASIC ADVANCE)

Rules for BASIC Programming

1. All expressions must be written in capital letters.
2. First character must be alphabet
3. BASIC statement or keyword must start with a line number.
4. Each line must contain only one BASIC program statement.
5. There must not be full stop at the end of a statement.
6. The start/begin statement must be the first entry in a program.
7. End/Stop statement must be the last entry in a program.

BASIC Statements
LET Statement
The LET statement permits the programmer to assign numbers and formulas to a variable name.

Example: 10 LET AREA = ½ (b*h)

20 LET JS=How do you do”
30 LET ANN=50

DATA Statement
The statement (Read and Data) goes hand in hand. Data statement is used to enter data into a program
before running the program or before program execution occurs. The data to be entered into the
program is read from DATA statement.
E.g. 10 READ A, B, C, D
20 DATA 3, 5, 10, 15

INPUT Statement
This allows you to type in data from the keyboard while the program is running. This program will be able
to produce the required result with given data. The input statements have the general format.
10 INPUT A
20 INPUT B
30 INPUT C

Example: 10 INPUT “YOUR NAME” =$

10 INPUT “YOURSURNAME”, =$

PROGRAM TERMINATOR (END, STOP)

END Statement: this always indicates the end of a BASIC program. When the computer comes across the
end statement in a program, the computer automatically ends. End should always be the last statement
in the program to indicate the physical end of the program.
STOP indicates when the logical executions of a program should cease.
Example: 40 STOP
40 END

OUTPUT or PRINT Statement

The result of the processed data is displayed by output statement. The PRINT statement: brings out the
processed data. The print statement has the general format.
Example: 20 PRINT D, E, C OR
20 PRINT A, $, C

IF …THEN … ELSE:
Used to perform comparisons or make decision.

FOR …TO... NEXT:

Repeat a section of code a given number of times. A variable that acts as a counter is available within the
loop.

DO…LOOP {WHILE} OR {UNTIL}: Repeat a section of code Forever or while/until the specified condition is
true.

GOTO: Jumps to a numbered or labeled line in the program.

GOSUB: Temporarily jumps to a numbered or labeled line, returning to the following line after
encountering the RETURN command. This is used to implement subroutines.

CLS Statement: This program when executed will clear the screen. It means Clear the Screen

REM Statement (Remark)

REM statements stand for Remark. The statement allows you to add comment and explanatory notes to
your program. This may as well include date and what the program is all about. Computer does not
execute REM; it is just a remark that aids the programmer to remember certain thing about the program.
Examples: REM PROGRAMM TO SAY HELLO
REM TO CALCULATE AREA OF A TRIANGLE

LINE numbers
In BASIC we need a line number for each basic statement. Numbers are positive whole numbers from 1 to
99,999. A line number is always in integer form and this are done to give room for correction when
necessary. It is presented in the format below:
10 ……………………..
20 ……………………..
30 ……………………..
40 …………………….. etc.

Simple BASIC Program

Example 1: Write a BASIC program to find the average of three numbers.
Solution:
5 REM FIND AVERAGE 30 AVE=SUM/3
10 READ A 35 PRINT AVE
15 READ B 40 DATA 5, 10, 15
20 READ C 45 END
25 SUM=A+B+C

Example 2: Write a BASIC program to calculate the volume of a box.

Solution:
10 REM FIND THE VOLUME OF A BOX 40 DATA 3,5,10
20 READ L,B,H 50 PRINT VOLUME
30 READ V=L*B*H 60 END

Example 3
Write a basic program to calculate and print the sum of two numbers.

10 REM PROGRAM TO CALCULATE AND PRINT 60 INPUT “ENTER FIRST NUMBER” F1

THE SUM OF TWO NUMBERS 70 INPUT “ENTER SECOND NUMBER” F2
20 REM FIRST NUMBER = F1 80 SUM = F1+F2
30 REM SECOND NUMBER = F2 90 PRINT “ANSWER =”,SUM
40 REM ADDITION OF ALL NUMBERS=SUM 100 END
50 CLS
 WEEK 3
GRAPHIC PACKAGE I
DEFINITION OF GRAPHIC PACKAGE
Graphic packages are application software that can be used to create and manipulate images on a
computer.
Also, Graphic packages are programs that allow you to create graphic pictures, logos, letter head
papers, brochures, calendars, etc. A package is software written to perform a particular task. A
graphic package use lines, shapes, colors, and patterns to show information. Apart from being
able to draw lines and other geometric shapes, it is also possible to do full art works and painting
in full colors of any kind of objects. Graphic images can be created using computers.
EXAMPLES OF GRAPHIC PACKAGES
These includes: Ms Paint, Adobe Photoshop, Instant artist, Harvard graphic and CorelDraw.
FEATURES OF GRAPHIC PACKAGES
Most of the graphic packages posses the following features and tools.
1. Menu Bar: this can be used to activate commands of graphic packages in operations.
Depending on the graphic package you are using, some packages contain the following;
file, edit, view, text, tools, windows, help, etc.
2. Toolbar: this is a bar that contains short cut to menu and other command. For example,
you can use the “open” icon O to open an existing document by clicking on it. Others are;
save, print, cut, copy, paste, alignment, bold, italics, underline, etc.
3. Toolbox: this is a bar with tools for creating, editing and modifying objects in the drawing.
4. Printable area: this can be referred to as the work space inside the drawing window, which
you can plan your work on.
5. Color Palette: it is a bar that allows you to fill desired objects or texts with any color you
want.

FEATURES OF THE PAINT ENVIROMENT

Paint is software from Microsoft Inc. It allows one to create, customize and paint graphics or
images.
STARTING PAINT PROGRAM
To start a paint program the following steps are to be followed:
1. Click on start menu
2. Navigate to all program and click on it
3. Navigate to accessories or window accessories and click on it
4. Move to paint program and click on it
TOOLS IN THE TOOLBOX TOOL
The paint toolbox has sixteen tools.
FUNCTION OF TOOLBOX TOOLS
1. FREE-FORM SELECT: this is a tool used to select object that have been drawn in the
drawing area.
2. RECTANGLE SELECT TOOL: this is also used to select object in the drawing area.
3. THE ERASER TOOL: it is used to remove mistakes that have been made in a drawing. The
size of the eraser can be adjusted to remove either big or small areas of a drawing.
4. FILL COLOR TOOL: this is also known as paint bucket tool. It is used to fill objects that
have drawn with any color of your choice.
5. PICK COLOR TOOL: this is used to pick or select color from pictures.
6. MAGNIFIER TOOL: this is used to make objects in the drawing areas appear bigger.
7. PENCIL TOOL: this is known as the default tool in the paint program. You can use the pencil
for drawing just like a real life pencil. You must click and drag the mouse pointer to use the
pencil tool.
8. BRUSH TOOL: it works like a real-life brush. You have different brush options to choose
from in the toolbox.
9. AIR BRUSH TOOL: this is used to spay colors over an object. It works like a spray can. The
amount of color spray over a particular area depends on how long you hold down the
mouse button and keep it in the same area.
10. TEXT TOOL: this is used for inserting text into the drawing.
11. LINE TOOL: this is used to draw horizontal, vertical and diagonal lines.
12. RECTANGULAR TOOL: this is used to draw rectangles and squares of different sizes.
13. CURVE TOOL: this is used for drawing curves from a line. To do this, you must first draw a
line with the tool, and then click on any part of the line and drag the mouse pointer to
create a curve on the line.
14. POLYGON TOOL: this is used for drawing straight line object with different shapes and
sizes. It can be used to draw a triangle, star, rhombus, and many other polygon.
15. ELLIPSE TOOL: this is used for drawing ovals and circles of different sizes.
16. ROUNDED TRIANGLE TOOL: this is used for drawing rectangles and squares of different
sizes with rounded edges.

WEEK 7 – 9
I.C.T AS A TRANSFORMATION TOOL
MEANING OF ICT
ICT is an acronym that stands for Information and Communication Technology.
INFORMATION: this is refers to knowledge obtained from reading, investigating, study and
research.
COMMUNICATION: this is an act of transmitting messages.
TECHNOLOGY: this is the application of scientific knowledge for practical purpose especially in
industry.
ICT can therefore be defined as technologies that provide access to information through
telecommunication.
Also, it is defined as the use of diverse set of technological tool and resources to communicate,
create, disseminate, store and manage information. It is the combination of compatible hardware
and computer-based information systems together with improved communication technologies.
Information can be transmitted from one place to the other with the use of ICT. For example,
sending and receiving e-mail, messages, making phone calls, audio and video conferencing,
sending and receiving fax messages, chatting and instant messages etc. Examples of ICT gadget
are; computer, cellular network, satellite communication, television, telephone, etc
ICT COMPONENTS
The major components of ICT are:
1. COMPUTER: it is needed to process data and information.
2. INPUT/OUTPUT DEVICES: these send or receive data.
3. COMMUNICATION CHANNELS: these are links by which voice or data are transmitted.
These links uses various media such as telephone line, fiber optic cable, coaxial cable and
wireless transmission which could be radio or satellite link.
4. COMMUNICATION PROCESSOR: these are processor which provides support function of
data transmission and reception. Examples are; modem, router and multiplexer.
5. COMMUNICATION SOFTWARE: this control the input and output activities and also
manage other functions of the communication
BENEFITS OF ICT
i. It is timely, better and cheaper access to knowledge and information.
ii. It speeds up transactions and processes.
iii. It causes human beings interact with each other in new ways.
iv. Distance becomes irrelevant in business transaction and dealing.
DISADVANTAGES OF ICT
I. It leads to job loses.
II. Threatens other areas / field of human endeavor. E.g criminals view it as an avenue to
commit crime of all kinds.
III. ICT tools may not be easily affordable.
IV. Maintenance of some ICT tool or gadgets are expensive.
WEEK 10
SUB-TOPIC 2: ICT Based Gadgets

Meaning of Gadgets: Gadgets are tools or machines that help to do something. ICT gadgets are
information and communication equipments, which includes computer hardware i.e. printer, etc.
Broadcasting technology i.e. radio, television, other ICT gadgets are ATM, fax machines, mobile
phones etc. ICT gadgets are further explained below;

 Mobile Phones: It is an electronic handheld device used to make mobile telephone

calls. Common manufacturers of mobile phones are Nokia, Samsung, and Blackberry
e.t.c.
 Computer: It is an electronic device for storing and processing data. Computers come
in various types which include Personal Computer (PC), Laptops and Ipad.
 Fax Machine: Fax stands for facsimile i.e make a copy. It is a device that can send or
receive pictures and text over a telephone line.
 Automated Teller Machine (ATM): ATM commonly called ‘Cash Point’ is a
computerized device that provides the clients of financial institutions access to
financial transaction in public space without the need of a cashier, human clerk or
bank teller.
 Dispensing Machines (a Vending Machine): It is a machine that dispenses items such
as snacks, beverages, lottery, tickets e.t.c to customers automatically.
 Point of Sale Machine or Automated Cash Register (ACR): It is a machine that is used
to carry out retail transactions. It can provide many services such as credit card
processing and cash transaction e.t.c
 Radio Sets: It is an electronic receiver that detects, demodulates and amplifies
transmitted signals.
 Television Sets: It is a device used to view television broadcast. Modern television
consists of a display, antenna or radio frequency, input and a tuner.
 Satellites: This is an information transmission method through cables or wireless by the use of
satellites dishes.
 VSAT: This is advanced telecom equipment for receiving digital broadcast. It stands for very
small aperture terminal (VSAT).