Pigafetta Account 10.

Bohol – burning of Conceptione

11. Pinalongon – black native like Etiopia

When? 12. Mindanao- big island, many fishermen

offered fish to the king
• From March 16, 1521 to May 1, 1521
(from record) 13. Chipit and Luzon – excellent port and
visited by 6-8 junks yearly
• April 26-27, 1521 Battle of Mactan
14. Palaoan – “the land of promise”
Where to?

There Travel Route

Who?

1. The Captain – F. Magallanes

2. A. Pigafetta

3. Duarte Barbosa, Portuguese

4. Johan Seranno, Spaniard, left behind

Visited Places 5. San Martin de Sivilla, astrologer

1. Zamal (Samar) – uninhabited but ideal

for water and rest Natives
2. Zuluan – with very familiar people 1. Seignor
3. Humunu (Archipelago of St. Lazarus) – 2. Caphri or Heathens
first signs of gold, great quantity of
white corals, and large tree of nuts 3. Rajah Culambu
resembling pine seeds or smaller
4. Raja Siaui and queen
almonds
5. Raja Humabon and queen
4. Butuan and Calagan – pieces of gold of
the size of a walnut and eggs are found 6. Bendara, Cadaio,Simiut, Sibuaia,
here Maghalibe etc.

5. Mazaua – Natives were very heavy 7. Cilaton, Ciguibucan, Cimaningha,

drinkers Cimatichat, Cicanbul, Apanoaan etc

6. Ceylon, Bohol, Canighan, Baibai, 8. Zula and Cilapulapu

Gatighan – Bats as big as eagles… taste
9. Raia Calanao
like chicken”

7. Polo, Ticobon, Poson – rapid sail

8. Zubu – houses built upon logs

9. Cinghapoia, Mandaui, Lalan, Matan

What? gold in every tooth and teeth bound
with gold, perfumed with storax and
Physical attributes, hygiene and
benzoin, and he was tawny and
adornment, social practices, traits and qualities,
painted”
houses, cocoanuts, products and merchandise,
balanghai, trading ports, eating and drinking 11. “Women are clad in tree cloth from
practices, religious practices, funerary and waist down, their hair is black and
burial practices, law, health and science, music reaches to the ground. They have holes
and dance, local language, war and weapons, in their ears filled with gold.”
battle of mactan, others.
12. Women entertainers were white, large
and beautiful

Physical Appearance, Hygiene and Adornment 13. The queen, young and beautiful was
covered entirely of white and black
1. Dark, fat, short and tattooed of various
cloth. Her mouth and nails were very
designs
red, while on her head, was a large silk
2. Wore gold earrings, precious gems, scarf crossed with gold strips and large
anklets, and many armlets. Earholes are palm hat appearing like a parasol, with
too big. crown of leaves. She was delighted with
from Spain rose-water. She was
3. Wore handkerchiefs on their heads. preceded by 3 girls holding her 3 hats.
4. They go naked and clothes are She seated herself with silk
embroidered with silk for chiefs and embroidered cushion while hearing
woven from bark of tree for mass.
commoners. Some wore silk robes. 14. A great number of women accompanied
5. Anoint with coconut oil and bene-seed her, all wore long hair freely flowing,
oil for skin protection naked and only their private parts are
covered, barefoot.
6. Men wore black long hair reaching the
waist 15. Male, adult and young, have penis pins.
Women from the age of 6 and up had
7. Use daggers, knives, and spears vaginal stretching.
ornamented with gold, large shields,
fascines, javelins

8. Use boats (balanghai, baloto) and

fishing nets

9. Go barefoot

10. “Finest looking man from Butuan and

Calagan – long and exceedingly black
hair touching his shoulder, wore large
gold earrings, cotton cloth with silk
embroidery from waist to knees, dagger
with long gold handle, had 3 spots of
Surigao Ancient Gold Spaniards

 Courteous and Accepting

 Accommodating
 Showed great honor, offered of peace
and friendship by firing mortars
 Firm and determine that their
merchandise are better than gold
 Intelligent threatener, “destroy our
adversaries and those who hate our
faith…”
 Preaches about God, the creator of all
and about Adam and Eve as first
parents of all. Commanded to honor
Boxer Codex and Surigao Ancient Gold parents, teaches immortality of the
soul, faith and eternal condemnation
 Persuaded not to fear but of free will

Blood Compact

Observable Traits and Qualities

… not to be frightened for our arms were soft

toward our friends and harsh toward our
enemies…”

“King drew blood from his left hand marking his

body, face, and the tip of his tongue as a token
of the closest friendship, and we did the same.”

Natives Social Practices

 Great signs of joy or pleasures  King is surrounded by his men, sat

 Reasonable and Agreeable on a mat
 Pleasant, Familiar, Conversable  Emissaries spoke in public and
 Leave Gracefully and Neatly, Hospitable empowered to make peace
 Fullfill their promise to return as casi-  When the fathers and mothers
casi, a sign of sincerity of friendship grew old, they received no further
 Suspicious, Fearful, Jumpy honor, but their children
 Know many languanges (King) commanded them
 baptism of a sick man with 2 wives
and girls
  Chief has 2 women, and the queen  Husk filaments are for binding together
has many male female slaves their boats
serving her (Mindanao)  Burned shells for useful powder
 Chiefs and rowers remove the cover  Fresh white substance are eaten with
of their privies when rowing meat and fish as we do bread
(Mindanao).  Clear sweet water is refreshing
 They earned prizes for the fighting  Source of vinegar when putrefied and
cocks oil when boiled
F. Magellan As Described by A. Pigafetta Maerchandise
He was more constant than ever any one else in Natives
the greatest adversity
 Fish, jar of palm wine (uraka or arrack),
He endured hunger better than all the others. bananas, rice (umay), cocoanuts, sweet
oranges, sugarcane and camotes
More accurately than any man in the world did
(Paloan)
he understand sea charts and navigation.
 Large bar of gold and basketful of ginger
That this was the truth was seen openly, for no  Dogs, cats, swine, chicken, fowls, goats,
other had so much natural talent nor the millets, panicum, lemons, sorgo, wax,
boldness to learn how to circumnavigate the garlic, honey, nangcas, gourds,
world, as he had almost done.  Slave trading
 Chinese silk, brass gongs and porcelain
Houses
 Wholesaler, follows weight and
 Built like a hayloft and thatched with fig measures, have wooden balances using
(igos/biblical tree of life) and palm lead of ¼, 1/3, 1 libras
leaves
Spaniards
 Built up high on the ground, use ladder
to ascend  Red caps, mirror, combs, bells, ivory,
 Bamboo mat was used with drawn up bocasine, Turkish cloth of colors, linen,
feet coral, glass beads
 Gum of a tree called anime for lights  Cloves, cinnamon, pepper, ginger,
nutmeg, mace, gold
Fig Banana / Plantain Trees
 Mortars, swords, knives, cuirass,
- Fig banana is a small plump tropical bucklers
banana having a flavor somewhat like  Compass and sea chart
a fig.
Fowls
Cocoanuts
 Doves, turtle doves, parrots, black birds
 Natives get everything from that tree. with long tails
Just as we have bread, wine, oil and
milk
 Sweet liquor collected by bamboo canes
as thick as a leg
Cloves (Kalabumpako) Eating and Drinking Practices

From Moluccas and most popular during • “We ate with such ceremonies and with
Magellan’s travel other signs of friendship.”

Aromatic flower oftentimes used with cumin • Offer of a plate of pork with gravy and
and cinnamon to give sweet flavor to meat. large jar filled with wine.

1. Add flavor to food • “King’s cup is always covered, no one

drink from it except the king and I”
2. Relieve fever in powder form
• Before drinking the king’s clasped hands
3. Aphrodisiac when mixed with milk
were raised toward the sky, then his left
4. Improve vision fist extended and then drank”.

• All deals are temporarily halted because

of too much eating and drinking.

• Offer of roast fish with sauce and fresh

ginger

• “All the dishes of that king are of gold

and also some portions of his house…
Balanghai
“molto in ordine” meaning very tidy
Situated in Balanghai Shrine in Butuan. There (Calagan)
are 9 Butuan boats but 6 are not yet excavated
Food Preparation
from the site because of the prohibitive cost of
conservation.  Jars of palm wine from the Visayas and
stronger and better tasting distilled rice
Declared as national cultural treasure in 1987
wine from Palaoan
by Pres. Corazon C. Aquino.
 Boiled rice from earthen jar with lined
large leaf, hard as bread or in bamboo
or wood under the fire that last better.
 Roast fish with sauce, or very salty fish
 Pork with gravy

Religious Practices (Natives)

1. Abba
Inquiry on the Best Ports
2. Kings kneeled and kissed the cross but
1. Ceylon offer no sacrifice
2. Zubu – Largest and most trade
3. Calaghann 3. Willing to learn the Christian faith from
Spaniards who will stay

4. Baptized the kings and 500 natives –

Don Carlo (Humabon), Don Fernando
 (the prince), Johanni (mazaua), 7. Manifested miracle by healing the sick
Christoforo (Moro).
Queen Juana and Her Baptism
5. The queen and 40 women were
baptized as Johanna, her daughter
Catherina and queen of Mazaua as
Lizabeta. The queen was shown an
image of Our Lady, wooden child Jesus
(given to her) and a cross

6. Wooden idols that are hollow and lack Raia Humabon

back parts. The arms are open and feet
turned up and legs open. The face is
large and has tusks and painted all over.

7. 2 very old women, dancing and blowing

trumpet, calling out to the sun. Later,
one thrusted the lance to the heart of
the hog. It was followed by blood and
eating ceremonies. First Mass in Limasawa

8. They have large and very tamed cocks

for veneration (Palaoan)

Anito and Babaylan

Funerary and Burial Practices

1) Deceased is placed in a box and interred

for 5-6 days
2) Hanged in the middle of the house by
ropes with cotton cloth to branches
Religious Practices (Spaniards)
3) Principal wife lied down upon the
1. Mass was held and cross was kissed deceased and another wife cut the hair
4) The principal weeps and the 2nd sings
2. Held fencing tournament to show the
5) Porcelain jars with fire emit strong odor
sovereign power of the emperor
of myrrh, storax and benzoin.
3. Cross was set on the summit 6) The body is anointed with camphor.
7) The box is shut by wooden nails and
4. Buried the dead with cross and pomp logs before burying
5. Declared the burning of idols and 8) Black bird (crow) would screech and
setting up of a cross dogs howl for 4-5 hours for unknown
reason
6. Counting men, women and children,
800 souls were baptized.
Law

“On the summit of a hill at the right , 3 men War Weapons

suspended from one of the tree, the branches
1. Shields made of light wood
of which had been cut away … they were
malefactors and robbers.” 2. Lances of bamboo and stakes hardened
with fire
Health and Science
3. Bamboo spears tipped with iron
1. Natives chew areca which is very
cooling to the heart and if they ceased 4. Bow and poisoned arrow
to use it they would die.
5. Knife and dagger
2. Idols give them health
6. Cutlass
Music and Dance
7. Blowpipes with thick wooden arrow
1. Women with good musical sense played with harpoon points. At the end of the
big and small brass gongs (from China) blowpipe, they fasten a bit of iron like a
of sweet sounds, and drums. They spearhead as a separate weapon when
dance too. they shot all the arrows.
2. Youth played pipes called subin. 8. Other arrows with fishbones and
poisoned with an herb.
3. Play violin with copper strings
Native Weapons
Language

Word Translation
lac man
paranpaon woman
babay warried woman
nipin teeth
dilla tongue Battle of Mactan (Native and Spanish Side)
palan palm
tuhud knee
tuba winene
monoch chicken
luia ginger
tinapai rice cake
mongsughud to comb
bani palm mat
yisda fish I. Fri, Apr. 26 Zula send his son to inform
bani palm mat the Captain that Cilapulapu refused to
monoch chicken obey.
II. Zula requested the Captain to send a
boatload of men to fight the other chief
 III. Natives had lances of bamboo and VII. Captain was hit in the right leg with
stakes hardened with fire poisoned arrow and ordered to retire
IV. Asked to wait until the morning slowly
V. Dug pit holes between the houses VIII. Spaniards were hit in the legs and their
VI. Saturday, April 27, am 3 divisions of mortars were useless for they are far
1,500 men charged with loud cries IX. Captain continued to fight and killed the
VII. Seeing the weakened enemies they Indian who hurled a spear to his face.
redoubled their shouts X. The captain was cut in his left leg and
VIII. Natives leaped again and again covering fell face downward into the water and
their bodies with shields killed by many.
IX. Hurled so many arrows, bamboo spears XI. Spaniards retreated and boats pulled
tipped with iron, fire, stones, and mud. out.
X. Angered by the burning, many charged
“They killed our mirror, our light, our comfort,
hurling spears repeatedly and shot the
and our true guide. When they wounded him,
captain through the right leg
he turned back many times to see whether we
XI. Natives rushed to the Captain and killed
are all in the boats.“
him
XII. Christian king wept and failed to get Spanish Offer
back the dead captain
1. To help defeat the enemies and make
them submit as their subjects
Battle of Mactan 2. Adoration of the cross and safety of
their islands from calamities

Personal Personal Experiences of Pigafetta

1. I slipped and fell into the sea

2. I ate meat on holy Friday, for I could not

help myself
I. Fri, Apr 26 sent 3 boatloads of men
3. “We begged him repeatedly not to go,
reaching Matan 3 hours before dawn
but he, like a good shepherd, refused to
II. Captain did not wish to fight but sent
abandon his flock.”
message he will be a friend to the Moro
if they obey the King of Spagnia 4. I could not go out because I was all
III. Saturday, Apr 27, morning swollen up by a wound in my face from
IV. 49 men leaped into the water. Other 11 a poisoned arrow
remained to guard the boats that could
5. Johan Serrano weeping and begging to
not approach because of rocks.
be redeemed in Zubu… we immediately
V. Musketeers and crossbowmen shot
departed… I do not know whether he is
from a distance for about half an hour
dead or alive
uselessly
VI. Ceasefire was not headed. 20 -30
houses were burned to terrify the
natives
Customs of Tagalogs  Labor Evangelica by Fr.
Francisco Colin in 1663
By FR. Juan De Plasencia
 Historia natural del sitio,
fertilidad y calidad de las Islas e
Indios de Bisayas by Fr.
Historical Context
Francisco Ignacio Alcina in 1668
1. Limited number of Spanish officials who
Fr. Juan de Plansencia, OFM
would venture outside Intramuros
2. Team up of Filipino gobernadorcillo and  Joan de Porto Carrero born in Plasencia,
friar Extremadura, Spain and joined the
 Supervisory and monitoring act Franciscan order either in Italy and
 Most knowledgeable and Spain
Influential figure in the pueblo  Order of Friars Minor
3. Missionaries and religious districts  Arrived in the Philippines on July 4,
 Statistics of converts 1578 inspired by the resurgence of
 People’s way of life religiosity and spirituality of Spain’s
 Socio-economic condition Siglo de Oro
 Problems of the natives  In 1578, he and Fray Diego de Oropesa
had their mission in the Tagalog area
 Key person in the building of various
towns in Quezon, Laguna, Rizal, and
Bulacan
 Wrote Relacion richly describing the
political, social and economic and
cultural practices of the Filipinos before
they were converted to the new faith
4. Friars who are keen observers and
 Author of Doctrina Christiana en
gifted writers had long reports and
Lengua Española y Tagala in 1593 and
letters with their personal observations
advocate of Reduccion plan
and experiences
 Into administering sacraments, baptism
 Relacion de las Costumbres de
and catechism
los Tagalogs by Juan de
 Died in Liliw, Laguna in 1590
Plasencia
 Relacion delas Filipinas by
Miguel de Loarca in 1582 about
the Visayan way of life
 Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas by
Gov. Antonio de Morga about
the 16th century Philippines
 Relacion de las Islas Filipinas by
Fr. Pedro Chirino in 1604
 Historia General by Fr. Juan
Delgado in 1571
The Account-Customs of the Tagalogs Namamahay

 The original entitled Relacion de las - Married, server of the chief, with half of
Costumbres de los Tagalogs is kept at cultivated land, own their house,
the Archivo General de Indias in Seville, children enjoy their inheritance,
Spain property and rank of their father and
 Duplicate copy is kept in the Archivo cannot be sold nor taken into another
Franciscano Ibero-Oriental in Madrid village
Spain
Saguiguilir
 English translation in The Philippine
Islands, Vol. 7 by Blair and Robertson - Serve their master in his house and
and Filipiniana Book guild lands, if born in his master’s house, he
was rarely sold, motivated by his share
Social Ranks – from the Customs of the
in the harvest.
Tagalogs by Fray Juan de Plasencia
Laws
Barangay Political and Social Structures
- Rules of the dato or two datos or
a. Datos Knights
selection of an arbiter known to be fair
b. Maharlica Nobles
and just
c. Alipin Namamahalay Commoners
- Punishment and death penalty
d. Alipin Saguiguilir Slave
1. Fines in the form of gold
2. Payment in the form of slavery with
Datos food and clothing provision
3. Man of low birth
- Classed from where they came from,
4. Witchery
- Chief of barangay, captain of their
wars, Dowries
- Offender of him and his family was
- Given by male to parents of the female,
severely punished
- Equally shared by the children of the
- Energetic, endure, protect his people
couple unless the father favored his
and do not order his people
child
Maharlica - Unmarried women owned no land and
property
- Freeborn, pay no tax, accompanied the
dato in war at their own expense, In case of divorce
shared with the spoil of war, rower of
1. If wife is to marry again, all dowries will
the chief, assist in other activities of the
revert to the husband
chief, entitled to barangay land
- Recognition of children from another 2. If wife is to stay single, her dowry will
social class to keep the rank of the be returned to her
father.
3. If husband left the wife, he lost the
- Not allowed to move from another
other half of the dowry
barangay without the fine.
 4. If husband with children left, whole Auguries
dowry and fine will go to the children
- Divination of bad or good omen
with grandparent or responsible kin
protecting the inheritance of the
children

◦ In case of child betrothal, there is a

stipulated fine in case of violation

Worship – From the Customs of the Tagalogs Divination and Season - From the Customs of
by Fray Juan de Plasencia the Tagalogs by Fray Juan de Plasencia

 No consecrated temples for worship  Knives and daggers were personalized

 The house of the Dato is the place of and divined for its usefulness and luck
adoration during worship festival called  No established division of years,
“pandot” months and days
 ”Nagaanitos”  Determined time through land
 “Sibi”, sorihile or small lamps, palm cultivation by phases of the moon,
leaves as décor, small and big drums seasons of fruits, flower and leaves
 Nature worship and makeshift temple yielding
 Recognition of sun-time and water-time
Bathala All powerful or
maker of all things Sacrifice and Adoration - From the Customs of
the Tagalogs by Fray Juan de Plasencia
Sun, Moon, and Tala Universal respect and
honor, great rejoicing

Dian Masalanta Patron of lovers and

of generation

Lacapati Patron of cultivated

lands

Indianale Patron of husbandry

Lic-ha Idols different shapes

and images Mural “History of Philippine Medicine by
Auguries – From the Customs of the Tagalogs Carlos “Botong” Francisco”
by Fray Juan de Plasencia
Manner of Proclamation of feast and
Divination of Omen Sacrifice offer to the devil of what
they had to eat. Done in front
of an idol, which they anoint
with fragrant oil from musk,
civet or gum and aromatic
woods

Catalonan Officiating priest or priestess

 do the poetic singing and diseases
responding people. Manyisalat Witches who can apply
“Possessed by the devil”. remedies to lovers so they
would abandon and despise
Offerings Good piece of cloth, chain of their own wives and even
gold or gold ring, goats, cause her deadly illness.
fowls, swine, jar of rice, Mancocolam Emit fire and wallow on the
buyos, fried food and fruits ordure and filth which falls
from the houses. Owner of
Reasons Recovery of a sick person, the house fell ill and died.
prosperous sea voyage, good Hocloban Simple salutation and hand
harvest, triumph in war, gesture can heal or destroy.
healthy child delivery and Silagan Against anyone wearing
happy married life. white. Can tear out the liver
and eat it. A victim was a
Spanish notary killed in
Catanduanes and buried in
Mythical Creatures Calilaya.
Magtatangal Show himself at night
without his head or entrails.
Osuang Equivalent to a sorcerer,
seen flying and eating
human flesh. Prevalent in
the Visayas but non-
existent in the Tagalog
region
Mangagayom Made charms for lovers out
a of herbs, stones, and wood
Sanat Equivalent to a preacher.
He helps one die and even
predicts the salvation and
condemnation of the soul.
Pangatojan Soothsayer and predicted
the future
Bayoguin Man inclined to do what is
Cotquean for a woman

Burial Manner-from the Customs of the

Tagalogs by Fray Juan de Plasencia

1. Buried beside the house

 A little house or porch for a
Dato
2. 4 days of mourning
 Place in a boat coffin then to
Mangagauay Witches acting as healer of
the sick but inducer of the porch
 3. Guarded and living slave 6. Aid to realize that mastery of the local
 Male and female animals language and culture led to the success
4. Singing, dirge, praises of Christianity in the Philippines
 Eating and drinking
7. Serves as guide and reference to future
Ghosts–from the Customs of the Tagalogs by missionaries as well as other
Fray Juan de Plasencia professions

8. Disprove the claim of some Spaniards

that locals were uncivilized and lacking
in culture

9. Provide an elaborate observation on

functioning government, tax system,
criminal justice system, indigenous
calendar, and long-standing customs
and tradition such as garments, gold
ornaments, houses, and idols that are
comparable to Southeast Asian
Life of Rest – from the Customs of the Tagalogs civilization and culture.
by Fray Juan de Plasencia

 Maca or Paradise for who just, valiant,

morally upright and virtuous
 Casanaan or Place of punishment, grief,
and affliction. A place of anguish for the
wicked with the devil called sitan

Relevance

1. Popular primary source describing the

way of life of the Tagalogs before the
Spanish contacts

2. Useful inter-disciplinary source on

social, political and legal aspects in the
Tagalog region

3. Relevant source on property and

inheritance, marriage, burial manners
and judicial systems

4. Detailed information on interesting

topics such as customs, traditions,
religious and superstitious beliefs

5. Inspired priests and missionaries to

fulfill their role as evangelizers
Selected Topics and Graphics for Readings in are known from their language to be Malayos,
Philippines History (Pre-16th century when they came to this island, the head of
Philippines) barangay was taken for a datu and even today
it is still ascertained that one whole barangay
was originally one family of parents and
Manunggul Jar children, slaves, and relatives.”

Significance of BoatLife

 Filipinos lived on the seacoast or banks

of navigable lakes and streams
 The only means of transportation were
boats, there were no evidence of
Manunggul jar – Secondary burial jar wheeled vehicles or draft animals
 Traders and raiders, friends or foes
 Lipuun Pt, Western, Palawan crossed one side of a river to the other
 895 – 775 BC using boats, even moving from one
 Painted with natural iron or hematite island to another or between distant
 Unrivaled in South East Asia ports on the same island
 Work of a master potter  Communities were connected and not
 New Stone Age or Neolithic separated
 By water, people exchanged foodstuffs,
manufactured wares, and foreign
Significance of the word boat imports

 Barangay or balangay as the first native MAITUM BURIAL JARS

word learned by the Spanish as written
 29 jars of different facial expressions –
by A. Pigafetta while he was on board a
joy, sadness, contentment
“boat” having discussion with the ruler
of Limasawa
 Balangai or balanghai
 1976 ancient boat discovery in Butuan,
Agusan del Norte
 Issue on the new word “Balanghay”

As a Political Unit

Juan de Plasencia described it as follows”

“ These [datus] were chiefs of but few people,

as many as a hundred houses and even less
than thirty; as they call in Tagalog, barangay.
And what was inferred from this name is that Maitum as native word for black
their being called this was because, since these
 • According to local folklore, "Maitum"  The making of these earthenware
refers to the black stones in Saub River. depicting human figures and faces
indicates a high level of craftsmanship.
• Ancient burial jars were discovered by
archaeologists from the National
Museum in Ayub Cave, Maitum, in 1991
and in 2008, at Sagel Cave, Maitum
(now declared by National Historical
Institute as National Historical Sites).

• Anthropomorphic Potteries

• Artifacts are proof of settlements of THE MAITUM ANTHROPOMORPHIC BURIAL

pre-historic civilization in Maitum. JAR NO. 13

• The discovery of jar burials uncover  This is unique and the only intact
significant clues to the prehistory of anthropomorphic burial jar with two
Sarangani. arms, nipples, navel and male sex organ
on the body that is found in an
Maitum Anthropomorphic Burial Jar, 5 BCE to archaeological context.
A.D. 225 (metal Age)  The head is unpainted and with
 Unparalleled in Southeast Asia" in that perforations on the lid that show side
it is an exceptional archaeological parting of the hair.
assemblage.  Its lips are colored with red hematite
 The radiocarbon dates were obtained and accented with an incised design.
from the soot samples taken from the  It also has two ear lugs on the lower
small earthenware vessel found inside half of the urn.
one of the anthropomorphic burial jar.  These were associated with metal
 The artifacts were dated to 830 +/-60 implements; glass beads and bracelets;
B.P. (by a calibrated date of AD 70 to shell spoon, scoop, bracelets and
370) and 1920 +/- 50 B.P. (by a pendants; earthenware potteries with
calibrated date of 5 BC to 225 AD). incised designs and cut-out foot-rings;
 These burial jars are made of non-anthropomorphic burial jars.
earthenware designed and formed like Laguna copperplate inscription
human figures with complete facial
characteristics.  The oldest calendar dated Philippine
 They are like portraits of distinct "document"
individuals, of specific dead persons  Found in 1989 and sold in January 1990
whose remains they guard to the National Museum
 The heads were either plain, perforated  10 x 10 cm thin sheet of copper plate
or coated with red and black paints. with 10 lines of finely written
Some have earrings, others are characters
tattooed. Some head-shaped covers  Similar to the 10th century Kawi Script
depict teeth while others have arms,
and female breasts
 owed the Chief of Dewata. This (document) is
(issued) in case (10) there is someone,
whosoever, some time in the future, who will
state that the debt is not yet acquitted of His
Honor. . .B

Certificate of acquittal
Tracing of the Laguna Copper-Plate Inscription,
by Antoon Postma, at Panaytayan, April 16, • Combination of old Javanese, Old Malay
1990 and old Tagalog languages

• It was a semi-official certificate of

acquittal of a debt incurred by a person
in high office, together with his whole
family, all relatives and descendants

• approximately 926.4 grams of gold

Transalation:

(1) Hail! In the Saka-year 822; the months of

March-April; according to the astronomer: the
fourth day of the dark half of the moon; on (2)
Monday. At that time, Lady Angkatan together
with her relative, Bukah by name, (3) the child • These places are existing already under
of His Honor Namwran, was given, as a special identical names in the tenth century
favor, a document of full acquittal, by the Chief
and Commander of Tundun (4) representing 1. Puliran or Pulilan, old name of SE area
the Leader of Pailah, Jayadewa. This means that of Laguna de Bay
His Honor Namwran, through the Honorable
2. Pailah as Pila, Laguna
Scribe (5) was totally cleared of a salary-related
debt of 1 kati and 8 suwarna (weight of gold): Places existing already under identical names
in the presence of His Honor the Leader of in the tenth century
Puliran, (6) Kasumuran; His Honor the Leader of
Pailah, representing Ganasakti; (and) His Honor
the Leader (7) of Binwangan, representing
Bisruta. And, with his whole family, on orders of
the Chief of Dewata (a),representing the Chief
of Mdang, because of his loyalty as a subject
(slave?)' of the Chief, therefore all the
descendants (9) of His Honor Namwran have Relevance
been cleared of the whole debt that His Honor
 • The Philippines in the 10th century  Modern version of a perfect body
Southeast Asia, with Kingdoms of Sri-  From bow and arrow to kampilan
wijaya (Sumatera), Mataram (Java),  Detailed panoramic painting of the
Angkor (Kampuchea), and the Cham Battle of Mactan by National Historical
Dynasty (Vietnam). Institute
 Shallow water and mangrove prevented
• Presence of well-organized form of
Magellan and his men to bring their
government based on customary law
guns close enough to the shore.
has been shown to exist for more than a
thousand years, and an important link Monument of Magellan
in the history of the Malay (and the
Tagalog) languages has been
established.

• Chinese records of the 14th century

mentioned Pu-li-lu and Ma-li-lu (same
to Manila), are they the same to
Pulilan?

Pag-Ibig sa Tinubuang Bayan

Mactan Shrine By Andres Bonifacio
(Monuments of Magellan and Lapu-Lapu) • Sources: José P. Santos, Si Andres
 20 meters Bonifacio at ang Himagsikan (Manila:
 Commemoration of the Battle of n.pub, 1935), 8–10; and A.B., “Pagibig
Mactan or Kadaugan sa Mactan in sa Tinubuang Bayan,” manuscript in
1521 Archivo General Militar de Madrid, Caja
 Lapulapu Statue is the exact spot where 5677, leg. 1.94
the battle was fought
 Church was erected to honor Lapulapu
 Opon, Mactan was renamed Lapulapu
City
 Re-enactment in most years on the
beach of Magellan Bay, Mactan Island.

Historical Markers

 Lapu-Lapu
 Magellan Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang lupa excerpts

• Mangyari kayang ito’y masulyap

ng mga Tagalog at hindi lumingap
sa naghihingalong Inang nasa yapak
ng kasuklam-suklam na Castilang
hamak.
Facts
 • Ipahandog-handog ang buong pag-ibig • Woman as helpmate rather than a
hanggang sa mga dugo’y ubusang plaything and have due regard to her
itangis weakness (biblical)
kung sa pagtatanggol, buhay ay mapatid
• An honorable man’s word is his bond”.
ito’y kapalaran at tunay na langit.
(Cervantes)

• Time lost is lost forever (B. Franklin)

Kartilya ng Katipunan
• A “life which is not dedicated to a great
By Emilio Jacinto idea is useless,” (Simoun by J. Rizal)

• Written around 1889 as guides to • “Life which is not consecrated to a lofty

potential recruits to KKK and sacred cause,” Jacinto writes,
varying the metaphor, “is like a tree
• Layon (principles) and aral (teachings)
without shade, if not a poisonous weed.
paralleled the division in Gran Oriente
Español by Miguel de Morayta Dasalan at Tocsohan

• Programa Masonica and Codigo By Marcelo H. Del Pilar

Masonico
• Parody of prayers and catechism of the
• Preamble ensures clear understanding Spanish friars
of being a member
• Creative and brave exposition of the
• Asks members to pledge their hypocrisy of the priests
allegiance and that they are joining of
• Secretly printed and distributed to the
their own free will (ninais ng loob ko).
people

• Denounced by Archbishop Bernardino

Nozaleda

Influences of Kartilya

• All are equal and true brethren

• Renounce disorderly habits and defend Parody

the oppressed
• A literary work in which the style/work
of an author is closely imitated for
comic effect or in ridicule
• “display of del Pilar’s mastery of the Ang dapat mabatid ng mga Tagalog
Tagalog language” and ”show of crude
By Agapito Bagumbayan
burlesque of the friars and their
religion” – Fr. John Schumacher, SJ • Rallying call of Agapito Bagumbayan
• Absurd and comically exaggerated • Proven authentic but uncertain in
authorship
• Catered to lower and middle-class
readers • Race of Legaspi
• “Laughter of Dissent” by Prof. V. Torres • Treachery, false beliefs, and dishonor
• Religious nonconformity and and • “To eyes long blind,” the light of reason
political opposition has now revealed this harsh injustice
and shown the separate, self-reliant
• Take things lightly, humorously and
road the Tagalogs must take.
reasonably
Facts to Remember
• For fresh and fun perspectives
 Taga Japon sila'y kabilihan at kapalitan
• Funny and sarcastic insights towards
ng mga kalakal malabis ang pag yabong
enlightenment of the people
ng lahat ng pinagkakakitaan
 Pacto de Sangre
 Ngayon wala ng maituturing na
kapanatagan sa ating pamamayan;
ngayon lagui ng guinagambala ang ating
katahimikan ng umaalingawngaw na
daing at pananambitan
 Ytinuturo ng katuiran, na huag nating
sayangin ang panahon sa pagasa sa
ipinangakong kaguinhawahan na hindi
darating at hindi mangyayari
 Panahun na ngayong dapat na lumitaw
ang liwanag ng katotohanan; panahon
 “Ang Tanda ng Cara-icruz,”
ng dapat nating ipakilala na tayo’y may
 “Panginoon Kong Fraile,”
sariling pagdaramdam, may puri, may
 “Amain Namin,”
hiya at pagdadamayan
 “Aba Guinoong Barya.”
 Kaya! oh mga kababayan! ating idilat
 “Tocsohan” is a Q&A parody of ang bulag na kaisipan at kusang igugol
catechism sa kagalingan ang ating lakas sa tunay
 “Ang mga Biyaya ng Fraile” is a parady at lubos na pag asa na mag tagumpay
of a fake cathechism when attending sa nilalayong kaguinhawahan ng
regularly the mass. bayang tinubuan
 “Ang mga Utos nang Fraile,” similar to
10 Commandments
WatchWords

 Kalayaan or Liberty
 Lahat ng tao’y magkakapantay or
Equality
 Kayong lahat ay magkakapatid or
Fraternity
 Katuiran or Reason
 Kagalingan or Progress
 Enlightenment or Kaliwanagan
 SAME TO REFORM IN IDIOMS BUT
ORIGINAL IN OBJECTIVES AND ITS
DEEDS
 And, Afterall the the Philippines are only the
Stepping Stone to China

Week 3: Historical Context for American Period

Military and Economic Interest

Monroe Doctrine 1 Theodore Roosevelt, Assistant Secretary

of the navy, Henry Cabot Lodge and
 A foreign policy proclaimed by the Captain Alfred T. Mahan
United States in 1823 during the 2 Pacific base for navy and long-term
presidency of President James Monroe. strategic needs
It said that European powers do not 3 Economic rather than imperialism that
belong in The Americas. ... Having won influenced the American military into
the Peninsular War, Spain wanted its action. 
empire back, and the Monroe 4 American businessmen were convinced
Doctrine said the United States would that the home markets were
resist that. inadequate to the needs of an
 By F. Victor Gillam, 1896 expanding industrial production
Manifest Destiny 5 Philippines as a new market

 Coined in 1845, it drove the U.S.

territorial expansion. It held that the
USA was destined by God, to expand its
dominion and spread democracy and
capitalism across the entire North
American continent and later in the East
Asia Pacific
 Painting by John Gast

THE WHITE MAN’S BURDEN - barbarism,

cruelty, brutality, vice, ignorance, superstition,
cannibalism, slavery

 Judge Magazine, April 1, 1899, Frederick

Victor Gillam was a political cartoonist
 The United States and the Philippine
Islands, by British novelist Rudyard
Kipling, is a poem about the Philippine–
 American War, which exhorts the
United States to assume colonial
Take up the White Man's burden--
control of the Filipino people and their
In patience to abide,
country
To veil the threat of terror
 Published February 1899
And check the show of pride;
By open speech and simple,
A hundred times made plain
To seek another's profit,
And work another's gain.

Victor Gillam Yellow Journalism

 Joseph Pulitzer’s New York World in

1895, one of a cast of characters in a
strip called Hogan’s Alley.
 William Randolph Hearst offered
Richard Outcault, creator of Yellow Kid
cartoon, an outrageously high fee to
bring the Kid over to his  New York
Journal in 1896.
 Sensationalistic, exaggerated, ill-
researched, and often untrue reporting.
When the competing papers finally sunk
Rudyard Kipling
so low as to replace news content with
comic strips, he had his name: “Yellow-
Kid Journalism,” which was eventually
shortened to “Yellow Journalism.”

Context – Philippines

1 Sugar business in Cuba

2 February 25, 1898 explosion of USS
Maine
3 Battle of Manila
The White Man’s Burden – the poem 4 Return of Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo on
Take up the White Man's burden-- 19 May 1898
Send forth the best ye breed-- a. American Consul E. Spencer
Go bind your sons to exile Pratt
To serve your captives' need; b. Hong Kong Junta advice
To wait in heavy harness, 5 Protocol of Peace on August 12,
On fluttered folk and wild-- 1898
Your new-caught, sullen peoples,
Half-devil and half-child.
Benevolent Assimilation
  BENEVOLENCE - disposition to do good, Anti-Imperialist League VS Uniformed
an act of kindness, or generous gift Assassins
camaraderie, collegiality, community,
 To fight U.S. annexation of
companionship, company,
the Philippines. Some of the members
comradeship. civility, harmony, rapport,
are Andrew Carnegie, Samuel
generosity, kindness, sympathy,
Langhorne Clemens a.k.a. Mark Twain,
tolerance. altruism, philanthropy,
William James, David Starr Jordan, and
selflessness, unselfishness.
Samuel Gompers with George S.
Boutwell. Right after the signing of
 ASSIMILATION - refers to the process
the Treaty of Paris the league began to
through which individuals and groups of
decline and eventually disappeared.
differing heritages acquire the basic
 I have seen that we do not intend to
habits, attitudes, and mode of life of an
free, but to subjugate the people of the
embracing culture.
Philippines. We have gone there to
 APOSTACY – abandonment of previous
conquer, not to redeem. . . It should, it
loyalty
seems to me, be our pleasure and duty
By US President William McKinley to make those people free and let them
deal with their own domestic questions
 Issued on December 21, 1898.
in their own way. And so I am an anti-
 "altruistic" mission imperialist. I am opposed to having the
 "come, not as invaders or conquerors, eagle put its talons on any other land.
but as friends, to protect the natives in (Mark Twain)
their homes, in their employment, and
in their personal and religious rights." 
 "win the confidence, respect, and
affection of the inhabitants of the
Philippines by assuring them in every
possible way that full measure of
individual rights and liberties which is
the heritage of free peoples, and by
proving to them that the mission of the
United States is one of benevolent Acta de la proclamación de independencia del
assimilation substituting the mild sway pueblo Filipino Commissioned by Emilio
of justice and right for arbitrary rule." Aguinaldo Authored by Ambrosio Rianzares
Bautista
Pressure Groups
 12 June 1898 in the town of  Cavite
Viejo (Kawit)
 August 1, 1898 first ratified in Bacoor ,
Cavite and officially ratified on
September 29, 1898 by the Malolos
Congress
Irreconcilables USA and the Ilustrados

1. Intellectuals in the resistance like E. 1. Willian Taft Commission for Legislature

Aguinaldo, Apolinario Mabini, Artermio and Cabinet of the Governor General
Ricarte, Pio del Pilar etc. who were
2. Pedagogical explosion and doubling of
exiled to Guam.
literacy rate by 1930s
2. Revolutionary opposition in Batangas
3. Social mobility led to the establishment
and Samar by Gen. M. Malvar and Gen.
of sociocultural basis for political
Vicente Lukban through guerilla tactics
democracy
and resistance from the remnants of
Katipunan in Bicol headed by Simeon 4. Modest economic opportunities for
Ola and Tagalog Republic by Macario greater property ownership, vast
Sakay, killed as bandits after accepting American owned plantation and
amnesty offer by the Americans. amassing fortunes of the politically
well-connected Filipinos.
3. Quasi-religious armed groups like the
Pulahanes, known for their red garbs, 5. USA trade policy such as Payne Aldrich
the Colorum, from Latin in saecula Tariff Act for free flow American
saeculorum ir the Glory Be prayer imports while the sugar exports led to
and Dios-Dios, mostly composed of political dominance of landed elites.
farmers and other poor people led by
messianic leaders such as Dionisio
Seguela, a.k.a.  Papa Isio representing Relevance
mix Folk Catholicism, they believed that
agimat or anting-anting would make Past
them bulletproof. They are considered 1. Understand the effective role of media
as insurrectos and ladrones. in realizing the desire of USA in the
4. Muslim resistance Philippines.
2. Awareness to the role of organized and
structured rule against the divided and
Sympathetic to USA unsure leadership among the Filipinos.
3. Understand the importance of “divide
1. Pedro Paterno and conquer” in history.
2. Trinidad Pardo de Tavera

3. Benito Legarda Present

4. Gregorio Araneta 1. Recognition of the role of astuteness
and alertness in accepting a deal or
5. Felipe Buencamino
offer of another party.
• Jacob Gould Schurman reported
2. Broader understanding of the pros and
“Filipinos for ultimate independence”
cons of American rule in the Philippines.
and the ilustrados
 3. Realization of the effectiveness of reservations of the Government of the
“accommodation and collaboration” United States
done by USA to the Filipinos.  Philippine Government shall have the
authority to enact a tariff law the trade
relations between the Islands and the
United States shall continue to be
governed exclusively by laws of the
Congress of the United States
Jones Law  Legislature which shall consist of two
houses, one the Senate and the other
 Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916, a the House of Representatives.
statute announcing the intention of the   There shall be chosen by the
USA government to “withdraw their Legislature two Resident
sovereignty over the Philippine Islands Commissioners to the United States,
as soon as a stable government can be who shall hold their office for a term of
established therein.” three years.
 USA retained the power to determine  Philippine Government shall have the
whether such a government existed. authority to enact a tariff law the trade
 The purpose  is to ensure the viability of relations between the Islands and the
the USA maritime and shipping United States shall continue to be
industries by preventing foreign-flagged governed exclusively by laws of the
ships from carrying cargo between U.S. Congress of the United States
ports because reduced competition in  Legislature which shall consist of two
building ships and transporting goods houses, one the Senate and the other
can lead to higher prices. the House of Representatives.
Excerpts from Jones Law   There shall be chosen by the
Legislature two Resident
 It was never the intention of the people Commissioners to the United States,
of United States in the incipiency of the who shall hold their office for a term of
war with Spain to make it a war of three years.
conquest or for territorial  The supreme executive power official
aggrandizement shall be “The Governor-General of the
 Philippine Islands ceded to the United Philippine Islands.” He shall be
States Government by the treaty of appointed by the President, by and with
peace (Treaty of Paris) the advice and consent of the Senate of
 Philippine citizenship and naturalization the United States.
and Bill of Rights  There shall be appointed by the
 That all the property and rights President an Auditor, who shall
acquired in the Philippine Islands by the examine, audit, and settle all accounts
United States except such land or other pertaining to the revenues and receipts
property as has been or shall be from whatever source of the Philippine
designated by the President of the Government and of the provincial and
United States for military and other municipal governments of the
Philippines
 used in this Act shall apply to and include
the Philippine Islands ceded to the United
States Government by the treaty of peace
concluded between the United States and
Spain
on the eleventh day of April, eighteen
hundred and ninety-nine, the boundaries of
which are set forth in Article III of said
treaty, together with those islands embraced
AN ACT TO DECLARE THE PURPOSE OF in the
THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES treaty between Spain and the United States
AS TO THE FUTURE POLITICAL STATUS concluded at Washington on the seventh
OF THE PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINE day of November, nineteen hundred.
ISLANDS, AND
TO PROVIDE A MORE AUTONOMOUS Section 2.―Philippine Citizenship and
GOVERNMENT FOR THOSE ISLANDS. Naturalization
PREAMBLE That all inhabitants of the Philippine Islands
Whereas it was never the intention of the who were Spanish subjects on the eleventh
people of United States in the incipiency of day of April, eighteen hundred and ninety-
the war withSpainto make it a war of nine, and then resided in said Islands, and
conquest or for territorial aggrandizement; their children born subsequent thereto, shall
and be deemed and held to be citizens of the
Whereas it is, as it has always been, the Philippine Islands, except such as shall
purpose of the people of the United States have elected to preserve their allegiance to
to withdraw their sovereignty over Philippine the
Islands and to recognize their independence Crown of Spain in accordance with the
as provisions of the treaty of peace between
soon as a stable government can be the United States and Spain, signed at Paris
established therein; and December tenth, eighteen hundred and
Whereas for the speedy accomplishment of ninetyeight,
such purpose it is desirable to place in the and except such others as have since
hands of the people of the Philippines as become citizens of some other
large a control of their domestic affairs as country:Provided, That the Philippine
can Legislature, herein provided for, is hereby
be given them without, in the meantime, authorized to
impairing the exercise of the rights of provide by law for the acquisition of
sovereignty by the people of the United Philippine citizenship by those natives of the
States, in order that, by the use and Philippine Islands who do not come within
exercise of popular the foregoing provisions, the natives of the
franchise and governmental powers, they insular
may be the better prepared to fully assume possessions of the United States, and such
the responsibilities and enjoy all the other persons residing in the Philippine
privileges of complete independence: Islands who are citizens of the United
Therefore States, or who could become citizens of the
United
Section 1.―The Philippines States under the laws of the United States if
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of residing therein.
Representatives the United States of
America in Congress assembled, That the Section 3.―Bill of Rights
provisions of this Act and the name “The (a) Due process and eminent
Philippines” as domain.―That no law shall be enacted in
said Islands which shall deprive any person without the consent of the Congress of the
of life, liberty, or property without due United
process of law, or States, accept any present, emolument,
deny to any person therein the equal oace, or title of any kind whatever from any
protection of the laws. Private property shall king, queen, prince, or foreign state
not be taken for public use without just (g) Bail and punishment.―That excessive
compensation. bail shall not required, nor excessive bnes
(b) Rights of persons accused of imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishment
crime.―That in all criminal prosecutions the incicted.
accused shall enjoy the right to be heard by (h) Unreasonable searches.―That the right
himself and counsel, to demand the nature to be secured against unreasonable
and cause searches and seizures shall not be violated.
of the accusation against him, to have a (i) Slavery.―That slavery shall not exist in
speedy and public trial, to meet the saidIslands; nor shall involuntary servitude
witnesses face to face, and to have exist therein except as a punishment for
compulsory process to compel the crime whereof the party shall have been
attendance of witnesses in duly
his behalf. convicted.
That no person shall be held to answer for a (j) Freedom of speech.―That no law shall
criminal offense without due process of law; be passed abridging the freedom of speech
and no person for the same offense shall be or of the press, or the right of the people
twice put in jeopardy of punishment, nor peaceably to assemble and petition the
shall be compelled in any criminal case to Government for redress grievances.
be a witness against himself. (k) Freedom of religion.―That no law shall
That all persons shall before conviction be be made respecting an establishment of
bailable by suacient sureties, except for religion or prohibiting the free exercise
capital offenses. thereof, and that the free exercise and
(c) Obligation of contracts.―That no law enjoyment of
impairing the obligation of contracts shall be religious profession and worship, without
enacted. discrimination or preference, shall forever
(d) Imprisonment for debt.―That no person be allowed; and no religious test shall be
shall be imprisoned for debt. required for the exercise of civil or political
(e) Suspension of habeas corpus.―That the rights.
privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall No public money or property shall ever be
not be suspended, unless when in cases of appropriated, applied, or used, directly or
rebellion, insurrection, or invasion the public indirectly, for the use, benebt, or support of
safety may require it, in either of which any sect, church, denomination, sectarian
event the same may be suspended by the institution, or system of religion, or for the
President, or by the Governor-General, use, benebt, or support of any priest,
wherever during such period the necessity preacher, minister, or other religious teacher
for such or dignitary as such.
suspension shall exist. (l) Poligamy.―Contracting of polygamous or
(f) Ex post facto laws, primogeniture, titles plural marriages hereafter is prohibited.
of nobility.―That no ex post facto law or bill That no law shall be construed to permit
of attainder shall be enacted nor shall the polygamous or plural marriages.
law of primogeniture ever be in force in the (m) How public funds to be spent.―That no
Philippines. money shall be paid out of the treasury
That no law granting a title of nobility shall except in pursuance of an appropriation by
be enacted, and no person holding any law.
oace of probt or trust in said Islands shall, (n) Uniform tax.―That the rule of taxation in
saidIslands shall be uniform.
(o) Subject and title of bills.―That no bill That the legislative authority herein provided
which may be enacted into law shall shall have power, when not inconsistent
embrace more than one subject, and that with this act, by due enactment to amend,
subject shall be expressed in the title of the alter, modify, or repeal any law, civil or
bill. criminal
(p) Warrants of arrest.―That no warrant continued in force by this Act as it may from
shall issue but upon probable cause, time to time see bt.
supported by oath or aarmation, and This power shall specibcally extend with the
particularly describing the place to be limitation herein provided as to the tariff to
searched and the all laws relating to revenue and taxation in
person or things to be seized effect in the Philippines.
(q) Special funds.―That all money collected
on any tax levied or assessed for a special Section 8.―General Legislative Power
purpose shall be treated as a special fund in That general legislative power, except as
the treasury and paid out for such purpose otherwise herein provided, is hereby
only. granted to the Philippine legislature,
authorized by this Act.
Section 4.―Expenses of Government
That all expenses that may be incurred on Section 9.―Public Property and
account of the Government of the Legislation on Public Domain, Timber
Philippines for salaries of oacials and the and Mining
conduct of their oaces and departments, That all the property and rights which may
and all have been acquired in the Philippine Islands
expenses and obligations contracted for the by the United States under the treaty of
internal improvement or development of the peace with Spain, signed December tenth,
Islands, not, however, including defenses, eighteen hundred and ninety-eight, except
barracks, and other works undertaken by such land or other property as has been or
the United States, shall except as otherwise shall be designated by the President of the
specibcally provided by the Congress, be United States for military and other
paid by the Government of the Philippines. reservations of the Government of the
United States, and all lands which may have
Section 5.―Inapplicability of American been subsequently acquired by the
Statutes Government of the Philippine Islands by
That the statutory laws of the United States purchase under
hereafter enacted shall not apply to the the provisions of sections sixty-three and
Philippine Islands, except when specibcally sixty-four of the Act of Congress approved
so provided, or it is so provided in this Act. July brst, nineteen hundred and two, except
such as may have heretofore been sold and
Section 6.―Continuance of Philippine disposed of in accordance with the
Laws provisions of said act of Congress, are
That the laws now in the Philippines shall hereby placed under the control of the
continue in force and effect, except as government of said Islands to be
altered, amended, or modibed herein, until administered or disposed of
altered, amended, or repealed by the for the benebt of the inhabitants thereof,
legislative and the Philippine Legislature shall have
authority herein provided or by act of power to legislate with respect to all such
Congress of the United States. matters as it may deem advisable; but acts
of the
Section 7.―Legislative Power to Change Philippine Legislature with reference to land
Laws of the public domain, timber, and mining
hereafter enacted, shall not have the force further, That the President shall approve or
of law until approved by the President of the disapprove
United States: Provided, That upon the any act mentioned in the foregoing proviso
approval of such an act by the Governor- within six months from and after its
General, it shall be by him forthwith enactment and submission for his approval,
transmitted to the President of the United and if not disapproved within such time it
States, and he shall
shall approve or disapprove the same within become a law the same as if it had been
six months from and after its enactment and specibcally approved.
submission for his approval, and if not
disapproved within such time it shall Section 11.―Taxes and Public Debts
become That no export duties shall be levied or
a law the same as if it had been specibcally collected on, exports from the Philippine
approved: Provided, further, That where Islands, but taxes and assessments on
lands in the Philippine Islands have been or property, and license fees for franchises
may be reserved for any public purpose of and privileges,
the and internal taxes, direct or indirect, may be
United States, and, being no longer required imposed for the purposes of the Philippine
for the purpose for which reserved, have Government and the provincial and
been or may be, by order of the President, municipal governments thereof,
placed under the control of the government respectively, as may
of be provided and debned by acts of the
said Islands to be administered for the Philippine Legislature, and, where
benebt of the inhabitants thereof, the order necessary to anticipate taxes and revenues,
of the President shall be regarded as bonds and other obligations may be issued
effectual to give the government of said by the
Islands full Philippine Government or any provincial or
control and power to administer and dispose municipal government therein, as may be
of such lands for the benebt of the provided by law and to protect the public
inhabitants of said Islands. credit: Provided, however, That the entire
Section 10.―Laws on Tariff, Immigration indebtedness of the Philippine Government
and Coinage created by the authority conferred therein
That while this Act provides that the shall not exceed at any one time the sum of
Philippine Government shall have the $15,000,000, exclusive of those obligations
authority to enact a tariff law the trade known as friar land bonds, nor that of any
relations between the Islands and the province or municipality a sum in excess of
United States shall seven per centum of the aggregate tax
continue to be governed exclusively by laws valuation of its property at any one time.
of the Congress of the United States:
Provided, That tariff acts or acts Section 12.―The Philippine Legislature
amendatory to the tariff of the Philippine That general legislative powers in the
Islands shall not Philippines, except as herein otherwise
become law until they shall receive the provided, shall be vested in a Legislature
approval of the President of the United which shall consist of two houses, one the
States, nor shall any act of the Philippine Senate and
Legislature affecting immigration or the the other the House of Representatives, and
currency or the two houses shall be designated “the
coinage laws of the Philippines become a Philippine Legislature”: Provided, That until
law until it has been approved by the the Philippine Legislature as herein
President of the United States: Provided, provided
shall have been organized the existing House of Representatives who is not a
Philippine Legislature shall have all qualibed
legislative authority herein granted to the elector and over twenty-bve years of age,
Government of the Philippine Islands, and who is not able to read and write either
except such as may the Spanish or English language, and who
now be within the exclusive jurisdiction of has not been an actual resident of the
the Philippine Commission, which is so district
continued until the organization of the from which elected for at least one year
Legislature herein provided for the immediately prior to his election:
Philippines. When Provided,That the members of the present
the Philippine Legislature shall have been Assembly elected on the brst Tuesday in
organized, the exclusive legislative June, nineteen
jurisdiction and authority exercised by the hundred and sixteen, shall be the members
Philippine Commission shall thereafter be of the House of Representatives from their
exercised by respective districts for the term expiring in
the Philippine Legislature. nineteen hundred and nineteen.

Section 13.―Election and QualiIcation of Section 15.―QualiIcations of Voters

Senators That at the brst election held pursuant to
That the members of the Senate of the this Act, the qualibed electors shall be those
Philippines, except as herein provided, shall having the qualibcations of voters under the
be elected for terms of six and three years, present law; thereafter and until otherwise
as hereinafter provided, by the qualibed provided by the Philippine Legislature
electors herein provided for the qualibcations of
of the Philippines. Each of the senatorial voters for senators and representatives in
districts debned as hereinafter provided the Philippines and all oacers elected by the
shall have the right to elect two senators. people
No person shall be an elective member of shall be as follows:
the Every male person who is not a citizen or
Senate of the Philippines who is not a subject of a foreign power twenty-one years
qualibed elector and over thirty years of of age or over (except insane and feeble-
age, and who is not able to read and write minded persons and those convicted in a
either the Spanish or English language, and court
who has of competent jurisdiction of an infamous
not been a resident of the Philippines for at offense since the thirteenth day of August,
least two consecutive years and an actual eighteen hundred and ninety-eight) who
resident of the senatorial district from which shall have been a resident of the Philippines
chosen for a period of at least one year for
immediately prior to his election. one year and of the municipality in which he
shall offer to vote for six months next
Section 14.―Election and QualiIcations preceding the day of voting, and who is
of Representatives comprised within one of the following
That the members of the House of classes:
Representatives shall, except as herein (a) Those who under existing law are legal
provided, be elected triennially by the voters and have exercised the right of
qualibed electors of the Philippines. Each of suffrage.
the representative (b) Those who own real property to the
districts hereinafter provided for shall have value of 500 pesos, or who annually pay 30
the right to elect one representative. No pesos or more of the established taxes.
person shall be an elective member of the
(c) Those who are able to read and write district for a term of three years and one for
either Spanish, English, or a native six
language. years. Thereafter one senator from each
district shall be elected from each senate
Section 16.―Senate and Representative district for a term of six years: Provided,
Districts, and Appointive Senators and That the Governor-General of the Philippine
Representatives Islands
That the Philippine Islands shall be divided shall appoint, without the consent of the
into twelve senate districts, as follows: Senate and without restriction as to
First district: Batanes, Cagayan, Isabela, residence, senators and representatives
Ilocos Norte, and Ilocos Sur. who will, in his opinion, best represent the
Second district: La Union, Pangasinan, senate district
and Zambales. and those representative districts which
Third district: Tarlac, Nueva Ecija, may be included in the territory not now
Pampanga, and Bulacan. represented in the Philippine Assembly:
Fourth district: Bataan, Rizal, Manila, and Provided further, That thereafter elections
Laguna. shall be
Fifth district: Batangas, Mindoro, Tayabas, held only on such days and under such
and Cavite. regulations as to ballots, voting, and
Sixth district: Sorsogon, Albay, and Ambos qualibcations of electors as may be
Camarines. prescribed by the Philippine Legislature, to
Seventh district: Iloilo and Capiz. which is hereby
Eight district: Negros Occidental, Negros given authority to redistrict the Philippine
Oriental, Antique, and Palawan. Islands and modify, amend, or repeal any
Ninth district: Leyte and Samar. provision of this section, except such as
Tenth district: Cebu. refer to appointive senators and
Eleventh district: Surigao, Misamis, and representatives.
Bohol.
Twelfth district: The Mountain Province, Section 17.―Tenure of Senators and
Baguio, Nueva Vizcaya, and the Representatives
Department of Mindanao and Sulu. That the terms of oace of elective senators
The representative districts shall be the and representatives shall be six and three
eighty-one now provided by law, and three years, respectively, and shall begin on the
in the Mountain Province, one in Nueva date of their election. In case of vacancy
Vizcaya, and bve in the Department of among the elective members of the Senate
Mindanao and or in the House of Representatives, special
Sulu. elections may be held in the districts
The brst election under the provisions of this wherein such vacancy occurred under such
Act shall be held on the brst Tuesday of regulations as may be prescribed by law,
October, nineteen hundred and sixteen, but senators or representatives elected in
unless the Governor-General in his such cases shall hold oace only for the
discretion shall unexpired portion of the term wherein the
bx another date not earlier than thirty nor vacancy
later than sixty days after the passage of occurred. Senators and representatives
this Act: Provided, That the Governor- appointed by the Governor-General shall
General’s proclamation shall be published hold oace until removed by the Governor-
at least General.
thirty days prior to the date bxed for the
election, and there shall be chosen at such Section 18.―Organization of the
election one senator from each senate Legislature and Privileges of Members
(a) Control of each house over its members their attendance at the session of their
and proceedings.―That the Senate and respective houses and in going to and
House of Representatives, respectively, returning from the same; and for any
shall be the sole judges of the elections, speech or debate in either house they shall
returns, not be
and qualibcations of their elective members, questioned in any other place.
and each house may determine the rules of (d) DisqualiKcations of members.―No
its proceedings, punish its members for senator or representative shall, during the
disorderly behavior, and, with the time for which he may have been elected,
concurrence be eligible to any oace the election to which
of two-thirds, expel an elective member. is
(b) Organization, quorum, and vested in the Legislature, nor shall be
sessions.―Both houses shall convene at appointed to any oace of trust or probt
the capital on the sixteenth day of October which shall have been created or the
next following the election and organize by emoluments of which shall have been
the election of a increased during such
speaker or a presiding oacer, a clerk, and a term.
sergeant-at-arms for each house, and such
other oacers and assistants as may be Section 19. ― Procedure for Law-Making
required. A majority of each house shall (a) Legislative journal and the veto
constitute a quorum to do business, but a power.―That each house of the Legislature
smaller number may meet, adjourn from day shall keep a journal of its proceedings and,
to day, and compel the attendance of from time to time, publish the same; and the
absent members. The Legislature shall hold yeas
annual sessions, commencing on the and nays of the members of either house,
sixteenth day of October, or, if the sixteenth on any question, shall, upon demand of
day of October be a legal holiday, then on one-bfth of those present, be entered on the
the brst day following which is not a legal journal, and every bill and joint resolution
holiday, in which
each year. The Legislature may be called in shall have passed both houses shall, before
special session at any time by the it becomes a law, be presented to the
Governor-General for general legislation, or Governor-General. If he approve the same,
for action on such specibc subjects as he he shall sign it; but if not, he shall return it
may with his
designate. No special session shall continue objections to that house in which it shall
longer than thirty days, and no regular shall have originated, which shall enter the
continue longer than one hundred days, objections at large on its journal and
exclusive of Sundays. proceed to reconsider it. If, after such
The Legislature is hereby given the power reconsideration, twothirds
and authority to change the date of the of the members elected to that house shall
commencement of its annual sessions.2 agree to pass the same, it shall be sent,
(c) Compensation and privileges of together with the objections, to the other
members.―The senators and house, by which it shall likewise be
representatives shall receive an annual reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds
compensation for their services, to be of all the members elected to that house it
ascertained by law, and paid out shall be sent to the Governor-General, who,
of the treasury of the Philippine Islands. The in case he shall then not approve, shall
senators and representatives shall, in all transmit the same to the President of the
cases except treason, felony, and breach of United States. The vote of each house shall
the peace, be privileged from arrest during be by the yeas and nays, and the names of
the members voting for and against shall be
entered on the journal. If the President of for the objects and purposes therein
the United States approve the same, he specibed, so far as the same may be done,
shall sign it and it shall become a law. If he shall be deemed
shall not approve the same, he shall return to be reappropriated for the several objects
it to the and purposes specibed in said last
Governor-General, so stating, and it shall appropriation bill; and until the Legislature
not become a law:Provided, That if any bill shall act in such behalf the treasurer shall,
or joint resolution shall not be returned by when so
the Governor-General as herein provided directed by the Governor-General, make the
within payments necessary for the purposes
twenty days (Sundays excepted) after it aforesaid.
shall have been presented to him the same
shall become a law in like manner as if he Section 20.―The Resident
had signed it, unless the Legislature by Commissioners
adjournment prevent its return, in which (a) Selection and tenure.―That at the brst
case it shall become a law unless vetoed by meeting of the Philippine Legislature
the Governor-General within thirty days created by this Act and triennially thereafter
after adjournment: Provided, further, That there shall be chosen by the Legislature two
the Resident Commissioners to the United
President of the United States shall approve States, who shall hold their oace for a term
or disapprove an act submitted to him under of three years beginning with the fourth day
the provisions of this section within six of March following their election, and who
months from and after its enactment and shall
submission for its approval; and if not be entitled to an oacial recognition as such
approved within such time, it shall become a by all Departments upon presentation to the
law the same as if it had been specibcally President of a certibcate of election by the
approved. Governor-General of said Islands.
(b) The veto on appropriations.―The (b) Compensation.―Each of said Resident
Governor-General shall have the power to Commissioners shall, in addition to the
veto any particular item or items of an salary and the sum in lieu of mileage now
appropriation bill, but the veto shall not allowed by law, be allowed the same sum
affect the item or for
items to which he does not object. The item stationery and for the pay of necessary clerk
or items objected to shall not take effect hires as is now allowed to the members of
except in the manner heretofore provided in the House of Representatives of the United
this section as to bills and joint resolutions States, to be paid out of the Treasury of the
returned to the Legislature without his United States, and the franking privilege
approval. allowed by law to members of Congress.
(c) Report of laws to Congress.―All laws (c) QualiKcations.―No person shall be
enacted by the Philippine Legislature shall eligible to election as Resident
be reported to the Congress of the United Commissioner who is not a bona bde
States, which hereby reserves the power elector of said Islands and who does not
and owe allegiance to the
authority to annul the same. United States and who is not more than
(d) Revisal of former appropriations.―If at thirty years of age and who does not read
the termination of any bscal year the and write the English language. The present
appropriations necessary for the support of two Resident Commissioners shall hold
Government for the ensuing bscal year shall oace
not until the fourth of March, nineteen hundred
have been made, the several sums and seventeen.
appropriated in the last appropriation bills
(d) Temporary vacancy.―In case of reprieves and remit bnes and forfeitures,
vacancy in the position of Resident and may veto any legislation enacted as
Commissioner caused by resignation or herein
otherwise, the Governor-General may make provided. He shall submit within ten days of
temporary the opening of each regular session of the
appointments until the next meeting of the Philippine Legislature a budget of receipts
Philippine Legislature, which shall then bll and expenditures, which shall be the basis
such vacancy; but the Resident of
Commissioner thus elected shall hold oace the annual appropriation bill. He shall
only for the commission all oacers that he may be
unexpired portion of the term wherein the authorized to appoint. He shall be
vacancy occurred. responsible for the faithful execution of the
laws of the
Section 21.―The Governor-General Philippine Islands of the United States
(a) Title, appointment, residence.―That the operative within the Philippine Islands, and
supreme executive power shall be vested in whenever it becomes necessary he may call
an executive oacer, whose oacial title shall upon the commanders of the military and
be “The Governor-General of the Philippine naval
Islands.” He shall be appointed by the forces of the United States in the Islands, or
President, by and with the advice and summon the posse comitatus, or call out the
consent of the Senate of the United States, militia or other locally created armed forces,
and hold his oace at the pleasure of the to prevent or suppress lawless violence,
President and invasion, insurrection, or rebellion; and he
until his successor is chosen and qualibed. may, in case of rebellion or invasion, or
The Governor-General shall reside in the imminent danger thereof, when the public
Philippine Islands during his oacial safety requires it, suspend the privileges of
incumbency, and maintain his oace at the the writ
seat of of habeas corpus, or place the Islands, or
Government. any part thereof, under martial
(b) Powers and duties.―He shall, unless law:Provided, That whenever the Governor-
otherwise herein provided, appoint, by and General shall exercise his authority, he shall
with the consent of the Philippine Senate, at once notify
such oacers as may now be appointed by the President of the United States thereof,
the together with the attending facts and
Governor-General, or such as he is circumstances and the President shall have
authorized by this Act to appoint, or whom power to modify or vacate the act of the
may hereafter be authorized by law to Governor-
appoint; but appointments made while the General.
Senate is not in (c) Report of the Governor-General.―He
session shall be effective either until shall annually and at such other times as he
disapproval or until the next adjournment of may be required make such oacial report of
the Senate. He shall have general the transactions of the Government of the
supervision and control of all of the Philippine Islands to an executive
departments and department of the United States to be
bureaus of the Government in the Philippine designated by the President, and his said
Islands as far as is not inconsistent with the annual report shall be transmitted to the
provisions of this Act, and shall be Congress of the
commander in chief of all locally created United States; and he shall perform such
armed additional duties and functions as may in
forces and militia. He is hereby vested with pursuance of the law be delegated or
the exclusive power to grant pardons and assigned to him by the President.
 represented in the Legislature by appointive
Section 22.―The Executive Departments senators and representatives.
and the Legislature
(a) Temporary continuance of executive Section 23.―The Vice-Governor
heads.―That, except as provided otherwise (a) Appointment and powers; Bureaus of
in this Act, the executive departments of the Education and Health.―That there shall be
Philippine Government shall continue as appointed by the President, by and with the
now advice and consent of the Senate of the
authorized by law until otherwise provided United
by the Philippine Legislature. When the States, a Vice-Governor of the Philippine
Philippine Legislature herein provided shall Islands, who shall have all the powers of the
convene and organize, the Philippine Governor-General in the case in the of a
Commission, as such, shall cease and vacancy or temporary removal, resignation,
determine, and the members thereof shall or
vacate their oaces as members of said disability of the Governor-General, or in
Commission: Provided, That the heads of case of his temporary absence; and the said
executive Vice-Governor shall be the head of the
departments shall continue to exercise their executive department, known as the
executive functions until the heads of Department of
departments provided by the Philippine Public Instruction, which shall include the
Legislature pursuant to the provisions of this Bureau of Education and the Bureau of
Act are Health, and he may be assigned such other
appointed and qualibed. executive duties as the Governor-General
(b) Legislative powers over the may
departments, and limitations of such.―The designate.
Philippine Legislature may thereafter by (b) Bureaus under the Department of the
appropriate legislation increase the number Interior.―Other bureaus now included in the
or abolish any of Department of Public Instruction shall, until
the executive departments, or make such otherwise provided by the Philippine
changes in the names and duties thereof as Legislature, be included in the Department
it may see bt, and shall provide for the of the Interior.
appointment and removal of the heads of (c) Succession to the oRce of Governor-
the General.―The President may designate the
executive departments by the Governor- head of an executive department of the
General: Provided, That all executive Philippine government to act as Governor-
functions of the Government must be General
directly under the Governor-General or in the case of a vacancy, the temporary
within one of the removal, resignation, or disability of the
executive departments under the Governor-General and the Vice-Governor,
supervision and control of the Governor- or their temporary absence, and the head of
General the
(c) Provisions for a bureau for non- department thus designated shall exercise
Christians.―There is hereby established a all the powers and perform all the duties of
bureau, to be known as the Bureau of Non- the Governor-General during such vacancy,
Christian Tribes, which said bureau shall be disability, or absence.
embraced
in one of the executive departments to be Section 24.―The Insular Auditor
designated by the Governor-General, and (a) Appointment, powers, duties.―That
shall have general supervision over the there shall be appointed by the President an
public affairs of the inhabitants of the Auditor, who shall examine, audit, and settle
territory all accounts pertaining to the revenues and
receipts from whatever source of the held in trust by the Government or any of its
Philippine Government and of the provincial branches:Provided, That any oacer
and municipal governments of the accountable for public funds or property
Philippines, including trust funds derived may require such additional reports or
from bond returns from his subordinates or others as
issues; and audit, in accordance with law he may deem necessary for his own
and administrative regulations, all information and
expenditures of funds or Property pertaining protection.
to or held in trust by the Government or the (d) Decisions of Auditor.―The decisions of
Provinces the Auditor shall be bnal and conclusive
or municipalities thereof. He shall perform a upon the executive branches of the
like duty with respect to all Government Government, except that appeal therefrom
branches. may be
He shall keep the general accounts of the taken by the party aggrieved or the head of
Government and preserve the vouchers the department concerned within one year,
pertaining thereto. in the manner hereinafter prescribed. The
It shall be the duty of the Auditor to bring to Auditor shall, except as hereinafter
the attention of the proper administrative provided,
oacer expenditures of funds or property have like authority as that conferred by law
which, in his opinion, are irregular, upon the several auditors of the United
unnecessary, States and the Comptroller of the United
excessive, or extravagant. States Treasury and is authorized to
(b) Deputy Auditor and Assistant.―There communicate
shall be a Deputy Auditor appointed in the directly with any persons having claims
same manner as the Auditor. The Deputy before him for settlement, or with any
Auditor shall sign such oacial papers as the department, oacer, or person having oacial
Auditor may designate and perform such relations with his oace.
other duties as the Auditor may prescribe, (e) Financial reports.―As soon after the
and in case of the death, resignation, close of each bscal year as the accounts of
sickness, or other absence of the Auditor said year may be examined and adjusted
from his the auditor shall submit to the Governor-
oace, from any cause, the Deputy Auditor General
shall have charge of such oace. In case of and the Secretary of War an annual report
the absence from duty, from any cause, of of the bscal concerns of the Government,
both the Auditor and the Deputy Auditor, the showing the receipts and disbursements of
Governor-General may designate an the various departments and bureaus of the
assistant, who shall have charge of the Government and of the various provinces
oace. and municipalities, and make such other
(c) Jurisdiction of Auditor.―The reports as may be required of him by the
administrative jurisdiction of the Auditor over Governor-General or the Secretary of War.
accounts, whether of funds or property, and (f) Right of investigation.―In the execution
all vouchers and records pertaining thereto, of their duties the Auditor and the Deputy
shall be Auditor are authorized to summon
exclusive. With the approval of the witnesses, administer oaths, and to take
Governor-General he shall from time to time evidence, and,
make and promulgate general or special in the pursuance of these provisions, may
rules and regulations not inconsistent with issue subpoenas and enforce the
law attendance of witnesses, as now provided
covering the method of accounting for public by law.
funds and property, and funds and property (g) Supervision.―The oace of the Auditor
shall be under the general supervision of
the Governor-General and shall consist of The judges of the court of brst instance shall
the Auditor and Deputy Auditor and such be
necessary assistants as may be prescribed appointed by the Governor-General, by and
by law. with the advice and consent of the
Philippine Senate: Provided, That the
Section 25.―Appeal from Auditor’s admiralty jurisdiction of the supreme court
Decision and courts of
(a) Time and form, of appeal.―That any brst instance shall not be changed except
person aggrieved by the action or decision by act of Congress. That in all cases
of the Auditor in the settlement of his pending under the operation of existing
account or claim may, within one year, take laws, both criminal and civil, the jurisdiction
an appeal shall
in writing to the Governor-General, which continue until bnal judgment and
appeal shall specibcally set forth the determination.
particular action of the Auditor to which
exception is taken with the reason and Section 27.―Cases Appealable to the
authorities relied United States Supreme Court
on for reversing such decision. That the Supreme Court of the United
(b) Final decision.―If the Governor-General States shall have jurisdiction to review,
shall conbrm the action of the Auditor, he revise, reverse, modify, or aarm the bnal
shall so indorse the appeal and transmit it to judgments and decrees of the supreme
the Auditor, and the action shall thereupon court of the
be bnal and conclusive. Should the Philippine Islands in all actions, cases,
Governor-General fail to sustain the action causes, and proceedings now pending
of the Auditor, he shall forthwith transmit his therein or hereafter determined thereby in
grounds of disapproval to the Secretary of which the Constitution or any statute, treaty,
War, title, right
together with the appeal and the papers or privilege of the United States is involved,
necessary to a proper understanding of the or in causes in which the value in
matter. The decision of the Secretary of War controversy exceeds $25,000, or in which
in such case shall be bnal and conclusive. the title or possession of real estate
exceeding in value
Section 26.―The Judiciary the sum of $25,000, to be ascertained by
(a) Jurisdiction of courts and appointment of the oath of either party or of other
judges.―That the Supreme Court and the competent witnesses, is involved or brought
Courts of First Instance of the Philippine in question; and such bnal judgments or
Islands shall possess and exercise decrees may
jurisdiction and can be reviewed, revised, modibed, or
as heretofore provided and such additional aarmed by said Supreme Court of the
jurisdiction as shall hereafter be prescribed United States on appeal or writ of error by
by law. The municipal courts of said Islands the party aggrieved within the same time, in
shall possess and exercise jurisdiction as the
now provided by law, subject in all matters same manner, under the same regulation,
to such alteration and amendment as may and by the same procedure, as far as
be hereafter enacted by law; and the chief applicable, as the bnal judgments and
justice and associate justices of the decrees of the district courts of the United
supreme States.3
court shall hereafter be appointed by the
President, by and with the advice and Section 28.―Franchises
consent of the Senate of the United States. (a) Scope of franchises and power to
change them.―That the Government of the
Philippine Islands may grant franchises and service corporations, shall provide for the
rights, including the authority to exercise the effective regulation of the charges thereof,
right for the oacial inspection and regulation of
of eminent domain, for the construction and the books and accounts of such
operation of works of public utility and corporations,
service, and may authorize said works to be and for the payment of a reasonable
constructed and maintained over and percentage of gross earnings into the
across treasury of the Philippine Islands or of the
the public property of the United States, province or municipality within which such
including streets, highways, squares, and franchises are
reservations, and over similar property of granted and exercised:Provided, further,
the Government of said Islands, and may That it shall be unlawful for any corporation
adopt organized under this Act, or for any person,
rules and regulations under which the company, or corporation receiving any
provincial and municipal governments of the grant,
Islands may grant the right to use and franchise, or concession from the
occupy such public property belonging to Government of said Islands, to use, employ,
said or contract for the labor of persons held in
provinces or municipalities:Provided, That involuntary servitude; and any person,
no private property shall be damaged or company, or
taken for any purpose under this section corporation so violating the provisions of
without just compensation, and that such this Act shall forfeit all charters, grants, or
authority franchises for doing business in said
to take and occupy land shall not authorize Islands, in an action or proceeding brought
the taking, use, or occupation of any land for that
except such as is required for the actual purpose in any court of competent
necessary purposes for which the franchise jurisdiction by any oacer of the Philippine
is Government, or on the complaint of any
granted, and that no franchise or right shall citizen of the Philippines, under such
be granted to any individual, brm, or regulations and
corporation except under the conditions that rules as the Philippine Legislature shall
it shall be subject to amendment, alteration, prescribe, and in addition shall be deemed
or guilty of an offense, and shall be punished
repeal by the Congress of the United by a bne of not more than $10,000.
States, and that lands or right of use and
occupation of lands thus granted shall revert Section 29.―Salaries
to the governments by which they were (a) Funds for salaries.―That, except as in
respectively this Act otherwise provided, the salaries of
granted upon the termination of the all the oacials of the Philippines not
franchises and rights under which they were appointed by the President, including
granted or upon the revocation or repeal. deputies,
(b) Conditions on grant of franchise, and assistants, and other employees, shall be
revocation.―That all franchises or rights such and be so paid out of the revenues of
granted under this Act shall forbid the issue the Philippines as shall from time to time be
of stock or bonds except in exchange for determined by the Philippine Legislature;
actual and
cash or for property at a fair valuation equal if the Legislature shall fail to make an
to the par value of the stock or bonds so appropriation for such salaries, the salaries
issued; shall forbid the declaring of stock or so bxed shall be paid without the necessity
bond dividends, and, in the case of public of further appropriations therefor. The
salaries of
all oacers and all expenses of the oaces of
the various oacials of the Philippines
appointed as herein provided by the
President shall also be paid out of the
revenues of the
Philippines
(b) Salaries of certain oRcers.―The annual
salaries of the following-named oacials
appointed by the President and so to be
paid shall be: The Governor-General,
$18,000; in
addition thereto he shall be entitled to the
occupancy of the buildings heretofore used
by the chief executive of the Philippines,
with the furniture and effects therein, free of
rental; Vice-Governor, $10,000; Chief
Justice of the Supreme Court, $8,000;
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court,
$7,500 each; Auditor, $6,000; Deputy
Auditor, $3,000.

Section 30.―Salaries of Municipal and

Provincial ORcers
That the provisions of the foregoing section
shall not apply to provincial and municipal
oacials; their salaries and the compensation
of their deputies, assistants, and other
help, as well as all other expenses insured
by the provinces and municipalities, shall be
paid out of the provincial and municipal
revenues in such manner as the Philippine
Legislature shall provide.

Section 31.―Continuance of Laws

That all laws or parts of laws applicable to
the Philippines not in concict with any of the
provisions of this Act are hereby continued
in force and effect.
Approved, August 29, 1916.