1) Cottonseed oil is extracted through expression and solvent extraction. Expression involves physical processes only while solvent extraction uses hexane to extract up to 98% of the oil chemically.
2) Seeds are cleaned and conditioned, which includes cracking, cooking, and drying. This prepares the seeds for efficient oil expression.
3) The seeds are then expelled to separate crude oil from cottonseed cake through compression.
4) The crude oil is filtered to remove solid particles, then pumped into storage tanks.
1) Cottonseed oil is extracted through expression and solvent extraction. Expression involves physical processes only while solvent extraction uses hexane to extract up to 98% of the oil chemically.
2) Seeds are cleaned and conditioned, which includes cracking, cooking, and drying. This prepares the seeds for efficient oil expression.
3) The seeds are then expelled to separate crude oil from cottonseed cake through compression.
4) The crude oil is filtered to remove solid particles, then pumped into storage tanks.
1) Cottonseed oil is extracted through expression and solvent extraction. Expression involves physical processes only while solvent extraction uses hexane to extract up to 98% of the oil chemically.
2) Seeds are cleaned and conditioned, which includes cracking, cooking, and drying. This prepares the seeds for efficient oil expression.
3) The seeds are then expelled to separate crude oil from cottonseed cake through compression.
4) The crude oil is filtered to remove solid particles, then pumped into storage tanks.
Oils, fats and waxes aware of the value of the linters that clung to the
hulls and also of the
- They exist as esters of long straight – hulls' themselves for cattle feed. By 1887 more chain carboxylic acids scientific methods of - They belong to the saponifiable group of refining had been introduced. lipids Classification of fatty acids In 1850, the use of caustic soda to Saturated – basis for nondrying oil. remove free acids from the oil was introduced (require very high extremes to dry – up) from France. The beginning of the oleomargarine Monoolefinic – has one double bond industry in Chicago in 1885 gave a large impetus between carbons; furnish the drying and to the cottonseed-oil industry. semi drying oils Polyolefinic – more than one double The main ingredient discovered to bond; furnish the drying and semi drying decolorize oil was the Fuller’s earth. The oils discovery that oils could be hydrogenated to produce fats. Fats vs Oils The melting points of the oils are lower Uses and Economics than 0' C, and the melting points for fats are higher than room temperature. Consumable edible fats and oils is about 67% while the remaining 33% are for inedible The degree of unsaturation of the fatty purposes. Approx. 50% of the inedibles are used acids involved affects the melting point of the for soap production. ester mixture, the more unsaturated acids giving esters with lower melting points, these being the Examples of edible oils are: cottonseed, chief constituents of the oils. The more saturated olive oil, soybean, corn, palm oil, coconut oil, esters, on the other hand, are constituents of the tallow, greases etc. fats. Thus, we see that the factor determining About 12% palm oil, coconut oil, tallow whether one of these compounds is termed a fat and greases are forwarded to the drying industry or an oil is merely its melting point. to produce paints, varnishes and plastic Waxes likewise are natural products but production. differ slightly from the fats and oils in their basic Wax production is mostly for inedible composition. Whereas the fats and oils are purposes such as the manufacture of polishing mixtures of the glycerides of various fatty acids, materials, hair gel, facial wash and medical the waxes are mixed esters of higher lubricants. polyhydric alcohols other than glycerol with fatty acids. Oil Manufacturing Process • EXPRESSION PROCESS History - Only involves unit operations or Industrialization of oils and fats began physical changes. with the erection of a cottonseed mill in South - Chemical processes are only Carolina about 1826. The methods were crude refining and hydrogenation. and the product impure. The industry did not expand very rapidly until after 1865. In 1850, the - Yield is within a range of 80-88% use of caustic soda to remove free acids from the oil was introduced from France. About this time, the millers became • SOLVENT EXTRACTION breakdowns and keeps the better quality of finished products. - chemical oil extraction method to process oil from raw materials by a Decortication solvent - seeds are passed through special rollers - Hexane is the preferred choice as set up with cutting edges and ridges sovent. which cause break in their shells, while the seed remains untouched. - Yield is up to 98% - Certain seeds like groundnut, castor and SILOS cotton seeds have outer covering known -The most modern storage tank for as shell or husk. This husk contains storing seeds . practically no oil and represents Normally the oil seeds are stored in approximately 30% of the total weight of godowns packed in gunney bags. Care should be the seed. taken of proper moisture content is seed and Its removal before crushing is important due to proper aeration. Sometimes the seeds get the following reasons: damaged due to self combustion, if they are not dry. The most modern method of storing of oil • It increases the pressing capacity of the seeds is to stock them in ling vertical well mill. ventilated bins or “silos” which may be • If husk is allowed to be pressed, it forms constructed either with concrete, steel or wood. the part of the cake and absorbs oil to an extent as would be lost in the cake. This, therefore results in the low yield of the COTTON SEED OIL MANUFACTURING oil. • The presence of husk in the seeds also Seed Cleansing impart colour to the oil. Different types of seed cleansing machines are • The husk being of siliceous nature, have a used in the oil mill industry: detrimental effect on the expellers. • Hand cleaning machines Seed Conditioning • Stationary seed cleaning machines 1. Seed Cracking 2. Cooking and Drying • Vibration seed cleaning machines • Rotary seed cleaning machines 1. Seed Cracking • Brushing machines - important step for seed conditioning to for more efficient seed cooking and Seeds usually contain impurities like drying sand, stone, stems of plant, earth sutli, leaf, grass 2. Cooking and Drying etc. Sometimes they contain iron and metallic pieces also. These impurities should be removed Main objectives of Cooking and drying of in order to obtain high quality of the oil. These cottonseeds are: impurities inspite of injuring the quality of the • To regulate the moisture content of the cake, lower the oil yield by absorption of certain seed meal. amount oil and tends to wear out of the • To coagulate the proteins in the walls of machinery. the fat containing cells. • To make the cell walls permeable to the Pre-cleaning of the seed increases the life flow to oil. of expellers and minimizes unwarranted Main Purpose of Cooking and drying of cottonseeds are: • to unite moist droplets • to have proper plasticity • to decrease affinity Expelling the Seed - it is a technique used to compress the seeds to separate crude oil from cotton seed cake (where useful oil is to be extracted) - The expeller consists of a pressing box or cage surrounding a horizontal shaft mounted with a series of worms. Filtration of Oil - It is pumping the oil to the filter press. Where it passes through a layer of the filter cloth. The liquid oil passes through the filter cloth and solid matter deposits on the filter cloth. Storage of Oil - filtered oil from the filter press is usually pumped on to the storage tanks - Greater storage capacity is always considered better
SUMMARY OF THE EXPRESSION WITH SOLVENT EXTRACTION PROCESS (cottonseed)
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