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Statistics and Probability Module 1: Week 1: Third Quarter
Statistics and Probability Module 1: Week 1: Third Quarter
Random Variables
ENTRY BEHAVIOUR
Brief Introduction
This module will discuss the concept of a random variable and how to construct the
probability distribution. Recalling the idea of what a variable is, will help the students
analyze the concept of a random variable. Doing the probability experiment and
determining the possible outcomes, the learner can determine the possible values of a
random variable, and later, construct the probability distribution.
This module will help you, the learner, to understand the meaning of probability and
its properties.
Learning Competencies
At the end of this module, the learner should be able to;
1. Illustrates a random variable (discrete and continuous);
2. Distinguish between a discrete and a continuous variable;
3. Finds the possible values of a random variable; and
4. Illustrate a probability distribution for a discrete random variable and its
properties.
5. Computes probabilities corresponding to a given random variable.
Objectives
The main objective of this module is for the students to define what random
variable is, determine the possible values of a random variable, and construct a probability
distribution given the probability experiment.
Let’s Recall
This refers to
What does it mean? something that you
VARIABLE
want to know or be
answered, i.e, how
many siblings do
your classmates
Continuous have? The number
Variable of siblings refers to a
variable.
A variable whose
Discrete Variable
data was
determined A variable whose
through data was
measuring, and determined
answer the through counting,
question of how and answer the
much? question of how
many?
Let’s Understand
Possible Number Examine the table on the left. Since the number
Outcomes of Heads of heads (x) is the random variable. What are now the
(X) possible values of random variable x?
HTH 2
Let’s recall probability.
A chance of an event to occur refers to probability. It simply refers to the
percentage of occurrence of the values of random variable taken from the total possible
outcomes.
The properties of a probability are as follows:
(a) The probability of an event to occur ranges from 0 to 1, (0 means impossible to
happen and 1 associated to 100% for an event to occur). Computed to be the number of
frequency divided by the total possible outcomes; and,
(b) The sum of all probabilities is always equal to 1.
Going back to the previous example, let’s illustrate the probability distribution.
Since, we know already the possible values of a random variable (x) = 0, 1, 2, and 3, let us
compute for the corresponding probability following the properties of probability.
ƩP(X) = 1
Let’s Apply
3
6. X = weight of a newly born baby
Explanation: _____________________________________________________________
7. X = number of hours spends in doing research
Explanation: _____________________________________________________________
8. X = time spent in chatting
Explanation: _____________________________________________________________
9. X = cups of coffee serve in a restaurant everyday
Explanation: _____________________________________________________________
10. X = kilo of rice given to evacuees
Explanation: _____________________________________________________________
1. x 0 1 2 3 2. x 0 3 6 9
P(x) 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.1 P(x) 1 2 3 4
x 0 1 2 3 x 1 2 3 4
3. 4.
P(x) ¼ ¼ ¼ ½ P(x) ½ ½ ½ ½
x 0 1 2 3 x 0 1 2 3
5. 6.
P(x) 0.12 0.23 0.34 0.31 P(x) .25 .25 .25 .24
7. x 0 1 2 3 8.
x 2 4 6 8
P(x) 2/3 1/6 1/6 2/3 P(x) 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/2
x 0 1 2 3 x 1 1 1 1
9. 10.
P(x) 1 0.3 0.4 0.5 P(x) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
4
Let’s Analyze
Direction: Find the value of the unknown variable in a given probability distribution.
x 0 1 2 3 x 2 3 4 5
1. 2.
P(x) 1/5 1/3 4/15 c P(x) 1/5 1/5 2/5 x
x 1 2 3 4 x 1 3 5 7
3. 4.
P(x) 1/6 1/3 y/6 1/3 P(x) 1/7 1/y 3/7 2/y
5. 6.
x 4 6 8 10 x 4 8 12 14
P(x) 0.b 0.5 0.11 0.1 P(x) 0.05 0.5 0.3x 0.1
7. 8.
x 7 8 9 10 x 0 5 8 10
P(x) d/24 3/8 1/24 2/12 P(x) 10/24 3/d 1/24 2/12
9. 10.
x 3 6 9 12 x 2 6 8 12
P(x) d/4 2d/8 1/8 2/8 P(x) 1/4 1/8 x/8 2/8
Let’s Evaluate
5
Possible Number Possible Number Probability Distribution
Outcomes of Heads Outcomes of Heads
(x) (x) x P(x)
Let’s Create
be tested, consider the random variable (x) as the number of defected cellphones.
Possible x (Number
Outcomes of defected
cellphones)
Probability Distribution
x P(x)