CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the method of investigation such as research design,

research participants, data sources, and data collection procedure, trustworthiness of

the study, role of researcher, data analysis and ethical consideration. This introduces the

methodology used in this study of the lived-experiences of the student’s athletes.

Research Design

We chose to utilize a qualitative style of research following the phenomenology

approach. Phenomenology is concerned with the study of human perception of events

or phenomena from the actual happenings in the real world (Bantulo, 2016). It is

reliving the experiences of the participants involve in the study and going deeper into

their thoughts, identifying the essence of the experience as describe by the participants,

through lengthy discussions (Creswell 2007; Speziale and Carpenter, 2007; Willis, 2007).

We utilize the phenomenological approach because it is a powerful tool in getting a

clear understanding of human experiences, penetrating into their thoughts, feelings and

actions in order to gain insights from their experiences. It clearly illustrates the specific

details of the experiences and how they are saw by the subjects in the situation. It is an

appropriate instrument in this study wherein we need to envision and explore the

actual experiences of her participants.

Phenomenology is an approach to qualitative research that focuses on the

commonality of a lived experience within a particular group. The fundamental goal of

(Creswell, 2013).

Role of the Researcher

Performing a qualitative research, it is really important to use a method.

To collect data, we the researcher take the role of interviewing to have an answer and a

solution to a question on how to collect credible data, to encourage respondents to give

elaborated answers and to have further discussion about the topic. We the researcher

are highly aware that qualitative study is quite different, we should be sensitive in all

aspects in conducting an interview.

The research is considered an instrument of data collection, the data are

mediated through human instrument rather than true inventories and machines

(Denzin & Lincoln, 2010).

Research Participants

The focus of the Qualitative study is to understand the participant attributes to

their lived experiences of a practical research subject. The participant’s perspectives are

the ones who seek to investigate and understand, not those of the researcher.

According to Cresswell, 5 – 10 participants to get an informative data these

recommendations can help to researchers estimate how many participants should they

need, but more importantly we can count a participant if he/she has a lived experience

in practical research (Creswell, 1998).

their point of view in the idea of making handy research, the suited for our participants

will be senior high students of all strand because it is part of their subject that you have

to do practical research.

In addition, Qualitative research is a kind of research that provides a complete

and limited detailed description of a subject without limiting the scope of the

respondents’ answer (Collis & Hussey, 2003).

Research Instruments

In this study, the researcher uses specific methodologies such as in-depth

interviews, focus group discussions and note-taking, giving much attention to details

and importance of the emotional content to open up an array of human experiences of

the subjects involved in the study (Bantulo, 2016).

Data Collection Procedure

In this study, the researcher employed face-to-face in-depth interview and Focus

Group Discussion (FGD). Two types of data, narrative and visual, were used to assess

the same phenomenon, the local students’ experiences of studying and being an athlete.

While interviews provided verbatim transcripts of participants’ experiences. Data

collection instruments and sources of data were triangulated. Maxwell (2012) and

Denzin and Lincoln (2011) underscores the importance of triangulation. Triangulation

increases the quality and credibility of qualitative data. In this investigation the

specialist will embrace data triangulation, consensual approval, and part checking as
proposed by the creators referenced previously. Triangulation as recommended, may

include the utilization of primary strategy, center gatherings and individual meetings,

which from the real information collection procedures for subjective research.

While centering gatherings and individual meetings experience the ill effects of

some regular methodological inadequacies since both are meetings of a sort, their

unmistakable attributes likewise result in individual qualities (Brewer and Hunter,

1989). Triangulation helps to reduce the risk of systematic bias to specific method and

increases general explanation from what one is studying.

Specifically, we the researcher used semi-structured interview approach to obtain

information from the respondents. A standard semi-structured interview is a data

collection method which allows a set of fully worded questions to be asked to each

respondent during an interview (Patton, 1990). It ensures that relevant questions are

determined in advance and the study could be replicated by other researchers. It also

allows individual respondents to answer the same questions in the same order, and this

increases the chance of comparing responses (Patton, 2002). And we also have 4

participants to answer the same question for the FGD. This type of interview also allows

for flexibility during the interview for further probing if the need arises. The researcher

audio taped this interview, but names and other identifying information were held in

strict confidence.

Data Analysis
 As cited by the study of Bantulo (2016), analysis of data in research study

involves summarizing the mass of data collected and presenting the results in a way

that communicates the most important features. The content of the data of the

instruments will be studied through the thematic analysis method (Braun & Clarke,

2006). The aim was to provide some labels which refer to the collected open answers

(level 1- coding) secondly to identify groups of labels which have similar meaning and

cluster them in to themes (level 2- coding,) and finally to clarify the relationship among

themes into concise content narrative which connects the emerged themes. Both two

levels of coding will be devised with reference to something significant in the data

related to the question that will do the development of theories.

Trustworthiness. To establish the trustworthiness of the study, we observed

components. These are the following credibility, transferability and conformability.

Credibility. To establish the credibility of our study we ensured that rigor was

properly observed during the data collection especially during the interviews, wherein

we avoided drawing conclusions from the interviews that based everything on factual

data, directly from the participants.

Transferability. To address transferability, we described in detail the research

context and the assumptions that were the central to the research and showed all data

as transparent as possible.

Conformability. To address the conformability of our study, we set aside our

personal opinions, assumptions and judgment in order to guard against distortion of

study in one way of ensuring conformability.

Dependability denotes an evaluation of the quality of the incorporated processes

of collection, analysis and phenomenal explanation of the data that will be gathered.

With this, the researchers were made aware if there were mistakes and inaccuracy in

conceptualizing the study thereby ensuring sound flows in the construction of the

paper.

The traditional quantitative view of reliability is based on the assumption of the

replicability or repeatability. Essentially it is concerned with whether we would obtain

the same results if we could observe the same thing twice. But we can’t usually measure

the same thing twice – by definition if we are measuring twice, we are measuring two

different things. In order to estimate reliability, quantitative researchers construct

various hypothetical notions to try get around this fact.

The idea of dependability, on the other hand, emphasizes the need for the

researcher to account for the ever-changing context within which research occurs. This

research is responsible for describing the changes that occur in the setting and how

these changes affected the way the research approached study.

Ethical Considerations
 Ethical considerations in this qualitative research were based on the norms. Since

the study were all about the participants experiences, the researchers made sure that the

respondents moral principles were valued and respected.

The Belmont record tries to summarize the ethical principles recognized by

using the commission inside the course of its deliberations. Three basic concepts,

amongst the ones usually typical in our cultural culture are specifically relevant to the

ethics of research related to human topics: the ideas of appreciating of persons,

beneficence and justice.

The principle concerns of this observe are the person who are the senior high

students in a certain National High School in Maco District, and Compostela Valley

Province. They’re senior high students, students who are taken into consideration as

prone on this study. Consequently, the researcher will comply with the ethical

standards in engaging in this have a look at as enshrined in Belmont document in 1974.

The first principle is to respect for persons, asserts that research participants

should treated autonomous individuals that means they are independent, self-

governing, capable of decision making for themselves as long as they are given

sufficient information to make those decision. The principle forms of the basis of

informed consent (Cresswell, 2007).

In observance the first principle, before con of conducting this study, we must

send a letter of consent to conduct the study to the offices of the School Principal, and

the Assistant Principal to have the authorization for conducting the study to our
research materials and be fully aware with all the information of our intensions in

conducting the study.

The second principle, the principle of beneficence, refers to making efforts to

secure the well-being of research participants, or to minimize its possible harm. The key

to this principle is, since all research has both risks and benefits, to make sure they

balance. Benefits to research it might be develop the friendship with the researcher or

other participants, knowledge or education gleaned from participation or other

opportunity to do well for the society or receive the esteem of others (Cresswell,2007).