Theory Slides 2
Theory Slides 2
com/
om
KICK WARNING SIGNS
l.c
oi
1
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
om
THE WELL MAY BE GOING
“UNDERBALANCED”
l.c OR
oi
YOUR SAFETY MARGIN IS GETTING LESS.
2
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
Warning Signs
Mud Weight 10.0 ppg
What is happening?
Drilling normally
Formation Pressure 9.0ppg
pressured shale
om
Overbalance
l.c
oi
3
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
Warning Signs
Mud Weight 10.0 ppg
What is happening?
As the formation
Formation Pressure 9.0ppg
pressure gets closer to
om
Pressure
and
the mud weight, we
Porosity will observe changes
Increasing
l.c in;
ROP
oi
Formation Pressure 10.0ppg
Hole condition
Gas levels
Cuttings properties
Mud properties
4
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
Warning Signs
Mud Weight 10.0 ppg
Increasing
om
Pressure Drill Rate
9.15
(ROP)
and
Porosity 9855’
9.30
Increasing
l.c
Formation Pressure 10.0ppg
9860’
GEOLOGRAPH CHART
oi
5
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
Warning Signs
Mud Weight 10.0 ppg
Increased drill string
torque and drag
Formation Pressure 9.0ppg
om
Pressure
and
Porosity
Increasing
l.c
oi
Formation Pressure 10.0ppg
BIT
6
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
Warning Signs
Mud Weight 10.0 ppg
Cuttings size & shape
Drilled cuttings
Formation Pressure 9.0ppg
om
Pressure
and
Porosity
Increasing
l.c
Formation Pressure 10.0ppg
oi
Cavings
7
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
Warning Signs
Mud Weight 10.0 ppg
Flowline temperature
om
Pressure
Normal
and
Pressure
Porosity
Abnormal
Increasing
Pressure
l.c
Formation Pressure 10.0ppg Temperature Increase
oi
8
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
Warning Signs
Mud Weight 10.0 ppg
Shale density
Normal Trend Line
om
Shale
Pressure
9700’ Pressure
and Sand
9800’ Shale
Porosity
9900’
Increasing Increasing
l.c
Formation Pressure 10.0ppg
10000’
10100’
10200’
Sand
Formation Fluid
Pressure
oi
Increasing Shale Density
9
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
Warning Signs
Mud Weight 10.0 ppg
Background & connection
gas
5% 10%15%
Formation Pressure 9.0ppg Hours BACKGROUND GAS
1.00
2.00
om
Pressure 3.00
4.00
and 5.00
Porosity 6.00
Hours
CONNECTION GAS
Increasing
l.c 1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
oi
Formation Pressure 10.0ppg
5.00
6.00
10
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
Pressure Losses
om
Where does Pump Pressure
l.c
come from??
oi
11
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
om
PSI PSI
l.c
oi
= Bit (jet nozzle) friction
PSI
= Annulus friction
PSI
12
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
PSI PSI
om
30 SPM 50 SPM
l.c
oi
13
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
om
PSI PSI
30 SPM 30 SPM
l.c
oi
10 ppg 15 ppg
14
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
PSI PSI
om
l.c
oi
15
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
PSI PSI
om
50 SPM 50 SPM
l.c
oi
16
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
PSI PSI
om
l.c Hole size
oi
17
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
om
• Annulus pressure loss
can be quite small.
om
• If Annulus friction = 150 psi.
• Mud Weight = 11 ppg
l.c •
•
TVD = 8700 ft
What is the pressure on the
oi
bottom of the hole?
= 5126 psi
19
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
Static Dynamic
om
l.c
oi
21
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
Connection Gas
3000 psi
PSI Mud Circulating
Formation Under Control
om
l.c Annulus
Pressure Loss
= 250 psi
oi
11 ppg
mud
BHP=
7114 psi
12000’
Formation Pressure = 7000 psi
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
22
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
Connection Gas
PSI Circulation Stopped
Formation Not Under Control
om
l.c Annulus
Pressure Loss
= 0 psi
oi
11 ppg
mud
BHP=
6864 psi
12000’
Formation Pressure = 7000 psi
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
23
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
Connection Gas
3000 psi
PSI Mud Circulating
Formation Under Control
om
l.c Annulus
Pressure Loss
= 250 psi
oi
BHP=
7114 psi
3000 psi
Connection Gas
PSI
om
Annulus
Pressure Loss
= 250 psi Action to take
l.c •Increase mud weight.
oi
BHP= •Control drilling.
7114 psi
Formation Pressure = 7000 psi •Minimize the connection time.
25
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
Warning Signs
Mud Weight 10.0 ppg
Background & connection
gas
5% 10%15%
Formation Pressure 9.0ppg Hours BACKGROUND GAS
1.00
om
2.00
Pressure 3.00
4.00
and 5.00
Porosity 6.00
Increasing
l.c Hours
1.00
2.00
3.00
CONNECTION GAS
oi
4.00
Formation Pressure 10.0ppg
5.00
6.00
26
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
Warning Signs
Mud Weight 10.0 ppg Warning signs
Tell you overbalance
om
Pressure
• Increasing torque/drag
and • Increased quantity/size of cuttings
Porosity • Increased background gas
•
Increasing
l.c •
•
Connection gas
Increasing temperature
Decreasing shale density
oi
Formation Pressure 10.0ppg
27
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
Warning Signs
Mud Weight 10.0 ppg
What is happening?
• The formation pressure
Formation Pressure 9.0ppg
is increasing and may
om
Pressure lead to Underbalance
and
Porosity
Increasing
l.c
oi
Formation Pressure 10.0ppg
28
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
Warning Signs
Mud Weight 10.0 ppg
om
Pressure
and • Permeable formation
Porosity
Increasing
l.c
oi
Formation Pressure 10.0ppg
29
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
Warning Signs
Mud Weight 10.0 ppg
What happens?
• Underbalance
Formation Pressure 9.0ppg • Stuck
• As shale has very low
om
Pressure
and
permeability, the well
Porosity cannot flow so the hole
Increasing
30
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
Warning Signs
Mud Weight 10.0 ppg Warning signs
Tell you overbalance
om
Pressure
• Increasing torque/drag
and • Increased quantity/size of cuttings
Porosity • Increased background gas
•
Increasing
l.c •
•
Connection gas
Increasing chlorides
Increasing temperature
oi
Formation Pressure 10.0ppg
• Decreasing shale density
31
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
Warning Signs
Mud Weight 10.0 ppg
om
Pressure Flow Check
and
Porosity
Circulate Bottoms Up
Increasing
32
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
om
KICK INDICATORS
l.c
oi
33
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
Kick Indicators
GAUGE
on
Driller’s
om
Console
l.c
oi
PADDLE
34
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
Kick Indicators
GAUGE
on
Driller’s
om
Console
l.c
oi
PADDLE
35
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
Kick Indicators
GAUGE
on
Driller’s
Console
om
l.c
oi
36
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
Kick Indicators
GAUGE
om
on
Driller’s
Console
l.c
oi
37
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
Trip Tank
om
Trip Tank Level
l.c
oi
PUMP
TRIP TANK Stands Pulled
38
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
Kick Indicators
om
• Increase in Flow Rate
• Increase in Pit Level
l.c • Drop in pump pressure with
oi
an increase in spm
What Action Should Be
Taken?
Check to see if well is
flowing with the pump off. 39
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
om
•GAS IS NOT SOLUBLE IN WATER BASE MUD.
•GAS IN SOLUTION DOES NOT EXPAND UNTIL NEAR
SURFACE.
l.c
oi
DRILLER WILL SEE PIT GAIN IN WBM EASIER
THAN OBM WITH THE SAME KICK SIZE.
40
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
om
l.c
oi
41
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
om
Top hole drilling
l.c
oi
42
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
Flowline
The diverter system includes: Bell Nipple
om
and isolate the desired vent line.
l.c
Large diameter drive or conductor pipe is usually installed below the mud line for spudding in an
offshore location and a casing string is set and cemented at shallow depth for land locations. This pipe
provides a seal capable of supporting the hydrostatic of the mud column from the base of the casing to
oi
the flow nipple outlet. The diverter system is installed on the drive or conductor casing.
The working pressure of the diverter and vent lines is not of prime importance, rather they are sized to
permit high flow rate diversion of wellbore fluids while minimizing wellbore back pressure.
43
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
Problems
• Shallow gas
– Can cause loss of rig due to explosion or capsizing.
om
• Weak Formation
• Losing the hole
location l.c
– Might require re-spudding in a slightly different
• Charged Formations
oi
• Is it series problem???
45
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
om
l.c
oi
46
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
SHALLOW GAS INCEDENT
om
l.c
oi
47
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
om
l.c
oi
48
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
Shallow Gas
om
What will happen as
the formation is
l.c penetrated?
oi
49
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
Shallow Gas
om
l.c
oi
50
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
Shallow gas
Top hole kick prevention
• Drill pilot hole
om
• Be careful when hole opening
• Control drilling
• l.c
Keep hole clean
oi
• Keep mud weights low to prevent losses
• Pump out of hole
53
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
om
Shut in procedures
l.c
oi
54
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
om
Shut down pumps
Check flow - if flowing;
1-Close BOP
l.c 2-Open HCR (hydraulic stack
valve)
oi
3. Record pressure
55
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
om
Shut down pumps
Check flow - if flowing;
1. Open HCR
l.c
2. Close BOP*
oi
3. Close remote choke
4. Record pressure
56
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
om
• Valves and crossover required
• Safety valves
l.c
oi
– Full opening safety valve
– Non return valve
57
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
om
TIW
l.c SMF
oi
Kelly cock
58
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
om
Gray valve
l.c IBOP
oi
59
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
om
1. Install FOSV
2. Close FOSV
3. Close BOP*
3. Open HCR l.c
oi
6. Record pressure
60
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
om
1. Install FOSV
2. Close FOSV
3. Open HCR
4. Close BOP* l.c
oi
5. Close remote choke
6. Record pressure
* API soft shut in states BOP
(either Ram or Annular )
61
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
Diverting
Should only be considered on top hole where formation is
weak.
1. Stop drilling (keep pumping)
om
2. Activate Diverter With One Button- this will:
- Open vent line
- Close flowline/shaker valve
- Close diverter
l.c
3. Increase pump speed to maximum
4. Pump mud
oi
5. If well is still flowing after mud is pumped, line up and
pump water.
62
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
SHUT IN PRACTICES
om
• LACK OF ‘SHUT IN’ TRAINING
• LACK OF MAINTENANCE + TESTING
l.c
• WAITING FOR INSTRUCTIONS
oi
• ACCUMULATOR UNIT NOT WORKING
• NOT MONITORING TRIPS
63
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/