ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

MARIA LIZA O. EUGENIO

[email protected]
PART

2 Basic Chemistry

Slide Deck Presentation Prepared By

Mr. Niño A. Cabatingan

 Outcomes
• Differentiate matter from energy;
• List four major energy forms, and provide one example of
how each is used in the body;
• Define radioisotope, and describe its application to diagnosing
and treating disease;
• Define molecule, and explain how molecules are related to
compound;
• Differentiate between ionic, polar covalent, and nonpolar
covalent bonds, and describe the importance
of hydrogen bonds;
Readings
Marieb, E. N. & Keller, S. H. (2018). Essentials of anatomy and
physiology 12th Edition. England: Pearson Education Ltd. pp.
50-81.
 Checklist
• Read course and unit objectives;
• Ready study guide prior to class attendance;
• Read required learning resources; refer to unit terminologies
for jargons;
• Proactively participate in discussions;
• Participate in weekly discussion board (Canvas);
• Answer and submit course unit tasks.
 Watch Videos
Cobeng, A. (2020, August 12). Anatomy and Physiology - Chapter
2 Chemical Basis of Life (Online Video) Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ieUzS8pjsBI

mrbiology15. (2014, July 25). Basic Chemistry Part 1(Online

Video) Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vI3dPWq6OoY
 Introduction
•Cells, tissues and organs composed of chemicals
•Chemical reactions important for function
•Chemistry is the study of:
•Elements, compounds, chemical reactions, molecular struc
 Matter and Energy

Matter
• Anything that occupies space and has mass.
• Generally exists in three states: gas,
liquid, and solid.
 Matter and Energy
Energy
The capacity to do work or to move matter.
Energy has kinetic (active) and potential
(stored) energy capacities.
 Matter and Energy
Energy
Energy forms that are important in
the body function include:
• Chemical • Electrical
• Mechanical • Radiant
 Matter and Energy
Energy
Energy forms that are important in
the body function include:
• Chemical • Electrical
• Mechanical • Radiant
 Composition of Matter
• Elements
• Fundamental units of matter
• 96% of the body is made from four elements
• Carbon (C)
• Oxygen (O)
• Hydrogen (H)
• Nitrogen (N)
• Atoms – composed of three subatomic
particles: proton, electron, and neutron.
Components of the Atom

• Protons – positive charge

• Neutrons – negative charge
• Electrons – negative charge
• Protons & Neutrons join
together to form the
nucleus
Atomic Structure
• Nucleus
• Protons (p+)
• Neutrons (n0)

• Outside nucleus
• Electrons (e-)
 Identifying Elements
• Atomic number
• Equal to the number of protons that
the atoms contain
• Atomic mass number
• Sum of the protons and neutrons
• Atomic weight
• basically the mass number of all
isotopes of an element.
• Isotopes and Atomic Weight
Atomic mass = the number of protons plus neutrons.
Atoms want Stability
The defining characteristic of
elements is the maximum num
of electrons in its valence (ou
shell.
Isotopes and Atomic Weight

Isotopes
•Have the same number of protons
•Vary in number of neutrons
 Isotopes
• Oxygen often forms isotopes (O16, O17, and O18)
• Radioactive isotopes are unstable, releasing
energy or pieces of themselves (atomic radiation)

For an element, the atomic weight is often

considered the average of the atomic weights of its
isotopes.
 Radioactivity
• Radioisotope
•Heavy isotope
•Tends to be unstable
• Radioactivity - process of spontaneous
atomic decay
 Molecule and Compound
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

H H H
H

O
H
O O

H
O

H
H

H
H O H
H H H
H H H
O O
H
O H H
O

H
O
O H

O
H

23
 Molecule and Compound

Molecule – particle formed when two or more

atoms chemically combine

Compound – particle formed when two or more

atoms of different elements chemically combine
 Molecular Formulas

Depict the elements present and the number of

each atom present in the molecule

H2 C6H12O6 H2O
 Molecules and Compounds

•Atoms are united by chemical bonds

•Atoms dissociate from other atoms
when chemical bonds are broken
•Chemical bonds: ionic, covalent,
hydrogen bonds
 Bonding of Atoms
• Bonds form when atoms combine with other atoms.
• Electrons of an atom occupy regions of space called
electron shells which circle the nucleus.
• For atoms with atomic numbers of 18 or less, the
following rules apply:
• The first shell can hold up to 2 electrons
• The second shell can hold up to 8 electrons
• The third shell can hold up to 8 electrons
 Lower shells are filled first
• If the outermost shell is full, the atom is stable
- - -

+ + 0
+ 0 + -
0 0
+ 0
+

- -

Hydrogen (H) Helium (He) Lithium (Li)

 Ionic Bonds
• An attraction between a + 11p+
12n0
17p+
18n0
–
cation and an anion
Sodium ion (Na+) Chloride ion (Cl–)
• Formed when electrons are Sodium chloride

transferred from one atom

to another atom Na+
Cl–

29
ionic bond A chemical bond in
which atoms of opposite charge
are held together by electrostatic
attraction.
 Ion
• An atom that gains or loses electrons to become stable
• An electrically charged atom

Cation 11p+
12n0
17p+
18n0

• A positively charged ion

• Formed when an atom loses electrons
Sodium atom (Na) Chlorine atom (Cl)
Anion
• A negatively charged ion
• Formed when an atom gains electrons

31
 Covalent Bonds
H H H2
- -
-
Formed when
+ + + +
atoms share
- electrons
Hydrogen atom + Hydrogen atom Hydrogen molecule

• Hydrogen atoms form single bonds H―H

• Oxygen atoms form two bonds O=O
• Nitrogen atoms form three bonds N≡N
• Carbon atoms form four bonds O=C=O
 Polar Molecules
• Molecule with a slightly negative end and a slightly positive end
• Results when electrons are not shared equally in covalent bonds
• Water is an important polar molecule
Slightly negative ends

(a)
Slightly positive ends

33
 H H

Hydrogen Bonds O

H
Hydrogen bonds
A weak attraction between the positive O
H
O
H

end of one polar molecule and the H O

H

H H

negative end of another polar molecule O

H

• Formed between water molecules

• Important for protein and nucleic
acid structure

34
 Chemical Reaction
Chemical Reaction NaCl Na+ + Cl-
Reactant Products

Reactants are the starting materials of the

reaction - the atoms, ions, or molecules

Products are substances formed at the end of the

chemical reaction

35
 Types of Chemical Reaction
Synthesis Reaction – more complex chemical structure is formed
A+B AB
Decomposition Reaction – chemical bonds are broken to form
a simpler chemical structure
AB A+B

Exchange Reaction – chemical bonds are broken and new bonds

are formed
AB + CD AD + CB
Reversible Reaction – the products can change back to the
reactants
A + B 🡘 AB

36
Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions

Figure 2.9a–b
Straight chain of
glucose molecules,
some are branched,
PART

2 Basic Chemistry

Slide Deck Presentation Prepared By

Mr. Niño A. Cabatingan

 Objectives
• Distinguish organic from inorganic compounds;
• Explain the importance of water to the body homeostasis;
• List several salts (or their ions) vitally important to body
functioning;
• Differentiate salt, acid, and base;
• Explain the concept of pH, and the state of the pH of the
blood.
 Biochemistry: Essentials for Life
• Organic compounds • Inorganic compounds
• Contain carbon • Lack carbon
• Most are covalently • Tend to be simpler
bonded compounds
• Example: C6H12O6 (glucose) • Example: H2O (water)
• Carbohydrates, proteins, • Water, salts, acids-bases
fats, sugars & starches
 Important Inorganic Compounds
• Water
• Most abundant inorganic compounds
• Vital properties
• High heat capacity – prevents sudden changes in body
temperature.
• Polarity/solvent properties – dissolve or suspend.
Nutrients, resp. gases, waste, carbon dioxide.
• Chemical reactivity – uses water as a reactant, (hydrolysis), to
digest foods.
• Cushioning – cerebrospinal fluid, amniotic fluid.
 Water and Living Things
Characteristics of water polarity:
1. Liquid – remains liquid in our bodies.
2. Universal solvent – facilitate chemical
reactions in/out of our bodies
3. Cohesive properties – helps water base- solutions fill blood
vessels
Without hydrogen bonding between water
molecules, body fluids would be a gaseous form
 Water and Living Things
Characteristics of water polarity
4. Ability to change temperature slowly – prevents drastic
changes
5. Vaporization – keeping body temperature from overheating
6. Ability to freeze – becomes less dense and in weight.
 Important Inorganic Compounds
• Salts
• Easily dissociate into ions in the presence of water
• Vital to many body functions
• Include electrolytes which conduct electrical currents ( Na, K, Cl, Ca,
Phos.) in the body
 Important Inorganic Compounds
• Acids & Bases = another form of electrolytes; they are ionize
and dissociate in water causing electrical conduction.
Acids - release Hydrogen ions. Sour
or sharp taste, tomato juice, coffee, vinegar
• Bases - Proton acceptors – gain Hydrogen ions Bitter taste,
become slippery when wet, MOM, ammonia, household
cleaners & detergents
• Neutralization reaction
• Acids and bases react to form water and a salt
 pH
• Measures relative concentration of
hydrogen ions
• pH 7.0 = neutral
• pH below 7.0 = acidic
• pH above 7.0 = basic
• Buffers: chemicals that regulate pH
change
• pH needs to be maintain in humans in
order to maintain homeostasis
 Objectives
• Explain the function of hydration synthesis and hydrolysis in
formation and breakdown of organic molecules;
• Compare and contrast carbohydrates and lipids in terms of
their building blocks, structures, and functions in the body;
• Differentiate fibrous proteins from globular proteins;
• Define enzyme, and explain the role of enzyme.
• Compare and contrast the structures and functions of DNA
and RNA.
• Explain the importance of ATP in the body.
Organic Molecules & Compounds
 Important Organic Compounds
• Carbohydrates
• Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• Include sugars and starches
• Classified according to size
• Monosaccharides – simple sugars
• Disaccharides – two simple sugars joined by dehydration
synthesis
• Polysaccharides – long branching chains of linked simple
sugars
 Carbohydrates
Monomer Polymers
 Important Organic Compounds
• Lipids
• Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• Carbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygen
• Insoluble in water
• Neutral fats (triglycerides)
• Found in fat deposits, solid, animal fat
• Composed of fatty acids and glycerol
• Source of stored energy
• Saturated vs. Unsaturated fats
 Lipids - Emulsification
Emulsifiers
• Fats are nonpolar; they do not dissolve in water
and tend to form “globules” (oil and vinegar
dressing)
• Emulsifier breaks down the globules of fat into
smaller droplets
• detergens, bile
 Lipids – other forms
• Common lipids in the human body
• Phospholipids
• Form cell membranes – cell wall, electrical charge which
allows selective permeability of the cell wall.
• Steroids
• Include cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin D, and some
hormones (corticosteriods, sexual hormones
 Important Organic Compounds
• Proteins
• Made of amino acids
• Contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur
• Meats, meat products, milks, beans, nuts.
• Fibrous proteins – collegen, keratin
• Globular proteins – gentic material, DNA
 Proteins
• Account for over half of the body’s organic matter
• Provides for construction materials for body tissues
• Plays a vital role in cell function
• Act as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies
• Proteins molecules can easily denatured (deformed) by heat
and enzyme reactions.
 Enzymes
• Act as biological catalysts
• Increase the rate of chemical reactions

Figure 2.17
 Important Organic Compounds

• Nucleic Acids
• Provide blueprint of life that make
DNA and RNA
• Nucleotide bases
• A = Adenine
• G = Guanine
• C = Cytosine
• T = Thymine
• U = Uracil
 Nucleic Acids
• Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
• Organized by complimentary
bases to form double helix
• Replicates before cell division
• Provides instruction for every
protein in the body
 Important Organic Compounds
• Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
• Chemical energy used by all cells
• Energy is released by breaking high energy phosphate bond
• ATP is replenished by oxidation of food fuels
 Summary
• Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass
• The building blocks of elements are atoms. Each atom is designated
by an atomic symbol consisting of one or two letters.
• A molecule is the smallest unit resulting from the bonding of two or
more atoms. If the atoms are different, a molecule of a compound
is formed.
• Chemical bonds are energy relationships.
• Biochemistry, Chemical Composition of Living Matter – inorganis and
organic compounds