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Lecture 09
Lecture 09
Metals and
Ceramics Polymers Composites
their alloys
Ceramic Polymer
Ferrous = Base Nonferrous = Metal matrix
matrix matrix
Iron No Iron composites
composites composites
Example of polymer:
Transformation of ethene
to polythene
Thermosetting
polymers
2. Semi-synthetic polymers:
• Cellulose derivatives as cellulose acetate (rayon) and cellulose nitrate.
3. Synthetic polymers:
• These polymers are synthesized in the industry from chemical substances.
• They are manmade polymers extensively used in daily life and industry.
• Examples:
Plastic (polythene)
Synthetic rubbers (Buna-S) and synthetic fibres (nylon 6,6) .
Homopolymers Co-polymers
They are made by single monomeric species They made by addition polymerisation from
polymerization. two different monomers.
Example: Formation of Polythene from ethane. Example: Buna-N, Buna-S.
2. Fibres:
• Thread forming solids which possess high tensile strength and high modulus.
• Have strong intermolecular forces like hydrogen bonding which leads to close packing of chains
and impart crystalline nature.
• Example: polyamides (nylon 6,6), polyesters (terylene).
4. Thermosetting polymers:
Cross linked or branched polymer molecules, which on heating undergo extensive cross linking
in moulds and again become infusible.
These cannot be reused.
Examples: Bakelite, urea-formaldehyde resins etc.
1. Addition polymerization
Two broad types of polymerization reactions 2. Condensation polymerization
Uses: Uses:
In making sheets. In manufacture of tyre cords, fabrics
In bristles for brushes and in textile industry. and ropes.
1. Natural rubber:
Natural polymer and has coiled structure.
Called as elastomer due to elastic properties.
Linear polymer of isoprene (2-methyl-1, 3-butadiene), also called as cis - 1,4-polyisoprene.
cis-poly-isoprene molecule consists of various chains held together by weak van der Waals
interactions.
Vulcanization of rubber:
Natural rubber becomes soft at high temperature (>335 K) and brittle at low temperatures (<283 K).
Improves
a) Neoprene b) Buna-N
Formed by the free radical polymerisation of Obtained by copolymerization of 1,3-
chloroprene. butadiene and acrylonitrile in presence of
peroxide catalyst.
Resistant to the action of petrol, lubricating
oil and organic solvents.
Uses:
For manufacturing conveyor belts, gaskets Uses:
and hoses. In making oil seals, tank lining, etc.
Toughness
Viscoelasticity
Molecular weight
Degree of polymerization
Crystallinity of Polymer
Low Density
Order of Increasing
Strength:
Cross-linking:
Restricts motion of chains and increases the strength of polymer.
Crystallinity:
It increases strength, because in crystalline phase, intermolecular bonding is more significant.
Hence, polymer deformation can result in the higher strength leading to oriented chains.
𝑻𝒐𝒖𝒈𝒉𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒔 = 𝝈 𝒅𝝐
𝟎
where, ϵf is the true strain at fracture.
but low strain rate, Polymers show combined behavior of elastic and plastic deformation
depending on temperature and strain rate.
At low temperature and high strain rate, elastic behavior is observed, and at high temperature the
viscous behavior is observed.
Combined behavior of viscosity and elasticity
is observed at intermediate temperature and
strain rate value.
This behavior is termed as viscoelasticity, and
the polymer is termed as viscoelastic.