Ugan

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For other uses, see Uganda (disambiguation).
Coordinates:  1°N 32°E

Republic of Uganda[1]
Jamhuri ya Uganda  (Swahili)

Flag

Coat of arms

Motto: "For God and My Country"

"kwa mungu na nchi yangu"

Anthem: "Oh Uganda, Land of Beauty"

0:44
 Show globe Show map of Africa Show all

Capital Kampala

and largest city

English
Official languages
Swahili[2]

Religion  84.4% Christianity
(2014 census)[3] —39.3% Catholicism
—32.0% Anglicanism
—13.1% Other Christian
13.7% Islam
1.9% Others / None

Demonym(s) Ugandan[4]

Government Unitary dominant-party presidential republic

• President Yoweri Museveni

• Vice-President Jessica Alupo
• Prime Minister Robinah Nabbanja

Legislature Parliament

Independence 
from the United Kingdom
• Dominion 9 October 1962
• Republic 9 October 1963
• Current constitution 8 October 1995

Area
 • Total 241,038 km2 (93,065 sq mi) (79th)
• Water (%) 15.39

Population
• 2021 estimate  45,853,778[5][6] (35th)

• 2014 census  34,634,650[7]

• Density 157.1/km2 (406.9/sq mi) (75th)

GDP (PPP) 2022 estimate
• Total $129.48 billion[8]
• Per capita $2,960.52[8]

GDP (nominal) 2022 estimate
• Total  $46.38 billion[8] (90th)

• Per capita  $1,060.43[8]

Gini (2016)  42.0[9]
medium

HDI (2019)  0.544[10]
low · 159th

Currency Ugandan shilling (UGX)

Time zone UTC+3 (EAT)

Driving side left

Calling code +256a

ISO 3166 code UG

Internet TLD .ug

a. +006 from Kenya and Tanzania.

Uganda (Yuganda in Ugandan languages), officially the Republic of

Uganda (Swahili: Jamhuri ya Uganda[11]), is a landlocked country in East Africa. The
country is bordered to the East by Kenya, to the North by South Sudan, to the west by
the Democratic Republic of the Congo, to the south-west by Rwanda, and to the south
by Tanzania. 46 million, of which 8.5 million live in the capital and largest city
of Kampala.
Uganda is named after the Buganda kingdom, which encompasses a large portion of
the south of the country, including the capital Kampala and whose language Luganda is
widely spoken throughout the country.
Beginning in 1894, the area was ruled as a protectorate by the United Kingdom, which
established administrative law across the territory. Uganda gained independence from
the UK on 9 October 1962. The period since then has been marked by violent conflicts,
including an eight-year-long military dictatorship led by Idi Amin.
The official languages are English and Swahili, although the Constitution states that
"any other language may be used as a medium of instruction in schools or other
educational institutions or for legislative, administrative or judicial purposes as may be
prescribed by law."[2][1] Luganda, a central region-based language, is widely spoken
across the Central and South Eastern regions of the country, and several other
languages are also spoken, including
Ateso, Lango, Acholi, Runyoro, Runyankole, Rukiga, Luo,[4] Rutooro, Samia, Jopadhola,
and Lusoga.
Uganda's current president is Yoweri Kaguta Museveni, who took power in January
1986 after a protracted six-year guerrilla war. Following constitutional amendments that
removed term limits for the president, he was able to stand and was elected president of
Uganda in the 2011, 2016 and in the 2021 general elections.[12]

Contents

 1History
o 1.1Precolonial Uganda
o 1.2Uganda Protectorate (1894–1962)
o 1.3Independence (1962 to 1965)
o 1.4Buganda crisis (1962–1966)
o 1.51966–1971 (before the coup)
o 1.61971 (after the coup) –1979 (end of Amin regime)
o 1.71979–present
 2Geography
o 2.1Lakes and rivers
o 2.2Biodiversity and conservation
 3Government and politics
o 3.1Foreign relations
o 3.2Military
o 3.3Corruption
o 3.4Human rights
 3.4.1LGBT rights
o 3.5Administrative divisions
 4Economy and infrastructure
o 4.1Industry
o 4.2Poverty
o 4.3Air transportation
o 4.4Road network
o 4.5Railroad
o 4.6Communications
o 4.7Energy
 o 4.8Water supply and sanitation
o 4.9Education
o 4.10Health
o 4.11Crime and law enforcement
o 4.12Tourism
 5Science and technology
 6Demographics
o 6.1Languages
o 6.2Religion
o 6.3Largest cities and towns
 7Culture
o 7.1Media
o 7.2Sport
o 7.3Cinema
 8See also
 9References
 10Further reading
 11External links
o 11.1Overview
o 11.2Maps
o 11.3Government and economy
o 11.4Humanitarian issues
o 11.5Tourism

History
Main article: History of Uganda
Precolonial Uganda
Main article: Early history of Uganda

A caesarean section performed by indigenous healers in Kahura, in the Empire of Kitara[13] (present-day

Uganda) as observed by medical missionary Robert William Felkin in 1879.[14]

Much of Uganda was inhabited by Central sudanic and Kuliak speaking farmers and

herders before Bantu speakers arrived in the south and Nilotic speakers in the northeast
3,000 years ago in 1,000 BC. By 1500 AD, they were assimilated into Bantu speaking
cultures south of Mount Elgon, the Nile river, and Lake Kyoga.[15]
According to oral tradition and archeological studies, the Empire of Kitara covered an
important part of the great lakes area, from the northern lakes Albert and Kyoga to the
southern lakes Victoria and Tanganyika.[16] Bunyoro-Kitara is claimed as the antecedent
of the Toro, Ankole, and Busoga kingdoms.[17]
Some Luo invaded the area of Bunyoro and assimilated with the Bantu society there,
establishing the Babiito dynasty of the current Omukama (ruler) of Bunyoro-Kitara.[18]
Arab traders moved inland from the Indian Ocean coast of East Africa in the 1830s for
trade and commerce.[19] In the late 1860s, Bunyoro in Mid-Western Uganda found itself
threatened from the north by Egyptian-sponsored agents. [20] Unlike the Arab traders from
the East African coast who sought trade, these agents were promoting foreign
conquest. In 1869, Khedive Ismail Pasha of Egypt, seeking to annex the territories north
of the borders of Lake Victoria and east of Lake Albert and "south of Gondokoro,"[21] sent
a British explorer, Samuel Baker, on a military expedition to the frontiers of Northern
Uganda, with the objective of suppressing the slave-trade there and opening the way to
commerce and "civilization." The Banyoro resisted Baker, who had to fight a desperate
battle to secure his retreat. Baker regarded the resistance as an act of treachery, and
he denounced the Banyoro in a book (Ismailia – A Narrative Of The Expedition To
Central Africa For The Suppression Of Slave Trade, Organised By Ismail, Khadive Of
Egypt (1874))[21] that was widely read in Britain. Later, the British arrived in Uganda with
a predisposition against the kingdom of Bunyoro and sided with the kingdom
of Buganda. This would eventually cost Bunyoro half of its territory, which was given to
Buganda as a reward from the British. Two of the numerous "lost counties" were
restored to Bunyoro after independence.
In the 1860s, while Arabs sought influence from the north, British explorers searching
for the source of the Nile[22] arrived in Uganda. They were followed by British Anglican
missionaries who arrived in the kingdom of Buganda in 1877 and French Catholic
missionaries in 1879. This situation gave rise to the death of the Uganda Martyrs in
1885—after the conversion of Muteesa I and much of his court, and the succession of
his anti-Christian son Mwanga.[23]
The British government chartered the Imperial British East Africa Company (IBEAC) to
negotiate trade agreements in the region beginning in 1888. [24]
From 1886, there was a series of religious wars in Buganda, initially between Muslims
and Christians and then, from 1890, between ba-Ingleza Protestants and ba-Fransa
Catholics.[25] Because of civil unrest and financial burdens, IBEAC claimed that it was
unable to "maintain their occupation" in the region. [26] British commercial interests were
ardent to protect the trade route of the Nile, which prompted the British government to
annex Buganda and adjoining territories to create the Uganda Protectorate in 1894. [24]: 3–4 
[27]

Uganda Protectorate (1894–1962)

Main article: Uganda Protectorate
Flag of the Uganda Protectorate

The Protectorate of Uganda was a protectorate of the British Empire from 1894 to

1962. In 1893, the Imperial British East Africa Company transferred its administration
rights of territory consisting mainly of the Kingdom of Buganda to the British
government. The IBEAC relinquished its control over Uganda after Ugandan internal
religious wars had driven it into bankruptcy. [28]
In 1894, the Uganda Protectorate was established, and the territory was extended
beyond the borders of Buganda by signing more treaties with the other kingdoms
(Toro in 1900,[29] Ankole in 1901, and Bunyoro in 1933[30]) to an area that roughly
corresponds to that of present-day Uganda.[31]
The status of Protectorate had significantly different consequences for Uganda than had
the region been made a colony like neighboring Kenya, insofar as Uganda retained a
degree of self-government that would have otherwise been limited under a full colonial
administration.[32]
In the 1890s, 32,000 labourers from British India were recruited to East Africa under
indentured labour contracts to construct the Uganda Railway.[33] Most of the surviving
Indians returned home, but 6,724 decided to remain in East Africa after the line's
completion.[34] Subsequently, some became traders and took control of cotton ginning
and sartorial retail.[35]
From 1900 to 1920, a sleeping sickness epidemic in the southern part of Uganda, along
the north shores of Lake Victoria, killed more than 250,000 people. [36]
World War II encouraged the colonial administration of Uganda to recruit 77,143
soldiers to serve in the King's African Rifles. They were seen in action in the Western
Desert campaign, the Abyssinian campaign, the Battle of Madagascar and the Burma
campaign.
Independence (1962 to 1965)
Uganda gained independence from the UK on 9 October 1962 with Queen Elizabeth
II as head of state and Queen of Uganda. In October 1963, Uganda became a republic
but maintained its membership in the Commonwealth of Nations.
The first post-independence election, held in 1962, was won by an alliance between
the Uganda People's Congress (UPC) and Kabaka Yekka (KY). UPC and KY formed
the first post-independence government with Milton Obote as executive prime minister,
with the Buganda Kabaka (King) Edward Muteesa II holding the largely ceremonial
position of president.[37][38]
Buganda crisis (1962–1966)
Main article: Mengo Crisis
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Construction of the Owen Falls Dam in Jinja.

Uganda's immediate post-independence years were dominated by the relationship

between the central government and the largest regional kingdom – Buganda.[39]
From the moment the British created the Uganda protectorate, the issue of how to
manage the largest monarchy within the framework of a unitary state had always been a
problem. Colonial governors had failed to come up with a formula that worked. This was
further complicated by Buganda's nonchalant attitude to its relationship with the central
government. Buganda never sought independence but rather appeared to be
comfortable with a loose arrangement that guaranteed them privileges above the other
subjects within the protectorate or a special status when the British left. This was
evidenced in part by hostilities between the British colonial authorities and Buganda
prior to independence.[40]
Within Buganda, there were divisions – between those who wanted the Kabaka to
remain a dominant monarch and those who wanted to join with the rest of Uganda to
create a modern secular state. The split resulted in the creation of two dominant
Buganda based parties – the Kabaka Yekka (Kabaka Only) KY, and the Democratic
Party (DP) that had roots in the Catholic Church. The bitterness between these two
parties was extremely intense especially as the first elections for the post-Colonial
parliament approached. The Kabaka particularly disliked the DP leader, Benedicto
Kiwanuka.[41]
Outside Buganda, a soft-spoken politician from Northern Uganda, Milton Obote, had
forged an alliance of non-Buganda politicians to form the Uganda People's Congress
(UPC). The UPC at its heart was dominated by politicians who wanted to rectify what
they saw as the regional inequality that favoured Buganda's special status. This drew in
substantial support from outside Buganda. The party however remained a loose alliance
of interests, but Obote showed great skill at negotiating them into a common ground
based on a federal formula.[42]
The Uganda printers building on Kampala Road, Kampala, Uganda

At Independence, the Buganda question remained unresolved. Uganda was one of the
few colonial territories that achieved independence without a dominant political party
with a clear majority in parliament. In the pre-Independence elections, the UPC ran no
candidates in Buganda and won 37 of the 61 directly elected seats (outside Buganda).
The DP won 24 seats outside Buganda. The "special status" granted to Buganda meant
that the 21 Buganda seats were elected by proportional representation reflecting the
elections to the Buganda parliament – the Lukikko. KY won a resounding victory over
DP, winning all 21 seats.
The UPC reached a high at the end of 1964 when the leader of the DP in
parliament, Basil Kiiza Bataringaya, crossed the parliamentary floor with five other MPs,
leaving DP with only nine seats. The DP MPs were not particularly happy that the
hostility of their leader, Benedicto Kiwanuka, towards the Kabaka was hindering their
chances of compromise with KY.[43] The trickle of defections turned into a flood when 10
KY members crossed the floor when they realised the formal coalition with the UPC was
no longer viable. Obote's charismatic speeches across the country were sweeping all
before him, and the UPC was winning almost every local election held and increasing its
control over all district councils and legislatures outside Buganda. [44] The response from
the Kabaka was mute – probably content in his ceremonial role and symbolism in his
part of the country. However, there were also major divisions within his palace that
made it difficult for him to act effectively against Obote. By the time Uganda had
become independent, Buganda "was a divided house with contending social and
political forces"[45] There were however problems brewing inside the UPC. As its ranks
swelled, the ethnic, religious, regional, and personal interests began to shake the party.
The party's apparent strength was eroded in a complex sequence of factional conflicts
in its central and regional structures. And by 1966, the UPC was tearing itself apart. The
conflicts were further intensified by the newcomers who had crossed the parliamentary
floor from DP and KY.[46]
The UPC delegates arrived in Gulu in 1964 for their delegates conference. Here was
the first demonstration as to how Obote was losing control of his party. The battle over
the Secretary-General of the party was a bitter contest between the new moderate's
candidate – Grace Ibingira and the radical John Kakonge. Ibingira subsequently
became the symbol of the opposition to Obote within the UPC. This is an important
factor when looking at the subsequent events that led to the crisis between Buganda
and the Central government. For those outside the UPC (including KY supporters), this
was a sign that Obote was vulnerable. Keen observers realised the UPC was not a
cohesive unit.[47]
The collapse of the UPC-KY alliance openly revealed the dissatisfaction Obote and
others had about Buganda's "special status". In 1964, the government responded to
demands from some parts of the vast Buganda Kingdom that they were not the
Kabaka's subjects. Prior to colonial rule, Buganda had been rivalled by the
neighbouring Bunyoro kingdom. Buganda had conquered parts of Bunyoro and the
British colonialists had formalised this in the Buganda Agreements. Known as the "lost
counties", the people in these areas wished to revert to being part of Bunyoro. Obote
decided to allow a referendum, which angered the Kabaka and most of the rest of
Buganda. The residents of the counties voted to return to Bunyoro despite the Kabaka's
attempts to influence the vote.[48] Having lost the referendum, KY opposed the bill to pass
the counties to Bunyoro, thus ending the alliance with the UPC.
The tribal nature of Ugandan politics was also manifesting itself in government. The
UPC which had previously been a national party began to break along tribal lines when
Ibingira challenged Obote in the UPC. The "North/South" ethnic divide that had been
evident in economic and social spheres now entrenched itself in politics. Obote
surrounded himself with mainly northern politicians – A. A. Neykon, Felix Onama, Alex
Ojera – while Ibingira's supporters who were subsequently arrested and jailed with him,
were mainly from the South – George Magezi, B. Kirya, Matthias Ngobi. In time, the two
factions acquired ethnic labels – "Bantu" (the mainly Southern Ibingira faction) and
"Nilotic" (the mainly Northern Obote faction). The perception that the government was at
war with the Bantu was further enhanced when Obote arrested and imprisoned the
mainly Bantu ministers who backed Ibingira. [49]

Grey Crowned Crane - a symbol of Uganda.

These labels brought into the mix two very powerful influences. First Buganda – the
people of Buganda are Bantu and therefore naturally aligned to the Ibingira faction. The
Ibingira faction further advanced this alliance by accusing Obote of wanting to overthrow
the Kabaka.[49] They were now aligned to opposing Obote. Second – the security forces
– the British colonialists had recruited the army and police almost exclusively from
Northern Uganda due to their perceived suitability for these roles. At independence, the
army and police was dominated by northern tribes – mainly Nilotic. They would now feel
more affiliated to Obote, and he took full advantage of this to consolidate his power. In
April 1966, Obote passed out eight hundred new army recruits at Moroto, of whom
seventy percent came from the Northern Region.[50]
At the time there was a tendency to perceive central government and security forces as
dominated by "northerners" – particularly the Acholi who through the UPC had
significant access to government positions at national level. [51] In northern Uganda there
were also varied degrees of anti-Buganda feelings, particularly over the kingdom's
"special status" before and after independence, and all the economic and social benefits
that came with this status. "Obote brought significant numbers of northerners into the
central state, both through the civil service and military, and created a patronage
machine in Northern Uganda".[51] However, both "Bantu" and "Nilotic" labels represent
significant ambiguities. The Bantu category for example includes both Buganda and
Bunyoro – historically bitter rivals. The Nilotic label includes the Lugbara, Acholi, and
Langi, all of whom have bitter rivalries that were to define Uganda's military politics later.
Despite these ambiguities, these events unwittingly brought to fore the
northerner/southerner political divide which to some extent still influences Ugandan
politics.
The UPC fragmentation continued as opponents sensed Obote's vulnerability. At local
level where the UPC dominated most councils discontent began to challenge incumbent
council leaders. Even in Obote's home district, attempts were made to oust the head of
the local district council in 1966. A more worrying fact for the UPC was that the next
national elections loomed in 1967 – and without the support of KY (who were now likely
to back the DP), and the growing factionalism in the UPC, there was the real possibility
that the UPC would be out of power in months.
Obote went after KY with a new act of parliament in early 1966 that blocked any attempt
by KY to expand outside Buganda. KY appeared to respond in parliament through one
of their few remaining MPs, the terminally ill Daudi Ochieng. Ochieng was an irony –
although from Northern Uganda, he had risen high in the ranks of KY and become a
close confidant to the Kabaka who had gifted him with large land titles in Buganda. In
Obote's absence from Parliament, Ochieng laid bare the illegal plundering of ivory and
gold from the Congo that had been orchestrated by Obote's army chief of staff,
Colonel Idi Amin. He further alleged that Obote, Onama and Neykon had all benefited
from the scheme.[52] Parliament overwhelmingly voted in favour of a motion to censure
Amin and investigate Obote's involvement. This shook the government and raised
tensions in the country.
KY further demonstrated its ability to challenge Obote from within his party at the UPC
Buganda conference where Godfrey Binaisa (the Attorney General) was ousted by a
faction believed to have the backing of KY, Ibingira and other anti-Obote elements in
Buganda.[45] Obote's response was to arrest Ibingira and other ministers at a cabinet
meeting and to assume special powers in February 1966. In March 1966, Obote also
announced that the offices of President and vice-president would cease to exist –
effectively dismissing the Kabaka. Obote also gave Amin more power – giving him the
Army Commander position over the previous holder (Opolot) who had relations to
Buganda through marriage (possibly believing Opolot would be reluctant to take military
action against the Kabaka if it came to that). Obote abolished the constitution and
effectively suspended elections due in a few months. Obote went on television and
radio to accuse the Kabaka of various offences including requesting foreign troops
which appears to have been explored by the Kabaka following the rumours of Amin
plotting a coup. Obote further dismantled the authority of the Kabaka by announcing
among other measures:
  The abolition of independent public service commissions
for federal units. This removed the Kabaka's authority to
appoint civil servants in Buganda.
 The abolition of the Buganda High Court – removing any
judicial authority the Kabaka had.
 The bringing of Buganda financial management under
further central control.
 Abolition of lands for Buganda chiefs. Land is one of the
key sources of Kabaka's power over his subjects.
The lines were now drawn for a show down between Buganda and the Central
government. Historians may argue about whether this could have been avoided through
compromise. This was unlikely as Obote now felt emboldened and saw the Kabaka as
weak. Indeed, by accepting the presidency four years earlier and siding with the UPC,
the Kabaka had divided his people and taken the side of one against the other. Within
Buganda's political institutions, rivalries driven by religion and personal ambition made
the institutions ineffective and unable to respond to the central government moves. The
Kabaka was often regarded as aloof and unresponsive to advice from the younger
Buganda politicians who better understood the new post-Independence politics, unlike
the traditionalists who were ambivalent to what was going on as long as their traditional
benefits were maintained. The Kabaka favoured the neo-traditionalists. [53]
In May 1966, the Kabaka made his move. He asked for foreign help, and the Buganda
parliament demanded that the Uganda government leave Buganda (including the
capital, Kampala). In response Obote ordered Idi Amin to attack the Kabaka's palace.
The battle for the Kabaka's palace was fierce – the Kabaka's guards putting up more
resistance than had been expected. The British trained Captain – the Kabaka with about
120 armed men kept Idi Amin at bay for twelve hours. [54] It is estimated that up to 2,000
people died in the battle which ended when the army called in heavier guns and overran
the palace. The anticipated countryside uprising in Buganda did not materialise and a
few hours later a beaming Obote met the press to relish his victory. The Kabaka
escaped over the palace walls and was transported into exile in London by supporters.
He died there three years later.
1966–1971 (before the coup)
In 1966, following a power struggle between the Obote-led government and King
Muteesa, Obote suspended the constitution and removed the ceremonial president and
vice-president. In 1967, a new constitution proclaimed Uganda a republic and abolished
the traditional kingdoms. Obote was declared the president. [23]
1971 (after the coup) –1979 (end of Amin regime)
Main article: History of Uganda (1971–79)
After a military coup on 25 January 1971, Obote was deposed from power and
General Idi Amin seized control of the country. Amin ruled Uganda as dictator with the
support of the military for the next eight years.[55] He carried out mass killings within the
country to maintain his rule. An estimated 80,000–500,000 Ugandans died during his
regime.[56] Aside from his brutalities, he forcibly removed the
entrepreneurial Indian minority from Uganda.[57] In June 1976, Palestinian terrorists
hijacked an Air France flight and forced it to land at Entebbe airport. One hundred of the
250 passengers originally on board were held hostage until an Israeli commando
raid rescued them ten days later.[58] Amin's reign was ended after the Uganda-Tanzania
War in 1979, in which Tanzanian forces aided by Ugandan exiles invaded Uganda.
1979–present
Main article: History of Uganda (1979–present)

Belligerents of the Second Congo War. On 19 December 2005, the International Court of Justice found against
Uganda, in a case brought by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, for illegal invasion of its territory, and
violation of human rights.[59]

Yoweri Museveni has been president since his forces toppled the previous regime in
January 1986.
Political parties in Uganda were restricted in their activities beginning that year, in a
measure ostensibly designed to reduce sectarian violence. In the non-party "Movement"
system instituted by Museveni, political parties continued to exist, but they could
operate only a headquarters office. They could not open branches, hold rallies, or field
candidates directly (although electoral candidates could belong to political parties). A
constitutional referendum cancelled this nineteen-year ban on multi-party politics in July
2005.
In 1993, Pope John Paul II visited Uganda during his 6-day pastoral trip to urge
Ugandans to seek reconciliation. During mass celebrations, he paid homage to the slain
Christian martyrs.
In the mid-to-late 1990s, Museveni was lauded by western countries as part of a new
generation of African leaders.[60]
His presidency has been marred, however, by invading and occupying the Democratic
Republic of the Congo during the Second Congo War, resulting in an estimated 5.4
million deaths since 1998, and by participating in other conflicts in the Great Lakes
region of Africa. He has struggled for years in the civil war against the Lord's Resistance
Army, which has been guilty of numerous crimes against humanity, including child
slavery, the Atiak massacre, and other mass murders. Conflict in northern Uganda has
killed thousands and displaced millions. [61]
Parliament abolished presidential term limits in 2005, allegedly because Museveni used
public funds to pay US$2,000 to each member of parliament who supported the
measure.[62] Presidential elections were held in February 2006. Museveni ran against
several candidates, the most prominent of them being Kizza Besigye.
On 20 February 2011, the Uganda Electoral Commission declared the incumbent
president Yoweri Kaguta Museveni the winning candidate of the 2011 elections that
were held on 18 February 2011. The opposition however, were not satisfied with the
results, condemning them as full of sham and rigging. According to the official results,
Museveni won with 68 percent of the votes. This easily topped his nearest challenger,
Besigye, who had been Museveni's physician and told reporters that he and his
supporters "downrightly snub" the outcome as well as the unremitting rule of Museveni
or any person he may appoint. Besigye added that the rigged elections would definitely
lead to an illegitimate leadership and that it is up to Ugandans to critically analyse this.
The European Union's Election Observation Mission reported on improvements and
flaws of the Ugandan electoral process: "The electoral campaign and polling day were
conducted in a peaceful manner. However, the electoral process was marred by
avoidable administrative and logistical failures that led to an unacceptable number of
Ugandan citizens being disfranchised." [63]
Since August 2012, hacktivist group Anonymous has threatened Ugandan officials and
hacked official government websites over its anti-gay bills. [64] Some international donors
have threatened to cut financial aid to the country if anti-gay bills continue. [65]
Indicators of a plan for succession by the president's son, Muhoozi Kainerugaba, have
increased tensions.[66][67][68][69]
President Yoweri Museveni has ruled the country since 1986 and he was latest re-
elected in January 2021 presidential elections. According to official results Museveni
won the elections with 58% of the vote while popstar-turned-politician Bobi Wine had
35%. The opposition challenged the result because of allegations of widespread fraud
and irregularities.[70][71] Another opposition candidate was 24 year old John Katumba. [72]

Geography
Main article: Geography of Uganda
Uganda is located in southeast Africa between 1º S and 4º N latitude, and between 30º
E and 35º E longitude. Its geography is very diverse consisting of volcanic hills,
mountains, and lakes. The country sits at an average of 900 meters above sea level.
Both the eastern and western borders of Uganda have mountains. The Ruwenzori
mountain range contains the highest peak in Uganda, which is named Alexandra and
measures 5,094 meters.
Lakes and rivers
Much of the south of the country is heavily influenced by one of the world's biggest
lakes, Lake Victoria, which contains many islands. The most important cities are located
in the south, near this lake, including the capital Kampala and the nearby city of
Entebbe.[73]
Lake Kyoga is in the centre of the country and is surrounded by extensive marshy
areas.[74]
Although landlocked, Uganda contains many large lakes. Besides Lakes Victoria and
Kyoga, there are Lake Albert, Lake Edward, and the smaller Lake George.[73]
Uganda lies almost completely within the Nile basin. The Victoria Nile drains from Lake
Victoria into Lake Kyoga and thence into Lake Albert on the Congolese border. It then
runs northwards into South Sudan. An area in eastern Uganda is drained by the Suam
River, part of the internal drainage basin of Lake Turkana. The extreme north-eastern
part of Uganda drains into the Lotikipi Basin, which is primarily in Kenya. [73]
Biodiversity and conservation
Main article: Conservation in Uganda

Uganda map of Köppen climate classification.

Uganda has 60 protected areas, including ten national parks: Bwindi Impenetrable

National Park and Rwenzori Mountains National Park (both UNESCO World Heritage
Sites[75]), Kibale National Park, Kidepo Valley National Park, Lake Mburo National
Park, Mgahinga Gorilla National Park, Mount Elgon National Park, Murchison Falls
National Park, Queen Elizabeth National Park, and Semuliki National Park.

Side view of Victoria Nile[76]

Uganda is home to a vast number of species, including a population of mountain
gorillas in the Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, gorillas and golden monkeys in the
Mgahinga Gorilla National Park, and hippos in the Murchison Falls National Park.[77]
The country had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 4.36/10,
ranking it 128th globally out of 172 countries. [78]

Government and politics

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Main article: Politics of Uganda
The President of Uganda is both head of state and head of government. The president
appoints a vice-president and a prime minister to aid him in governing.
The parliament is formed by the National Assembly, which has 449 members. These
include; 290 constituency representatives, 116 district woman representatives, 10
representatives of the Uganda Peoples Defense Forces, 5 representatives of the youth,
5 representatives of workers, 5 representatives of persons with disabilities and 18 ex
officio members.[79]
Foreign relations
Further information: Foreign relations of Uganda
Uganda is a member of the East African Community (EAC), along with Kenya,
Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi and South Sudan. According to the East African Common
Market Protocol of 2010, the free trade and free movement of people is guaranteed,
including the right to reside in another member country for purposes of employment.
This protocol, however, has not been implemented because of work permit and other
bureaucratic, legal, and financial obstacles. Uganda is a founding member of
the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) an eight-country bloc including
governments from the Horn of Africa, Nile Valley and the African Great Lakes.[80] Its
headquarters are in Djibouti City. Uganda is also a member of the Organization of
Islamic Cooperation.[81]

U.S. President George W. Bush met with President Yoweri Museveni in Entebbe, Uganda, 11 July 2003.

Military
Further information: Uganda People's Defence Force
In Uganda, the Uganda People's Defence Force serves as the military. The number of
military personnel in Uganda is estimated at 45,000 soldiers on active duty. The Uganda
army is involved in several peacekeeping and combat missions in the region, with
commentators noting that only the United States Armed Forces is deployed in more
countries. Uganda has soldiers deployed in the northern and eastern areas of the
Democratic Republic of the Congo and in the Central African Republic, Somalia,
and South Sudan.[82]
Corruption
Main article: Corruption in Uganda
Transparency International has rated Uganda's public sector as one of the most corrupt
in the world. In 2016, Uganda ranked 151st best out of 176 and had a score of 25 on a
scale from 0 (perceived as most corrupt) to 100 (perceived as clean). [83]
The World Bank's 2015 Worldwide Governance Indicators ranked Uganda in the worst
12 percentile of all countries.[84] According to the United States Department of State's
2012 Human Rights Report on Uganda, "The World Bank's most recent Worldwide
Governance Indicators reflected corruption was a severe problem" and that "the country
annually loses 768.9 billion shillings ($286 million) to corruption." [68]
Ugandan parliamentarians in 2014 earned 60 times what was earned by most state
employees, and they sought a major increase. This caused widespread criticism and
protests, including the smuggling of two piglets into the parliament in June 2014 to
highlight corruption amongst members of parliament. The protesters, who were
arrested, used the word "MPigs" to highlight their grievance. [85]
A specific scandal, which had significant international consequences and highlighted the
presence of corruption in high-level government offices, was the embezzlement of $12.6
million of donor funds from the Office of the Prime Minister in 2012. These funds were
"earmarked as crucial support for rebuilding northern Uganda, ravaged by a 20-year
war, and Karamoja, Uganda's poorest region." This scandal prompted the EU, the UK,
Germany, Denmark, Ireland, and Norway to suspend aid. [86]
Widespread grand and petty corruption involving public officials and political patronage
systems have also seriously affected the investment climate in Uganda. One of the high
corruption risk areas is the public procurement in which non-transparent under-the-table
cash payments are often demanded from procurement officers. [87]
What may ultimately compound this problem is the availability of oil. The Petroleum Bill,
passed by parliament in 2012 and touted by the NRM as bringing transparency to the oil
sector, has failed to please domestic and international political commentators and
economists. For instance, Angelo Izama, a Ugandan energy analyst at the US-based
Open Society Foundation said the new law was tantamount to "handing over an ATM
(cash) machine" to Museveni and his regime. [88] According to Global Witness in 2012, a
non-governmental organisation devoted to international law, Uganda now has "oil
reserves that have the potential to double the government's revenue within six to ten
years, worth an estimated US $2.4 billion per year." [89]
The Non-Governmental Organizations (Amendment) Act, passed in 2006, has stifled
the productivity of NGOs through erecting barriers to entry, activity, funding and
assembly within the sector. Burdensome and corrupt registration procedures (i.e.
requiring recommendations from government officials; annual re-registration),
unreasonable regulation of operations (i.e. requiring government notification prior to
making contact with individuals in NGO's area of interest), and the precondition that all
foreign funds be passed through the Bank of Uganda, among other things, are severely
limiting the output of the NGO sector. Furthermore, the sector's freedom of speech has
been continually infringed upon through the use of intimidation, and the recent Public
Order Management Bill (severely limiting freedom of assembly) will only add to the
government's stockpile of ammunition.[90]
Human rights
Main article: Human rights in Uganda
There are many areas which continue to attract concern when it comes to human rights
in Uganda.
Conflict in the northern parts of the country continues to generate reports of abuses by
both the rebel Lord's Resistance Army (LRA), led by Joseph Kony, and the Ugandan
Army. A UN official accused the LRA in February 2009 of "appalling brutality" in the
Democratic Republic of Congo.[91]
The number of internally displaced persons is estimated at 1.4 million. Torture continues
to be a widespread practice amongst security organisations. Attacks on political
freedom in the country, including the arrest and beating of opposition members of
parliament, have led to international criticism, culminating in May 2005 in a decision by
the British government to withhold part of its aid to the country. The arrest of the main
opposition leader Kizza Besigye and the siege of the High Court during a hearing of
Besigye's case by heavily armed security forces – before the February 2006 elections –
led to condemnation.[92]
Child labour is common in Uganda. Many child workers are active in agriculture.
[93]
 Children who work on tobacco farms in Uganda are exposed to health hazards.
[93]
 Child domestic servants in Uganda risk sexual abuse.[93] Trafficking of children occurs.
[93]
 Slavery and forced labour are prohibited by the Ugandan constitution.[93]
The US Committee for Refugees and Immigrants reported several violations of refugee
rights in 2007, including forcible deportations by the Ugandan government and violence
directed against refugees.[94]
Torture and extrajudicial killings have been a pervasive problem in Uganda in recent
years. For instance, according to a 2012 US State Department report, "the African
Center for Treatment and Rehabilitation for Torture Victims registered 170 allegations of
torture against police, 214 against the UPDF, 1 against military police, 23 against the
Special Investigations Unit, 361 against unspecified security personnel, and 24 against
prison officials" between January and September 2012. [68]
In September 2009, Museveni refused Kabaka Muwenda Mutebi, the Baganda king,
permission to visit some areas of Buganda Kingdom, particularly the Kayunga district.
Riots occurred and over 40 people were killed while others still remain imprisoned.
Furthermore, 9 more people were killed during the April 2011 "Walk to Work"
demonstrations. According to the Humans Rights Watch 2013 World Report on Uganda,
the government has failed to investigate the killings associated with both of these
events.[95]
LGBT rights
Main article: LGBT rights in Uganda

Protests in New York City against Uganda's Anti-Homosexuality Bill.

In 2007, a Ugandan newspaper, the Red Pepper, published a list of allegedly gay men,
many of whom suffered harassment as a result.[96]
On 9 October 2010, the Ugandan newspaper Rolling Stone published a front-page
article titled "100 Pictures of Uganda's Top Homos Leak" that listed the names,
addresses, and photographs of 100 homosexuals alongside a yellow banner that read
"Hang Them".[97] The paper also alleged that homosexuals aimed to recruit Ugandan
children. This publication attracted international attention and criticism from human
rights organisations, such as Amnesty International,[98] No Peace Without Justice[99] and
the International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association.[100] According
to gay rights activists, many Ugandans have been attacked since the publication. [101] On
27 January 2011, gay rights activist David Kato was murdered.[102]
In 2009, the Ugandan parliament considered an Anti-Homosexuality Bill that would have
broadened the criminalisation of homosexuality by introducing the death penalty for
people who have previous convictions, or are HIV-positive, and engage in same-sex
sexual acts. The bill also included provisions for Ugandans who engage in same-sex
sexual relations outside of Uganda, asserting that they may be extradited back to
Uganda for punishment, and included penalties for individuals, companies, media
organisations, or non-governmental organizations that support legal protection for
homosexuality or sodomy. The private member's bill was submitted by MP David
Bahati in Uganda on 14 October 2009, and was believed to have had widespread
support in the Uganda parliament.[103] The hacktivist group Anonymous hacked into
Ugandan government websites in protest of the bill. [104] The debate of the bill was
delayed in response to global condemnation but was eventually passed on 20
December 2013 and signed by President Yoweri Museveni on 24 February 2014. The
death penalty was dropped in the final legislation. The law was widely condemned by
the international community. Denmark, the Netherlands, and Sweden said they would
withhold aid. The World Bank on 28 February 2014 said it would postpone a US$90
million loan, while the United States said it was reviewing ties with Uganda. [105] On 1
August 2014, the Constitutional Court of Uganda ruled the bill invalid as it was not
passed with the required quorum.[106][107][108] A 13 August 2014 news report said that the
Ugandan attorney general had dropped all plans to appeal, per a directive from
President Museveni who was concerned about foreign reaction to the bill and who also
said that any newly introduced bill should not criminalise same-sex relationships
between consenting adults.[109] Progress on the continent of Africa has been slow but
progressing with South Africa being the only country where same sex marriages are
recognised.[110]
Administrative divisions
Main article: Administrative divisions of Uganda
As of 2022, Uganda is divided into 136 districts.[111][112] Rural areas of districts are
subdivided into sub-counties, parishes, and villages. Municipal and town councils are
designated in urban areas of districts. [113]
Political subdivisions in Uganda are officially served and united by the Uganda Local
Governments Association (ULGA), a voluntary and non-profit body which also serves as
a forum for support and guidance for Ugandan sub-national governments. [114]
Parallel with the state administration, five traditional Bantu kingdoms have remained,
enjoying some degrees of mainly cultural autonomy. The kingdoms
are Toro, Busoga, Bunyoro, Buganda, and Rwenzururu. Furthermore, some groups
attempt to restore Ankole as one of the officially recognised traditional kingdoms, to no
avail yet.[115] Several other kingdoms and chiefdoms are officially recognised by the
government, including the union of Alur chiefdoms, the Iteso paramount chieftaincy, the
paramount chieftaincy of Lango and the Padhola state. [116]

Economy and infrastructure

Main articles: Economy of Uganda, Energy in Uganda, and Agriculture in Uganda

Graphical depiction of Uganda's product exports in 28 color-coded categories.

The Bank of Uganda is the central bank of Uganda and handles monetary policy along
with the printing of the Ugandan shilling.[117]
In 2015, Uganda's economy generated export income from the following merchandise:
coffee (US$402.63 million), oil re-exports (US$131.25 million), base metals and
products (US$120.00 million), fish (US$117.56 million), maize (US$90.97 million),
cement (US$80.13 million), tobacco (US$73.13 million), tea (US$69.94 million), sugar
(US$66.43 million), hides and skins (US$62.71 million), cocoa beans (US$55.67
million), beans (US$53.88 million), simsim (US$52.20 million), flowers (US$51.44
million), and other products (US$766.77 million). [118]

Change in per capita GDP of Uganda, 1950–2018. Figures are inflation-adjusted to 2011 International dollars.

The country has been experiencing consistent economic growth. In fiscal year 2015–16,
Uganda recorded gross domestic product growth of 4.6 percent in real terms and 11.6
percent in nominal terms. This compares to 5.0 percent real growth in fiscal year 2014–
15.[119]: vii 
The country has largely untapped reserves of both crude oil and natural gas.[120] While
agriculture accounted for 56 percent of the economy in 1986, with coffee as its main
export, it has now been surpassed by the services sector, which accounted for 52
percent of GDP in 2007.[121] In the 1950s, the British colonial regime encouraged some
500,000 subsistence farmers to join co-operatives.[122] Since 1986, the government (with
the support of foreign countries and international agencies) has acted to rehabilitate an
economy devastated during the regime of Idi Amin and the subsequent civil war. [4]
In 2012, the World Bank still listed Uganda on the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries list.
[123]

Economic growth has not always led to poverty reduction. Despite an average annual
growth of 2.5 percent between 2000 and 2003, poverty levels increased by 3.8 percent
during that time.[124] This has highlighted the importance of avoiding jobless growth and is
part of the rising awareness in development circles of the need for equitable growth not
just in Uganda, but across the developing world. [124]

Coffee fields in southwestern Uganda

With the Uganda securities exchanges established in 1996, several equities have been
listed. The government has used the stock market as an avenue for privatisation. All
government treasury issues are listed on the securities exchange. The Capital Markets
Authority has licensed 18 brokers, asset managers, and investment advisors including:
African Alliance Investment Bank, Baroda Capital Markets Uganda Limited, Crane
Financial Services Uganda Limited, Crested Stocks and Securities Limited, Dyer & Blair
Investment Bank, Equity Stock Brokers Uganda Limited, Renaissance Capital
Investment Bank and UAP Financial Services Limited. [125] As one of the ways of
increasing formal domestic savings, pension sector reform is the centre of attention
(2007).[126][127]
Uganda traditionally depends on Kenya for access to the Indian Ocean port
of Mombasa. Efforts have intensified to establish a second access route to the sea via
the lakeside ports of Bukasa in Uganda and Musoma in Tanzania, connected by railway
to Arusha in the Tanzanian interior and to the port of Tanga on the Indian Ocean.[128]

Workers at a textile factory in Jinja

Uganda is a member of the East African Community and a potential member of the

planned East African Federation.
Uganda has a large diaspora, residing mainly in the United States and the United
Kingdom. This diaspora has contributed enormously to Uganda's economic growth
through remittances and other investments (especially property). According to the World
Bank, Uganda received in 2016 an estimated US$1.099 billion in remittances from
abroad, second only to Kenya (US$1.574 billion) in the East African Community. [129] and
seventh in Africa[130] Uganda also serves as an economic hub for a number of
neighbouring countries like the Democratic Republic of the Congo, [131] South Sudan,
[132]
 and Rwanda.[133]
The Ugandan Bureau of Statistics announced inflation was 4.6 percent in November
2016.[134] On 29 June 2018, Uganda's statistics agency said the country registered a drop
in inflation to 3.4 percent in the financial year ending 2017/18 compared to the 5.7
percent recorded in the financial year 2016/17. [135]
Industry
Uganda ranked as number 102 among the countries of the world in nominal Gross
Domestic Product by the International Monetary Fund with a GDP of 26,349
(US$million).[136] The World Bank ranked Uganda as number 99 in nominal GDP with
a GDP of 25,891 (US$million).[137] Based on the GDP with purchasing power
parity the IMF ranked Uganda as number 86 (91,212 million of current Int$) and
the World Bank ranked them 90 (79,889 million of current Int$).[136][137]
Since the 1990s, the economy in Uganda is growing. Real gross domestic product
(GDP) grew at an average of 6.7% annually during the period 1990–2015, whereas real
GDP per capita grew at 3.3% per annum during the same period. [138]
Poverty
Main article: Poverty in Uganda
Uganda is one of the poorest nations in the world. In 2012, 37.8 percent of the
population lived on less than $1.25 a day. [139] Despite making enormous progress in
reducing the countrywide poverty incidence from 56 percent of the population in 1992 to
24.5 percent in 2009, poverty remains deep-rooted in the country's rural areas, which
are home to 84 percent of Ugandans. [140]
People in rural areas of Uganda depend on farming as the main source of income and
90 per cent of all rural women work in the agricultural sector. [141] In addition to agricultural
work, rural women are responsible for the caretaking of their families. The average
Ugandan woman spends 9 hours a day on domestic tasks, such as preparing food and
clothing, fetching water and firewood, and caring for the elderly, the sick as well as
orphans. As such, women on average work longer hours than men, between 12 and 18
hours per day, with a mean of 15 hours, as compared to men, who work between 8 and
10 hours a day.[142]
To supplement their income, rural women may engage in small-scale entrepreneurial
activities such as rearing and selling local breeds of animals. Nonetheless, because of
their heavy workload, they have little time for these income-generating activities. The
poor cannot support their children at school and in most cases, girls drop out of school
to help out in domestic work or to get married. Other girls engage in sex work. As a
result, young women tend to have older and more sexually experienced partners and
this puts women at a disproportionate risk of getting affected by HIV, accounting for
about 5.7 per cent of all adults living with HIV in Uganda. [143]
Maternal health in rural Uganda lags behind national policy targets and the Millennium
Development Goals, with geographical inaccessibility, lack of transport and financial
burdens identified as key demand-side constraints to accessing maternal health
services;[144] as such, interventions like intermediate transport mechanisms have been
adopted as a means to improve women's access to maternal health care services in
rural regions of the country.[145]
Gender inequality is the main hindrance to reducing women's poverty. Women are
subjected to an overall lower social status than men. Many women believe this reduces
their power to act independently, participate in community life, become educated and
escape reliance upon abusive men.[146]
Entebbe International Airport

Air transportation
There are 35 airports in Uganda. Commercial airlines operate scheduled passenger
services out of four airports. Uganda currently has one functioning international
airport, Entebbe International Airport, which is located 25 miles (40 km) south-west
of Kampala. In 2017, the airport traffic hit 1.53 million passengers, 8% more than the
previous year.[147] A second international airport, Hoima International Airport, is currently
under construction.[148]
Road network

Road to Murchison

Road transportation is the most important way of transportation in Uganda. 95% of

freight and passenger traffic is handled by road traffic. The road network in Uganda is
approximately 129,469 km (80,448 mi) long. About 4% of these roads are paved which
equates to only about 5,300 kilometres (3,300 mi) of paved road. The different types of
roads are national roads (22,009 km (13,676 mi)—17%), district roads (33,661 km
(20,916 mi)—26%), urban roads (9,062 km (5,631 mi)—7%), and community roads
(64,734 km (40,224 mi)—50%).[149] The national roads make up about 17% of the road
network but carry over 80% of the total road traffic. [150] In Uganda there are 83,000
private cars which means 2.94 cars per 1000 inhabitants. [151]
Railroad
The rail network in Uganda is approximately 1,260 kilometres (780 mi) long. The longest
lines are the main line from Kampala to Tororo (249 kilometres (155 mi)), the western
line from Kampala to Kasese (333 kilometres (207 mi)), the northern line
from Tororo to Pakwach (641 kilometres (398 mi)).[152]
Communications
Main article: Communications in Uganda
 This section needs expansion. You
can help by adding to it. (January
2013)

Mobile operators offer money sending, receiving services, bill payments among many more services.

There are seven telecommunications companies serving over 21 million

subscribers[153] in a population of over 34 million.[154] More than 95 percent of internet
connections are made using mobile phones. [155]
The total mobile and fixed telephony subscriptions increased from over 20 million to
over 21 million yielding an increment of over 1.1 million subscribers (5.4 increase)
compared to the 4.1 percent increases realised in the previous quarter Q4 2014
(October–December).[153]

Mobile & Fixed Telephony[153]

Indicators Q4 2014 Q1 2015 Change (%)

21,347,07
Mobile Subscriptions (prepaid) 20,257,656 5.4
9

Mobile Subscriptions (post-

108,285 110,282 1.8
paid)

Fixed subscriptions 324,442 349,163 7.6

Tele-density 56.5 62.5 10.6

21,806,52
National status 20,690,383 5.4
3

Energy
See also: Energy in Uganda
Uganda is richly endowed with abundant energy resources, which are fairly distributed
throughout the country. These include hydropower, biomass, solar, geothermal, peat
and fossil fuels.
In the 1980s, the majority of energy in Uganda came from charcoal and wood. However,
oil was found in the Lake Albert area, totaling an estimated 95 million cubic metres
(3.4×109 cu ft) barrels of crude.[120] Heritage Oil discovered one of the largest crude oil
finds in Uganda, and continues operations there. [156]
Uganda and Tanzania signed a deal on 13 September 2016 that will see the two
countries build a 1,445 km, $3.5bn crude oil pipeline. The Uganda–Tanzania Crude Oil
Pipeline (UTCOP), also known as the East African Crude Oil Pipeline (EACOP) will
be the first of its kind in East Africa, will connect Uganda's oil-rich Hoima region with the
Indian Ocean through the Tanga port in Tanzania.
Uganda's favorable enabling environment and broad presence of private sector
investment presents a unique opportunity to deliver on Power Africa goals.[157] Uganda is
one of the few sub-Saharan African countries to have liberalized and financially viable
energy markets, with generation, transmission and supply segments unbundled since
2001.[158] There is an independent Electricity Regulatory Authority that undertakes sector
regulation and oversight. The largest distribution company, UMEME is privately owned
and has a 20-year concession for distribution and retail. The country, however, is
divided into 13 rural service territories, and 6 of these are being managed by small
distribution companies. Independent power producers (IPPs) currently account for
nearly 60% of generation capacity. Issues with integrated planning and the financial
ecosystem persist.
Water supply and sanitation
Main article: Water supply and sanitation in Uganda
According to a 2006 published report, the Ugandan water supply and sanitation sector
had made substantial progress in urban areas since the mid-1990s, with substantial
increases in coverage as well as in operational and commercial performance. [159]: 3–
4 
 Sector reforms in the period 1998–2003 included the commercialisation and
modernisation of the National Water and Sewerage Corporation operating in cities and
larger towns, as well as decentralisation and private sector participation in small towns.
[160]: 15 

Although these reforms have attracted significant international attention, 38 percent of

the population still had no access to an improved water source in 2010. Concerning
access to improved sanitation, figures have varied widely. According to government
figures, it was 70 percent in rural areas and 81 percent in urban areas in 2011, [161] while
according to UN figures it was only 34 percent. [162]
The water and sanitation sector was recognised as a key area under the 2004 Poverty
Eradication Action Plan (PEAP), Uganda's main strategy paper to fight poverty. [163]: 182–
188 
 According to a 2006 published report, a comprehensive expenditure framework had
been introduced to co-ordinate financial support by external donors, the national
government, and nongovernmental organisations.[164]: 5  The PEAP estimated that from
2001 to 2015, about US$1.4 billion, or US$92 million per year, was needed to increase
water supply coverage up to 95 percent, with rural areas needing US$956 million, urban
areas and large towns needing US$281 million, and small towns needing US$136
million.[163]: 182–183 
Education
Main article: Education in Uganda
Uganda's educational system, while lacking in many areas, has seen significant change
since the late 1990s. The educational system is set up so that children spend seven
years in primary school, six years in secondary school, and three to five years in post
secondary school. In 1997, the government declared that primary school would be free
for all children.[165] This amendment has had huge benefits. In 1986, only two million
children were attending primary school. By 1999, six million children were attending
primary school, and this number has continued to climb. Following significant gains in
access to primary education since 1997 when universal primary education (UPE) was
introduced, Uganda in 2007 became the first country in sub-Saharan Africa to introduce
universal secondary education [166](USE). This bold step by the Government of Uganda
led to an increase in lower secondary enrolment of nearly 25% between 2007 and 2012.

Students in Uganda

At the 2002 census, Uganda had a literacy rate of 66.8 percent (76.8 percent male and
57.7 percent female).[4] Public spending on education was at 5.2 percent of the 2002–
2005 GDP.[167]
As of 2020, the NCHE website listed 46 private accredited universities. [168] to mention a
few, Makerere University, Mbarara University of science and technology, Kyambogo
University, Gulu University, Uganda Christian University, Kampala international
University among many more.
Health
Main articles: Health in Uganda and HIV/AIDS in Uganda
There were eight physicians per 100,000 persons in the early 2000s. [167] Uganda's
elimination of user fees at state health facilities in 2001 has resulted in an 80 percent
increase in visits, with over half of this increase coming from the poorest 20 percent of
the population.[169] This policy has been cited as a key factor in helping Uganda achieve
its Millennium Development Goals and as an example of the importance of equity in
achieving those goals.[124] Despite this policy, many users are denied care if they do not
provide their own medical equipment, as happened in the highly publicised case of
Jennifer Anguko.[170] Poor communication within hospitals,[171] low satisfaction with health
services[172] and distance to health service providers undermine the provision of quality
health care to people living in Uganda, and particularly for those in poor and elderly-
headed households.[173] The provision of subsidies for poor and rural populations, along
with the extension of public private partnerships, have been identified as important
provisions to enable vulnerable populations to access health services. [173]

Development of life expectancy

Life expectancy at birth was estimated to be 63.4 years in 2019. [174] The infant

mortality rate was approximately 61 deaths per 1,000 children in 2012. [175]
In July 2012, there was an Ebola outbreak in the Kibaale District of the country.[176] On 4
October 2012, the Ministry of Health officially declared the end of the outbreak after at
least 16 people had died.[177]
The Health Ministry announced on 16 August 2013 that three people had died in
northern Uganda from a suspected outbreak of Congo Crimean Hemorrhagic Fever.[178]
Uganda has been among the rare HIV success stories.[167] Infection rates of 30 percent of
the population in the 1980s fell to 6.4 percent by the end of 2008. [179][180] Meanwhile, the
practice of abstinence was found to have decreased. [181]
Less than half of all sexually active unmarried women use a modern contraceptive
method, a fraction that has barely changed from 2000 to 2011. However, only ~26% of
married women used contraceptives in 2011. The use of contraceptives also differs
substantially between poor (~15%) and wealthy women (~40%). [182] As a result, Ugandan
women have ~6 children while they prefer to have around ~4. According to the 2011
Uganda Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), more than 40% of births are
unplanned. In 2010, the Ugandan Ministry of Health estimated that unsafe abortion
accounted for 8% of the country's maternal deaths.[182] The 2006 Uganda Demographic
Health Survey (UDHS) indicated that roughly 6,000 women die each year from
pregnancy-related complications.[183] Pilot studies in 2012 by Future Health Systems
have shown that this rate could be significantly reduced by implementing a voucher
scheme for health services and transport to clinics.[184][185]
The prevalence of female genital mutilation (FGM) is low: according to a 2013 UNICEF
report,[186] only 1 percent of women in Uganda have undergone FGM, with the practice
being illegal in the country.[187]
Crime and law enforcement
This section needs expansion. You
 can help by adding to it. (January
2013)

In Uganda, the Allied Democratic Forces is considered a violent rebel force that

opposes the Ugandan government. These rebels are an enemy of the Uganda People's
Defence Force and are considered an affiliate of Al-Shabaab.[188]
Tourism
Main article: Tourism in Uganda

Rwenzori mountains in Uganda

Tourism in Uganda is focused on Uganda's landscape and wildlife. It is a major driver of

employment, investment and foreign exchange, contributing 4.9 trillion Ugandan
shillings (US$1.88 billion or €1.4 billion as of August 2013) to Uganda's GDP in the
financial year 2012–13.[189] The Uganda Tourism Board is responsible for maintaining
information pertaining to tourism in Uganda. The main attractions are photo safaris
through the National parks and game Reserves. Other attractions include the Mountain
Gorillas found in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (BINP) and Mgahinga Gorilla
National Park (MGNP), Uganda having some of the oldest cultural kingdom in Africa
has many Cultural sites. Uganda is a birding paradise boasting a massive bird list of
more than 1073 recorded bird species ranking 4th in Africa's bird species and 16th
internationally.[190] Uganda has landscapes ranging from white-capped Rwenzori
mountains to the Great Rift Valley.

Science and technology

Main article: Science and technology in Uganda
The National Science, Technology and Innovation Policy dates from 2009. Its
overarching goal is to ‘strengthen national capability to generate, transfer and apply
scientific knowledge, skills and technologies that ensure sustainable utilization of natural
resources for the realisation of Uganda's development objectives.’ The policy precedes
Uganda Vision 2040, which was launched in April 2013 to transform ‘Ugandan society
from a peasant to a modern and prosperous country within 30 years,’ in the words of the
Cabinet. Uganda Vision 2040 vows to strengthen the private sector, improve education
and training, modernize infrastructure and the underdeveloped services and agriculture
sectors, foster industrialization and promote good governance, among other goals.
Potential areas for economic development include oil and gas, tourism, minerals and
information and communication technologies (ICTs). [191]
Uganda was ranked 119th in the Global Innovation Index in 2021, down from 102nd in
2019.[192][193][194][195] Research funding climbed between 2008 and 2010 from 0.33% to 0.48%
of GDP. Over the same period, the number of researchers doubled (in head counts)
from 1 387 to 2 823, according to the UNESCO Institute for Statistics. This represents a
leap from 44 to 83 researchers per million inhabitants over the same period. One in four
researchers is a woman. Uganda has been able to manufacture prototype of cars called
kiira in which the government invested 70usd. [191]

Demographics
Main article: Demographics of Uganda
Uganda's population grew from 9.5 million people in 1969 to 34.9 million in 2014. With
respect to the last inter-censal period (September 2002), the population increased by
10.6 million people in the past 12 years.[196] Uganda's median age of 15 years is the
lowest in the world.[4] Uganda has the fifth highest total fertility rate in the world, at 5.97
children born per woman (2014 estimates). [4]
There were about 80,000 Indians in Uganda before Idi Amin required the expulsion of
Ugandan-Asians (mostly of Indian origin) in 1972, which reduced the population to as
low as 7,000. Many Indians, however, returned to Uganda after Amin's ouster in 1979.
Around 90 percent of Ugandan Indians reside in Kampala. [197]
According to the UNHCR, Uganda hosts over 1.1 million refugees on its soil as of
November 2018.[198] Most come from neighbouring countries in the African Great
Lakes region, particularly South Sudan (68.0 percent) and Democratic Republic of the
Congo (24.6%).[198]
Languages
Main article: Languages of Uganda

An ethnolinguistic map of Uganda

Swahili, a widely used language throughout the African Great Lakes region, was
approved as the country's second official national language in 2005. [2][199] English was the
only official language until the constitution was amended in 2005. Although Swahili has
not been favoured by the Bantu-speaking populations of the south and south-west of
the country, it is an important lingua franca in the northern regions. It is also widely used
in the police and military forces, which may be a historical result of the disproportionate
recruitment of northerners into the security forces during the colonial period. The status
of Swahili has thus alternated with the political group in power. [200] For example, Idi Amin,
who came from the north-west, declared Swahili to be the national language. [201]
Religion
Main article: Religion in Uganda

Saint Mary's Cathedral Rubaga, is the parent cathedral of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kampala.

The Roman Catholic Church had the largest number of adherents (39.3 percent, down
from 41.6 in 2002), followed by the Anglican Church of Uganda (32 percent, down from
35.9 percent). The category of Evangelical/Pentecostal/Born-Again showed the most
growth, rising from 4.7% in 2002 to 11.1% in 2018. Adventist and
other Protestant churches claimed most of the remaining Christians, although there was
also a small Eastern Orthodox community.[202][203] The next most reported religion of
Uganda was Islam, with Muslims representing 13.7 percent of the population, up from
12.1% in 2002.[202]
The remainder of the population according to the 2014 census followed traditional
religions (0.1 percent, down from 1% in 2002), other religions (1.4 percent), or had no
religious affiliation (0.2 percent).[202]
Largest cities and towns
 
 
Largest urban centres in Uganda
Uganda Bureau of Statistics 2016, National Population and Housing C
Rank Name
1 Kampala
2 Nansana
3 Kira
4 Makindye Ssabagabo
Kampala
5 Mbarara
6 Mukono
 7 Gulu
8 Lugazi
9 Kasese
10 Masaka

Culture
Main articles: Culture of Uganda, Music of Uganda, Ugandan cuisine, List of African
writers (by country) §  Uganda, and List of Ugandans
Cultural celebrations in Northern Uganda

Woman in Rwenzori – Western Uganda

Owing to the large number of communities, culture within Uganda is diverse. Many
Asians (mostly from India) who were expelled during the regime of Idi Amin have
returned to Uganda.[204]
Media
Further information: Mass media in Uganda
Uganda has a number of media outlets that broadcast domestically and globally. They
cover news, magazines, sports, business and entertainment.
Popular Ugandan newspapers include:

 New Vision
 Daily Monitor
 Bukedde
 The Observer
 East African Business Week
 Red Pepper
The most popular television stations in Uganda include:

 Uganda Broadcasting Corporation (UBC)

  NTV
 NBS Television
 Sanyuka TV
 Baba TV
 Top TV
 Spark TV
All of the media is controlled and regulated under the Uganda Communications
Commission (UCC).[205][206]
Sport
Further information: Uganda at the Olympics and Uganda at the Commonwealth
Games

Mandela National Stadium in Kira Town.

Football is the national sport in Uganda. The Uganda national football team, nicknamed
"The Cranes" is controlled by the Federation of Uganda Football Associations. They
have never qualified for the FIFA World Cup finals. Their best finish in the African Cup
of Nations was second in 1978. Among clubs, SC Villa are the most successful, having
won the national league 16 times and reached the final of the African Cup of Champions
Clubs in 1991, a feat also achieved by Simba SC in 1972. KCCA are second in national
league wins with 13.
As of 2020, Uganda at the Olympics has won a total of two gold, three silver, and two
bronze medals; four of which were in boxing and three in athletics. Uganda at the
Commonwealth Games has collected 13 gold medals and a total 49 medals, all in
boxing and athletics.
The Uganda national boxing team is called The Bombers. [207] They have won four medals
at the Summer Olympics from 1968 to 1980, as well as two medals the 1974 World
Amateur Boxing Championships. Notable boxers include Cornelius Boza-
Edwards, Justin Juuko, Ayub Kalule, John Mugabi, Eridadi Mukwanga, Joseph
Nsubuga, Kassim Ouma, Sam Rukundo and Leo Rwabwogo.
In athletics, John Akii-Bua won the first Olympic gold medal for Uganda. At the 1972
Summer Olympics in Munich, he won the 400m hurdles race with a world record time of
47.82 seconds.[208] 400 metres runner Davis Kamoga earned the bronze medal at 1996
Summer Olympics in Atlanta and the silver medal at the 1997 World
Championships. Dorcus Inzikuru won the 3000 m steeplechase at the 2005 World
Championships and the 2006 Commonwealth Games.
Stephen Kiprotich has won the marathon at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London and
the 2013 World Championships, and finished second at the 2015 Tokyo Marathon.
[209]
 Joshua Cheptegei has won 10 km races at the World Championships, World
Athletics Cross Country Championships and Commonwealth Games, and has set world
records in 5 km and 15 km. Halimah Nakaayi won the 800 meters race at the 2019
World Championships.
In cricket, Uganda was part of the East Africa team that qualified for the Cricket World
Cup in 1975.
The country has an increasingly successful national basketball team. It is nicknamed
"The Silverbacks,"[210] and made its debut at the 2015 FIBA Africa Championship.
In July 2011, Kampala, Uganda qualified for the 2011 Little League World
Series in Williamsport, Pennsylvania for the first time, beating Saudi Arabian baseball
team Dharan LL, although visa complications prevented them from attending the series.
[211]
 Little League teams from Uganda qualified for and attended the 2012 Little League
World Series.[212]
Cinema
This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect
recent events or newly available information. (January 2020)
Main article: Cinema of Uganda
The Ugandan film industry is relatively young. It is developing quickly, but still faces an
assortment of challenges. There has been support for the industry as seen in the
proliferation of film festivals such as Amakula, Pearl International Film
Festival, Maisha African Film Festival and Manya Human Rights Festival. However,
filmmakers struggle against the competing markets from other countries on the
continent such as those in Nigeria and South Africa in addition to the big budget films
from Hollywood.[213]
The first publicly recognised film that was produced solely by Ugandans was Feelings
Struggle, which was directed and written by Hajji Ashraf Ssemwogerere in 2005.[214] This
marks the year of ascent of film in Uganda, a time where many enthusiasts were proud
to classify themselves as cinematographers in varied capacities. [215]
The local film industry is polarised between two types of filmmakers. The first are
filmmakers who use the Nollywood video film era's guerrilla approach to film making,
churning out a picture in around two weeks and screening it in makeshift video halls.
The second is the filmmaker who has the film aesthetic, but with limited funds has to
depend on the competitive scramble for donor cash. [213]
Though cinema in Uganda is evolving, it still faces major challenges. Along with
technical problems such as refining acting and editing skills, there are issues regarding
funding and lack of government support and investment. There are no schools in the
country dedicated to film, banks do not extend credit to film ventures, and distribution
and marketing of movies remains poor.[213][215]
The Uganda Communications Commission (UCC) is preparing regulations starting in
2014 that require Ugandan television to broadcast 70 percent Ugandan content and of
this, 40 percent to be independent productions. With the emphasis on Ugandan film and
the UCC regulations favouring Ugandan productions for mainstream television,
Ugandan film may become more prominent and successful in the near future. [215]

See also
 Uganda portal

 Africa portal

 Index of Uganda-related articles

 Outline of Uganda

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Further reading
Encyclopedias

 Appiah, Anthony and Henry Louis Gates (ed.) (2010). Encyclopaedia of

Africa. Oxford University Press.
 Middleton, John (ed.) (2008). New encyclopaedia of Africa. Detroit:
Thompson-Gale.
 Shillington, Kevin (ed.) (2005). Encyclopedia of African history. CRC Press.

Selected books and scholarly articles

 BakamaNume, Bakama B. (2011). A Contemporary Geography of Uganda.

African Books Collective.
 Robert Barlas (2000). Uganda (Cultures of the World). Marshall
Cavendish. ISBN 9780761409816. OCLC  41299243. overview written for
younger readers.
 Carney, J. J. For God and My Country: Catholic Leadership in Modern
Uganda (Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2020).
 Chrétien, Jean-Pierre (2003). The great lakes of Africa: two thousand
years of history. New York: Zone Books.
 Clarke, Ian, ed. Uganda - Culture Smart!: The Essential Guide to Customs
& Culture (2014) excerpt
 Datzberger, Simone, and Marielle L.J. Le Mat. "Just add women and stir?:
Education, gender and peacebuilding in Uganda." International Journal of
Educational Development 59 (2018): 61-69 online.
 Griffin, Brett, Robert Barlas, and Jui Lin Yong. Uganda. (Cavendish Square
Publishing, 2019).
 Hepner, Tricia Redeker. "At the Boundaries of Life and Death: Notes on
Eritrea and Northern Uganda." African Conflict and Peacebuilding
Review 10.1 (2020): 127-142 online.
 Hodd, Michael and Angela Roche Uganda handbook. (Bath: Footprint,
2011).
 Izama, Angelo. "Uganda." Africa Yearbook Volume 16. Brill, 2020 pp. 413–
422.
 Jagielski, Wojciech and Antonia Lloyd-Jones (2012). The night wanderers:
Uganda's children and the Lord's Resistance Army. New York: Seven
Stories Press. ISBN 9781609803506
 Jørgensen, Jan Jelmert, Uganda: a modern history (1981) online
 Langole, Stephen, and David Monk. "Background to peace and conflict in
northern Uganda." in Youth, education and work in (post-) conflict
areas (2019): 16+ online.
 Otiso, Kefa M. (2006). Culture and Customs of Uganda. Greenwood
Publishing Group.
 Reid, Richard J. A history of modern Uganda (Cambridge University Press,
2017), the standard scholarly history. Buy from Amazon - online review
  Sobel, Meghan, and Karen McIntyre. "The State of Press Freedom in
Uganda". International Journal of Communication 14 (2020): 20+. online

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Overview
 Uganda. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
 Uganda from UCB Libraries GovPubs.
 Country Profile from BBC News.
 Uganda Corruption Profile from the Business Anti-
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 Humanitarian news and analysis from IRIN – Uganda
 Humanitarian information coverage on ReliefWeb
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 World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Uganda

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