Module 2 Part 1 PSD323
Module 2 Part 1 PSD323
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Methods of Design
The AISC Specification provides two acceptable methods for designing structural
steel members and their connections. These are Load and Resistance Factor Design
(LRFD) and Allowable Strength Design (ASD). Both procedures are based on limit stated
design principles, which provide the boundaries of structural usefulness. Both methods
have as their goal of obtaining a numerical margin between resistance and load that will
result in an acceptably small probability of unacceptable structural response.
Two major differences between LRFD and ASD.
1. Method used for calculating the design loads
2. Use of resistance factors (∅ 𝑖𝑛 𝐿𝑅𝐹𝐷) and safety factors (Ω 𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑆𝐷)
With both the LRFD and the ASD procedures, expected values of the individual loads
(dead, live, wind, snow, etc.) are first estimated in exactly the same manner as required by
the applicable specification. These loads are referred to as service or working loads.
With the LRFD method, possible service load groups are formed, and each
service load is multiplied by a load factor, normally larger that 1. The magnitude of
the load factor reflects the uncertainty of that particular load. The resulting linear
combination of service loads in a group, each multiplied by its respective load factor,
is called a factored load.
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The largest values determined in this manner are used to compute the
moments, shears, and other forces in the structure. These controlling values may not
be larger than the nominal strengths of the members multiplied by their reduction
or ∅ factors. Thus, the factors of safety have been incorporated in the load factors,
and we can say
(Reduction factor ∅)(Nominal strength of a member) ≥ Computed factored force in member
∅Rn ≥ Ru
Steel Beams
A beam is a structural element that primarily resists loads applied laterally to the
beam's axis. Its mode of deflection is primarily by bending. The loads applied to the beam
result in reaction forces at the beam's support points. The total effect of all the forces acting on
the beam is to produce shear forces and bending moments within the beam, that in turn induce
internal stresses, strains and deflections of the beam. Beams are characterized by their
manner of support, profile (shape of cross-section), equilibrium conditions, length, and their
material.
Note:
• Members acted upon primarily by transverse loading
• Primarily subjected to flexure or bending
• However, may be subjected (unavoidably) by some axial loads
• Effects of axial load is generally negligible and treated strictly as a beam
• If axial load is substantial, member is called a “beam–column”
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h 2547
tw
√ Fy
Laterally supported beam is a beam which does not laterally move nor rotate. It depends
upon the kind of restraint provided by supports as well as on the loading. When beams have
adequate lateral stability of the compression flange, the only stability limit state that might prevent
achieving maximum moment strength is local buckling in compression of the flange and web plate
elements comprising the cross-section.
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Flexural Stress
If a beam is subjected to bending moment, the stress maybe computed using flexural
formula,
𝑀𝑐 𝑀
𝑓𝑏 = ; 𝑓𝑏 =
𝐼 𝑆𝑥
where:
Section 506.2
Allowable bending stress for I-shaped members and channels, bending about strong axis.
• The value of Fb (Allowable bending stress) depends on the compactness of the
section.
Steel sections are classified as compact, non–compact and slender element sections
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d 1680
≤
tw √ Fy
200bf 137900
L1 = ; L2 = d
√ Fy ( A )Fy
f
Note: When Lb < Lc it is compact and no lateral torsional buckling will occur
1. For compact section:
bf 170
• ≤
2t f √ Fy
d 1680
• ≤
tw √ Fy
Fb = 0.66Fy
Fb = 0.60Fy
For built-up members meeting the requirements for compact sections except that
their flanges are non-compact, the allowable stress is:
bf Fy
Fb = Fy(0.79 – 0.000762 √ )
2t f kc
4.05 h
kc = 0.46 ; if 70
h tw
(t )
w
h
kc = 1.0 ; if 70
tw
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Example 1:
Compute the resisting moment of a W12 x 65 with a) F y = 248 MPa, b) Fy = 380 MPa. Assume
the section has full lateral supports and is unstiffened.
Properties of W12 x 65;
d = 307.85 mm tw = 9.91 mm
bf = 304.80 mm tf = 15.37 mm
Sx = 1440 x 103 mm3
Solution:
a) Fy = 248 MPa,
bf 304.80
= = 9.92
2tf (2)(15.37)
170 170
= = 10.80
√ Fy √ 248
d 307.85
= = 31.07
tw 9.91
1680 1680
= = 106.68
√ Fy √ 248
bf 170 d 1680
since,
2tf
< and < , section is compact
√ Fy tw √ Fy
b) Fy = 380 MPa,
170 170
= = 8.72
√ Fy √ 380
1680 1680
= = 86.18
√ Fy √ 380
bf 170 d 1680
since,
2tf
> and < , section is partially compact
√ Fy tw √ Fy
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(163.68)(1440 x 103 )
Mcap = FbSx = = 235.70 kN-m
1 x 106
bf
Fb = Fy(0.79 – 0.000762 √ Fy )
2tf
= (380)[0.79 – (0.000762)(8.72)√ 380 ] = 250.98 MPa
(250.98)(1440 x 103 )
Mcap = = 361.41 kN–m
1 x 106
Example 2:
Solution:
bf 158.78
= = 4.52
2tf (2)(17.55)
170 170
= = 10.80
√ Fy √ 248
d 457.20
= = 25.32
tw 18.06
1680 1680
= = 106.68
√ Fy √ 248
bf 170 d 1680
since,
2tf
< and < , section is compact
√ Fy tw √ Fy
M 225 x 106
fb = = = 134.89 MPa
Sx 1688 x 103
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Example 3:
Solution:
bf 250
= = 10.42
2tf (2)(12)
170 170
= = 9.15
√ Fy √ 345
d 274
= = 22.83
tw 12
1680 1680
= = 90.45
√ Fy √ 345
bf 170 d 1680
since
2tf
< and < , section is partially compact
√ Fy tw √ Fy
h 250
= = 20.83
tw 12
h
since < 70, kc = 1.0
tw
b Fy
Fb = Fy(0.79 – 0.000762( ) √
2t kc
)
(12)(250)3 (250)(12)3
Ix = + (2)( +12(250)(131)2 ) = 1.2 x 108 mm4
12 12
Ix 1.187 x 108
Sx = = = 866153.3 mm3
c 137
(221.684)(866153.29)
Mcap = FbSx = = 192.0 kN–m
1 x 106
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L2 PL
M = + ;
8 4
(5)(8)2 P(8)
192.0 = + ; P = 76.0 kN
8 4
For such members with an axis of symmetry and loaded in the plane of the web,
allowable bending stress can be determined from:
L 703270Cb
• if < √ ,
rt Fy
Fb = 0.60Fy
703270Cb L 3516330Cb
• if √ < √ ,
Fy rt Fy
L 2
2 Fy ( r )
Fb = ( - t
)Fy 0.60Fy
3 10.55 x 106 Cb
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L 3516330Cb
• if > √ ,
rt Fy
1172100Cb
Fb = L 2
Fy 0.60Fy
(r )
t
For sections with solid compression flange and with an area not less than the tension
flange:
Fb = 0.60Fy
82740Cb
Fb =
Ld
0.60Fy
(A )
f
M1 M1 2
Cb = 1.75 + 1.05 + 0.30( ) 2.30
M2 M2
➢ Radius of Gyration
Distance from an axis at which the mass of a body may be assumed to be concentrated
and at which the moment of inertia will be equal to the moment of inertia of the actual
mass about the axis
It
rt = √ Ac
Aw
Ac = Af +
6
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Example 4:
Solution:
PL (200)(8)
M = = = 400.0 kN–m
4 4
Assume Fb = 0.60Fy
bf 312.17
= = 7.68
2tf (2)(20.32)
170 170
= = 10.80
√ Fy √ 248
d 542.54
= = 42.72
tw 12.70
1680 1680
= = 106.68
√ Fy √ 248
bf 170 d 1680
since < and < , section is compact
2tf √ Fy tw √ Fy
200bf (200)(312.17)
L1 = = = 3.97 m
√ Fy √ 248 (1000)
137900 137900
L2 = d
= 542.54 = 6.50 m
( A )Fy ( (312.17)(20.32))(248)(1000)
f
adapt, Lc = 3.97 m
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L 8000
= = 96.32
rt 83.06
703270Cb (703270)(1.0)
√ = √ = 53.25
Fy 248
3516330Cb (3516330)(1.0)
√ = √ = 119.08
Fy 248
703270Cb L 3516330Cb
since √ < < √ ,
Fy rt Fy
L 2
2 Fy ( r )
t
Fb = ( - )Fy
3 10.55 x 106 Cb
2 (248)(96.316)2
= ( - )(248) = 111.25 MPa
3 (10.55 x 106 )(1.0)
82740Cb (82740)(1.0)
Fb = Ld
= (8000)(542.54) = 120.92 MPa
(A ) ( (312.17)(20.32) )
f
(1.47)(8)2
M = 400 + = 411.76 kN-m
8
M 411.76 x 106
fb = = = 110.69 MPa
Sx 3720 x 103
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Problem 1:
A 12–m fully laterally supported simple beam carries a
load of 10 kN/m (excluding the weight of the beam) and
two equal loads of 150 kN position at third points of
beam. If A50 steel is used, check the adequacy of the steel
section. Fy=345 MPa
W30 x 90;
W = 1.32 kN/m d = 750.00 mm
tw = 11.94 mm bf = 264.16 mm
tf = 15.49 mm Sx = 4015 x 103 mm3
Problem 2:
An A36 tension member is subjected to a service axial load of 1100 kN and a service
moment of 30 kN-m and 25 kN-m applied at major and minor axes, respectively. If
the height of member is 1.20 m and rest on a continuous lateral bracing, check the
adequacy of the steel section.
W14 x 68;
A = 12903 mm2 d = 356.62 mm tw = 10.54 mm
bf = 254.89 mm tf = 18.29 mm Sx = 1688 x 103 mm3
Sy = 397 x 103 mm3
IV. References
1. Structural Steel Design 5th Edition by Jack C. McCormac and Stephen F. Csernak
2. Steel Structures Design (ASD/LRFD) by Alan Williams
3. Structural Steel Design by E.M. Lui of Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Syracuse University, NY
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