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    Arrays are finite, ordered collections of homogeneous data elements stored contiguously in memory. They must be initialized with a size. Arrays store both primitive types and object references on the heap. ArrayStoreException occurs when incompatible types are added while ArrayOutOfBoundsException occurs when accessing an illegal index. Strings can be created using new, literals or constructors. StringBuffer is thread-safe while StringBuilder is more efficient. Strings are immutable and interned in the string constant pool, making them suitable as map keys. Char arrays are preferred over strings for passwords due to security concerns around string immutability.

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    2.Arrays & Strings

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    Arrays are finite, ordered collections of homogeneous data elements stored contiguously in memory. They must be initialized with a size. Arrays store both primitive types and object references on the heap. ArrayStoreException occurs when incompatible types are added while ArrayOutOfBoundsException occurs when accessing an illegal index. Strings can be created using new, literals or constructors. StringBuffer is thread-safe while StringBuilder is more efficient. Strings are immutable and interned in the string constant pool, making them suitable as map keys. Char arrays are preferred over strings for passwords due to security concerns around string immutability.

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    33 views5 pages

    2.arrays & Strings

    Uploaded by

    EKVILLAN GAMER
    Arrays are finite, ordered collections of homogeneous data elements stored contiguously in memory. They must be initialized with a size. Arrays store both primitive types and object references on the heap. ArrayStoreException occurs when incompatible types are added while ArrayOutOfBoundsException occurs when accessing an illegal index. Strings can be created using new, literals or constructors. StringBuffer is thread-safe while StringBuilder is more efficient. Strings are immutable and interned in the string constant pool, making them suitable as map keys. Char arrays are preferred over strings for passwords due to security concerns around string immutability.

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    ARRAYS & STRINGS

    ARRAYS
    1. What is an array in Java?
    An array is a finite and ordered collection of homogeneous data elements. It is
    finite because it contains a limited number of elements. It is ordered because all
    the elements are stored one by one in a contiguous location of computer memory
    (heap) in a linear fashion. It is homogeneous because all elements of an array are
    of the same data type only. We can store either primitive types or object
    references into it.
    2. Can you declare an Array without Array size?
    No, you cannot declare Array without Array size. You will get compile time error.
    3. Where does Array stored in JVM memory ?
    Array is an object in java. So, Array is stored in heap memory in JVM.
    4. Given a primitive Array in java, where does in JVM it is stored?
    An Array will always be an object on heap memory, even if the Array is declared
    to hold primitive elements.
    5. What is the difference between ArrayStoreException and
    ArrayOutOfBoundsException ?
    ArrayStoreException is thrown if you are trying to add incompatible data type.
    For example, if you try to add an integer object to String Array, then
    ArrayStoreException is thrown.
    ArrayOutOfBoundsException is thrown when an attempt is made to access the
    Array with illegal index. For example, illegal index means if the index is either
    negative or greater than or equal to the size of the Array.
    6. What are the advantages of Array ?
    a) We can sort multiple elements of Array at the same time
    b) Using index, we can access the element of the Array in O(1) time.

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    7. What are the disadvantages of Array?
    a) To create an Array, contiguous memory is required. It is possible in JVM
    that the memory is available to accommodate Array but memory available
    is not contiguous
    b) The Array is static data structure. It is of fixed size. We cannot increase or
    decrease the size of the Array after creation.
    8. What will happen if you do not initialize an Array?
    Array will take default value depending upon the data type.
    9. How do you declare a two dimensional Array in java?

    The above statement will create a 4 x 4 matrix.


    10. Can you use Generics with an array?
    No, you cannot use Generic feature with an array, that’s why sometime List is a
    better choice over an array in Java, which is also recommended by Joshua Bloch
    in his class Java book, Effective Java, a must-read for writing good code in Java.
    11. What is a two-dimensional array in Java?
    An array of the array in Java. You can declare them like

    which is a matrix of 3x3.


    12. What is the default value of Array?
    Any new Array is always initialized with a default value as follows
     For byte, short, int, long – default value is zero (0).
     For float, double – default value is 0.0.
     For Boolean – default value is false.
     For object – default value is null.
    13. Is there any difference between int[] a and int a[]?
    No difference both are the legal statement.

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    STRINGS
    14. What are different ways to create String Object?
    We can create String object using new operator like any normal java class or we
    can use double quotes to create a String object. There are several constructors
    available in String class to get String from char array, byte array, StringBuffer
    and StringBuilder.

    15. Difference between String buffer and StringBuilder


    StringBuffer is synchronized i.e. thread safe. It means two threads can’t call the
    methods of StringBuffer simultaneously. StringBuffer is less efficient than
    StringBuilder
    StringBuilder is non-synchronized i.e. not thread safe. It means two threads can
    call the methods of StringBuilder simultaneously. StringBuilder is more
    efficient than StringBuffer.

    16. Why String is immutable or final in Java


    There are several benefits of String because it’s immutable and final.
     String Pool is possible because String is immutable in java.
     It increases security because any hacker can’t change its value and it’s used
    for storing sensitive information such as database username, password etc.
     Since String is immutable, it’s safe to use in multi-threading and we don’t
    need any synchronization.
     Strings are used in java class loader and immutability provides
    17. What is string constant pool?
    String objects are most used data objects in Java.

    Hence, Java has a special arrangement to store the string objects. String
    Constant Pool is one such arrangement. String Constant Pool is the memory

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    space in the heap memory specially allocated to store the string objects created
    using string literals. In String Constant Pool, there will be no two string objects
    having the same content.

    Whenever you create a string object using string literal, JVM first checks the
    content of the object to be created. If there exist an object in the string constant
    pool with the same content, then it returns the reference of that object. It doesn’t
    create a new object. If the content is different from the existing objects then
    only it creates new object

    18. How do you create mutable string objects?


    Using StringBuffer and StringBuilder classes. These classes provide mutable
    string objects.
    19. What is string intern?
    String object in the string constant pool is called as String Intern. You can create
    an exact copy of heap memory string object in string constant pool. This process
    of creating an exact copy of heap memory string object in the string constant pool
    is called interning. intern() method is used for interning.
    20. Is string thread-safe in Java?
    Yes, strings are thread safe. They are immutable and all immutable instances in
    java are thread-safe, by default.
    21. Why String is popular HashMap key in Java?
    In Java, A key which has be to used in Map – shall be immutable and should
    honor the contract between equals() and hashCode() method. String class satisfies
    both conditions.
    Also, String class provides many useful methods to compare, sort, tokenize or
    lower-upper cases. These methods can be used while performing CRUD
    operations on Map. It makes it a very useful class to use in Map rather than
    creating your own class.

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    22. Why Char array is preferred over String for storing password?
    String is immutable in Java and stored in String pool. Once it’s created it stays
    in the pool until unless garbage collected, so even though we are done with
    password it’s available in memory for longer duration and there is no way to
    avoid it. It’s a security risk because anyone having access to memory dump can
    find the password as clear text.
    If we use a char array to store password, we can set it to blank once we are done
    with it. So we can control for how long it’s available in memory that avoids the
    security threat with String.
    23. How to convert String to char and vice versa?
    This is a tricky question because String is a sequence of characters, so we can’t
    convert it to a single character. We can use use charAt method to get the character
    at given index or we can use toCharArray() method to convert String to character
    array.

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