RO_MIMAROPA_SHS_Stat&Prob_wk2

Statistics and Probability

Fourth Quarter
Week 2
Lesson: Hypothesis Testing
MELC: Formulates the appropriate null and alternative hypotheses on a population mean
M11/12SP-IVb-1

Key Concepts
Decision making is part of our daily lives. We are given different options.
This situation is the same as in testing hypothesis. Options can be treated as
hypothesis. It is like the process of selecting which of these options is the best
solution to our problem. There are steps to follow to come up with the solution.
Now, we will learn these steps. The first step in hypothesis testing is the
formulation of the null and alternative hypotheses.
See the following examples.

Example 1
A manufacturer of ethyl alcohol has developed a new packaging design.
He claims that the new packaging design has an average reduction of
production expenses of Php 5.00 per bottle with a standard deviation of Php
2.00. A manager of one of their satellite production branch claims that the 200
samples of this new packaging design have an average reduction of production
expenses of Php 3.00.

Formulation of null and alternative hypotheses

𝑯𝟎 : The average reduction of production expenses of the new packaging
design of ethyl alcohol is Php 5.00.
In symbol, 𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 5
𝑯𝒂 : The average reduction of production expenses of the new packaging
design of ethyl alcohol is less than Php 5.00.
In symbol, 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 < 5
(We used less than in 𝐻𝑎 because the sample average is Php3.00 which is
less than the population average Php5.00)

Example 2
A manufacturer of face mask has developed a new face mask design.
He claims that the new design has an average profit increase of 10% with a
standard deviation of 3%. Test the hypothesis that the new face mask design
average profit increase of is not 10% if a random sample of 50 face mask is
tested with an average profit increase of 4%.

Formulation of null and alternative hypotheses

𝐻0 : The average profit increase of the new face mask design is 10%.
In symbol, 𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 10%
𝐻1 : The average profit increase of the new face mask design is not 10%.
In symbol, 𝐻1 : 𝜇 ≠ 10%
(We used not equal because it was indicated in the problem.)

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Example 3
A teacher conducted a study to know if blended learning affects the
students’ performances. A class of 30 students of Grade 11 was surveyed and
found out that their mean score was 83 with a standard deviation of 4. A study
from other country revealed that 𝜇 = 80 with a standard deviation of 3.

Formulation of null and alternative hypotheses

𝐻0 : The mean score of students’ performances in blended learning is 80.
In symbol, 𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 80
𝐻1 : The mean score of students’ performances in blended learning is greater
than 80
In symbol, 𝐻1 : 𝜇 > 80
(We used greater than because sample mean 83 is greater than population mean
80.)

Example 4
The mean number of hours of student to finish answering the Statistics
Module is 5 hours. A random sample of 15 students was asked and found that
their mean number of hours to finish answering the Statistics module is 6
hours with a standard deviation of 2 hours. Test the hypothesis at 5% level of
significance.

Formulation of null and alternative hypotheses

𝐻0 : The mean number of hours of student to finish answering the Statistics
Module is 5 hours.
In symbol, 𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 5
𝐻1 : The mean number of hours of student to finish answering the Statistics
Module is greater than 5 hours
In symbol, 𝐻1 : 𝜇 > 5
(We used greater than in𝐻1 because the sample mean 6 is greater than the
population mean 5.)

Example 5
In a study of television viewing, the mean number of television program
they watched during daytime was 7. A survey was conducted on the random
sample of 25 households and found that the mean number of television
program they watched during daytime was 5 with a standard deviation of 1.5.
Test the hypothesis at 10% level of significance.

Formulation of null and alternative hypotheses

𝐻0 : mean number of television program they watched during daytime was
7.
In symbol, 𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 7
𝐻1 : The average profit increase of the new face mask design is not 10%.
In symbol, 𝐻1 : 𝜇 < 7
(We used less than because the sample mean 5 is less than the population
mean 7.)

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Activity 1

Directions: Formulate the appropriate null and alternative hypotheses of the given
situations below. (In symbol form)
1. A school reports an average grade of 84 among its currently enrolled grade 11
students. Some parents believe that students’ average is greater than 84.
2. An electric company says that the average consumption of residents in Poblacion
is 150 kWh per month. But the barangay captain says their barangay consume
less.
3. A health magazine claims that the average coffee consumptions of adults in a
certain region is 5 cups a day. However, some believe that it is not true.
4. A doctor says that his patients with lung cancer consume an average of about 8
sticks per day. However, many believe that the doctor’s estimate is not true.
5. An association of jeepney drivers in Santa Cruz claims that they earn Php 2000
in average per day. A small survey results that jeepney drivers earn Php 3000.

Activity 2

Directions: Write the null and alternative hypotheses for the following situations.
1. A barangay official claim that the mean family income of his constituents is Php
20,000 but some group of residents believe that this is not true.
2. A public school claims that the mean weight of grade 7 is 30.5 kg. But that is
not what the division doctor believes.
3. A local clinic claims that the mean weight of the children aged 10 – 12 in their
area is 48 kg. A small survey was doneand it gives a result of 52 kg.
4. A research teacher conducted a study on the no. of hours that students work
on their research per week. Students claim that they work 24 hours per week.
However, when thirty students were surveyed, it was found out that their
average is 27.3 hours per week.
5. A certain carenderia owner, Aling Marta, claims that their average no. of
customers per day is 150. However, another carenderia owner, AlingLicia
believes that Aling Marta’s claim it is 140 customers.

Guide Questions

1. What conclusion can you derive if you reject the null hypothesis?
2. Between the null and the alternative hypothesis, it is the null hypothesis that is
subjected to a thorough test. Can you change the model and subject the
alternative hypothesis to a thorough test? Explain your thinking.

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Answer Key
Activity 1 Activity 2

1. 𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 84 and 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 > 84 1. 𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 20 000 and 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 ≠ 20 000

2. 𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 150 and 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 < 150 2. 𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 30.5 and 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 ≠ 30.5

3. 𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 5 and 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 ≠ 5 3. 𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 48 and 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 > 48

4. 𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 8 and 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 ≠ 8 4. 𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 24 and 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 > 24
5. 𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 2000 and 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 > 2000 5. 𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 150 and 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 < 150

References

Bluman, Allan G., Elementary Statistics: A Step by Step Approach, McGraw-Hill Companies
Inc., Seventh Edition, 2009.
Belecina, Rene R., Baccay, Elisa S., & Mateo, Efren B., Statistics and Probability, Rex Book
Store Inc., 2016
Ocampo, Jose M. PhD., & Marquez, Wilmer G. M.A., Senior High School Conceptual Math &
Beyond Statistics and Probability, Brilliant Creations Publishing Inc.,

Prepared by:
Minerva R. Pielago

Quality Assured by:

Edson R. Sapungan
Arvin G. Gutierrez

Illustrator:
Nancy Hintay

Reviewed by:
Jay P. Peña, PhD

For inquiries or comments, write or call:

Department of Education –MIMAROPA Region

Meralco Avenue, corner St. Paul Road, Pasig City, Philippines 1600
Telephone No. (02) 863-14070
Email Address: [email protected]
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Statistics and Probability

Fourth Quarter
Week 2
Lesson: Test Statistic
MELC: Identifies the appropriate form of the test-statistic when: (a) the population
variance is assumed to be known; (b) the population variance is assumed to be
unknown; and (c) the Central Limit Theorem is to be used (M11/12SP-IVb-2)

Key Concepts
THE TEST STATISTIC
Test statistic is a value computed from the data. The test statistic
is used to assess the evidence in rejecting or accepting the null hypothesis. Each
statistic test is used for a different test. You can use the z-score, t-score, the F-
statistic, or Chi-Square statistic. These will be used for the following tests, z-test,
t-test, ANOVA test, and Chi-square test, respectively. All data must be assumed
to be normally distributed. Here, we will consider three conditions in choosing
the appropriate test statistic. These three are when the population variance is
assumed to be known, when the population variance is assumed to be unknown,
and when using the Central Limit Theorem.

TEST STATISTIC WHEN THE POPULATION VARIANCE IS ASSUMED TO BE

KNOWN
In this condition, the z-score is used. The z test can be used when the population
is normal and σ is known for any population when the sample size n≥30. The formula for
z-score is given by the formula below.
𝑥̅ −𝜇0 𝜎
Test Statistic: z = 𝜎𝑥̅
, where 𝜎𝑥̅ = .
√𝑛

̅−𝝁𝟎
𝒙
or simply 𝒛 = ( 𝝈
) (√𝒏)
𝑠
When σ is unknown but n≥30, we use the approximation 𝜎𝑥̅ = .
√𝑛
Where:
z is the z-score
𝑥̅ is the sample mean,
𝜇0 is the population mean,
𝜎 is the population standard deviation, and
n is the sample size.

Example 1
A manufacturer of ethyl alcohol has developed a new packaging design. He claims
that the new packaging design has an average reduction of production expenses of
Php 5.00 per bottle with a standard deviation of Php 2.00. A manager of one of their
satellite production branches claims that the 200 samples of this new packaging
design have an average reduction of production expenses of Php 3.00.

Given: 𝑥̅ = 3 𝜇0 = 5 𝜎=2 𝑛 = 200

̅−𝜇0
𝒙 𝟑−𝟓
Test Statistic: 𝒛 = ( 𝝈 ) (√𝒏) = ( 𝟐 ) (√𝟐𝟎𝟎) = −𝟏𝟒. 𝟏𝟒

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Example 2

A manufacturer of face mask has developed a new face mask design. He claims
that the new design has an average profit increase of 10% with a standard deviation
of 3%. Test the hypothesis that the new face mask design average profit increase of is
not 10% if a random sample of 50 face mask is tested with an average profit increase
of 4%.
Given: 𝑥̅ = 4 𝑜𝑟 0.04 𝜇0 = 10 𝑜𝑟 0.10 𝜎 = 3 or 0.03 𝑛 = 50
̅−𝜇0
𝒙 𝟎.𝟎𝟒−𝟎.𝟏𝟎
Test Statistic: 𝒛 = ( 𝝈
) (√𝒏) =( 𝟎.𝟎𝟑
) (√𝟓𝟎) = −𝟏𝟒. 𝟏𝟒

TEST STATISTIC WHEN THE POPULATION VARIANCE IS ASSUMED TO BE

UNKNOWN

In this condition, the z-score is inappropriate to use. A different test

statistic will be used then. The t-score will be used in this case. Another
condition to observe when using t-score is when the sample size n is less than
30, i.e., (𝑛 < 30) and the population is normally or approximately normally
distributed. The formula for t-score is given by the formula below.
̅−𝜇0
𝒙
Test Statistic: 𝒕 = ( ) (√𝒏)and the degrees of freedom 𝒅𝒇 = 𝒏 − 𝟏
𝒔
𝑥̅ − 𝜇0
or simply 𝒕 = 𝑠
√𝑛

Where:
t is the t-score,
𝑥̅ is the sample mean,
𝜇0 is the population mean,
𝑠 is the sample standard deviation, and
n is the sample size.

Example 4
The mean number of hours of student to finish answering the Statistics
Module is 5 hours. A random sample of 15 students was asked and found that their
mean number of hours to finish answering the Statistics module is 6 hours with a
standard deviation of 2 hours.
Given: 𝑥̅ = 6 𝜇0 = 5 𝑠=2 𝑛 = 15 𝑑𝑓 = 15 − 1 =
14
̅−𝜇0
𝒙 𝟔−𝟓
Test Statistic: 𝒕 = ( 𝒔
) (√𝒏) =( 𝟐
) (√𝟏𝟓) = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟒

Example 5
In a study of television viewing, the mean number of television program they
watched during daytime was 7. A survey was conducted on the random sample
of 25 households and found that the mean number of television program they
watched during daytime was 5 with a standard deviation of 1.5. Test the
hypothesis at 10% level of significance
Given: 𝑥̅ = 5 𝜇0 = 7 𝑠 = 1.5 𝑛 = 25 𝑑𝑓 = 25 −
1 = 24
̅−𝜇0
𝒙 𝟓−𝟕
Test Statistic: 𝒕 = ( 𝒔
) (√𝒏) = ( 𝟏.𝟓 ) (√𝟐𝟓) = −𝟔. 𝟔𝟕

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TEST STATISTIC USING CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM

The Central Limit Theorem states that if a random samples of size n are
drawn from a large or infinite population with finite mean 𝜇 and variance 𝜎 2 , then
the sampling distribution of the sample mean is approximately normally
𝝈
distributed with mean 𝝁𝒙̅ = 𝝁 and a standard deviation of 𝝈𝒙̅ = 𝒏. Hence, 𝒁 =
√
̅−𝝁)
√𝒏(𝒙
or equivalently, 𝒙 𝟐
̅~𝑵(𝝁, 𝝈 /𝒏).
𝝈

In other words, the sampling distribution of the sample means approaches

a normal distribution as the sample size gets larger- no matter what the shape of
the population distribution. This fact holds especially true for sample sizes over
30. All this is saying is that as you take more samples, especially large ones, your
graph of the sample means will look more like a normal distribution
The average of your sample means will be the population mean. Compute
the sum of all means from all samples divided by the number of means added.
The result is the actual population mean. Similarly, the average of all of
the standard deviations of all samples is the actual standard deviation for your
population.

Example 6
San Miguel Corporation gives a monthly benefit to their employees during
the COVID19 pandemic. They claimed that the average monthly benefit of their
employees is at least Php 5, 000.00. A random sample of 35 employees were
taken as samples to verify the said claim and found that their average monthly
benefit is Php 6, 000.00 with a standard deviation of Php 600.00. Is the
company’s claim correct at 0.05 level of significance?
Assume that the population is approximately normally distributed.

Given: 𝑛 = 35 , 𝝁𝟎 = 𝟓, 𝟎𝟎𝟎, ̅ = 𝟔, 𝟎𝟎𝟎,

𝒙 𝒔 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝛼 = 0.05
Solution:
𝜎 𝑠 600
According to Central Limit Theorem, 𝜎𝑥̅ = ≈ = = 101.42
√𝑛 √𝑛 √35
̅−𝝁
𝒙 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎−𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎
Hence, Test Statistic: 𝒛 = ( 𝝈 𝟎) (√𝒏) = ( 𝟏𝟎𝟏.𝟒𝟐 ) (√𝟑𝟓) = 𝟓𝟖. 𝟑𝟑.
̅
𝒙

Example 7
GMA-ABS claimed that their employees had a mean monthly salary of
Php12,500.00. A reporter wants to verify this claim by asking 30 employees. The
result showed that these employees had an average monthly salary of Php10,000.00
with a standard deviation of Php 2,000.00. Test the claim at 10% level of significance
assume that the population is approximately normally distributed.
.
Given: 𝑛 = 30 , 𝝁𝟎 = 𝟏𝟐, 𝟓𝟎𝟎, ̅ = 𝟏𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒔 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝛼 = 10% = 0.10
𝒙
Solution:
𝜎 𝑠 2000
According to Central Limit Theorem, 𝜎𝑥̅ = 𝑛 ≈ 𝑛 = 30 = 365.15
√ √ √
̅−𝝁
𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎−𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎
Hence, Test Statistic: 𝒛 = ( 𝝈 𝟎) (√𝒏) = ( 𝟑𝟔𝟓.𝟏𝟓 ) (√𝟑𝟎) = −𝟑𝟕. 𝟓𝟎.
̅
𝒙

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Activity 1
Directions: Identify what appropriate form of statistic should be used in the
following situations.
1. The ABS Company has developed a new cellphone model. The engineering department
claims that its battery lasts for 4 days. In order to test this claim, the company selects
a random sample of 100 new cellphones so that this sample has a mean battery life of
2.5 days with a standard deviation of 1 day.
2. A sports trainer wants to know whether the true average time of his athletes who do
100-meter sprint is 98 seconds. He recorder 18 trials of his team and found that the
average time is 98.2 seconds with a standard deviation of 0.4 second.
3. The high school sports coordinator is asked if soccer players are doing as well
academically as the other student athletes. From the previous study, the GPA for
student athletes is 3.10. After the intervention to help improve GPA of student athletes,
the sports coordinator randomly samples 20 soccer players and finds that the average
GPA of the sample is 3.18 with a sample standard deviation of 0.54.
4. A teacher conducted a study to know if blended learning affects the students’
performances. A class of 30 students of Grade 11 was surveyed and found out that
their mean score was 83 with a standard deviation of 4. A study from other country
revealed that 𝜇 = 80 with a standard deviation of 3.
5. A school conducted a study on the number of hours students claim to study per week.
The school’s student president said it is 28 hours per week. If 80 students in the school
were surveyed and their average is 27.3 hours per week with a standard deviation of
4.1 hours, is there sufficient evidence to reject the student governor’s claim at the α =
0.05 level of significance?

Activity 2
Directions: Read and analyze the given situations. Complete the table below
using the given included in each situation and determine what test statistic to
be used.
Type of
Test
Situation 𝑥̅ 𝜇0 𝜎 𝑠 n statistic to
be used
1. A school claimed that the average weight
of students is 45 kg. In order to test the
claimed, a random sample of 50 students
was surveyed and it was found out that
their average weight is 40 kg with a
standard deviation of 0.2.
2. The company’s production manager
claimed that the average no. of content of
their beverage product is 4.5 ml. The
company conducted another survey with
10 samples and found out that the mean
is 4.8 ml with a standard deviation of 0.5.
3. The mean travel time of flight Palawan-
Manila of is said to be 1.2 hours. A certain

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airfare company recorded 15 different

flights’ actual travel time. The mean is 1.4
hours with a standard deviation of 0.8
hours.
4. Average time students spend on Facebook
in a day is said to be 5 hours. Based on
100 samples, the average hours that
students spend on Facebook is 6 hours
with a sample standard deviation of 2.0.
5. A manufacturer claims that their car
batteries have a mean life expectancy of
6 years with a population standard
deviation of 1.75 years. In order to test its
own claim, a random sample of 30
batteries was tested (under normal use)
and it was found out that their mean life
span is 5.5 years. Is there evidence for
0.01 level of significance that the
batteries become exhausted in less than
6 years?

Guide Questions

1. What test statistic are you going to use when the:

a. population standard deviation is known
b. population standard deviation is unknown but large samples, n≥30
c. small samples, n<30
2. What factors must be considered in using the Central Limit Theorem?
3. If you lived in a city whose population was about 50,000, and you are going to
conduct a survey on how many adults used cellphone for 3 hours per day, what
test statistic you can used?
4. Cite examples of situations which the test statistics are used.

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Answer Key

References

Bluman, Allan G., Elementary Statistics: A Step by Step Approach, McGraw-Hill Companies
Inc., Seventh Edition, 2009.
Belecina, Rene R., Baccay, Elisa S., & Mateo, Efren B., Statistics and Probability, Rex Book
Store Inc., 2016
Ocampo, Jose M. PhD., & Marquez, Wilmer G. M.A., Senior High School Conceptual Math &
Beyond Statistics and Probability, Brilliant Creations Publishing Inc.,

Prepared by:
Minerva R. Pielago
SDO Marinduque

Illustrated by:
Nancy Hintay
SDO Marinduque

Quality Assured by:

Arvin G. Gutierrez
SDO Oriental Mindoro

Reviewed by:
Edson Sapungan
SDO Marinduque

DR. Jay P. Peña

SDO Marinduque

For inquiries or comments, write or call:

Department of Education –MIMAROPA Region

Meralco Avenue, corner St. Paul Road, Pasig City, Philippines 1600
Telephone No. (02) 863-14070
Email Address: [email protected]
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