Oils, fats and waxes aware of the value of the linters that clung to the

hulls and also of the

- They exist as esters of long straight –
hulls' themselves for cattle feed. By 1887 more
chain carboxylic acids
scientific methods of
- They belong to the saponifiable group of
refining had been introduced.
lipids
Classification of fatty acids In 1850, the use of caustic soda to
Saturated – basis for nondrying oil. remove free acids from the oil was introduced
(require very high extremes to dry – up) from France. The beginning of the oleomargarine
Monoolefinic – has one double bond industry in Chicago in 1885 gave a large impetus
between carbons; furnish the drying and to the cottonseed-oil industry.
semi drying oils
Polyolefinic – more than one double The main ingredient discovered to
bond; furnish the drying and semi drying decolorize oil was the Fuller’s earth. The
oils discovery that oils could be hydrogenated to
produce fats.
Fats vs Oils
The melting points of the oils are lower Uses and Economics
than 0' C, and the melting points for fats are
higher than room temperature. Consumable edible fats and oils is about
67% while the remaining 33% are for inedible
The degree of unsaturation of the fatty
purposes. Approx. 50% of the inedibles are used
acids involved affects the melting point of the
for soap production.
ester mixture, the more unsaturated acids giving
esters with lower melting points, these being the Examples of edible oils are: cottonseed,
chief constituents of the oils. The more saturated olive oil, soybean, corn, palm oil, coconut oil,
esters, on the other hand, are constituents of the tallow, greases etc.
fats. Thus, we see that the factor determining About 12% palm oil, coconut oil, tallow
whether one of these compounds is termed a fat and greases are forwarded to the drying industry
or an oil is merely its melting point. to produce paints, varnishes and plastic
Waxes likewise are natural products but production.
differ slightly from the fats and oils in their basic Wax production is mostly for inedible
composition. Whereas the fats and oils are purposes such as the manufacture of polishing
mixtures of the glycerides of various fatty acids, materials, hair gel, facial wash and medical
the waxes are mixed esters of higher lubricants.
polyhydric alcohols other than glycerol with fatty
acids. Oil Manufacturing Process
• EXPRESSION PROCESS
History - Only involves unit operations or
Industrialization of oils and fats began physical changes.
with the erection of a cottonseed mill in South - Chemical processes are only
Carolina about 1826. The methods were crude refining and hydrogenation.
and the product impure. The industry did not
expand very rapidly until after 1865. In 1850, the - Yield is within a range of 80-88%
use of caustic soda to remove free acids from the
oil was introduced from France. About this time,
the millers became
 • SOLVENT EXTRACTION breakdowns and keeps the better quality of
finished products.
- chemical oil extraction method to
process oil from raw materials by a Decortication
solvent
- seeds are passed through special rollers
- Hexane is the preferred choice as set up with cutting edges and ridges
sovent. which cause break in their shells, while
the seed remains untouched.
- Yield is up to 98%
- Certain seeds like groundnut, castor and
SILOS
cotton seeds have outer covering known
-The most modern storage tank for as shell or husk. This husk contains
storing seeds . practically no oil and represents
Normally the oil seeds are stored in approximately 30% of the total weight of
godowns packed in gunney bags. Care should be the seed.
taken of proper moisture content is seed and Its removal before crushing is important due to
proper aeration. Sometimes the seeds get the following reasons:
damaged due to self combustion, if they are not
dry. The most modern method of storing of oil • It increases the pressing capacity of the
seeds is to stock them in ling vertical well mill.
ventilated bins or “silos” which may be • If husk is allowed to be pressed, it forms
constructed either with concrete, steel or wood. the part of the cake and absorbs oil to an
extent as would be lost in the cake. This,
therefore results in the low yield of the
COTTON SEED OIL MANUFACTURING oil.
• The presence of husk in the seeds also
Seed Cleansing impart colour to the oil.
Different types of seed cleansing machines are • The husk being of siliceous nature, have a
used in the oil mill industry: detrimental effect on the expellers.
• Hand cleaning machines Seed Conditioning
• Stationary seed cleaning machines 1. Seed Cracking
2. Cooking and Drying
• Vibration seed cleaning machines
• Rotary seed cleaning machines 1. Seed Cracking
• Brushing machines - important step for seed conditioning to
for more efficient seed cooking and
Seeds usually contain impurities like drying
sand, stone, stems of plant, earth sutli, leaf, grass 2. Cooking and Drying
etc. Sometimes they contain iron and metallic
pieces also. These impurities should be removed Main objectives of Cooking and drying of
in order to obtain high quality of the oil. These cottonseeds are:
impurities inspite of injuring the quality of the • To regulate the moisture content of the
cake, lower the oil yield by absorption of certain seed meal.
amount oil and tends to wear out of the • To coagulate the proteins in the walls of
machinery. the fat containing cells.
• To make the cell walls permeable to the
Pre-cleaning of the seed increases the life flow to oil.
of expellers and minimizes unwarranted
Main Purpose of Cooking and drying of cottonseeds are:
• to unite moist droplets
• to have proper plasticity
• to decrease affinity
Expelling the Seed
- it is a technique used to compress the seeds to separate crude oil from cotton seed cake (where
useful oil is to be extracted)
- The expeller consists of a pressing box or cage surrounding a horizontal shaft mounted with a
series of worms.
Filtration of Oil
- It is pumping the oil to the filter press. Where it passes through a layer of the filter cloth. The
liquid oil passes through the filter cloth and solid matter deposits on the filter cloth.
Storage of Oil
- filtered oil from the filter press is usually pumped on to the storage tanks
- Greater storage capacity is always considered better

SUMMARY OF THE EXPRESSION WITH SOLVENT EXTRACTION PROCESS (cottonseed)