Volume 22

Gujarat Journal
of
Extension Education
Vol. : 22
Year : 2011
«Mkkh
Society of Extension Education, Anand (Gujarat)

Directorate of Extension Education
Anand Agricultural University
Anand-388110, Gujarat, India
EDITORIAL BOARD
(Gujarat Journal of Extension Education )
Chief Editor : Dr. M.R. Prajapati

Professor, C. P. College of Agriculture
Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University
SK Nagar-385506
Mo. : 99249 77250
Email: [email protected]
Associate Editors : Dr.M.R.Bhatt

(Southern Gujarat Region) Associate Professor, Dept. of Extension Education
N.M. College of Agriculture, NAU, Navsari-396450
Mo. : 99980 12219
Dr.V.T.Patel
Associate Professor, Dept. of Extension Education
C.P. College of Agriculture
Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University
SK Nagar-385506
Mo. : 99985 53060
Dr. J.B.Patel
Associate Editor (Middle Gujarat Region & Other State)
Associate Professor, Dept. of Extension Education
B.A., College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University
Anand – 388 110
Mo. : 94273 85081
Dr. V.J. Savaliya

Assistant Professor, Dept. of Extension Education
College of Agriculture, Junagadh Agricultural Univeristy
Junagadh-362001
Mo. : 94277 41952
Joint Secretary : Dr.N.V.Soni

Associate Extension Educationist
Publication Dept., DOEE, Anand Agricultural University
Anand – 388 110
Mo. : 94278 56045
Secretary : Dr. J.K.Patel

Associate Professor, Dairy Vigyan Kendra
Dairy Science College, Anand Agricultural University
Anand-388110
Mo. : 96012 79243
President
SEEG & Director of Extension Education
Anand Agricultural University, Anand
MESSAGE
Dr. P. P. Patel
The India is moving aggressively towards becoming the developed country. The agriculture is to play a
critical role in this process. The relationship of extension education with agricultural research has been obsessively
stuck in the institutional design of technology dissemination. There is a growing realization that extension cannot
remain confident to the narrow focus of simple technology dissemination. In fact it must include in its fold
activities such as human resource development – teaching farmers the skills of decision making, helping them to
develop leadership and community mobilization. Further, extension has a greater role in technology development,
assessment and refinement. Hence, we need to develop innovative and contemporary extension models, approaches
and methods which can fit in diverse agri-rural environment and help in agricultural development and ensure
livelihood security of the country.
The Society of Extension Education, Gujarat published the Gujarat journal of Extension Education
is a multidisciplinary national journal that includes scientific articles concerned with all aspects of extension
education in general and agricultural extension in particular. The Journal is peer reviewed and committed to timely
publication of original research and reviewed articles. The journal is designed mainly to serve researchers, dealing
with extension research.
The current issue of the journal contains 37 research papers covering a wide spectrum of topics ranging
from development of diffusion models to effectiveness of extension services. I hope that the readers will find them
useful and interesting.
At this juncture, I congratulate all extension educationists and members of the editorial board for their
sincere efforts and hard work for quality publication of this issue.
(P. P. Patel)
EDITORIAL
There is increasing recognition in India that agricultural research and extension must be more responsive
to the needs and constraints of the farming community. Moreover, the need for empowering farmers and linking
rural people to research, extension and to reach other through information technology for facilitating access to
crucial information is highly emphasized.
The country recorded impressive achievements in agriculture during three decades since the onset of green
revolution in late sixties. This enabled the country to overcome widespread hunger and starvation; achieve self
sufficiency in food; reduce poverty and bring economic transformation in millions of rural families. The situation,
however started turning adverse for the sector around mid nineties, with slowdown in growth rate of output, which
then resulted in stagnation or even decline in farmers’ income leading to agrarian distress, which is spreading and
turning more and more serious.
It is gratify to note that the publication of Gujarat Journal of Extension Education is being brought out as
a sincere commitment to the farmers’ community and the contributors of research papers. The contributors are to
be commended for bestowing their attention, which is time consuming, towards contributing high quality research
papers.
We are extremely grateful to the contributors for their sincere dedication in contributing to the journal.
We do hope that the keen interest shall be sustained in making the journal grow from strengthen to strengthen. We
are sure that the journal shall be of significant help to all the readers. At the same time , we request our readers to
provide a feedback for further improvement in the quality of the journal.
We would like to place on record my thanks to Dr.P.P.Patel, Director of Extension Education and President
of the Gujarat Society of Extension Education and all the members of the society for providing us this opportunity.
I appreciate the efforts of my colleagues and associate editors s/s Dr.N.V.Soni, Dr.V.T.Patel, Dr.M.R.Bhatt,
Dr.J.B.Patel, Dr.V.J.Savaliya and Dr.J.K.Patel after their extensive efforts and available different sources finalized
the articles. I would like to express my sincere thank to Dr.N.B.Chauhan, Dr.R.D.Pandya and Dr. P.R.Kanani for
sharing their valuable experiences, insights and knowledge to make our journal recognized.
We hope this publication will achieve its heights in disseminating information as well as evoking a
feedback from the scientists, extension workers and academicians interested in prosperity of farmers.
Your suggestions and comments are always welcome and we solicit the same.
(M.R.Prajapati)
Chief Editor
CONTENTS
Sr. Title Page

No. No.
1 Scale Development to Measure Attitude of Rose Growers Towards Improved 1

Rose Cultivation
D. D. Patel, P J Joshi and Nilesh P. Patel
2 Comparative Analysis of Recmmended and Estimated Cost of Cultivation of 4

Castor and Potato
S.A.Patel, Mayank.S.Patel and K.A.Thakkar
3 Relationship Between Attitude of Tribal Maize Growers Towards Organic 8

Farming and Their Selected Characteristics
A.D. Darandale and N.V. Soni
4 Perception and Expectations of the Farmers about Transfer of Technology System 10

in North Gujarat
D. B. Patel, K. A. Thakkar and K.S. Patel
5 Perception of Farmers Regarding Selected Aspects of Training Programme 14

Conducted by SSK
P.M.Bhatt, H. B.Patel and Nilesh P. Patel
6 Perception of the Farmers about Transfer of Technology System in North Gujarat 17

D. B. Patel, K. A. Thakkar and K. S. Patel
7 Awarness of Farmers Regarding Plant Protection Methods, Equipments and 21

Information Sources
J. K. Patel, F. K. Chaudhary and V. T. Patel
8 Knowledge Level Of Rose Growers about Improved Rose Cultivation 24

D. D. Patel, P J Joshi and P. P. Patel
9 Knowledge and Their Correlation with Personal and Socio-economic 26

Characteristics of Coriander Growers
S. R. Kumbhani, D. M. Thakrar, Kiran Chandravadia and R. H. Gondaliya
10 Extent of Adoption of Onion Growers about Post Harvest Technology 29

Vijay Poshiya and D.M. Thakarar
11 Adoption of no-cost and low-cost technologies of animal husbandry by tribal 31

dairy farmwomen
J. V. Prajapati, P. M. Bhatt and H. B. Patel
12 Demand Supply Gap and Dealers’ Margin for Hybrid Castor Seed in Gujarat 36
Harpreet Sodhi, K.P.Thakkar and S.M. Patel
13 Gap in Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity 39
of Maize Crop in Dahod District under ATMA Project
N.V.Soni, M.R.Bhatt and R.G.Machhar
14 Variables Persuade Socio-Techno-Economic Change in ITDP 43

B.S. Patel and K.F. Patel
15 Extent of Agricultural Modernization among the Tribal and Non-tribal Farmers 46

Mayur Prajapati, K.D.Solanki and Alpesh Prajapati
16 Socio-Economic Change as Result of Watershed Development Programme 51

C.D. Pandya and R.D. Pandya
17 Impact of National Watershed Development Project for Rainfed Areas of 53

Banaskantha District of Gujarat
A. S. Sheikh and B. T. Patel
18 Evaluation of Front Line Demonstration on Wheat 56

J.J.Mistry, K.J.Vihol and V.B.Patel
19 Revolutionary change in paddy production through Effective TOT in tribal belt 59

Nikulsinh M. Chauhan and A.P.Patel
20 Effect of Agricultural Modernization on Sustainable Livelihood Among the 63

Tribal and Non-Tribal Farmers
Mayur Prajapati, K.D.Solanki, Rakesh Patel and Rakesh Dhandhukia
21 FLD Impact Analysis on Scientific Cultivation of Chilli 68

B.M Tandel, K.A. Shah, Prabhu Nayaka and C.K Timbadia
22 Consequences of Linkages with Tribal Co-Operatives 70

Nikulsinh.M. Chauhan
23 Effect of Mass Media on Dairy Farmers Regarding Adoption Behaviour of 73

Animal Husbandry Practices
P.M.Bhatt and P. P. Patel
24 Self-Reliance in Paddy Seed through Seed Village Programme 76

Nikulsinh M. Chauhan and A.P.Patel
25 Constraints Faced by Cotton Growers in Management of Cotton Cultivation 80

A. A. Darandale, P. M. Bhatt and Nilesh P. Patel
26 Societal Paradox about Coriander Production Technology by the Coriender 83
Growers
S. R. Kumbhani, D. M. Thakrar, Chandravadia kiran, S.V.Undhad and M.K.Jadeja
27 Constraints faced by the Tribal youth while participating in the rural development 87
activities in Banaskantha District.
V.V.Prajapati and B..K .Patel
28 Difficulties Faced By the Woman Research Scholars of SAUs of Gujarat in Com- 90

puter Application
B.M.Christian and N.B.Chauhan
29 Constraints Faced by the Banana Growers in Adoption of Improved Banana 92

Cultivation Practices
H. B. Patel, P. M. Bhatt and N.V. Soni
30 Causes of Rural unemployment in India 96

A.K.Jain, D.K.Parmar and S. N. Shah
31 Constraints Faced by the Veterinary Officers in Performing their Job 101

H.B. Gardharia, M.N. Popat and G.R. Gohil
32 Teachers Problems Related to Research in Anand Agricultural University 104

P.M.Bhatt, Late B.B.Patel and P. P. Patel
33 Management efficiency and economic performance of marginal, small and medium 110
banana growers
H.B.Patel, P.M.Bhatt, and N.V. Soni
34 Study on Publication Behavior of the Agricultural Scientists 113

A. R. Makwan and M. S. Trivedi
35 Women Entrepreneurs and Empowerment in India 115

D.K.Parmar, K.M.Makwana, V.K.Modi and J. C. Shroff
36 Extension Personnel’s Demand about Farm Literature for The Peasantry 120
N.V. Soni, Mahesh R. Patel and Nilesh P. Patel
37 Deportment of Agricultural Scientists for Publishing Agricultural Literatures 122

for Farming Community
A. R. Makwan and M. S. Trivedi
For the Authors....
Guidelines for Authors
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education is the official publication of Gujarat Society of Extension
Education. It publishes original research paper in the field of extension education and allied fields.
Submission of manuscript :
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Arrangement of manuscript :
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rest entirely with the author/s thereof.
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
Scale Development to Measure Attitude of Rose Growers Towards Improved Rose Cultivation
D. D. Patel 1 ,P J Joshi 2 and Nilesh P. Patel 3
1 Assistant Extension Educationist , DoEE, AAU,Anand

2 Assistant Extension Educationist , DoR, AAU,Anand
3 Horticulture officer, office of DDOH, Anand
Email : [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The study was confined to develop a scale which can scientifically measure the attitude of rose growers
towards improved rose cultivation. Among the techniques available, “Scale product method” combining Thur-
ston’s technique of equal appearing interval scale for selection of items and Likert’s technique of summated rat-
ing for ascertaining the response on the scale was used. The final scale constitutes 20 statements. The calculated
reliability co-efficient is 0.856.
Keywords: Attitude, Rose gracers, Improved cultivation
INTRODUCTION Thurstone’s technique of equal appearing interval scale

(1928) for selection of items and Likert’s technique (1932) of
Management is one of the most important factors summated rating for ascertaining the response on the scale as
which help the rose growers to exploit natural resources and proposed by Eysenck and Crown (1949) was used.
accumulate capital. The efficient use of resources depends
Item Collection
to a greater extent on how rose growers acquire and adopt
innovations in the rose cultivation in effective manner to The items of attitude scale were called as statements.
reach higher levels of economic performance through their In initial stage for developing the scale large numbers of
statements about improved rose cultivation were collected
management efficiency. One of the important factors affecting
from relevant literature and discussion with experts of the
rose growers’ management efficiency is the attitude of rose
area. The statements, thus selected were edited according
growers. Attitude refers to the “degree of positive or negative
to the criteria laid down by Edward (1957) and finally 43
affect associated with some psychological object’’ (Thurstone, statements were selected as they were found to be non-
1946). Attitude, a psychological character is conceptualized ambiguous and non factual.
as positive or negative reaction of farmers towards improved
Item Analysis
rose cultivation. For the purpose, an attempt has been made
to develop a scale which can scientifically measure attitude of In order to judge the degree of ‘Unfavorableness’
rose growers towards improved rose cultivation. Favourableness’ of each statement on five point equal
appearing interval continuum a panel of judges was selected.
METHODOLOGY Seventy slips of the selected statements were handed over
to the professors and extension educationists of Gujarat
Among the techniques available, researcher Agricultural Universities, Horticulturist and extension
has selected ‘Scale product method’ which combines the functionaries of Gujarat State. The judges were requested
1
to judge each statement in terms of their agreement or Attitude towards improved cultivation practices
disagreement with the statements with the five point equal
Table 1: List of statements showing Attitude towards
appearing interval continuum. Out of these experts, only 50 improved rose cultivation
experts had returned the statements after dully recording their
Sr.
judgments and were considered for the analysis. Statements SA A N DA SD
No.
Determination of Scale and Values 1 Adopting improved
rose cultivation
The five points of the rating scale were assigned technology one
should get higher
scores ranging from 1 (for strongly disagree) to 5 (for strongly
yield.(4.14)
agree). For positive statements, 5,4,3,2 and 1 score was given 2 Improved rose
to strongly agree, agree, undecided,disagree and strongly cultivation is an
disagree respose respectively, while for negative statements instrument for
social and economic
scoring was reversed. Frequency distribution of the scores
change.( 3.99)
of judges was than prepared. Based on the judgment, scale 3 There is no risk in
(median) value and ‘Q’ value for each of 43 statements were adoption of improved
calculated by using following statistical formula. rose cultivation
technology.( 3.63)
0.50 - Pb 4 Only big farmers can
S = L + –––––––––– x i
do improved rose
PW
cultivation efficiently.
Where, S = The median or scale value of the statement ( 3.50)
5 No matter what rose
L = Lower limit of the interval in which the median falls growers may try,
crop yields will be
Pb = The sum of the proportion below the interval in improved only when
which the median falls god will it.( 2.59)
6 Only educated
Pw = The proportion within the interval in which the median farmers can cultivate
falls rose efficiently.( 3.61)
7 Improved rose
i= The width of the interval and is assumed to be equal
cultivation is difficult
to 1.0 ( one ).
as it requires more
technical skill.(2.33)
The inter-quartile range (Q = Q3 - Q1) for each
8 I would like to advise
statement was also worked out for determination of ambiguity my son to continue
involve in the statements. Based on the median and Q values, improved rose
20 statements were finally selected to constitute attitude cultivation (3-63)
9 Improved rose
scale. The final format of the scale is presented Table 1.
cultivation requires
Reliability of The Scale more labour.( 2.06)
10 Improved rose
The reliability of the test was examined by cultivation practices
are more complex
employing test-retest method. In this method, the developed
and technical in
attitude scale with 20 items was administered twice to the 20 nature.
rose growers at 15 days interval, who were neither previously (3-55)
interviewed nor had a chance to come in the final sample of 11 Proper technical
guidance is essential
study. Thus two sets of attitude scores were obtained for each
on agronomical
20 respondents. Co-efficient of reliability between the two practices on improved
sets of score was calculated by Rulon’s formula (Guliford rose cultivation.
1954), which was 0.856. (3.96)
2
12 Improved rose Scoring techniques

cultivation is more
The selected 20 statements for final format of the
suitable who have
attitude scale were randomly arranged to avoid response
their own irrigation
bias. Against each of 20 statements, there were five
facilities.( 4.28)
columns, representing a five point continuum of agreement
13 Status, respects or disagreement to the statements as followed by Likert
and prestige can be (1932). The points on continuum were strongly agree, agree
perceived by adopting , undecided, disagree and strongly disagree with weight of
improved rose 5,4,3,2 and 1 respectively for favourable (positive) statement
cultivation. (3.82) and with weight 1,2,3,4 and 5 respectively for unfavourable
14 As an innovator (negative) statement.
in improved
rose cultivation REFERENCES
technology he
gets aspiration for Edwards, A. L. (1957).Techniques of attitude scale
further progress construction. Vekils, Feffers and Simons, Pvt.ltd.,
in agricultural
Bombay.
production.( 3.90)
15 Improved rose Eysenck, H. J. and Crown, S. (1949). An experimental study
cultivator becomes
an example for other in opinion-attitude methodology. Int. J.Opin. Attitude
fellow farmers.( 4.57) Res., 3: 47-86.
16 People having
less income can Guilford, J. P. (1954). Psychometric methods, Tata McGraw
also be successful hill publishing Co., Bombay 597.
in improved rose
cultivation. (3.89) Likert, R. A. (1932). A technique for the measurement of
17 There is no surety of attitude scales. Arch. Psychol. New York, No.140.
getting higher price
from rose and its Thurstone, L. L. (1946). The measurement of attitude,
products.( 2.83)
Chicago Univ. Chicago Press. 39-50.
18 Improved rose
cultivation is costly
affair for small and
marginal farmers.(
3.56)
19 A rose grower should
think on higher yields
and economic return.
( 4.69)
20 The most successful
rose grower is one
who get maximum
of return from a
minimum cost.( 4.25)
SA= Strongly Agree, A = Agree, N= Neutral, DA= Disagree
& SD= Strongly Disagree
3
Comparative Analysis of Recmmended and Estimated Cost of Cultivation of Castor and Potato
S.A.Patel1 , Mayank.S.Patel2 and K.A.Thakkar3
1 Associate professor, Sardar Smruti Kendra, S.D.A.U., S.K.Nagar

2 Agril. Officer, Dept. of Agriculture, Gandhinagar
3 Professor & Head, Dept. of Extn. Edu., C.P.C.A., S.D.A.U., S.K.Nagar
ABSTRACT
The study was cunducted in three districts of north Gujarat namely, Banaskantha, Sabarkantha and
Mehsana purposively because castor and potato crops are the major crops of these districts. There commended
cost of cultivation of castor and potato crops was decided based on the package of practices recommended
by SAU for these crops. The data on actual cost of cultivation were gathered from the roports of the scheme
“cost of cultivation” being implemented by Department of Agriculture Economics, C.P.College of Agriculture,
S.D.A.U., Sardarkrushinagar. Under the scheme, the information on cost of cultivation was gathered from 120
castor growers and 120 potato growers of which the information of half of the farmers viz, 60 castor growers
and 60 potato growers was gathered for culculating actual cost of cultivation. The data revealed that there was
54.87 percent higher expenditure in cultivating potato crop as compared to recommended cost of cultivation. In
case of castor crop, the actual cost of cultivation was 18.81 percent higher as compared to recommended cost
of cultivation Of the various package of practices, the farmers make high expinditure on seeds (66.66 percent in
case of potato and 73.16 percent in case as castor) and fertilizers (58.20 percent in case of potato and 136.30
percent in case of castor crops.)
Keywords : comparative analysis, cost of cultivation castor, potato
INTRODUCTION in the Economic Department of C.P.College of Agriculture,

S.K.Nagar major area covered crop under cultivition Castor
The farmers can minimise it’s a profit by two
and Potato were selected purposively in Sabarkantha (Talod),
ways viz, incresed crop productivity and decreased cost of
Banaskantha (Deesa) and Mehsana (Vijapur) Districts. Total
cultivition. The state Agricultural Universities have released
120 potato growers and 120 Castor growers farmers were
no. of low cost recommondations. The present study therefore
selected for the study of FCS and PUK Out of those 60 potato
planned with the objectives.
and 60 castor growers were selected for the present study.
1 To study the personal and socio economic attributes of
respondents. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
2 To Estimate cost of cultivation of Castor and Potato
Table 1: Distribution of the respondents according to
crops for selected farmers
their age n=120
3 To calculate the cost of cultivation as per recommendation
of SDAU for Castor and Potato crops. Sr.
Age group Number Percent
4 To compare the estimated cost of cultivation and No.
calculated cost of cultivation for Castor and Potato 1 Young age (15-35) 20 16.66
crops 2 Middle age (36-50) 67 55.84
3 Old age (above 50 years) 33 27.50

METHODOLOGY
The present study was cunducted in on going
scheme Pak Utpadan Kharch (PUK) and Farm Cost study The data presented in Table :1 shows that maximum
4
numbers of respondents(55.84 percent) were belonged to Table 5 : Income and cost of cultivation per hector of
middle age group followed by old (27.50 percent)and young Castor crop for North Gujarat
age group(16.66 percent).
Year Yield qt./ Grossin- Cost CI Profit Loss
Table 2: Categories of farmers according to their land ha come Rs. Rs Rs.
holding n =10 2001-2 16.93 20119 19156 963
2002-3 15.35 29618 17426 12192
Sr. 2003-4 17.38 28191 17981 10210
Categories Number Percent
No. 2004-5 16.71 25880 19591 6089
1 Small 26 21.70 2005-6 17.72 25396 19402 5994
2 Medium 74 61.60 2006-7 18.33 34981 18454 16527
2007-8 20.17 50173 22768 27405
3 Large 20 16.70 2008-9 18.31 40753 24730 16023
2009-10 19.95 56101 22088 34013
Data in Table 2. revealed that majority of the 2010-11 18.60 92825 28871 63954
respondents ( 61.60%) had medium land holding level while
Table 6 : Cost of Fertilizer difference in Potato crop
16.70 percent and 21.70 percent of the respondents had large
level and small level categories of land holding .
Sr. N2/ha P2O5/ K2O/ Cost
Details
No. ha ha Rs/ha
Table 3 : Distribution of the respondents according to
their source of irrigation n=120 1 Reco, Ferti. 275 138 275 14290
Dose
Sr.
Categories Number Percent
No. 2 Ferti. used 344 230 22608
1 Tube well only 84 70 by farmers 275
2 Tube well with micro ir- 36 30 practice
rigation
3 Difference 69 92 00 8318
Data in Table 3 revealed that majority of the (25 %) (66 %)
respondents ( 84 percent) had utilized tube well as a source of
irrigation and remaining (30%) were used micro irrigation. Data in Table 6 revealed that 69.00 Kg. (25 %) N2/
ha and 92Kg. (66 %) P2O5/ha. were utilized more by farmers
Table 4 : Income and cost of cultivation per hector of in comparison of recommended dose by farmers practices in
Potato crop for North Gujarat Potato crop.
Year Yield qt./ Grossin- Cost CI Prof/Loss Table:7 Cost of Fertilizer difference in Castor crop
ha come Rs. Rs Rs.
Sr. N2/ha K2O/ Cost
2001-2 192.38 89028 55135 33893 Details P2O5/ha
No. ha Rs/ha
2002-3 224.38 60531 58297 2234 1 Reco, Ferti. 120 25 00 2560
2003-4 212.76 62247 49096 13151 Dose
2004-5 227.94 85902 56225 29677 2 Ferti. used 174 92 00 6050

by farmers
2005-6 219.20 105262 61557 43705 practice
2006-7 239.58 123305 70944 52361 3 Difference 54 67 00 3490
2007-8 285.72 87539 73681 13858 (45 %) (268 %)
2008-9 183.58 398793 50946 47847 Data in Table 7 revealed that 54.00 Kg. (45 %) N2/
2009-10 200.27 106603 72705 33898 ha and 67Kg (268 %) P2O5 /ha. were utilized more by farmers
in comparison of recommended dose by farmers practices in
2010-11 313.41 144837 70895 73942
Castor crop.
5
Table:8 Cost of Seed difference in Potato crop
Seeds Kg/ha Purchase Remarks

Sr. No. Details Cost in Rs
source
1 Reco,Seed.Dose 2500to3000 Self 25200 @Rs.9.00/Kg
(2800)
2 Seed.Used by farmers practice 2500to3000 Local market 42000 @Rs.15.00/Kg
(2800)
3 Difference - - 16800
(66 %)
Table:9 Cost of Seed difference in Rs. of Castor crop/ha
Seeds Kg/ha Purchase Remarks

Sr. No. Details Cost in Rs
source
1 Reco,Seed.Dose 5 to 7 Govt. 1155 @ 165/Kg
2 Seed.Used by farmers prac- 10 to 12 Local Market 2000 @ 200/Kg
tice
3 Difference 05 - 845 -
(73 %)
Data in Table : 8 revealed that Rs. 16800/ (66 %) Data in Table : 9..revealed that Rs.845/- (73 %) can
can be saved if farmer utilized recommended seed practice in be saved if farmer utilized recommended seed practice in
Potato crop Castor crop
Table:10.Total Cost of cultivation of Potato crops/ha
Sr. Details Cost as per Recommended Cost as per Farmers incresed percentage over
No. Practices in Rs. Practices in Rs. recommended practices
1 Seeds 2500 to3000 Kg/ha @ Rs.9.00/Kg. 2500 to3000 Kg/ha @ 66.66%

= 25200 Self Seed Rs.15.00/Kg. = 42000 Local
Market
2 Fertiliser 275:138:275 Kg/ha 344:230:275Kg/ha 58.20%

=Rs.14290 = Rs. 22608
Other - - - -
factors
remains
same
Total Rs. 45777 70895% 54.87%
Data in Table 10.revealed that total cost of C1 of is found Rs.25118/- (54.87 percentage more) if farmers not
recommended practice is Rs.45777/- while cost as per farmers utilized recommended practice.
practice is Rs.70895/- and net cost of cultivation difference
6
Table:11 Total Cost of cultivation of Castor crops/ha
Sr. Details Cost of cultivation as per Cost of cultivation as per Increased cost in
No. Recommended Farmers Practices in Rs. percentage over
Practices in Rs. recommended practices.
1 Seeds 5 to 7 Kg/ha @ Rs.165 =1155 10 to 12 Kg@200=2000 73.16%
2 Fertilizer 120:25:0 Kg/ha =Rs.2560 174:92:0 Kg/ha= 6050 136.3%
Other - - - -
factors
remains
same
Total Rs. 23036 Rs. 28871 Rs. 18.81
Data 11.revealed that total castor cultivation cost of irrigation. In potato crop 69 kg. N2/ha and 92 kg. P2O5
of C1 of recommended practice is Rs.23036/- while cost were utilized more by farmer in comparison of recommended
as per farmers practice is Rs.28871/- and net difference is fertilizer dose while In castor crop 54 kg. N2/ha and 67 kg.
found Rs.4335/- (18.81 % more) if farmers not utilized P2O5 /ha. were utilized more by the farmers. Potato grower
recommended practice. farmers can be saved Rs.16,800/- (66 %) and castor grower
CONCLUSION farmers can be saved Rs.845/- (73 %) if recommended
practices are utilized in seed aspect. In potato crop if farmer
The study revealed that maximum numbers of
avoid recommended practices cost of cultivation increased
respondents were belonged to middle age group mudium land
up to Rs.25,118/- (55 %) while in castor crop increased up to
holding level and majority has utilized toube well as source
Rs.4335 (19 %).
7
Relationship Between Attitude of Tribal Maize Growers Towards Organic Farming

and Their Selected Characteristics
A.D. Darandale1 and N.V. Soni2
IP.G. Student, B.A.C.A., A.A.U., Anand

Associate Extension Educationist, A.A.U., Anand
ABSTRACT
The present investigation was conducted in Vadodara district of Gujarat state. The findings of the study state
that majority of the tribal maize growers were in the middle age group with more than five family member, small to
medium size of land holding, literate and were found with medium to high income and had medium level of economic
motivation, scientific orientation, risk orientation, market orientation, knowledge level, extension contact and mass
media exposure. The findings of this investigation states that independent variables like, education, size of land
holding, annual income, herd size, social participation, extension contact, mass media exposure, scientific orientation,
risk orientation, economic motivation, market orientation and knowledge had positive and highly significant
correlation with attitude towards organic farming in maize crop. The variable like age and size of family shows negative
but nonsignificant relationship with attitude towards organic farming in maize crop.
Keywords : Relationship, Tribal maize grower and Organic farming. .
INTRODUCTION review of past research studies, an attempt has been made in this
investigation to ascertain the relationship if any, between their
Organic farming may be defined as a production
characteristics and attitude of tribal maize growers towards
system, which avoids or largely excludes the use of
organic farming.
synthetically compounded fertilizers, pesticides, growth
regulators, and livestock feed additive. To the maximum extent METHODOLOGY
feasible, organic farming systems rely upon crop rotations, crop
Vadodara district was chosen for the study. Total 120
residues, animal manures, legumes , green manures, off-
tribal maize growers doing animal husbandry and cultivating
farm organic wastes, mechanical cultivation, mineral bearing
the maize crop from last 5 years were be selected by
rocks and aspects of biological pest control to maintain soil
proportionate random sampling as respondents. The data
productivity and tilth, to supply plant nutrients and to control
were collected with the help of well-structured, pre-tested,
insects, weeds and other pests
Gujarati version interview scheduled through personal
After the green revolution was launched in India, contact and data were compiled, tabulated and analyzed to
substantial increase in the production of food grains was get proper answers for objectives of the study. Relationship
achieved through the use of improved crop varieties and higher between determined with help of Karl Pearson’s coefficient
levels of inputs fertilizers and plant protection chemicals. But correlation. The statistical tools used were percentage, mean
it has now been realized that the increase in production was score and standard deviation.
achieved at the cost of soil health. In fact, about 60 per cent of
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
our agricultural land currently under cultivation suffers from
indiscriminate use of irrigation water and chemical fertilizers. The action of individual farmers was governed
Most of the growth in the food production during the green by personal, social, economic, psychological and cultural
revolution period is attributed to the higher fertilizers use. factors involved in situation. Some farmers adopt new
Hence considering the important of these characteristics and agricultural technology more quickly than others because of
8
the difference in personal characteristics. Hence considering the variables like, education, size of land holding, annual income,
important of these characteristics, relationship between attitude herd size, social participation, extension contact, mass media
of tribal maize grower towards organic farming with their exposure, scientific orientation, risk orientation, economic
characteristics was worked out and results were obtained is motivation, market orientation and knowledge had positive and
presented in Table . highly significant correlation with attitude towards organic
farming in maize crop.. It clearly indicates that increase in
Table1: Relationship between the characteristics of
education, size of land holding, annual income, herd size,
tribal maize growers and their attitude towards
social participation, extension contact, mass media exposure,
organic farming practices in maize crop n = 120
scientific orientation, risk orientation, economic motivation,
Sr. Independent Variables Correlation- market orientation and knowledge was increases the attitude of
No. Coefficient tribal maize grower towards organic farming and vice versa.
(‘ r ‘ value)
The variable like age and size of family shows
1. Age -0.125(NS)
negative and non-significant relationship with the attitude of
2. Education 0.329” tribal maize grower towards organic farming. It clearly indicates
3. Size of family -0.046 (NS) that age and size of family are not important variables and they
4. Social participation 0.280** do not influence the attitude of tribal maize growers towards
5. size of Land holding 0.409** organic farming.
6. Annual income 0.265** CONCLUSION
7. Herd size 0.377** It can be concluded from the above findings that
8. Scientific orientation 0.328** the independent variables studies viz. education, size of
9. Economic motivation 0.261** land holding, annual income, herd size, social participation,
extension contact, mass media exposure, scientific orientation,
10. Risk orientation 0.364**
risk orientation, economic motivation, market orientation
11. Market orientation 0.774**
and knowledge had positive and highly significant correlation
12. Knowledge level 0.301** with attitude of tribal maize growers towards organic farming
13. Extension contact 0.306** whereas age and size of family of the attitude of tribal maize
14. Mass media exposure 0.244** grower had negative and non-significant correlation with attitude
behaviour.
NS = non significant at 0.05 level, * = significant at 0.05 level,
** = significant at 0.01 level REFERENCE
It is apparent from the data presented in the Table that Karl, Pearson. (1978). Hand Book of Agricultural Statistics .284-
285
9
Perception and Expectations of the Farmers about Transfer of Technology System

in North Gujarat
D. B. Patel1, K. A. Thakkar2 and K.S. Patel3
1 Assit. Extn. Educationist, Sheth B.R. Polytechnic in Horticulture, S. D. Agril. University, Jagudan,
2 Professor (Extn. Education), Directorate of Extn. Edu., S.D.A.U., Sardarkrushinagar,
3 Assit. Extn. Educationist, Atic, Directorate of Extn. Edu., S.D.A.U., Sardarkrushinagar.
E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
At present, various transfer of technology programmes are being implemented by State and Central
Government, Non-Government Organization, State Agricultural Universities and Private agencies. The success
or failure of the transfer of technology programmes depends upon how far its clients perceived the same. The
present study was therefore, planned to know the perception and expectations of the farmers about transfer
of technology system and to find out the relationship of the selected characteristics of the farmers and their
perception. Two districts of the North Gujarat, three talukas from each district, two villages from each talukas
and ten farmers from each village were selected randomly. Thus, 120 farmers from twelve villages of six talukas
of two districts were selected. It was observed that 62.50 per cent of the farmers perceived the transfer of
technology system as useful whereas, nearly 24.17 per cent perceived it less useful and only 13.33 per cent
farmers perceived it as more useful. Eight independent variable viz., reading habit (0.3068), training received
(0.3329), innovativeness (0.2927), risk orientation (0.3971), economic motivation (0.3786), achievement
motivation (0.4480), mass media exposure (0.4769) and extension participation (0.2976) were found having
significant and positive relationship with farmers’ perception about usefulness of transfer of technology. The
major expectations of the farmers from present transfer of technology system were; Provide technology as
per the resources availability with the farmers and consider group demand while offering technology, make
the necessary ensured arrangement for relevant input supply, credit delivery and marketing of farm produce,
Appointment of grass root level extension personnel on the basis of their qualification, Involvement of farmers
from different farming systems in preparing action plan of any program and on the spot solution of farmers’
problem be made available.
Keywords: Perception Expectations, Transfer of technology
INTRODUCTION Increase in agriculture production would have to be

necessarily obtained by appropriate agricultural technology
At present, various transfer of technology pro-
and its speedy transfer to the farmers through efficient
grammes are being implemented by State and Central Gov-
transfer of technology system.
ernment, Non-Government Organization, State Agricultural
Universities and Private agencies. The success or failure of To meet this emerging issue, it is worth necessary
the transfer of technology programmes depends upon how far to have a strong and efficient transfer of technology system.
its clients perceived the same. Therefore, to understand the usefulness of present transfer of
technology system for its beneficiaries, the study entitled “
10
perception and expectations of the farmers about transfer of Table 2: Correlation co-efficient of selected independent
technology system was undertaken. variables with farmers’ perception about transfer
of technology system n=120
METHODOLOGY
Sr. Characteristics ‘r’ value
The North Gujarat region consist of six districts, No.
of which two districts viz.; Mehsana and Patan, were selected
I Personal
randomly. From each district, three talukas from each district
1 Age (X1) - 0.0494 NS
and two villages from each taluka were selected using simple
random sampling method. From each talukas two villages 2 Education (X2) 0.1025 NS
and from each village, 10 respondents were selected randomly 3 Reading habit (X3) 0.3068**
making a sample size of 120 respondents.
4 Training received (X4) 0.3329**
Perception of the farmers about transfer of II Socio-economic
technology a standardize technique suggested by Likert 5 Annual income (X5) 0.1016 NS
(1932) with slight modification in the procedure.
6 Social participation (X6) 0.1318 NS
FINDINGS 7 Size of land holding (X7) 0.1013 NS
Perception of the farmers about transfer of technology III Psychological

system 8 Innovativeness (X8) 0.2927**
The data in this regard are presented in Table 1. 9 Risk orientation (X9) 0.3971**
10 Economic motivation (X10) 0.3786**
Table 1: Distribution of the farmers according to their
perception about usefulness of transfer of 11 Achievement motivation (X11) 0.4480**
technology system n=120 IV Communication

12 Mass media exposure (X12) 0.4769**
Sr. Category Number Per cent
No. 13 Extension participation (X13) 0.2976**
1 Less useful (Up to 90 score) 29 24.17 * = Significant at 0.05 level of significance
2 Useful (In betn 91 to 131 score) 75 62.50 **= Significant at 0.01 level of significance
3 More useful (Above 131 score) 16 13.33 NS= Non significant
Eight independent variables viz.; reading habit

It can be seen from Table 1 and that 62.50 per cent (0.3068), training received (0.3329), innovativeness (0.2927),
of the farmers perceived the transfer of technology system as risk orientation (0.3971), economic motivation (0.3786),
useful whereas, nearly one-fourth (24.17 %) of the farmers achievement motivation (0.4480), mass media exposure
perceived it transfer of technology system as less useful and (0.4769) and extension participation (0.2976) were found
only 13.33 per cent farmers perceived it as more useful. having significant and positive relationship with farmers’
perception about usefulness of transfer of technology system
Relational analysis at 0.01 level of significance.
The relationship between selected characteristics of Shortfalls in present transfer of technology system as
perceived by the farmers
the farmers and their perception toward transfer of technology
system is given in Table 2. The data in this regard are given in Table 3.
11
Table 3: Shortfalls as perceived by the farmers in present transfer of technology system n=120
Sr. Shortfalls Frequency Percent Rank

No.
1 No provision for women training programme as per their convince 74 61.67 V
2 Lack of technical competence with grass root level extension functionaries 78 65.00 IV
3 Latest technologies did not fulfill the farmers’ need 70 58.33 VII
4 Unavailability of the services of VEWs as and when required 90 75.00 III
5 Information pertaining to location specific problems is lacking with VEWs 72 60.00 VI
6 Lack of information about credit delivery, marketing, banking, crop weather 68 56.67 VIII
linkages etc.
7 Lack of provision of relevant inputs such as seed, pesticides, insecticides 56 46.67 X
etc. along with technology
8 Insufficient prices of the production 97 80.83 I
9 High labor cost 94 78.33 II
10 Lack of provision of sufficient demonstrations 52 43.33 XI
11 No provision of immediate solutions for field problem by VEWs 62 51.67 IX
12 VEWs did not give sufficient information about latest technologies 40 33.33 XII
It is obvious from the Table 3 that majority of women training programme as per their convenience (61.67
shortfalls as reported by more than 75 per cent farmer %), and information pertaining to location specific problem
were; insufficient prices of the production (80.83 %) with was lacking with VEWs (60.00 %), and latest technologies
first rank, high labour cost (78.33 %) with second rank and did not fulfill farmers’ needs (58.33 %).
unavailability of services of VEWs as and when required
The expectations of the farmers about transfer of
(75.00 %) with third rank. Other shortfalls in order of
technology system
importance were; lack of technical competence with grass
root level extension functionaries (65.00 %), No provision for The data in this regard are given in Table 4.
Table 4: Distribution of the farmers according to their expectations n=120
Sr. Expectations about future extension Farmers Rank

No. No. Percent
1 Involvement of farmers from different farming systems in preparing 62 51.66 IV
action plan of any program.
2 Provide technology as per the resources availability with the farmers 81 67.50 I
and consider group demand while offering technology.
3 Make the necessary ensured arrangement for relevant input supply, 77 64.16 II
credit delivery and marketing of farm produce.
4 On the spot solution of farmers’ problem be made available. 61 50.83 V
5 Appointment of grass root level extension personnel on the basis of 66 55.00 III
their qualification.
6 Technology is tested adequately before its transmission to farmers’ 50 41.66 VI
field under close supervision of researchers, extension personnel and
farmers.
7 Schedule of visit be followed strictly by extension personnel. 47 39.17 VII
The information pertaining to expectations of the tion and was ranked first.
farmers about future transfer of technology system is present-
CONCLUSIONS
ed in Table 4.
It can be concluded that majority of the farmers
It could be highlighted from Table 4 that maximum
perceived present transfer of technology system as useful.
number of farmers (67.50 %) stated “provide technology as
The important shortfalls the major expectations of the
per the resources availability with the farmers and consider
farmers to overcome the shortfalls in present transfer of
the group demand while offering technology” as an expecta-
12
technology system were: Providing technology as per the Saiyad A. S. (2000). A study on role perception and role
resources availability with the farmers, group demand shall performance of woman arpanches of gram
be considered while offering the technology and make the panchayats in Anand district of Gujarat State. Ph.D.
necessary arrangement for relevant input supply be made. (Thesis Unpublished), GAU, Anand.
REFERENCE Sawant, R. P. (2001). Perception of farmers and extension

personnel about usefulness of existing extension
Chavada V. N. (2006). Farmers’ perception about usefulness
system. Ph. D. Thesis (Unpublished), GAU,
of agriculture extension system. Ph.D. Thesis (Un-
Sardarkrushinagar.
published), JAU, Junagadh.
13
Perception of Farmers Regarding Selected Aspects of Training Programme Conducted by SSK
P.M.Bhatt1, H. B.Patel2 and Nilesh P. Patel
1 Director, Institute of Distance Education Anand (IDEA), AAU,Anand

2 Assoc.Ext.Edun;st, DOEE, AAU, Anand
E-mail : [email protected]
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to find out the perception of trainees regarding selected aspects of training
programme carried out by SSK, AAU, Anand during the year 2005-06. The trainees were highly satisfied with
accuracy to subject matter, knowledge of subject and audio-visual equipment with respect to subject matter,
quality of trainer and physical facility aspects of training, respectively. The average score in view of different
aspects of subject matter was more than one (the scores given to satisfactory response) so it indicates that trainees
were satisfied with all the aspect of subject matter. It was also notice that majority of the trainees were opined that
the training was based on their needs and interest.
Keywords: Perception, trainees, different aspects of subject matter
INTRODUCTION facility scale developed by Patil et..al, (1996) was used.
Sardar Smruti Kendra is conducting the short dura- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
tion (one to four days) training programmes for the farming
The data depicted in Table 1 that majority of the
community of middle Gujarat (Anand, Amdavad, Kheda, Va-
trainees had young to middle age (83.75 per cent), up to high-
dodara, Dahod and Panchmal) for farmers, farm women and
er secondary level of education (80.00 per cent), large fam-
rural youth. Since inception of Sardar Smruti Kendra, many
ily size (64.37 per cent), up to 2 ha. of land holding (84.37
training programmes are organized every year for farmers,
per cent), membership in 1-2 social organization (70.00 per
farmwomen and farm youth.In order to know the perception
cent), agriculture and animal husbandry as a major occupa-
of farmers regarding selected aspects of training programme,
tion (74.37 per cent) and up to two animals (67.50 per cent).
present study was carried out with following objectives :
1 To study the socio-economic characteristics of the farm-
their profile n= 160
ers
Sr. Characteristics Respondents
2 To study the perception about selected aspects of training
No. No Per cent
programme.
1 Age
METHODOLOGY Young ( up to 35 years) 32 20.00
Middle ( 36 to 55 years) 102 63.75
The present survey was conducted in middle Gu- Old ( above 55 years) 26 16.25
jarat. The responses were collected from the trainees who 2 Education
Illiterate 00 00
avails the training at Sardar Smruti Kendra during 2005-06.
Primary education 19 11.87
From the trainees 160 trainees were selected randomly. To Secondary education 30 18.75
measure the perception of the trainees regarding selected Higher secondary education 79 49.38
aspect of training i.e. satisfaction under different aspects of College education 32 20.00
subject matter, satisfaction under different aspects of quality
of trainer and satisfaction under different aspects of physical
14
Sr. Characteristics Respondents cent) followed by ratio of lecture to discussion (72.50 per
No No Per cent cent) and relevance of subject matter wherever, a consider-
3 Family Size able per cent( 33.75) reported un satisfaction with adequacy
Small ( Upto 5 member 57 35.63 of subject matter. The average score in view of different as-
Large (More than 5 mem- 103 64.37 pects of subject matter was more than one (the scores given to
ber) satisfactory response) so, it indicates that trainees were satis-
4 Land holding fied with all the aspect of subject matter.
Up to one ha. 78 48.75
1.1 to 2.00 ha. 57 35.62 Further, table -2 data shows that the trainees ex-
2.10 to 4.00 ha. 25 15.63 pressed their high satisfaction towards Knowledge of subject
5 Herd Size (80.00 per cent) followed by method of presentation (78.75
No animals 00 0.00
per cent) and use of audio-visual aids (52.50 per cent). Fur-
Up to two animals 108 67.50
More than 3 animals 52 32.50 ther it was also noticed that trainees were satisfied with abil-
6. Social participation ity to admit mistake (86.20 per cent), approach in teaching
No membership 09 5.63 (60.00 per cent) and skill in human relation (57.50 per cent).
Membership in 1-2 org. 112 70.00 The average score in view of different aspects of quality of
Membership in >2 org 39 24.37 trainer was more than one (the scores given to satisfactory
7. Occupation response). Therefore, it implies that trainees were satisfied
Agriculture 32 20.00 with all the aspect of quality of trainer.
Agriculture+ A.H. 119 74.37
Agriculture +others 09 5.63 It can be inferred from the table 2 that majority of the
trainees were satisfied or highly satisfied with all aspects of
It is clear from the table-2 that the trainees were
physical facility.
highly satisfied with accuracy to subject matter( 90.00 per
Table 2 : Distribution of the respondents with respect to satisfaction under different aspects of subject matter
n= 160
Sr. Aspect of subject matter Distribution of trainees Av.

No. Highly satisfied Satisfied Not satisfied Score
No. Per cent No. Per cent No. Per cent
Subject matter
1 Relevance of subject matter 100 62.50 60 37.50 - - 1.63
2 Applicability to subject matter 80 50.00 80 50.00 - - 1.50
3 Ratio of lecture to discussion 116 72.50 20 12.50 24 15.00 1.58
4 Adequacy of subject matter 90 56.25 16 10.00 54 33.75 1.23
5 Accuracy to subject matter 144 90.00 10 6.25 06 3.75 1.86
Quality of trainer
1 Knowledge of subject 128 80.00 22 13.75 10 6.25 1.73
2 Method of presentation 126 78.75 28 17.50 06 3.75 1.75
3 Use of audio-visual aids 84 52.50 76 47.50 - - 1.53
4 Skill in human relation 60 37.50 92 57.50 8 5.00 1.33
5 Approach in teaching 46 28.75 96 60.00 18 11.25 1.18
6 Ability to admit mistake 16 10.00 138 86.20 6 3.75 1.06
Physical facility
1 Seating arrangement 110 68.75 50 31.25 - - 1.69
2 Audio-visual equipment 130 81.25 20 12.50 10 6.25 1.75
3 Demo. farm for practical training 116 72.50 20 12.50 24 15.00 1.58
4 Boarding and lodging 60 37.50 100 62.50 - - 1.38
5 Library facility 96 60.00 58 36.25 6 3.75 1.56
6 Recreation facility 110 68.75 46 28.75 4 2.5 1.27
Table -3 revealed that majority of the trainees (73.75 per cent) est. None of them were reported lack of relationship of the train-
were opined that the training was based on their needs and inter- ing with their needs and interest.
15
The results from the table -4 indicated that majority (80.00 per cent), large family size (64.37 per cent), up
of the trainees (63.75 per cent were not satisfied with duration to 2 ha. of land holding (84.37 per cent), membership
of the training period while they perceived satisfaction (61.25 in 1-2 social organization (70.00 per cent), agriculture
per cent) with timing or month of training. and animal husbandry as a major occupation (74.37 per
cent) and up to two animals (67.50 per cent).
their perception of training with their needs and interest • The trainees were highly satisfied with accuracy to
subject matter ( 90.00 per cent), expressed their high
n= 160 satisfaction towards Knowledge of subject (80.00 per
cent),and were were satisfied or highly satisfied with all
Sr. Extent of perceived No. Per cent
aspects of physical facility.
No. relationship
1 To great extent 118 73.75 • Majority of the trainees (73.75 per cent) were opined that
2 To some what extent 42 26.25 the training was based on their needs and interest and
3 Not at all - - were not satisfied with duration of the training period
Table-4 : Distribution of the respondents according to while they perceived satisfaction (61.25 per cent) with
their perception to their satisfaction with dura- timing or month of training.
tion and timing n = 160 REFERENCES
Sr. Level of Duration of Timing of Patil, S.L., Sundara Swami, B. and Patil, V.G.1996. Develop-
No. satisfaction training training ment of scale to measure perception of farmers about use-
No Per cent No. Per cent fulness of NAEP. Maharashtra J. Extn.Edun. 15:125-131
1 Satisfied 58 36.25 98 61.25
2 Not satisfied 102 63.75 62 38.75 Soni, R.L. 1992. Farmers response towards vocational train-
ing programmes in Jodhpur district (Rajsthan), M.Sc.
CONCLUSION (Agri.) theses (Unpublished), RAU, Udaipur.
• Majority of the trainees had young to middle age (83.75

per cent), up to higher secondary level of education
16
Perception of the Farmers about Transfer of Technology System in North Gujarat
D. B. Patel1, K. A. Thakkar2 and K. S. Patel3
1 Assit. Extn. Educationist, Spices Research Station, S. D. Agril. University, Jagudan

2 Professor (Extn. Education), Directorate of Extn.Edu., S.D.A.U., Sardarkrushinager
3 Assit. Extn. Educationist, Atic, Directorate of Extn.Edu., S.D.A.U., Sardarkrushinager
ABSTRACT
The present study was conducted in two randomly selected districts of North Gujarat namely, Mehsana
and Patan. From each district two talukas and from each taluka three villages were selected randomly. Thus,
total twelve village from six talukas were selected randomly. From each village ten farmers were selected at
random, making a sample of 120 farmers. For measurement of perception a scale was developed using the data
revealed that majority of the farmers (62.50 %) perceived the present Transfer of Technology system as useful.
Five characteristics namely, reading habit, training received, innovativeness, economic motivation and mass
media exposure established positively significant relationship with the farmers’ perception towards present
transfer of technology system. All the nine selected variables explained 44.79 % variation in farmers’ perception
toward Transfer of Technology system.
Keywords : Perception, Transfer of Technology, Correlation co-efficient, Multiple regression
INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY
At present, various transfer of technology pro- The present study was conducted in North Gujarat
grammes are being implemented by State and Central Gov- region of Gujarat State, because this region fells under the
ernment, Non-Government Organization, State Agricultural jurisdiction of Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural
Universities and Private agencies. Increase in agriculture pro- University, Sardarkrushinagar.The ex-post-facto research
duction would have to be necessarily obtained by appropriate design was adopted to collect the data. Out of 6 districts
agricultural technology and its speedy transfer to the farmers under North Gujarat region of Gujarat State consisted two
through efficient transfer of technology system. To meet this districts viz.; Mehsana and Patan.were selected randomly.
emerging issue, it is worth necessary to have a strong and ef- Three talukas from each district and two villages from each
ficient transfer of technology system. The success or failure taluka were selected using simple random samling method.
of the transfer of technology programmes depends upon how For the standardized scales to measure perception of the
far its clients perceived the same. Therefore, to understand farmers about transfer of technology system in North Gujarat
the usefulness of present transfer of technology system for its region of Gujarat State. For constructing the scale, resorted
beneficiaries, the study entitled “ perception of the farmers the methodology suggested by Likert (1932) with slight
about transfer of technology system in North Gujarat” was modification in the procedure.
undertaken.
Initially, 38 statements covering the entire universe
OBJECTIVE of content were collected. These statements were then edited
according to the 14 criterea laid down by Edward (1957). In
The present study was conceived with a general
all, 36 statements were selected. A set of these statements
objective to measure “Perception of the farmers about
were them handed over to the 120 judges with request to
transfer of technology system in North Gujarat”
give their judgments by assigning proper rating to each
17
statement. Out of these, 80 responses were received. These was calculated and 29 statements were selected.
judges were asked to respond to each statement on the five-
point continuum i.e. ‘strongly agree’, ‘agree’, ‘undecided’,
’disagree’ and ‘strongly disagree’. The scoring pattern was The facts and findings derived after analyzing the
5, 4, 3, 2 and 1 for positive and 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 for negative data have been presented under the following sub heads:
statements, respectively. Finally ‘t’ value for each statement
Personal characteristics of the farmers
Table 1 : Personal characteristics of the farmers n=120
Sr. No. Characteristics Category Number Per cent

1 Age 1 Young (Up to 35 years) 10 08.33
2 Middle (In betn35 to 50 years) 47 39.17
3 Old (Above 50 years) 63 52.50
2 Education 1 Illiterate 01 00.83
2 Primary education 30 25.00
3 Secondary education 43 35.83
4 Higher secondary education 26 21.67
5 College and above 20 16.67
3 Reading habit 1 No reading habit 06 05.00
2 Read one literature only 54 45.00
3 Read two literature 33 27.50
4 Read more than two literatures 27 22.50
4 Training received 1 No training 54 45.00
2 One-two trainings 37 30.83
3 More than two trainings 29 24.17
5 Annual income 1 Low (Upto 68000 Rs) 12 10.00
2 Medium (In betn 68001 to172000 Rs) 96 80.00
3 High (Above 172000 Rs) 12 10.00
6 land holding Marginal (Up to 1.00 ha) 19 15.84
Small (In betn 1.01 to 2.00 ha) 34 28.33
Medium (In betn 2.01 to 4.00 ha) 40 33.33
Large (More than 4.00 ha) 27 22.50
7 Innovativeness 1 Low innovativeness (1 score) 36 30.00
2 Medium innovativeness (2 score) 48 40.00
3 High innovativeness (3 score) 36 30.00
8 Economic motivation 1 Low (Up to 14 score) 35 29.17
2 Medium(Inbetn15 to 16 score) 71 59.17
3 High (Above 16 score) 14 11.66
9 Mass media exposure 1 Low mass media exposure 16 13.33
(Up to 22 score )
2 Medium mass media exposure 79 65.83
(In betn 23 to 28 score)
3 High mass media exposure 25 20.84
(Above 28 score)
18
It can be observed from Table 1 that majority of Table 3: Correlation co-efficient of selected independent
the farmers (52.50 %) were in the old age group followed by variables with farmers’ perception about
middle age group(39.17 %). Maximum no of the respondents transfer of technology system
were found to have secondary education (35.83 %) followed by n= 120
those with primary education( 25.00 %) and higher secondary
education(21.67 %). In case of their reading habit, 45.00 per Sr. Characteristics ‘r’ value
cent of the farmers read only one publication, whereas 27.50 and No.
22.50 per cent of them were reading two publications and more I. Personal
than two publications, respectively. So for training is concerned
(45.00 %) farmers were untrained. Majority of them (80.00 %) 1 Age (X1) 0.0494 NS
had medium annual income. Maximum number of them (33.33 2 Education (X2) 0.1025NS
%) was in the medium land holding followed by small holding
(28.33 %) group. Two out of five (40.00 %) farmers were found 3 Reading habit (X3) 0.3068**
to have medium innovativeness. Little more than half (59.17 %) 4 Training received (X4) 0.3329**
had medium economic motivation and majority (65.83 %) of
them had medium level of mass media exposure. II. Socio-economic
5 Annual income (X5) 0.1016 NS

Perception of the farmers
6 Size of land holding (X6) 0.1013 NS
The data in this regards are presented in Table-2
III. Psychological
Table 2: Perception of the farmers about usefulness of
transfer of technology system n= 120 7 Innovativeness (X7) 0.2927**
8 Economic motivation (X8) 0.3786**

Sr. Category Number Per cent
No. IV. Communication
9 Mass media exposure (X9) 0.4769**

1 Less useful (Up to 90 score) 29 24.17
2 Useful (In betn 91 to 131 75 62.50 * = Significant at 0.05 level of significance
score) **= Significant at 0.01 level of significance
3 More useful (Above 131 16 13.33 NS= Non significant

score)
Based on the coefficient of correlations, five
independent variables viz.; reading habit (0.3068), training
It can be seen from Table 2 that 62.50 per cent of
received (0.3329), innovativeness (0.2927), economic
the farmers perceived the transfer of technology system as
motivation (0.3786), and mass media exposure (0.4769)
useful whereas, 24.17 percent of them perceived the transfer
were found having significant and positive relationship
of technology system as less useful and only 13.33 per cent
with farmers’ perception about usefulness of transfer of
farmers perceived it as more useful.
technology system at 0.01 level of significance. Whereas;
Relational analysis age, education, annual income and size of land holding were
failed to establish any significant relationship with farmers’
Zero order Correlation perception about usefulness of transfer of technology system.
With a view to find out the relationship between the Multiple regression analysis
independent variables and level of perception (dependent
variable) about usefulness of TOT system, the correlation co- In multiple regression analysis, all the 9 indepen-
efficient (‘r’ value) was calculated.Zero order correlation are dent variables were fitted to explain the variation in farmer’s
given in Table 3. perception about usefulness of transfer of technology system.
The results are presented in Table 4.
19
Table 4: Multiple regression analysis of the selected independent variables with farmers’ perception about TOT
system n=120
Sr. Variables Regression S.E.of “b” ‘z’ value

No. Co-efficient (b)
I Personal characteristics
1 Age (X1) -0.1011 0.1479 -0.683
2 Education (X2) -1.9402 1.7512 -0.908
3 Reading habit (X3) 1.8783 2.0438 0.919
4 Training received (X4) -0.3398 1.6829 -0.202
II Socio-economic characteristics
5 Annual income (X5) -0.00013 0.000326 -0.407
6 Size of land holding (X7) -0.2264 0.4810 -0.471
III Psychological characteristics
7 Innovativeness (X8) 5.0883 2.3603 2.156**
8 Economic motivation (X10) 2.8190 1.1961 2.357**
IV Communication characteristics
9 Mass media exposure (X12) 2.0233 0.6263 3.230**
* = Significant at 0.05 level (0.983) of significance ** = Significant at 0.01 level (1.985) of significance R2 = 0.4479
All the independent variables mentioned in to such characteristics viz.; age, education, reading habit,
Table- 4 explained as much as 44.79 per cent of total interpersonal communication, mass media exposure
variation in the farmer’s perception about usefulness of and extension participation while selecting the contact
transfer of technology system. The unexplained varia- farmers.
tion of 55.21 per cent may be due to the factors outside 3 The characteristics of farmers viz.; The extension
the scope of the study. organizations shall give due importance to develop
the communication skill of the farmers by organizing
It can also be revealed that the “z” values of three
different extension activities frequently and encourage
variables i.e. Innovativeness (2.156), economic motivation
them to participate in the same which help farmers
(2.357) and mass media exposure (3.230) were significant at
to make their positive perception about usefulness of
0.01 level of significance. These three variables significantly
transfer of technology system.
contributed in explaining the variation in farmer’s perception
about the usefulness of transfer of technology system. 4 The important shortfalls faced by most of the farmers
may be responsible for low or medium level of perception
Remaining variables have failed to contribute about usefulness of transfer of technology system. Hence,
significantly in farmer’s perception about the usefulness of it is worth necessary to consider their shortfalls in future
present transfer of technology system. transfer of technology programme planning and try to
minimize these shortfalls. This will help in changing
CONCLUSION the farmers’ perception about usefulness of transfer of
technology system.
Majority of the farmers (62.50 %) perceived the
present transfer of technology system as useful and it is sad REFERENCES
to note that only 13.33 per cent farmers perceived the transfer
of technology system as more useful. Eight valuables namely, Chavada V. N. (2006). Farmers’ perception about usefulness
innovativeness, risk orientation, economic motivation, of agriculture extension system. Ph.D. thesis (Unpub-
achievement motivation, mass media exposure, reading lished), JAU, Junagadh.
habit, training received and extension participation were
found having significant and positive relationships with the Lanjewar, D. M. and Shirke, R. A. (1991). Perception about
perception about usefulness of transfer of technology system. social forestry among farmers. Mah. J. Extn. Edu.,
10(1):93-98.
IMPLICATIONS
Saiyad A. S. (2000). A study on role perception and
On the basis of present study, following implications role performance of woman sarpanches of gram
are made for improvement in present transfer of technology panchayats in Anand district of Gujarat State. Ph.D.
system: Thesis (Unpublished), GAU, Anand.
1 The developed scales may be administered to any Sawant, R. P. (2001). Perception of farmers and extension
categories of farmers with due modification to measure personnel about usefulness of existing extension
their perception about usefulness of present transfer of system. Ph. D. Thesis (Unpublished), GAU,
technology system. Sardarkrushinagar.
2 The study suggested that due weightage shall be given
20
Awarness of Farmers Regarding Plant Protection Methods, Equipments

and Information Sources
J. K. Patel 1, F. K. Chaudhary2 and V. T. Patel3
1 Assistant Professor, Dept.of Extn.Edu, C.P.C.A, S.D.A.U, Sardarkrushinagar.

2 Subject Matter Specialist ( Pl.Pro), K.V.K, S.D.A.U, Deesa.
3 Programme Coordinator, K.V.K, S.D.A.U, Deesa.
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted in Vadgam taluka of Banaskantha district of Gujarat state. The information
was collected by distributing the questionnaires to ten randomly selected farmers who were present these mass
campaigns. A total 25 villages were covered and the size of the sample was kept 250 for the study. Based on the
finding of the study, majority of the farmers had knowledge about major pests of the crops, spraying insecticides
in the crops and giving seed treatment and used plant protection equipments. While majority of the farmers pre-
pared a pesticides solution approximately and did not use protective wears at the time of preparing & spraying
pesticide.
Keywords : Awarness, Krushi Rath
NTRODUCTION schedule from ten randomly selected farmers who were

present in the mass campaigns (Krushi mahotsav). Thus, total
Krushi Mahotsav is an intensive convergence and
250 farmers were selected from 25 villages randomly. The
mass contact strategy was successfully organized for four
data were tabulated, analyzed and interpreted in light of the
consecutive years i.e. 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010 before
objectives of the study.
the onset of monsoon in respective years. Gujarat was a
pioneered in having such unique month – long programme of Table 1 : Distribution Of The Respondents According To
mass contact of agricultural scientist with the farmers of the Their Personal Attributes n= 250
state. The contact was made through a mobile exhibition van
called KRUSHI-RATH in each and every village of the state. Sr. No. Personal Attributes Number Percent
The farmers were educated with collective efforts of all the 1 Age Group
government and non-government agencies engaged in rural Young Age (15-35Yrs.) 46 18.40
development with highly qualified agricultural scientists. Middle Age (35-50Yrs.) 116 46.40
Thus, this campaign was meant for all round development of Old Age (Above 50 Yrs.) 88 35.20
farming community. As we know, successful plant protection 2 Education level
increases the crop production to the tune of 20-30 per cent. Illiterate 54 21.60
Keeping this fact the study was undertaken to know awareness Primary level (1-7 std.) 116 46.40
of the farmers regarding plant protection in agriculture with Secondary level (8-10std.) 30 12.00
following specific objectives: Higher Secondary level (11- 44 17.60
12 std.)
METHODOLOGY College level 06 2.40
The present study was carried out in vadgam 3 Caste Group
taluka of banaskantha district of Gujarat state during krushi General 24 09.60
mahotsav – 2010. The questionnaire was developed with S.E.B.C (Baxi) 214 85.60
the help of Associates professor of the extension education Schedule Caste ( S.C ) 12 04.80
department. The information was collected through interview Schedule Tribe ( S.T ) 00 00.00
21
The data presented in Table 1 that majority (46.40 coming from Socially and Economically Backward Class
per cent) of Respondents belongs to middle age group (35- (85.60 per cent).
50 years), having primary education (46.40 per cent) and
Table 2 : Distributions of the respondents according to their knowledge about pest n=250
Sr.No Name of Crop Name of Pest Number Per cent

1 Groundnut (a) White grub 94 37.60
(b) Aphids 10 04.00
2 Cotton (a) Spotted ball worm 88 35.20
(b) Heliothis 112 44.80
(c) Sucking pest 112 44.80
3 Sesamum (a) Ear head worm 226 90.40
4 Castor (a) Semilooper 236 94.40
(b) Capsule borer 16 06.40
5 Mustard (a) Aphids 236 94.40
(b) Saw fly 14 05.60
6 Wheat (a) Heliothis 12 04.80
(b) Termites 238 95.20
It can be seen from the Table 2 that great majority per cent of the respondents had knowledge about White grub
(more than 90.00 per cent) of the respondents had knowledge in groundnuts and cotton pest. It is clear from the table that
about Termites in wheat, Aphids in mustard, Semilooper in majority of the respondents had knowledge about major pest
castor and Ear head worm in sesamum. Between 35 to 45 of the crop.
Table 3 : Distributions of the respondents according to their sources of information regarding pesticide use n= 250
Sr.No Motivational Sources Number Per cent Rank

1 Village Level Worker 172 68.80 II
2 Pesticides Dealers 224 89.60 I
3 Relatives/Neighbours 04 01.60 VI
4 Self experience/Knowledge 38 15.20 V
5 SAU’S Scientists 48 19.20 IV
6 Farm Publication 98 39.20 III
The data presented in Table 3 reveal that Pesticides reported by (68.80 per cent) of the respondents. Remaining
dealers was the main information source for getting information sources for getting information in descending
information ( 89.60 per cent) of the respondents. The second order were farm publication, SAU’s scientists, self experience
important information source was village level worker, and relatives.
Table 4 : Distributions of respondents according to method of application of pesticide n=250
Sr. Control Methods Number Per cent Rank

No
1 Spray 240 96.00 I
2 Soil application 48 19.20 IV
3 Seed treatment 204 81.60 II
4 Pesticides application through irrigation water 106 42.40 III
5 Cleaning of bunds 18 07.20 V
6 Biopesticides/ Biocontrol 04 01.60 VI
7 Ploughing 02 00.80 VII
22
It is evident from the data presented in Table 4 It is evident from the data presented in Table
that majority (96.00 per cent) of the respondents’ spray the 6 that majority (78.40 per cent) of the respondents used
pesticides on the plants for control the pest, followed by seed approximate proportion of pesticides solution for control the
treatment (81.60 per cent), through irrigation water (42.40 pest, only 21.60 per cent respondents prepared a solution as
per cent) and soil application (19.20 per cent) respectively. It per recommendation for control the pest.
can be concluded from the table that majority of the farmer Table 7 : Distributions of the respondents according
spraying pesticides on plants and giving seed treatment for preparation of to use of pesticide solution
pest control. n= 250
Table 5 : Distributions of the respondents according to Sr. Statements Number Per Total Rank
method of application of pesticide n= 250 No. cent Score
1 Hand shaking 86 34.40 172 II
Sr. Protection Equipments Number Per cent 2 Shaking with 104 41.60 208 I
No stick
1 Knapsack sprayer 69 55.20 2 Wear hand 25 10.00 50 III
gloves
2 Aspee bollow sprayer 50 40.00
4 Use Mask 35 14.00 70 IV
3 Rotary duster 23 18.40 The data presented in the Table 7 that majority (66.40
per cent) of the respondents shaking pesticides solution with
4 Pheromones traps 09 07.20
stick, followed by shaking pesticides solution through hand.
5 Light traps 03 02.40 Mostly did not use mask as well as did not wear hand gloves.
CONCLUSION
The data presented in the Table 5 that more than half
(55.20 per cent) of the respondents use Knapsack sprayer for Majority of the respondents belonged to middle
the spraying, followed by Aspee bollow sprayer and Rotary age, having primary education and from socially and
duster for the pest control by 40.00 and 18.40 per cent. It can Economically Backward Class. More than 90.00 per cent
be concluded from the table that majority of the respondents of the respondents had knowledge about major pests of the
had used Knapsack sprayer and Aspee bollow sprayer for crop growing in the area and receiving information about
control of pest. They did not used the low cost methods of pesticides from the pesticides dealers. Nearly about 90.00 per
pest control. cent of the respondents spraying the pesticide on the crop and
giving treatment to seed. Majority of the respondents used
Table 6 : Distributions of the respondents according to
knapsack sprayer and Aspee bollow sprayer for spraying
use of pesticide dose n= 250
pesticides. More than two-third of the respondents used
approximate proportion of pesticides solution for control the
Sr. Statements Number Per Total Rank
pest, majority of the respondents did not use mask as well
No. cent Score
as did not wear hand gloves while preparing solution and
1 As per 54 21.60 108 II spraying.
recommen-
dation
2 Approximate 196 78.40 196 I

proportion
23
Knowledge Level Of Rose Growers about Improved Rose Cultivation
D. D. Patel 1 ,P J Joshi 2 and P. P. Patel 3
1 Assistant Extension Educationist , DoEE, AAU,Anand

2 Assistant Extension Educationist , DoR, AAU,Anand
3 Director of Extension Education, AAU, Anand
ABSTRACT
Knowledge of farmers plays an important role in adoption of improved agricultural technologies. The
Study was undertaken in Dholka taluka of Amdavad district of Gujarat state to study knowledge level of rose
growers about improved rose cultivation. A random sampling procedure was adopted for the selection of respon-
dents from the selected villages and total 127 rose growers were selected. The study indicated that majority
(68.50 per cent) of the rose growers had medium level of knowledge about improved rose cultivation practices
followed by 18.90 per cent who had low level of knowledge. There were only 12.60 per cent of the respondents
who had high level of knowledge about improved rose cultivation practices.
Keywords: Knowledge, Improved rose cultivation
INTRODUCTION on specific criteria. These selected villages were considered

as stratum and with the help of proportional allocation
Among flowers, rose (Rosa indica) is one of the
method sample size of each stratum was determined. A
nature’s beautiful creations and is universally acclaimed as
random sampling procedure was adopted for the selection of
the “Queen of flowers”. Rose is certainly the best known and
respondents from the selected villages. Thus, total 127 rose
most popular of all garden flowers through out the world and
growers were selected randomly. The Ex-post-facto research
has been growing on the earth for many millions of years
design was followed. To measure the knowledge level of rose
because of its magnitude blooms and pleasing fragrance be-
growers about improved rose cultivation, a teacher made
sides wide array of colours, commercial uses and medicinal
scale developed by Jha and Singh (1970) was used for the
properties. According to the statistics, the area under rose in
study.
Amdavad district was 236 hectares with a production of 1652
Metric tones (Anonymous, 2007). In Amdavad district, the The respondents were grouped into three levels of
average productivity comes out to be approximately nearer to knowledge viz.; Low level of knowledge (Below Mean –
the state average, even though the potential of rose produc- SD), Medium level of knowledge (Between Mean + SD) and
tion and export have not yet been fully exploited in Gujarat High level of knowledge Above (Mean + SD) by using mean
and particularly in Amdavad district. Looking to the situa- and standard deviation .
tion in Gujarat with specific reference to Amdavad district
for possibilities of rose cultivation, it is necessary to increase
rose production per unit area. The region has also strong po- Out of eighteen independent variables, sixteen viz.;
tential to capture foreign and domestic market and fpr that education, experience in rose cultivation, land under rose
knowledge of rose growers regarding improved rose cultiva- cultivation, participation in training programme, contact
tion can play decisive role. with extension agency, exposure to mass media, economic
motivation, risk orientation, achievement motivation, level
METHODOLOGY
of aspiration, scientific orientation, innovative proneness,
In order to achieve the objectives, the study was cosmopoliteness, competition orientation and self confidence
undertaken in 71 villages of Dholka taluka Amdavad district were positively and significantly related, while age is
of Gujarat state. Out of that six villages were selected based negatively and significantly related to management efficiency
24
of the rose growers (Table 1) ability to mobilize resources, ability to co-ordinate activities,
efficient use of resources, ability in rational marketing and
Table 1 : Relationship between independent variables and
competence in evaluation. Based on management efficiency
management efficiency n = 127
index of the rose growers, respondents were categorized into
Sr. Independent Variables Correlation three groups as shown in Table 2.
No. Coefficient
(‘ r ’value) Table 2 : Distribution of respondents according to their
I Personal management efficiency n = 127
1 Age -0.2041*
Sr. Level of Management Frequency Per cent
2 Education 0.5123*
No. efficiency
3 Experience in rose cultivation 0.3445* 1 Low
19 14.96
II Social (below 58.55score)
4 Family size 0.0689 NS 2 Medium
87 68.50
(58.55 to 69.23 score)
III Economical
3 High
5 Size of land holding 0.1065 NS 21 16.54
(above 69.23 score)
6 Land under rose cultivation 0.4261*
Mean = 63.89 S. D. = 5.34
IV Communicational
7 Participation in training programme 0.6632* The data in Table 2 revealed that, slightly more than
two-third (68.50 per cent) of the rose growers had medium
8 Contact with extension agency 0.4344*
level of management efficiency while 16.54 per cent of the
9 Exposure to mass media 0.4334* rose growers had high and 14.96 per cent of the rose growers
V Psychological had low level of management efficiency. The result is in line
10 Economic motivation 0.5170* with the finding of Patel (2006).
11 Risk orientation 0.5094* CONCLUSION
12 Achievement motivation 0.4278*
It can be concluded that majority (68.50 per cent) of
13 Level of aspiration 0.4787*
the rose growers had medium level of management efficien-
14 Scientific orientation 0.5393* cy. The medium level of knowledge about improved rose cul-
15 Innovative proneness 0.4922* tivation practices, ability in planning, ability to make rational
16 Cosmopoliteness 0.5256* decision, timely adoption of technologies, ability to mobilize
resources, ability to co-ordinate activities and efficient use
17 Competition orientation 0.4327*
of resources might be the reason to have medium level of
18 Self confidence 0.4550* management efficiency among majority (68.50 per cent) of
* Significant at 0.05 level of probability the rose growers.
Management Efficiency of the Rose Growers REFERENCES
Management efficiency is a degree to which an in- Anonymous (2008). Floriculture Today, Sept.2008., 10.
dividual acquires and adopt effectiveness factors in an enter-
Biswas, T. D.(1983). Rose growing – Principle and practices.
prise to reach higher level of performance. The data regarding
Associated Publishing Co., New- Delhi.
management efficiency of the rose growers were collected
by knowing and summing various abilities viz; knowledge Patel, S. R. (2006). A study on management efficiency of
about improved rose cultivation practices, attitude towards aonla growers of Anand and Kheda district of Gujarat
improved cultivation practices, ability in planning, ability state. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, A.A.U., Anand.
to make rational decision, timely adoption of technologies,
25
Knowledge and Their Correlation with Personal and Socio-economic Characteristics of

Coriander Growers
S. R. Kumbhani 1, D. M. Thakrar2, Kiran Chandravadia3 and

R. H. Gondaliya4
1 Agriculture officer, Sardar Smurti Kendra, J.A.U. Junagadh

2 Professor, Department of Agril. Ext., J.A.U. Junagadh
3 & 4 Ph.D. student, Department of Agril. Ext., J.A.U. Junagadh
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted in Junagadh district of Gujarat state. Knowledge of the coriander produc-
tion technology is important for increasing the production levels. Hence, this study was conducted to know the
knowledge level and its relationship with personal and socio-economical characteristic of coriander grower.
The study revealed that coriander growers were medium level knowledge of coriander production technology
having detailed knowledge about important coriander production technology. The study also reveled that edu-
cation, social participation, extension contact, size of land holding, irrigation potentiality, cropping intensity,
risk orientation, extension participation, innovativeness, exposure to information sources and production were
positively significant associated with the knowledge of recommended coriander production technology.
Key words : Education, Social participation, Irrigation potentiality, Cropping intensity, Risk orientation,
Extension participation, Innovativeness.
INTRODUCTION were found in Egyptian tombs of 960 BC. Further, Persia

grew coriander 3000 years ago and it added fragrance to
Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is an annual
hanging gardens of Babylon. In 3rd century BC, Romans also
aromatic herb, grown for its leaves, seed, essential oil and
found coriander seed as an excellent seasoning for popular
oleoresin. Coriander, also known as cilantro and Chinese
foods. Coriander is well known for its uses as medicine,
parsley is a member of family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae).
oil, perfumery and culinary purposes, consumed in large
Its name is derived from the Greek world ‘Koris’ meaning
quantities and earns a large sum of foreign exchange.
bedbug because of the unpleasant fetid bug-like odour of the
green herb and unripe fruits, it was eventually loaned to Latin It is probably the first spice to be used by man as
Coriandrum. Coriander has originated in the Mediterranean common flavouring substance. The stem leaves and fruits have
region from where it had moved eastward to Asia (Nawata et a pleasant aromatic odour. The pleasant aroma of the fruits
al., 1995). It is commonly known as “Dhania” or “Dhana”. is due to the linalool containing essential oil (Pruthi, 1976).
India has been known as the “home of the spices” from very Which is used for medicinal and flavouring beverages and its
ancient times. Spices play pivotal role in human dietary as residues are used for cattle feed. High quality coriander seed
they give an agreeable flavour and aroma to food and add has essential oil content between 0.4 and 1.4 percent. The
greatly to the pleasure of eating (Aiyanduai, 1966). They also finest quality oils contain 60 to 70% linalool, a compound
which produces much of the characteristic coriander flavor.
constitute an important group of agricultural commodities
The coriander seed contains an extractable vegetable oil
which are virtually indispensable in culinary art.
fraction which may be blended with the essential oil (to form
Coriander is used since long as coriander seeds an oleoresin) for use in food and other non-food products.
26
METHODOLOGY the help of mean and standard deviation, the respondents

were categorized as under. Low knowledge (Mean – S.D.),
In order to realize the above objectives, a sample of
Medium knowledge (Mean + S.D.) and High knowledge
160 coriander growers, representing 8 villages of two talukas
(Mean + S.D.)
(Manderada and Keshod) of Junagadh district was drawn
by using random sampling techniques. For measurement To find out the relationship between dependent and
of knowledge of respondents about coriander production independent variables, the Pearson’s product moment method
technology, the teacher made test was used. The respondents of computing correlation coefficient (r), which provides
were asked whether they know particular coriander production generally accepted means for measuring the relationship, was
technology or not, for each coriander production practices, used (Chandel, 1975).
total numbers of respondents were calculated accordingly
those who know that practice. FINDINGS
A unit score was given to correct and zero to The extents of coriander growers’ knowledge of
incorrect response. The total score obtained by individual recommended coriander production technology are presented
respondent for all the statements was calculated. Then, with in Table 1.
Table 1: Distribution of respondents based on their knowledge about coriander production technology n = 160
Category Knowledge score Frequency Percent Mean S.D.

Low Below 53.4 27 16.87
Medium Between 53.4 to 89.2 105 65.62 71.30 17.90
High Above 89.2 28 17.51
From Table 1, it is clear that 65.62 per cent of the significant associated with the knowledge of recommended
coriander growers were medium level knowledge of coriander coriander production technology.
production technology. A considerably 17.51 and 16.87 per
cent of respondents were in high and low knowledge group, Table 2: Correlation between knowledge about coriander
respectively. production technology followed by the farmers
and the independent variables n = 160
This might be due to fact that the coriander growers
had medium extension contact, medium social participation, Sr. Name of the independent ‘r’ value
medium risk orientation and medium extension participation. No variables
1 Age -0.1913*
This factor had favourable helped the coriander growers
in getting more knowledge about recommended coriander 2 Education 0.2104**
production technology. 3 Social participation 0.1739*
4 Annual income 0.1254 NS
Correlation between knowledge about coriander
production technology followed by the farmers 5 Extension contact 0.2033*
6 Size of land holding 0.1988*
There was no significant association with the knowledge about
7 Irrigation potentiality 0. 2336**
recommended coriander production technology and their
annual income. Age was negative and significantly associated 8 Cropping intensity 0.2836**
with the knowledge of recommended coriander production 9 Risk orientation 0.2782**
technology. While market orientation was negative and non 10 Extension participation 0.2490**
significant associated with the knowledge of recommended Innovativeness
11 0.3283**
coriander production technology.
12 Market orientation -0.0269 NS
While remaining all characteristics of the respondents like Exposure to information
13 0.1849*
education, social participation, extension contact, size of sources
14 Production 0.2857**
land holding, irrigation potentiality, cropping intensity, risk
orientation, extension participation, innovativeness, exposure * Significant at 0.05 level ** Significant at 0.01 level
NS = Non significant
to information sources and production were positively
27
CONCLUSION district of gujarat state.M.Sc. (Agri.) Thesis

(Unpublished). Junagadh Agricultural University,
Based on the finding of the study, it can be
Junagadh.
concluded that majority of the coriander grower had medium
level of knowledge about coriander production technology. Chavada (2006). Farmers’ Perception about Usefulness
Since knowledge is important for adoption of any cultivation of Agriculture Extension System. Ph.D. Thesis
practices. The study also reveled that education, social (Unpublished). Junagadh Agricultural University,
participation, extension contact, size of land holding, irrigation Junagadh.
potentiality, cropping intensity, risk orientation, extension
Jadav, N.B. (2001). Knowledge, adoption and constraints
participation, innovativeness, exposure to information
of onion growers with respect to recommended
sources and production were positively significant associated
onion production technology. M.Sc. (Agri.) Thesis
with the knowledge of recommended coriander production
(Unpublished), Gujarat Agricultural University, Sardar
technology.
Krushinagar.
REFRANCES
Kanani, P. R. (1998). Indigenous practices of groundnut
Anilkumar, (2008). Farm women’s knowledge and adoption cultivation followed by the farmers of South
of dairy practices in Junagadh district of Gujarat state. Saurashtra Zone in Gujarat State. Ph.D. (Agri) Thesis
(Unpublished) M.Sc. (Agri.) Thesis, JAU, Junagadh. (Unpublished), Gujarat Agricultural University, Sardar
Krushinagar.
Chauhan, N.B. (2008). Capacity building of farmers’ through
training on organic farming practices in surendranagar
28
Extent of Adoption of Onion Growers about Post Harvest Technology
Vijay Poshiya 1 and D.M. Thakarar 2
1 Senior Research Fellow, Department of Agriculture Economics J.A.U. Junagadh

2 Professor, Department of Ext. Education .J.A.U. Junagadh
ABSTRACT
In the present study, attempt has been made to know extent of knowledge of onion growers about post
harvest technology. Total 100 respondents were selected two talukas of four villages. In light of the objectives,
the interview schedule was prepared. The data were collected by personal interview of the respondents. From
this study revealed that majority of the onion growers had medium level of knowledge about post harvest tech-
nique.
Keywords: Adoption, post harvest technology
INTRODUCTION In case of bumper production, bulk storage system demands a

high degree of management qualities with respect to loss pre-
Onion (Allium cepa L.) is one of the most important
vention. Therefore, a finding the existing post harvest condi-
commercial vegetable crops grown in India. Popularly it is
tion the present study is proposed to under taken to find out
also known as “poor man Kasturi”. It belongs to the fam-
the level of knowledge, adoption and constraints of farmers
ily Alliaceae. Onion is an important underground vegetable
in adoption of post harvest techniques of onion.
bulb crop of tropical and sub tropical countries (Thompson
and Kelly, 1979). METHODOLOGY
We are producing sufficient quantity of onion but For the purpose of measurement of extent of adop-
out of this many tones of onion bulbs either get damaged or tion a structured schedule including various recommended
go waste due to lack of knowledge of scientific methods of practices of onion post harvest technique by the onion grow-
harvesting, drying and curing, sorting and grading, storage, ers’ was developed in consultation with the crop scientist
transportation and marketing. and literature available and determined by adopting adoption
quotient developed by Sengupta (1967).
In order to minimize the post harvest losses there is
most need to educate farm families about scientific methods Number of Practices
of onion harvesting, drying and curing of onion, sorting and Adoption Used
grading and improved method of storage to enable them to
X 100
Quotient = Number of Adoption
make the maximum use of available produce in term of qual- Practices
ity and quantity. Therefore, post harvest techniques of onion
must suit farmer to improve efficiency in post harvest man- The A.Q. was calculated for each respondent later on all on-
ion growers were classified into three levels of adoption.
agement and reducing drudgery in carrying out these activi-
ties. Low adoption group = Mean – S. D.
The production of onion is relatively higher in South Medium adoption group = Mean ± S. D.
Saurashtra Agro- Climatic Zone as compared to other zone.
High adoption group = Mean + S. D.
29
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION dium level of adoption about post harvest technique. It can be
concluded that majority of the onion growers were medium
Extent of onion growers about post harvest techniques of
adopters of the post harvest techniques of onion followed by
onion
low and high group, respectively. This might be fact that the
Table 1: Onion Growers Extent of Adoption about Post majority of the onion growers possess medium knowledge,
Harvest Techniques of Onion n=100 income and extension contact.
Level of adoption Frequency Per cent REFERENCES

Low level of adoption
25 25.00 Barad, V.J. (2004). Knowledge, adoption and constrains of
(below 53.19 score)
Medium level of garlic growers with respect to recommended garlic
adoption (53.19 to 55 55.00 production technology. M.Sc. (Agri.). Thesis (Un-
85.07 score) published). Junagadh Agricultural University, Jun-
High level of adoption agadh.
20 20.00
(above 85.07 score)
Mean: 69.13 S. D. : 15.94 Tavethiya, B.H. (2006). Cumin growers’ knowledge and
adoption about cumin production technology. M.Sc.
From the perusal of the data in Table 1 it is clear that
(Agri.). Thesis (Unpublished), Junagah Agricultural
55.00 per cent of the onion growers were medium adopters of
University, Junagadh
post harvest techniques of onion. A considerably less percent-
age of onion growers (25.00 per cent) and (20.00 per cent) Vekariya, R.S.; Pandya, R.D. and Thumar, D.N. (2000)
were in low and high adoption group, respectively. Knowledge and adoption behaviour of rainfed
groundnut growers. Agric. Ext. Review 12(1): 10-13.
CONCLUSION
For the above discussion the onion growers had me-
30
Adoption of no-cost and low-cost technologies of animal husbandry by tribal dairy farmwomen
J. V. Prajapati,1 P. M. Bhatt2 and H. B. Patel3
1.P.G.Student, Vet. College, Anand Agril. University, Anand

2.Director, Institute of Distance Education Anand (IDEA) , Anand Agril. University, Anand
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted purposively in five tribal talukas of Vadodara district in Gujarat State during
2010-11, drawing a sample of 150 respondents to ascertain the adoption of recommended no-cost and low-cost
animal husbandry technologies. Six major areas of dairy farming such as housing and general management,
feeding and watering, calf rearing, breeding, clean milk production and health care were selected for the study.
The overall adoption index observed was just 60.68 per cent. Further, adoption hierarchy study revealed that
adoption regarding health care practices ranked I with mean score of 2.08, followed by clean milk production
practices ranked II, feeding and watering practices ranked III, breeding practices ranked IV, housing and general
management practices ranked V and calf rearing practices ranked VI with mean score of 2.05, 2.03, 1.95, 1.94
and 1.88, respectively.
Keywords: Dairy Farmwomen, knowledge, adoption, no-cost technology, Low-cost technology
INTRODUCTION in tribal area of Gujarat state. Therefore, this study was

conducted to ascertain the extent of adoption of no-cost and
Animal husbandry plays an important role in
low-cost technologies of animal husbandry by tribal dairy
national economy, socio-economic development and
farmwomen of Gujarat state.
employment generation for rural people especially, to small
and marginal farmers and landless laboures by providing METHODOLOGY
round the year steady income from animal produce. India has
The present study was conducted purposively in
largest milch animal population in the world but productivity
five tribal talukas of Vadodara district in Gujarat during
of Indian dairy animal remains substantially low compared
2010-11. Important and relevant no-cost and low-cost
to potential and world average. Besides the poor genetic
animal husbandry technologies in six major areas/categories
potential and poor economic status, this low productivity
of dairy farming viz, (1) Housing and general management
could largely be attributed to low level of knowledge and
(2) Feeding and watering (3) Calf rearing (4) Breeding (5)
adoption of scientific technologies regarding four important
Clean milk production and (6) Health care were selected
pillars of dairy farming- i.e. breeding, feeding, health care
under study through expert opinion. Multistage sampling
& excellent management. Many of these technologies are
technique was used to select the respondents. In first stage,
mostly cost effective, either no-cost technologies or low-
out of total 12 talukas of Vadodara district, the five talukas
cost technologies which do not require much capital and
namely Chotaudepur, Pavi-jetpur, Kavant, Nasvadi and
skill, but only timely and careful utilization is sufficient.
Shankheda which comes under tribal areas were selected
The knowledge and adoption of such no-cost and low-
purposively. With the help of random sampling method
cost animal husbandry technologies by dairy farmwomen
three villages were selected from each selected tribal taluka
has great scope for improving productivity, profitability
and from each selected villages, ten dairy women members
and sustainability of dairy farming enterprise, especially
were randomly selected which constituted a total sample
for resource poor and socio-economically deprived tribal
size of 150 women respondents.
dairy farmwomen. So far, very limited efforts have been
made to study the extent of adoption of no-cost and low- The extent of adoption of no-cost and low-cost
cost technologies of animal husbandry by dairy farmwomen animal husbandry technologies by tribal dairy farmwomen
31
was measured with the help of semi structured schedule Sr. Group of animal Numbers of no- Possible
based on judges’ opinion. The structured schedule included No husbandry practice cost & low-cost adoption
total 45 relevant no-cost and low-cost animal husbandry technologies score
technologies/practices classified in the group of six major included in
animal husbandry practices for dairy farming. In the semi the structured
schedule of
structure schedule, there were three columns against each
their adoption
of 45 sub-practices representing ‘Fully adopted’ ‘partially
1 Housing and general 12 00 to 24
adopted’ and ‘Not adopted’ with weightage of 2, 1 and 0
management
score, respectively.
2 Feeding and 05 00 to 10
The numbers of sub-practices included in each watering
major group of animal husbandry practice and the possible
3 Calf rearing 06 00 to 12
practice wise adoption score as well as total adoption scores
4 Breeding 04 00 to 08
that a respondent would obtained as under:
5 Clean milk practices 12 00 to 24
Overall adoption index and practice wise adoption index 6 Health care 06 00 to 12
were calculated on the basis of obtained score divided by Total practices 45 00 to 90
maximum possible score and multiplied by hundred. All
the respondents were grouped in to three categories viz.1. Three point rating scale was used and 3, 2 and 1
score was assigned to high, medium and low adoption level
Low (< -S.D), 2. Medium (In between ± S.D) and 3.
respectively for each of six animal husbandry practices. To
High (> + S.D ) for their total adoption level as well as lay down the adoption hierarchy, the mean score for adoption
practice wise adoption level of no-cost and low-cost animal of each practice was calculated, on the basis of which, ranks
husbandry technologies for dairy farming . were assigned to the adoption level of each of six selected
practices from higher to lower.
Practice wise adoption of no-cost and low-cost technologies of animal husbandry
The practice wise adoption of no-cost and low-cost technologies of animal husbandry by tribal dairy farmwomen
is summarized in Table 1.
Table 1 : Practice wise adoption of no-cost and low-cost technologies of animal husbandry by tribal dairy farmwomen
n = 150
Sr. Practices Mean S.D. Adoption level

No. Low Medium High Total Mean
score score Rank
1 Housing and general 35 89 26
management 60.22 13.00 (23.33) (59.33) (17.34) 291 1.94 V
2 Feeding and watering 19 108 23
56.07 16.98 (12.67) (72.00) (15.33) 304 2.03 III
3 Calf rearing 38 92 20
59.44 17.61 (25.34) (61.33) (13.33) 282 1.88 VI
4 Breeding 40 77 33
64.08 25.47 (26.67) (51.33) (22.00) 293 1.95 IV
5 Clean milk Production 16 110 24
60.83 12.05 (10.67) (73.33) (16.00) 308 2.05 II
6 Health care 26 88 36
61.11 17.98 (17.33) (58.67) (24.00) 312 2.08 I
N.B: Figures in parentheses indicate the percentage
32
Adoption regarding no-cost and low-cost technologies et al. (2006), and Rathore et al. (2009).
of housing and general management practices
Adoption regarding no-cost and low-cost technologies of
Table 1 shows that, nearly three-fifth (59.33 per calf rearing practices
cent) of tribal dairy farmwomen found with medium level
The data presented in Table 1 regarding adoption
of adoption regarding no-cost and low-cost technologies
level of no-cost and low cost technologies of calf rearing
of housing and general management practices, followed by
practices among dairy farmwomen revealed that slightly
23.33 and 17.34 per cent of tribal dairy farmwomen found
more than three-fifth (61.33 per cent) of the them had
with low and high level of adoption, respectively. It can
medium level of adoption followed by 25.34 per cent and
be concluded that, more than four-fifth (82.66 per cent) of
13.33 percent of the dairy farmwomen had low level and
dairy farmwomen were found with low to medium level of
high level of adoption respectively. It can be concluded that
adoption regarding no-cost and low-cost technologies of
majority (86.67 per cent) of the dairy farmwomen had low
housing and general management, which is due to fact that
to medium level of adoption regarding no-cost and low-cost
majority of tribal dairy farmwomen failed to provide proper technologies of calf rearing practices. During field survey it
floor and manger in cattle shed due to their traditional Kachha was observed that majority of the tribal dairy farmwomen
housing and poor economic condition, and also observed that were not following the practices of naval cord treatment
majority of them were not following the practices of regular immediately after calving, fed colostrums to newly born calf
grooming of dairy animals, ectoparasitic control measures, after the expulsion of placenta only (due to misconception
purchasing the dairy animals after veterinary check up that if they feed colostrums immediately after birth, then
and maintaining the different records for productivity and the animal would not release the placenta and it also could
profitability of dairy farming. This finding is in contrast to lead to diarrhea in calves), were not following recommended
the reports by Singh and Chauhan (2009) and Rathore et al. deworming schedule but dewormed when calf was off-feed
(2009). or when worms were observed in faeces, and majority were
not dehorned their calf, which accounted for such findings.
Discussion with the dairy farmwomen revealed that they
feeding and watering practices
were unaware of the health implications and benefits of
The data given in Table 1 indicated that, nearly three- practicing naval cord cutting, timely colostrums feeding and
fourth (72.00 per cent) of tribal dairy farmwomen found with deworming to calf. This finding is in conformity with the
medium level of adoption regarding no-cost and low-cost findings of Singh and Chauhan (2009).
technologies of feeding and watering, followed by 15.33 and Adoption regarding no-cost and low-cost technologies of
12.67 per cent of tribal dairy farmwomen found with high breeding practices
and low level of adoption, respectively. It can be inferred
that, vast majority (87.33 per cent) of the dairy farmwomen Table 1 shows that more than half (51.33 per cent) of
had medium to high level of adoption regarding no-cost and tribal dairy farmwomen were with medium level of adoption
low-cost technologies of feeding and watering practices. This regarding no-cost and low-cost technologies of breeding
is attributed to the findings of field survey that majority of practices, followed by 26.67 and 22.00 per cent with low and
the tribal dairy farmwomen were providing adequate fresh – high level of adoption, respectively. It can be inferred that
clean water, green fodder and feeding of chaffed green fodder more than three-fourth (78.00 per cent) of dairy farmwomen
as well as dry fodder for better productivity, profitability and were found with low to medium level of adoption regarding
no-cost and low-cost technologies of breeding management,
sustainability of dairy farming due to better availability
which is due to fact that majority of tribal dairy farmwomen
of drinking water and consciousness of respondent about
were not following the pregnancy diagnosis practices after
feeding and watering practices. However, majority of tribal
60-90 days of AI /natural services and vast majority of them
dairy farmwomen were not utilizing urea treatment of poor
had not adopted AI /natural service to milking animal after
quality roughage and regular feeding of mineral mixture
90-120 days of calving due to ignorance and misconception
along with concentrate might be due to poor knowledge
of reduction in milk production of milking dairy animals,
regarding importance of urea treatment and mineral mixture
besides the lack of faith and poor facilities of AI and pregnancy
for higher productivity and profitability of dairy farming.
diagnosis. This finding is supported with the findings of Mavi
Similar findings were reported by Arora et al, (2006), Bhakar
et al. (2006) and Singh and Chauhan (2009).
33
Adoption regarding no-cost and low-cost technologies of Department and District Co-operative Dairy Union. The result
clean milk production practices of these practices evident in form of good health of animal,
continuous and steady milk production by dairy animal, thus,
The data given in Table 1 indicated that, nearly
the high degree of adoption observed. However, majority of
three-fourth (73.33 per cent) of tribal dairy farmwomen
tribal dairy farmwomen were not isolating the sick animal
found with medium level of adoption regarding no-cost and
from healthy animal and were not following the deworming
low-cost technologies of clean milk production, followed by
of adult animals. This may be attributed to poor economic
16.00 and 10.67 per cent of tribal dairy farmwomen found
condition, unavailability of separate housing facility and poor
with high and low level of adoption, respectively. It can
knowledge regarding the harm caused by the parasitic load.
be inferred that vast majority (89.33 per cent) of the dairy
This finding is in conformity with the results reported by
farmwomen had medium to high level of adoption regarding
Mohi and Bhatti (2006).
no-cost and low-cost technologies of clean milk production
practices. It was found during field survey that, majority of Practice-wise adoption hierarchy
the tribal dairy farmwomen were following the practices of
On the basis of mean score presented in Table 1,
cleaning of floor, washing and drying udder, hind quarter of
an adoption hierarchy among the tribal dairy farmwomen
animal and milker’s hands before milking, cleaning milking
regarding no-cost and low-cost technologies of animal
utensil regularly, avoiding roughage feeding at milking
husbandry was assigned and diagrammatically depicted in
and quick delivery of milk to the village co-operative
Fig.21. According to adoption hierarchy, adoption regarding
immediately after milking accounted for such findings. It
health care practices ranked I with mean score of 2.08,
does not necessarily due to their awareness about importance
followed by clean milk production practices ranked II,
of clean milk production practices, but in most of cases, it
feeding and watering practices ranked III, breeding practices
may be due to common hygienic concept and traditions.
ranked IV, housing and general management practices ranked
Therefore, considerable proportion of dairy farmwomen were
V and calf rearing practices ranked VI with mean score of
practicing knuckling method (wrong method) of milking and
2.05, 2.03, 1.95, 1.94 and 1.88, respectively. This concluded
majority of them were not following the important clean milk
that there is still a large scope for improvement in adoption
production practices, viz. discarding two strips of milk from
of selected no-cost and low-cost technologies of animal
each teat, stripping at the end of milking, milking sick and
husbandry with special emphasis of housing and general
treated animal at the last and keeping their milk separate and
management, breeding and calf rearing practices of animal
filtering fresh milk with clean and dry cloth. This finding is in
husbandry by tribal dairy farmwomen while preparing the
line with the findings of Mohi and Bhatti (2006).
extension programmes for tribal dairy farming development.
Overall adoption of no-cost and low-cost technologies of
health care practices
animal husbandry by the tribal dairy farmwomen
The data given in Table 1 indicated that, slightly less
On the basis of total adoption score obtained by the
than three-fifth (58.67 per cent) of tribal dairy farmwomen
tribal dairy farmwomen, they were grouped in to three categories
were found with medium level of adoption regarding no-
and data regarding this aspect are presented in Table 2.
cost and low-cost technologies of health care practices,
followed by 24.00 and 17.33 per cent with high and low Table 2: Distribution of tribal dairy farmwomen
level of knowledge, respectively. It can be concluded that according to their adoption level of no-cost and
vast majority (82.67 per cent) of the dairy farmwomen had low-cost technologies of animal husbandry
medium to high level of adoption regarding no-cost and low- n =150
cost technologies of health care practices. This is attributed
to the findings of field survey that majority of the tribal dairy Sr. Level of adoption
Frequency Per cent
farmwomen were adopting timely and regular vaccination No.
of dairy animals against commonly occurring contagious 1 Low (below 47.77 Score) 26 17.33
diseases, reported promptly the incidence of contagious 2 Medium (47.77 to 73.59 Score) 100 66.67
diseases to Government authority and were following hygienic 3 High (above 73.59 Score) 24 16.00
disposal of placenta and dead body, which proves the efficient Mean = 60.68 S. D. = 12.91
health care services provided by State Animal Husbandry
34
It is clear from data presented in Table 18 that, and degree of adoption of improved dairy
slightly more than two-third (67.67 per cent) of the tribal husbandry practices in U.S. Nagar district of
dairy farmwomen had medium level of adoption about no- Uttaranchal. Indian Journal of Dairy science. 59
cost and low-cost technologies of animal husbandry, whereas (5): 337-343
17.33 and 16.00 per cent of tribal dairy farmwomen had low
Bhakar, S., Malik, J.S., Singh Sube and Dahiya Shushila
and high level of overall adoption, respectively. On the basis
(2006). Comparative adoption level of farmers
of the above results, it can be concluded that majority (84.00
regarding improved animal husbandry practices in
per cent) of the tribal dairy farmwomen had low to medium
watershed and non-watershed villages. J. Dairying.
level of adoption about no-cost and low-cost technologies
Foods & H.S. 25(1): 51-54.
of animal husbandry. This might be due to their low to
medium level of knowledge regarding no-cost and low-cost Durga, R.V. (2004). Training needs of farm women of
technologies of animal husbandry along with their medium Thrissur Taluka in dairy and poultry farming.
level of annual income and economic motivation. However, M.V.Sc. thesis (Unpublished), Kerala Agricultural
the overall adoption index observed was just 60.68 per cent University, Thrissur.
which needs concrete and planned efforts of policy makers,
administrators and concerned agencies to develop holistic Khokhar, S.R. (2007). A study on adoption of dairy
approach in formulating appropriate strategy for wider innovations by dairy farm women in Anand
adoption of no-cost and low-cost technologies of animal district, M.Sc. (Agri.) thesis (Unpublished), AAU,
husbandry among the tribal dairy farmwomen. This finding Anand.
is supported with the findings of Khokhar (2007) and Durga
Mavi, K.S., Chauhan, J.P.S. and Das, B.C. (2006). Role of
(2009).
self employment on programme on dairying in
CONCLUSION adoption of improved dairy farming practices.
Indian J . of Dairy Sci. 59(3):185-190.
It can be concluded that no-cost and low-cost
technologies of health practices were highly adopted , Mohi Amardeep kaur and Bhatti, J. S. (2006). Adoption
whereas, that of housing and general management and calf of improved dairy farming practices by members
rearing practices were least adopted by tribal dairy farmwomen of Punjab Dairy Farmers Association. J. dairying,
. The extension agencies should gear-up to popularize the Foods & H.S.25(1):55-58.
recommended no-cost and low-cost technologies in breeding,
Rathore, R. S., Singh, R. and Kanchawala, R. N. (2009).
feeding, housing and general management and calf rearing
Adoption of recommended management practices
practices through their extension programmes among tribal
and relationship between selected traits of the
dairy farmwomen.
respondents. Indian J. of Dairy Sc. 62(4): 327-334.
REFERENCES
Singh, M. and Chauhan, A. (2009). Adoption of animal
Arora, A.S., Avadesh Kumar, Bardhan, D. and Dabas, Y.P.S. husbandry practices by dairy owners. Indian J.
(2006). Socio-economic and communication of Dairy Sc. 62(2): 119-125
variables associated with level of knowledge
35
Demand Supply Gap and Dealers’ Margin for Hybrid Castor Seed in Gujarat
Harpreet Sodhi1 , K.P.Thakkar 2 and S.M. Patel 3
1 Assistant Professor, Karnavati Education Institute of IT and Management, Palanpur

2 & 3 Assistant Professor, C.P.College of Agriculture, SDAU,
Sardarkrushinagar, (B.K), Gujarat
ABSTRACT
The castor is an important non edible oilseed crop with immense industrial importance. The area
production and productivity of castor is highest in Gujarat state. In India where hybrid castor is pre- dominantly
cultivated. The hybrid castor seed is produced by public and private sector seed companies and marketed with
their strong network at distinct and taluka levels. The present study focuses the demand and supply gap and
dealers margin for castor hybrid seed. The castor seed marketed in Gujarat state. The study revealed that the
GSSCL (Gujarat State Seed Corporation Ltd.) has the major share of 53.62 per cent in the market during 2010-
11 while a number of other companies were also the prominent with their respective brands in the market. The
dealers’ margin was as low as 4.55 per cent of public sector companies and up to 11.76 per cent for a private
sector company.
Keywords: Demand supply gap, Dealers’ margin, hybrid castor
INTRODUCTION GAUCH-1, GCH-2, GCH-4, GCH-5, GCH-6 and GCH-

7 have been released for general cultivation, among which
In the agricultural economy of India, oilseeds
GCH-7 is nematode and wilt resistant high yielding hybrid
are important next only to food grains in terms of area,
(Pathak et al 2005). Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Andhra Pradesh
production and value (Hegde 2009). Oilseeds have been the
contribute 96% of the total castor seed production in India.
backbone of agricultural economy of India since long. The
The total cultivated area under castor in Banaskantha district
Indian climate is suitable for cultivation of oilseeds crops
is 1,78,700 ha. Gujarat ranks first in area, production, and
therefore, large varieties of oilseeds are cultivated here
productivity (area, 433.90 thousand hectare; production,
(Narayan et al 2011). The major oilseeds grown in India are
852.00 thousand tonnes). Large number of public as well as
groundnut, soybean, rapeseed, sesame, linseed, safflower,
private companies are dealing in hybrid castor seed production
castor, sunflower and niger. Castor (Ricinus communis L.) is
as well as marketing of castor seed, amongst which GSSCL
an important non- edible oilseed crop of arid and semi-arid
(Gujarat State Seed Corporation Ltd.) and GUJCOMASOL
regions of the world. Castor seed contains 48 to 56 percent
(Gujarat Co-operative Marketing Society Ltd, Ahmedabad)
oil. Castor oil is obtained through pressing the seeds followed
are major public sector companies along with many private
by solvent extraction of the pressed cake. The average castor
companies.
production in India was approximately 11.15 lakh tonnes in
2008-09. Banaskantha, Mehsana, Sabarkantha, Gandhinagar, Astringent seed production standards are there to
Ahmedabad and Kutch are the main castor growing districts produce the hybrid castor seed which is managed and strictly
in Gujarat (Anonymous 2008). As far as area and production monitored by GSSCA (Gujarat State Seed Certification
of castor in North Gujarat is concerned, Banaskantha rankes Agency), a public sector independent organization. The
first followed by Sabarkatha and Mehsana (Anonymous present study was conceived with a general objective of
2010). Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan follow Gujarat in analyzing demand and supply gap of hybrid castor seed and
production of castor seed. Gujarat state is pioneer in the percentage contribution of GSSCL in fulfilling total demand
development and release of hybrids where the first castor of castor seed. Moreover the study also focused on dealers’
hybrid GCH-3 was released for general cultivation in 1968 margin under different brands available in the market.
(Acharya et al 2010). Subsequently six more hybrids viz.,
36
METHODOLOGY area under castor cultivation and hybrid seed production

by GSSCL were collected from GSSCL, Gandhinagar. The
In order to proceed with investigation as per the
estimated seed requirement (demand) was calculated @ 5
objectives stated, it was necessary to adopt an appropriate
Kg/ha seed rate which is recommended seed rate for castor
sampling design so as to focus the importance of objective
hybrid by S.D. Agricultural University and to find dealers
in tacking the problems in marketing of castor seed. It was
margin of hybrid castor seed, popularly available brands in
proposed at the outset to study the area under castor crop in
the market were enlisted and the questionnaire was prepared
primary stage. For this purpose the secondary source data
and dealers were interviewed.
published by the Directorate of Economics and Statistics,
Banaskantha was used. A multistage random sampling was RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
adopted as appropriate sampling procedure for the study.
Castor is an important commercial crop grown in
The Castor crop is mainly grown in the Bansakantha district.
the study area. Large numbers of brands of castor hybrid
Bansakantha ranks first in terms of area and production of
seeds are available to the farmers. However, the castor
castor among all the district of Gujarat state. Hence the study
hybrids like GAUCH-1, GCH- 2, GCH-4 and GCH- 7 are
was focused on Banaskantha District. In the second stage, it
important hybrids which are in great demand in the study
was proposed to select five talukas in Banaskantha district
area. These hybrids are marketed by Taluka Kharid Vechan
which were top ranking talukas in respect of area under castor
Sanghs which are co-operative bodies having presence in
in the district. These talukas are: Tharad, Vav, Dhanera,
almost all talukas of the state. In addition large numbers of
Kankrej and Palanpur . In the third stage, from each taluka
private dealers are also operating in these talukas. In the study
10 dealers on cross sectional basis were selected. Since in
area, it was proposed to go into details of the dealers’ margin
each taluka, the Taluka Kharid Vechan Sangh a co-operative
under different popular brands available in the market. For
marketing organisation exists, it was invariably included
this, opinion survey was conducted for a sample of total 50
as one of the dealer. Hence total numbers of dealers for the
farmers in each taluka and popular castor seed brands are
study were 50. Keeping in view the objective to analyze the
enlisted and compared by questioning the farmers. The data
projected demand and supply gap primary data regarding
collected by this were subject to statistical analysis.
Table 1: Demand and supply gap of hybrid castor seed production by GSSCL in Gujarat
Sr. Details Years
No. 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11
1 Area under castor cultivation (ha) 4,33,900 4,21,600 4,19,600
2 Estimated seed requirement (Demand) Kg.* 21,69,500 21,08,000 20,98,000
3 Hybrid seed production by GSSCL (Supply) 2,60,027 4,56,266 11,25,009
4 Percent share of GSSCL in market 11.99 21.64 53.62
5 Gap (Kg.) 19,09,473 16,51,734 9,72,991
6 Gap (%) 88.01 78.36 46.38
Seed rate @ 5 Kg./ ha.
Table 2 : Dealers’ margin for hybrid castor seed
Sr. Company / Brand Purchase price of Discount per 2 Dealers retail price Dealers
No dealer (Rs.) Kg. Bag margin (%)
1 Gurabini (GSSCL) 330 15 345 4.55
2 Gujcomasol 330 15 345 4.55
3 Avni 270 20 290 7.41
3 Nandi 280 20 300 7.14
4 DSP 330 20 350 6.06
5 Mahyco 340 40 380 11.76
7 Bhooma 400 35 435 8.75
8 Navbharat 300 30 330 10.00
37
As far as the projected demand supply gap is The dealers’ margin was studied in relation to
concerned, it was estimated by the differences between castor hybrid GCH-7. In the study area, the major brands
the projected demands based on the area under cultivation / seed companies operating were GSSCL, GUJCOMASOL,
under castor during last three years. The production figures Avni, Nandi, DSP, Mahyco, Bhooma and Navbharat. From
of different castor hybrid recommended by SDAU were the dealers their purchase price was asked along with the
obtained from GSSCL. The projected gap was estimated discount each company offers them. The information given in
from the available figures of demand and supply. Table 2 reveals that the purchase price of the dealers ranged
from Rs. 270 (Avni) to 400 (Bhooma). The discount on per 2
During last three years, the area under castor
kg bag ranged from Rs. 15 (Gurabini and GUJCOMASOL)
cultivation in Gujarat state was 4,33,900 ha. (2008-
to Rs. 40 (Mahyco). The retail price for the consumers’ i.e
09), 4,21,600 ha. (2009-10) and 4,19,600 ha. (2010-11).
farmers ranged from Rs. 290 to Rs. 435 per two Kg bag. In
Considering the recommended seed rate of castor @ 5 Kg/ha.,
respect of the dealers’ margin, it was as low as 4.55 per cent
the estimated seed requirement has been worked out which is
for Gurabini (Gujarat Rajya Beej Nigam), a popular brand of
the total demand of hybrid castor seed. It is presumed that
GSSCL and GUJCOMASOL brand and up to 11. 76 per cent
there is almost 99 per cent SRR in castor in the state. The
in respect of Mahyco brand.
estimated seed requirement is given in Table 1.
The hybrid seed produced by GSSCL during last

three years is also given in the Table which amounts to REFERENCES
2,60,0,27 Kg during 2008-09, 4,56,266 Kg during 2009-
Anonymous 2008. National Multi‐Commodity Exchange of
10 and 11,25,009 Kg during 2010-11. The per cent share of
India Limited. New Delhi. Report on Castor.
GSSCL in the hybrid castor seed market in the state comes to
11.99 per cent during 2008-09, 21.64 per cent during 2009- Anonymous (2010). SEA survey 2009-10 Final estimates:
10 and 53.62 per cent during 2010- 11. It clearly reflects that District wise area, production and productivity of
there was linear increase in the share of GSSCL in the hybrid castor in Gujarat.
castor seed market in the state. Acharya, S., Patel P.S., Patel J.B and Vaghela K.O, 2010.
As far as the gap is concerned during these years, Maintainance of genetic purity in castor. Technical
it amounts to 88.01 per cent, 78.36 per cent and 46.38 per Bulletin 3 :1-19.DOR, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada
cent respectively during last three years. This gap is met by Krushi University, Saradarkrushinagar. (Gujarat),
large number of other seed companies which are marketing India
their seed in Gujarat state as well as in other castor growing Hegde, D. M., Can India achieve self-reliance in vegetable
states of the country particularly Andra Pradesh, Karnataka oils? In National Symposium on Vegetable Oils
and Rajasthan. Scenario: Approaches to Meet the Growing
The presence of diverse market situation for castor Demands, 29–31 January 2009, 1–15
hybrid seed entails presence of large number of recommended Narayan P., Chauhan, M S and Chauhan, S (2011). Oilseeds
castor hybrids as well as their brands in Banskantha as well scenario in India. Agriculture Today, December,
as in the five talukas under study. The margin of the dealer 2011. 40-43
does not vary with the levels of operation and margin mostly
Pathak H.C., Chaudhary F.P, Patel M.S. and Patel D.K.. 2005
varies according to their cost of marketing and other services
Gujarat Castor Hybrid 7. SDAU News 2 (2):1
provided by dealers to the farmers. Table 2 depicts the
various brands (8) of castor hybrid GCH-7.
38
Gap in Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity of
Maize Crop in Dahod District under ATMA Project
N.V.Soni1, M.R.Bhatt2 and R.G.Machhar3
1 Assoc.Ext.Edu., Publication Deptt, DEE, AAU. Anand and Ex-Project Director, ATMA Project, Dahod
2 SMS (Ext.Edu.,), KVK, NAU, Navsari
3 Agril.Officer, HMRS, AAU, Dahod
ABSTRACT
ATMA project was launched in Gujarat in December, 2005. Initially I first phase, 8 districts were se-
lected and Dahod is one of them. The Dahod district falls in middle Gujarat region of agro-climatic zone. The ma-
jority of population (71.00 per cent) is tribal,.Among farming community, 94.96 per cent farmers are belonging to
schedule tribes from which 60.14 per cent falls under marginal farmers. The major crops of this region are Maize,
Paddy, Gram and Wheat. The area under Maize cultivation during the year 2004-05 in Kharif (110880 ha.) and in
Rabi (28200 ha.) having the productivity 1646 kg/ha and 2437 kg/ha, respectively, which is very less as compare
to recommended productivity i.e. 3000 kg/ha. There was a wide gap in productivity of Maize crop. For developing
the SREP. four villages viz.. Bhe. Vatli, Ved and Vanzaria were selected. The participatory data collection by the
multidisciplinary team was conducted in the representative villages. The result shows that there was a full gap
in seed treatment, micronutrient application and pest and disease management while method of showing, use of
varieties, seed rate, application of organic manure and chemical fertilizers and weed management practices were
found in partial gap category fulfill the gap in practices and yield, the farmers were proposed the extension strate-
gies viz., Training, Demonstration, Soil testing and application of fertilizers as per recommendation and Training
regarding pest and disease management.
Keywords: Gap in adoption, Extension strategy, ATMA
INTORDUCTION The participatory data collection by the multidisciplinary

team (including AAU scientists and officers from all line
Agricultural Technology Management Agency
departments) was conducted in the representative villages.
(ATMA) project was launched i Gujarat in December, 2005.
The team was provided with a set of checklist and formats for
Initially I first phase, 8 district were selected and Dahod
collection of information. The information of Dahod district
is one of them. The Dahod district falls in middle Gujarat
was collected in depth through Participatory Rural Appraisal
region of agro - climate zone. The majority of population
(PRA) technique by multidisciplinary team during 17 to 26
(71.00 per cent) is tribal. This district is popularly know as
July, 2006.
“Adivasi Region” In Dahod district, 94.96 per cent farmers
are belonging to schedule tribes among farming community RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
from which 60.14 percent falls under marginal farmers
The major crops of this region are Maize, Paddy,
having less than one hectare land.
Gram and Wheat. The area under Maize cultivation during the
METHODOLOGY the year 2004-05 in Kharif (110880 ha.) and in Rabi (28200
ha.) having the productivity 1646 kg/ha and 2437 kg/ha,
Under ATMA project for developing the SREP the
respectively, which is very less as compare to recommended
four AES of Dahod district were selected. From which four
productivity i.e. 3000 kg/ha. (An on 2006). There was a wide
villages viz., Bhe, Vatli, Ved and Vanzaria were selected
gap in productivity of Maize crop.
which was represented the identical situation of AES.
39
Table 1 : Trend in area and productivity of maize in representative village of each aes in dhaod district
Sr. No. Year AES-1 AES-2 AES-3 AES-4

Area Produc- Area Produc- Area Produc- Area Productiv-
(ha.) tivity (ha.) tivity (ha.) tivity (ha.) ity
(q/ha.) (q/ha.) (q/ha.) (q/ha.)
1 1985 140 11.0 300 11.5 125 12.0 100 12.5
2 1990 142 11.5 355 12.0 135 12.5 105 12.5
3 1995 148 11.5 355 12.7 130 13.0 115 13.0
4 2000 140 12.0 350 18.5 138 13.5 121 13.5
5 2005 150 16.0 340 18.0 337 13.0 125 13.0
The last 20 years’ trend of maize productivity in representative villages was presented in Table 1 indicated that there
was less increase in AES 3 and 4 while more increase in AES 1 and 2.
Table 2 : SWOT analysis for maize crop maize
Strengths Weaknesses
 Knowledge of cultivating the crop  Mono-crop
 Cultivating traditionally  Following traditional practices
 Experience in cultivating the crop  Nor risk bearing ability
 Grown in upland  Large number of farmers using traditional
varieties
 Requires less rain-fall
Opportunities Threats
 Suitable for this condition  Occurrence of drought
 Good market facility  Incidence of diseases
 High yielding variety available  Market fluctuations
 Lump sum income  Criminalization in society
 Involvement of family labour
 Low operational cases
 Low pest and disease incidence
The Table 2 represented the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats for developing the strategy for
improving the productivity of maize crop.
Table : 3 Gap in adoption and farmer strategies for improving the poduction and productivity of the maize crop
Sr. Items Exist Recommended Gap Specific Farmer Strategy

No. (*) Reasons ( *** )
( ** )
1 Sowing / Planting
a Time June June N - -
b Method Drilling Drilling, Dibbling P 1 1
2 Varieties Local + Hybrid GM-4, GM-6 P 1, 2, 7, 8 1, 2
3 Seed rate (Kg/ha) 50 Kg. 20 Kg. P 1 1
4 Seed Treatment - 2-3 gm, Thirum F 1 1, 2
5 Organic Manure T/ha. 2 10 P 1 1
40
Sr. Items Exist Recommeded Gap Sp. Reasons Farmer Strat.

No. (*) ( ** ) ( *** )
6 Fertilizer/nutrient (Kg./
ha)
a Basal (N+P+K) 30:30:00 100:50:00 P 1, 5, 8 1, 2, 3
b Top dress (M+)
7 Methods of fertilizers
use
a Basal Drilling Drilling N - -
b Top dress Broad casting Broad casting
8 Micronutrient (specify):
a Dose (Kg/ha) - ZnSo4 F 1, 7, 8 1, 2, 3
b Method of
application
9 Pest Management - IPM Approach F 1, 7 1, 4
10 Disease Management - - F 1, 5 2, 4
11 Weed Management
a Mechanical Hand Weeding H.W., Inter P 1, 5, 8 1, 2
culturing
b Herbicide - Atrazine, Pendi. P 1, 5, 8 1, 2
12 Water Management :
a No. of irrigation - - P 1,7 1,2
b Method of Irrigation - - - - -
13 Land Management :
a Salinity / Acidity - - N - -
b Water logging - - P 1 1
14 Method of harvesting Hand Picking Hand Picking N - -
15 Average yield
a Grain (Q/ha) 18 30 P 1, 2, 3, 5 1,2,3, 4
b Fodder (T/ha) 23 31 P 6, 7, 8
(*)F = Full gap P = Partial gap N = Nil
(**) Code for specific reasons for gap in adoption (***) Code for farmer proposed extension strategies
1 Lack of awareness / knowledge 1 Training
2 Traditional Farming 2 Demonstration.
3 Low fertile soil 3 Soil testing and application of fertilizers as per recommendation
4 Small land holdings 4. Training regarding pest and disease management.
5 Non adoption of recommended method of practices
6 Rainfed condition.
7 Poor economic condition
8 Unavailability of inputs
The Table 3 shown the existing gap in adoption of practices were : (1)Seed treatment due to lack of awareness
improved production technology in maize crop with their and traditional farming (2) Micronutrient application due to
specific reasons and the proposed extension strategy. lack of awareness, poor economic condition and unavailability
of inputs (3) Pest management due to Lack of awareness and
The full gap was seen in maize crop production
41
Poor economic condition (4) Diese management due to lack fodder.

of awareness and non-adoption of recommended method of
For fulfilling the gap in crop production practices and
practices.
improving the grain and fodder yield, the farmer suggested
The partial gap was observed in maize crop the proposed extension strategies were : (i) Training (ii)
production practices were : (1) Sowing method (2) Use Demonstration (iii) Soil testing and application of fertilizers
of varieties (3) Seed rate (4) Organic manure application as per recommendation (iv) Training regarding pest and
(5) Fertilizer application (6) Weed management (7) Water disease management
management (8) Water logging and (9) Yield of grain and
Table : 4 Agriculture production system for maize crop
Sr. Critical Gap Strategic Issue Strategies

No.
1 Use of traditional varieties Popularization of newly released HY resistant varieties • Demonstration
• Exposure visits
• Trainings
2 No seed treatment Adoption of seed treatment • Demonstration
• Exposure visits
• Trainings
3 Imbalanced fertilizer use Use of balanced dose of fertilizer • Demonstration
• Exposure visits
• Trainings
4 Poor weed management Proper and timely weed management • Demonstration
• Exposure visits
• Trainings
5 Low plant population Proper plant population • Demonstration
• Exposure visits
• Trainings
6 Lodging problem in tall varieties Adoption of dwarf HYVs • Demonstration
• Exposure visits
• Trainings
7 IPM in Maize Promotion of IPM system • Demonstration
• Exposure visits
• Trainings
The Table 4 shown the critical gap of agriculture management while method of showing, use of varieties, seed
production system for maize crop were : (i) Use of traditional rate, application of organic manure and chemical fertilizers
varieties (ii) No seed treatment (iii) Imbalanced fertilizer and weed management practices were found in partial gap
use (iv) Poor weed management (v) Low plant population category. To fulfill the gap in practices and yield, the farmers
(vi) Lodging problem in tall varieties (vii) IPM in Maize. were proposed the extension strategies viz., (1) Training (2)
To reducing the gaps and increasing the production in maize Demonstration (3) Soil testing and application of fertilizers
crops, the demonstrations will be arranged on farmers field, as per recommendation and (4) Training regarding pest and
the training will be given to farmers and exposure visits disease management (5) Exposure visit.
should be arranged for farmers.
REFERENCE
CONCLUSION
Anonymous (2006) Strategic Research and Extension Plan
There was a full gap in maize production practices like of Dahod District, ATMA Project Dahod, Guajrat.
seed treatment, micronutrient application and pest and disease
42
Variables Persuade Socio-Techno-Economic Change in ITDP
B.S. Patel1 and K.F. Patel2
1 Training Associate, Training and Visit, Anand Agricultural University, Anand

2 Retd. Director of Extension Education, AAU, Anand
ABSTRACT
The advantage of democracy must reach to all sectors of a society. A large number of development
projects are in operation but tribal farmers of the state could not reach to the expected level of socio-techno-
economic change. With a view to analyzing this, present study was undertaken in Integrated Tribal Development
Project area of Dahod district of Gujarat State. The study was conducted with a sample of 200 randomly selected
tribal peasants from 20 villages of 4 talukas of Dahod district. The results of the study reveal that majority of the
respondents had medium level of socio-techno-economic change. All the independent variables selected for the
study were positively significantly related with level of socio-techno-economic change except level of aspiration.
Among them age, urban pull and migration habit had negative but significant relationship with it. The multiple
regression analysis indicated that out of 23 independent variables only eight independent variables i.e. age,
education, occupation, farm power, urban pull, mass media exposure, non-fatalism and Knowledge regarding
improved practices of maize cultivation together affected the change in dependent variable significantly to the
extent of 75.20 per cent. The variable mass media exposure alone contributed to 59.75 per cent of total variation
in socio-techno-economic change. Mass media exposure contributed significantly to the prediction of the extent of
socio-techno-economic change It is therefore, recommended that community television sets, radio sets and local
news paper should made available in all villages, regular free film and video show should be arranged, printed
literature about improved technology should be distributed to the educated peasants. The study also revealed
that economic variables like number of occupations in which tribal farmers involved, farm power contributed
significantly to the prediction of socio-techno-economic change. It is, therefore, implies that some subsidiary
occupations like poultry, bee keeping, rope making, sericulture etc. should be created by the Government and
Non-Government organizations. Efforts should be also made to supply inputs to tribal peasants. This may help in
contributing better socio-techno-economic change in tribal farmers of ITDP area of the district.
Keywords: ITDP, Socio-techno-economic change
INTRODUCTION must reach to all sectors of a society. A large number of

development projects are in operation but tribal farmers
Consequence is defined by the Rogers (1983) as of the state could not reach to the expected level of
the change that occurs to an individual or to a social system modernization. With a view to know the extent of socio-
as a result of adoption or rejection of an innovation. The techno-economic change transpire to the tribal farmers in
assessment of benefit in monetary and social values; has Integrated Tribal Development Project area, this study was
been termed as socio-techno-economic change. Barnadas undertaken with the following objectives.
(1969) reported that changes occurred in the life of most of
the villages. The aspects were food habits, clothing pattern, OBJECTIVES
farming life, material possession, change in agricultural
practices, education for girls and change in yield levels 1 To know the extent of socio-techno-economic change
of crops. In spite of considerable progress, the progress is transpire to the tribal farmers.
not yet to the desired level of satisfaction because it differs 2 To know the relationships between the characteristics
from one region to another. The advantage of democracy and socio-techno-economic change score by the tribal
43
farmers. Relationship of independent variables with socio-techno-

economic change
3 To know the predicting ability of different characteristics
to explain variation on socio-techno-economic change Table 2: Relationship between independent variables and
score by the tribal farmers. socio-techno-economic Change n=200
METHODOLOGY Sr. Independent Variables Correlation
No. Coefficient
The study was conducted with a sample of 200
(r value)
randomly selected tribal peasants from 20 villages of 4
1 Age - 0.1991*
talukas of Dahod district, considering those tribal peasants
2 Education 0.4801**
who adopted maize as a major crop with animal husbandry.
3 Occupation 0.3564**
The socio-techno-economic change was measured 4 Size of land holding 0.4169**
with the help of procedure adopted by Chauhan (1994) with 5 Farm power 0.4005**
some modification in terms of nine aspects viz., (1) change in 6 Migration habit - 0.4311**
modern technology base farm machinery or farm implements 7 Organizational participation 0.4557**
(2) change in household items (3) change in saving and 8 Urban pull - 0.4854**
investment (4) change in food habit (5) change in clothing 9 Level of achievement 0.1972*
pattern (6) change in housing condition (7) change in social 10 Mass media exposure 0.7734**
status (8) change in social relationship and (9) Change in self 11 Change agency contact 0.6970**
sufficiency. The score of each aspect was added to measure 12 Level of aspiration 0.0700NS
the socio-techno-economic change in the peasants. 13 Role taking empathy 0.6291**
14 Non-fatalism 0.7182**
The data were collected with help of structured 15 Economic motivation 0.5584**
schedule by personal interview method. Parson’s coefficient 16 Cosmopoliteness 0.6450**
of correlation was computed to find out the relationship be- 17 Risk orientation 0.6812**
tween characteristics and socio-techno-economic change 18 Scientific orientation 0.4838**
score by tribal farmers. The multiple regression analysis was 19 Knowledge regarding improved 0.7439**
done to the combine effect of all independent variables in ex- 20 practices of maize cultivation
plaining the variation in the socio-techno-economic change Knowledge regarding improved 0.7088**
score of the tribal farmers. animal husbandry practices
21 Adoption of improved practices 0.6968**
FINDINGS of maize cultivation
Extent of socio-techno-economic change 22 Adoption of improved animal 0.6190**
husbandry practices
The data in Table 1 indicate that slightly more than 23 Overall modernization 0.7116**
three-fifth (61.50 per cent) of the respondents had medium
** Significant at 0.01 level of probability
level of socio-techno-economic change, followed by 22.50
per cent with low level of socio-techno-economic change. * Significant at 0.05 level of probability
Whereas, 16.00 per cent of the respondents were found to
have high level of socio-techno-economic change. NS= Non Significant
Table 1 : Distribution of respondents according to their The result depicted in Table 2 revealed that out of
socio-techno-economic change n=200 twenty three independent variables, nineteen variables namely,
education, occupation, size of land holding, farm power,
Sr. Level of socio-techno- Number Per cent organizational participation, level of achievement, mass
No. economic change
media exposure, change agency contact, role taking empathy,
1 Low (< 12.09 score) 45 22.50
2 Medium (between 12.10 to 123 61.50 non-fatalism, economic motivation, cosmopoliteness, risk
3 31.31 score) 32 16.00 orientation, scientific orientation, knowledge regarding
High (> 31.31 score) improved practices of maize cultivation, knowledge regarding
improved animal husbandry practices, adoption of improved
Mean = 21.70 SD = 9.61
practices of maize cultivation, adoption of improved animal
44
husbandry practices and level of overall modernization were ables namely, level of aspiration was found non-significant
found to be positively and significantly related with the socio- with socio-techno-economic change of tribal farmers.
techno-economic change of the tribal farmers.
Variable Predicting Socio-Techno-Economic Change
With regard to independent variables namely, age,
Table 3: Multiple regression analysis of socio-techno-
urban pull and migration habit were found significantly but
economic change score of the tribal farmers
negatively correlated with the socio-techno-economic change
n = 200
of the tribal farmers. Whereas, only one independent vari-
Sr. Independent Partial regres- Standard error ‘t’ value Standard par- Rank
No. variable sion coefficient of regression tial regression
( byi.j) coefficient coefficient
(SE of byi.j ) ( b’yi.j )
1 Adoption of improved animal hus- 0.2566 0.1393 1.841NS 0.1013
VIII
bandry practices
2 Age 0.0871 0.0444 1.963* 0.0884 IX
3 Education - 1.1322 0.5167 2.191* - 0.1149 VII
4 Occupation 3.7128 1.1352 3.271** 0.1302 V
5 Farm power 0.8840 0.2461 3.610** 0.1484 IV
6 Urban pull - 3.9870 1.3578 2.936** - 0.1275 VI
7 Mass media exposure 0.8417 0.1588 5.302** 0.3859 I
8 Non-fatalism 0.8615 0.3886 2.217* 0.1505 III
9 Knowledge regarding improved 0.4736 0.1249 3.793** 0.2524 II
practices of maize cultivation
Constant : -5.5999 Multiple R = 0.8672 R2 = 0.7520
* Significant at 0.05 level of probability ** Significant at 0.01 level of probability
It is clear from the Table-3 that out of 23 inde- It is therefore, recommended that community television sets,
pendent variables only eight independent variables i.e. age, radio sets and local news paper should made available in all
education, occupation, farm power, urban pull, mass media villages, regular free film and video show should be arranged,
exposure, non-fatalism and Knowledge regarding improved printed literature about improved technology should be
practices of maize cultivation together affected the change distributed to the educated peasants. The study also revealed
in dependent variable significantly to the extent of 75.20 per that economic variables like number of occupations in which
cent. tribal farmers involved, farm power contributed significantly
to the prediction of socio-techno-economic change. It is,
The variable mass media exposure alone contributed
therefore, implies that some subsidiary occupations like
to 59.75 per cent of total variation in socio-techno-economic
poultry, bee keeping, rope making, sericulture etc. should
change. As per the ranks of standard partial regression
be created by the Government and Non-Government
coefficient, the independent variable mass media exposure is
organizations. Efforts should be also made to supply inputs
most important variables followed by knowledge regarding
to tribal peasants. This may help in contributing better socio-
improved animal husbandry practices, non-fatalism, farm
techno-economic change in tribal farmers of ITDP area of
power, occupation, urban pull, education, adoption of
the district.
improved animal husbandry practices and age.
IMPLICATION
Mass media exposure contributed significantly to

the prediction of the extent of socio-techno-economic change
45
Extent of Agricultural Modernization among the Tribal and Non-tribal Farmers
Mayur Prajapati1 , K.D.Solanki2 and Alpesh Prajapati3
1 & 3 P.G. Student M.Sc. (Agri.)

2 Associate Extension Educationist, Directorate of Extension Education,
S.D. Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar – 385 506 Dist : Banaskantha (Gujarat).
ABSTRACT
Agricultural modernization means improvement in farming system, infrastructure facilities, promotion
of cultivation practices, crop diversification and value addition process. Agricultural modernization is not purely
technological or economic problem. It is frequently dependent on an understanding of the society in which it is to take
place, a knowledge of the social and cultural factors that condition farmers responsiveness to technological change
is essential. The present study was conducted in Sabarkantha district of North Gujarat region of Gujarat state as the
economy of the district is basically dependent on agriculture as 62.8% workers are engaged in primary sector. The
farmers of Sabarkantha district are innovative as well as enthusiastic in modern agriculture. Secondly, the district
ranks first with respect to tribal population amongst the districts of North Gujarat region It is seen that only 14
villages out of 1,372 were having percentage range of scheduled tribes population of 41-50; covered in Khedbrahma,
Vijaynagar, Bhiloda, and Meghraj talukas of the district. Among these fourtalukas considering the numbers of villages,
Meghraj and Bhiloda talukas were selected purposively. Looking to the common situation of the inhabited villages for
the tribal and non-tribal farmers, 11 villages of Bhiloda and Meghraj talukas having scheduled tribes population of
41-50 range of percentage were selected purposively. Ten tribal farmers and Ten non-tribal farmers from each village
were selected randomly. Thus, total 220 farmers were selected. To measure the agricultural modernization of the
farmers, a teacher made test was developed. The teacher made test of agricultural modernization of the farmers was
consisted of thirteen major criterea and each criteria was given score by conference method. Then, total 200 score of
agricultural modernization test was determined. Majority of the tribal (84.55%) and non-tribal (85.46%) respondents
were having low to medium extent of Agricultural Modernization Index (AMI). The tribal farmers differ significantly
from non-tribal farmers with respect to their extent of AMI. The independent variables viz., age, size of family, land
holding, livestock possession and cosmopoliteness were found significantly related with AMI of tribal respondents;
In case of non-tribal respondents all 10 selected independent variables were found to be significantly associated with
AMI.
Keywords : Agricultural Modenization, Tribal farmers, Non-tribal farmers
INTRODUCTION technology dissemination system. To respond to these

challenges, appropriate agricultural technologies and agro-
It is now realized the world over that in order to
management practices are to be developed and disseminated
meet food requirement of the growing population and rapid
among the users. Modernization of agriculture through
industrialization, modernization of agriculture is inescapaple.
improvement in infrastructure facilities and at sub sector
Agriculture is one of the crucial and mega sector in specific strategies include promotion of various package
the Indian economy which contributes about 27% to the GDP. of practices were also emphasized during Tenth Five year
Agricultural scenario in our country is undergoimg a rapid plan. These features of Indian agriculture widened the gap
change. In this context food and nutritional security, poverty between commodity based demands and supply, hence could
allevation, diversifying market demands, export opportunities not helped the farmers in terms of economic benefits. Among
and environment concerns are the new challenges to them crop diversification is vital to ensure food security and
46
to provide balanced diet through nutritive products to poor scheduled tribes population to total population in villages are
people. (Raveendarn et. al. (2003)). Therefore, the only categorized in 9 different percentage ranges at district level,
alternate left for marching with the time is to go with the i.e. Zero percentage range of scheduled tribes population to
diversification as well as modernizations of agriculture and 76 and above percentage range. It is seen that only 14 villages
animal husbandry production both in terms of time and space out of 1,372 were having percentage range of scheduled
as per need and requirement of the ever-growing population tribes population of 41-50; covered in Khedbrahma,
to ensure their food security. The phenomenon of demand Vijaynagar, Bhiloda, and Meghraj talukas of the district.
driven agriculture is still far behind with the farmers of These 14 villages, one village was in Khedbrahma taluka,
backward regions and tribal areas. two villages in Vijaynagar taluka, four villages in Meghraj
taluka and seven villages in Bhiloda taluka. Among these
India has the social largest tribal population in
four talukas considering the numbers of villages Meghraj and
the world next to Africa. According to Census, 1991 there
Bhiloda talukas were selected purposively. Looking to the
are 67.76 million tribals constituting (8%) of the country
common situation of the inhabited villages for the tribal and
total population. The tribals in Gujarat from about 15%
non-tribal farmers, all 11 villages of Bhiloda and Meghraj
of total population. The Gujarat state is the fourth among
talukas, having scheduled tribes population of 41-50 range
states with sizeable tribal population, is concentrated in
of percentage were selected purposively. Ten tribal farmers
the North Districts to the Dangs district. Sabarkantha ranks
and ten non-tribal farmers from each village were selected
first among the districts of the North-Gujarat with respect to
randomly. Thus, total 220 farmers were selected.
tribal concentration and 15% tribal population to state total
population. Looking to these facts, the present investigation To measure the agricultural modernization of the
was planned with following objectives. farmers a teacher made test was developed. The teacher
made test of agricultural modernization of the farmers was
OBJECTIVES
consisted of major thirteen criteria viz., Farming pattern,
1 To study the agricultural modernization among the tribal Seed selection, Use of Irrigation system, Use of Underground
and non tribal farmers. pipe line for Irrigation, Use of Transportation facility for
marketing of agricultural production, Available modern
2 To ascertain the association between the personal, social, machinery and implements, Available Modern Sources of
economical, situational, communicational attributes of Energy Equipments, Extent of use of chemical fertilizers,
the tribal and non tribal farmers and their agricultural Extent of use of organic fertilizers, Extent of use of Storage
modernization . facility, Use of Plant Protection Measures, Extent of use of
Harvesting Structures and Extent of use of Improved Dairy
METHODOLGY
Practices. Such criteria were discussed with the experts of
The present study was conducted in Sabarkantha Extension Education, Agricultural Economics and Agronomy,
district of North Gujarat region of Gujarat state as the then finally were included in the test. All possible factors
economy of the district is basically dependent on agriculture were framed / included in order to have precise response and
as 62.8% workers are engaged in primary sector. The farmers each criteria was given score by conference method of the
of Sabarkantha district are innovative as well as enthusiastic teachers. Then, total 200 score of agricultural modernization
in modern agriculture. Based on the backwardness index test was determined.
the planning commission has identified six tribal districts
The score obtained by an individual respondent for
of Gujarat as disadvantaged. (Anonymous 2001) Out
each of these criteria was summed up for his total agricultural
of these six districts two districts namely, Banaskantha
modernization score. The index of agricultural modernization
and Sabarkantha are in North Gujarat. Considering the
was calculated for each individual respondent with the help
highest tribal population, Sabarkantha district was selected
of the following formula :
purposively. According to the Census-2001, proportion of
Sum of scores of all criteria rated by Individual

Agricultural Modernization Index (AMI) = X 100
Maximum score attributes to the all criteria rated
47
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION agriculture and animal husbandry production both in terms
of time and space as per need and requirement of the ever-
Extent of Agricultural Modernization Among the Tribal
growing population to ensure their food security. The extent
and Non-tribal Respondents
of agricultural modernization was studied. The respondents
The only alternate left for marching with the time according to their extent of agricultural modernization index
is to go with the diversification as well as modernizations of in Table 1.
Table 1 : Distribution of the respondents according to their extent of agricultural modernization index n = 220
Sr. Agricultural Tribal farmers Sr. Agricultural Non tribal farmers ‘Z’
No. Modernization No. Modernization value
index Number Percent index Number Percent
1 Low 22 20.00 1 Low 21 19.10
(Below 28.78) (Below 47.23)
2 Medium 71 64.55 2 Medium 73 66.36 3.6728**

(28.78 to 62.20) (47.23 to 83.75)
3 High 17 15.45 3 High 16 14.54

(Above 62.20) (Above 83.75)
Total 110 100.00 110 100.00
Mean : 45.49 S.D. : 16.71 Mean: 65.49 S.D.: 18.26
** Significant at 0.01 level of significance

The data presented in Table 1 reveal that in tribal was recorded from 21.5 upto 47.23 score index (i.e. 64.11%
farmers nearly two-thirds of the respondents (64.55 per cent) higher) while in the high category of AMI among tribal and
were having medium extent of agricultural modernization non-tribal respondent was recorded, above 62.20 score
index, followed by 20.00 per cent of them had low extent of index and above 83.75 score index (i.e. 34.65% higher),
agricultural modernization, whereas only 15.45 per cent of respectively. which clearly indicated that there was great
them had high extent of agricultural modernization index. differentiation among the tribal and non-tribal respondents
with respect to their AMI.
As well as data presented in Table 1 for non-tribal
respondents two-thirds (66.36 per cent) were having medium Association between the personal, social, economical,
extent of agricultural modernization index, while 19.10 per situational, communicational attributes of the tribal and
cent of them had low extent of agricultural modernization non tribal farmers and their agricultural modernization
index, whereas only 14.54 per cent of them had high extent
To ascertain the associationship between
of agricultural modernization index.
independent variables and Agricultural modernization, zero
It can be concluded that majority of the tribal & order correlation was applied and the values of correlation
non-tribal farmers were having low to medium extent of coefficient (r) were calculated. These values have been given
agricultural modernization index. in Table 2.
The ‘Z’ value was found highly significant (3.6728**) It is clear from Table 2 that out of 10 independent
which implies that tribal farmers differ significantly from variables, the correlation of 4 variables viz., size of family
non-tribal farmers with respect to their extent of agricultural (0.2088), land holding (0.1880), livestock possession
modernization index. (0.1894) and cosmopoliteness (0.1982) were statistically
found to be positively and significantly related with
It was also observed that the low category of AMI
agricultural modernization index of tribal farmers at 0.05
among the tribal farmers was started from 17 score upto
level of significance.
28.78 score index while in the case of non-tribal farmers it
48
Table 2 : Correlation coefficient of selected independent variables with Agricultural modernization. ( n = 220 )
‘r’ value
Sr.
Variables
No. Tribal farmers Non-tribal farmers
1 Personal variables
i Age -0.3289** -0.2848**
ii Education 0.1089 NS 0.2966**
2 Social variables
i Size of family 0.2088* 0.2848**
ii Social participation 0.0683 NS 0.2175*
3 Economic variables
i Land holding 0.1880* 0.2410*
ii Annual income 0.1405 NS 0.3662**
4 Situational variables
i Source of irrigation 0.1249 NS 0.2356*
ii Livestock possession 0.1894* 0.2835**
5 Communication variables
i Sources of information 0.0971 NS 0.2368*
ii Cosmopoliteness 0.1982* 0.2286*
* significant at 0.05 level of probability ** significant at In the case of non-tribal respondents, out of 10
0.01 level of probability NS = Non Significant selected independent variables, the correlation of 4 variables
viz., education (0.2966), size of family (0.2848), annual
As far as the variables “Age” was concerned, the
income (0.3662) and livestock possession (0.2835) were
computed correlation coefficient was found to be negative
statistically found to be positively and significantly associated
but significantly related with AMI of tribal farmers at 0.05
with AMI at 0.01 level of significance.
level of significance.
Among personal variables “Age” was found to be
While the independent variables viz., education,
negative but significantly associated with AMI of non-tribal
social participation, annual income, source of irrigation
farmers at 0.01 level of significance.
and sources of information were concerned, the computed
correlation coefficient were found to be non significant, this While the independent variables viz., social
indicated that they did not establish any relationship with participation (0.2175), land holding (0.2410), source of
AMI of tribal farmers. irrigation (0.2356), sources of information (0.2368) and
cosmopoliteness (0.2286) were statistically found to be
It can be concluded that age, size of family, land
positively and significantly associated with AMI at 0.05 level
holding, livestock possession and cosmopoliteness were the
of significance.
important variables affecting the agricultural modernization
index among the tribal farmers. From the above discussion, it can be concluded
that all the selected variables were very important variables
The probable reason might be that age, size of
affecting the AMI among the non-tribal respondents.
family, land holding and livestock possession are mostly
the components of personal, social and economic growth, The probable reason might be that the non-tribal
respectively, which may have influenced the AMI of tribal farmers (general farmers) have an enviable position in the
farmers. Gujarat state among the all farming community with the rapid
49
development of agriculture, discernible to the tribal farmers the rapid development of agriculture, discernible to the tribal
and the real benefits of modernization did not trickle down to farmers and the real benefits of modernization did not trickle
the backward castes level. down to the backward castes level.
CONCLUSION REFERENCES
It can be concluded that majority of the tribal and Anonymous (2001). District census handbook of Sabarkantha
non-tribal farmers having low to medium extent of AMI. The (Census of India 2001) series-25, part-XII A & B,
tribal farmers differ significantly from non-tribal farmers with Directorate of Census operations, Gujarat.
respect to their extent of agricultural modernization index.
Raveendaran, N.,N. Ajjan and S.R.Rajesh (2003). Promotion
Out of selected 10 independent variables age, size of family,
of Sustainable Production, Value Addition and
land holding, livestock possession and cosmopoliteness were
Increasing The Income and Employment Potentials.
found significantly related with AMI of tribal farmers, In
International Conference Agricultural Policies and
case of non-tribal respondents all 10 selected independent
Strategies for Profitable Farming: Field Realities,
variables were found to be significantly associated with
Needed Reforms and Interventions. Abstract: ICAR,
AMI. It is indicated that all the selected variables were very
New Delhi and College of Agriculture, G.A,U.,
important variables affecting the AMI among the non-tribal
Anand, Gujarat P.P.1.
respondents. The non-tribal farmers have an enviable position
in the Gujarat state among the all farming community with
50
Socio-Economic Change as Result of Watershed Development Programme
C.D. Pandya1 and R.D. Pandya2
1 Subject Matter Specialist (Ext. Edu.) at Krishi Vigyan Kendra, NAU, Vyara
2 Professor & Head, Department of Ext.Edn., NMCA, NAU, Navsari
ABSTRACT
The study was carried out in Vyara taluka of Tapi district. All the three watersheds of Vyara taluka
were selected purposively. Watershed management implies the wise use of soil and water resources within a
given geographical area so as to enable sustainable production and to minimize floods. Ex-post-facto research
design was used for the present study. The data were collected with the help of structural schedule by personal
interview method. The dependent and independent variables were measured by using suitable scale. The data
thus collected were coded, classified, tabulated and analysed in order to make the findings meaning. The statisti-
cal measure i.e. paired‘t’ test was used. Socio-economic change occurred due to implementation of watershed
programme was admirable. It has brought significant change in all the aspects (dependent variables) in the
study. The watershed development programme, thus, played an important role in accelerating agricultural pro-
ductivity and effecting a positive change in life standard of the tribals in watershed area of Vyara taluka of Tapi
district.
Keywords: Constraints, Respondent, Rural development
INTRODUCTION Vyara taluka were selected purposively. A list of beneficia-

ries farmers were obtained from Sub-Divisional Office (Soil
Agriculture is the backbone of India as major popu-
Conservation), GLDC, Vyara. Respondents were selected
lation is engaged in agriculture or allied agricultural activi-
randomly from each village. Thus, out of 367 beneficiaries’
ties. Economy of Gujarat State is largely dependent on natu-
farmers, 82 farmers from all three villages were included in
ral resources like soil, water and their proper management
the study. Ex-post-facto research design was used for the
practices. The ultimate objective of the watershed develop-
present study. The data were collected with the help of struc-
ment programme is to develop the natural resource base,
tural schedule by personal interview method. The dependent
sustain agricultural productivity, improve the standard of
and independent variables were measured by using suitable
living of million of poor farmers and landless labourers and
scale. The data thus collected were coded, classified, tabu-
endeavor for restoration of ecological balance. The impacts
lated and analyzed in order to make the findings meaning.
of watershed development programme are reflected in terms
The statistical measure i.e. paired‘t’ test was used.
of generating more income from agriculture by soil and water
conservation practices, which ultimately are improving the RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
overall economic condition of the farmers. Hence, there is
The socio-economic changes that occur to an
an absolute need to know how far the impact of watershed
individual or to a social system as a result of adoption or
development programme is occurred among the farmers of
rejection of an innovation. An attempt has been made to
watershed area. Keeping this in view, the present study was
know resultant changes in terms of 14 aspects, viz., area
carried out with specific of to know the “Socio-economic
under field crops, area under irrigation, use of improved
change as result of watershed development programme.”
varieties, crop production, use of farm machinery and
METHODOLOGY agricultural implements, area under fruit tree cultivation, area
under forest tree cultivation, annual income from agriculture,
The study was carried out in Vyara taluka of Tapi
annual income from livestock, housing condition, household
district. All the three watersheds covering three villages of
possession, food habit, clothing pattern and, savings and
51
expenditure which were considered as impact of watershed presented in Table 1.

development programme. The data in this regard are
Table 1: Aspectwise change occurred as a result of watershed development programme
Mean score
Sr. Mean
Aspect Before After ‘t’ value
No. difference
project project
1 Area under field crops 1.6163 2.36.7 0.7444 15.7110*
2 Area under irrigation 0.3399 0.8623 0.5224 15.0343*
3 Use of improved varieties 1.5000 3.1829 1.6829 15.5542*
4 Crop production 0.9882 1.7706 0.7824 4.3797*
5 Use of farm machinery and implements 7.8537 16.7439 8.8902 5.2262*
6 Area under fruit tree cultivation 1.4390 9.000 7.5610 7.1248*
7 Area under forest tree cultivation 2.7195 15.5610 12.8415 3.6703*
8 Annual income from agriculture 32.6097 38.1463 5.5366 5.9795*
9 Annual income from livestock 10.7780 12.7987 2.0207 8.1268*
10 Housing condition 1.6585 5.1585 3.5000 16.8521*
11 Household possession 8.5488 23.6464 15.0976 12.6887*
12 Food habit 0.2927 2.0122 1.7195 8.9613*
13 Clothing pattern 0.5609 2.6463 2.0854 16.3235*
14 Savings and expenditure 0.2927 2.0122 1.7195 8.9613*
The data presented in Table 1 reveal that the mean to more crop production. Increase in annual income from
difference found in all the aspects was statistically highly livestock might be due that the farmers have expanded their
significant at 0.01 level of probability. It can be inferred that herd size of milch animals after implementation of watershed
all the aspects were significantly increased or improved after development programme. Increase in housing condition
the implementation of the programme. The probable reason might be due to that farmers have increased their annual
for increase in area under field crops might be that the farmers income from agriculture and livestock. Increase in household
have brought their wasteland under the cultivation. Increase possession might be due that the farmers have increased their
in area under irrigation might be that the respondents have use purchasing capacity by raising the income through achieving
the technique of water conservation and utilized this water more production. The probable reason for increase in food
for crop plantation. Increase in use of improved varieties habit might be due to that farmers have use different varieties
might be its easy availability and high economic returns. of food preparation in festivals. Increase in clothing pattern
Increase in crop production might be due to the adoption of might be due that the farmers have increased their annual
crop production technology. The probable reason for positive income from agriculture and livestock. The probable reason
change in use of farm machinery and implements might for increase in savings and expenditure might be due to that
that the farmers have increased their purchasing capacity the farmers have increased their purchasing capacity by
by raising the income through achieving more production. raising the income through achieving more production.
Increase in area under fruit tree cultivation might be that the
CONCLUSION
farmers have been diverted to minimize the risk by planting
the fruit crops on the border of the field as well as on the sloppy Impact occurred due to implementation of watershed
land where field crops are not grown properly. The probable programme was admirable. It has brought significant
reason for increase in area under forest tree cultivation might change in all the aspects (dependent variables) in the study.
be that the farmers have been diverted to minimize the risk The watershed development programme, thus, played an
by planting the forest tree on the border of the field as well as important role in accelerating agricultural productivity and
on the sloppy land where field crops are not grown properly. effecting a positive change in life standard of the tribals in
Increase in annual income from agriculture might be due watershed area of Vyara taluka of Surat district.
52
Impact of National Watershed Development Project for Rainfed Areas

of Banaskantha District of Gujarat
A. S. Sheikh1 and B. T. Patel2
1 Associate Professor & HOD, Department of Veterinary & Animal Husbandry (Extension)
SDAU, Sardarkrushinagar
2 Ex. Director of Extension, GAU, Gujarat
ABSTRACT
Agriculture is largely dependent on natural resources like soil , water and vegetation . Agriculture
productivity depends on how efficiently these resources are conserved and managed . With a view to know
the impact of National Watershed Development Project For Rainfed Areas Of Banaskantha District ,
the study was undertaken in three talukas of banaskantha along with six micro watersheds in six villages
with a sample of 300 farmers .The statistical tools like frequency , percentage, rank , mean and “Z” test
were used to analyze data. The finding reflected that after watershed project the farmers have started to
changed their cropping pattern from traditional crop to more valuable or cash crops like castor , cotton
, isabgol , fennel and cumin. Increase in overall average productivity of selected crops was found highly
significant after watershed project. The average productivity of castor was ranked first(42.66%) followed
by wheat(36.33%) ,green gram(31.28%) and summer bajara(30.14%). The overall percentage changed in crop-
ping intensity was 11.5 per cent. There is a rise in water table 6.5 meter , overall employment generation
, mandays and wages were increased 13.09 ,61.48 and 27.27 Per cent respectively , while rate of migra-
tion was declined by 54.50 Per cent. Population of buffaloes and cows was increased 193.5 and 135.29 Per
cent respectively. Thus there was a positive impact of NWDPRA on cropping pattern , productivity of crop
cropping intensity , ground water table , employment generation , mandays ,wages ,migration and animal
resources
Keywords: NWDPRA, National Watershed Development Project for Rainfed Areas
Agriculture is largely dependent on natural resources Three talukas namely Palanpur , Deesa and
like soil , water and vegetation. Agriculture productivity Dhanera of Banaskantha district were selected purposively
depends on how efficiently these resources are conserved because these talukas are having similar agro climatic
and managed. The programme uses practicewise holistic condition , soil type and cropping pattern. A list of villages
approach and local components are soil management , covered undered NWDPRA during 10th plan in
water management and crop management. The NWDPRA selected three talukas was obtained from the implementing
was started in Banaskantha district in the year 1987-88. agency. Patosan-1 and Sagrosana village of Palanpur taluka
This research study was undertaken with a view to , Ghada-1 and Aagdol of Deesa taluka , Shera-1 and
evaluate the impact of NWDPRA on the beneficiary Malota of Dhanera taluka were selected purposively. A
farmers has been assessed through the parameters like list of beneficiary farmers of the project was obtained
(1)Cropping pattern (2)Productivity of different crops (3) from respective PIA. A samples of 50 farmers was drawn
Cropping intensity (4) Ground water table (5)Employment randomly from UGs , SHGs and beneficiary farmers
, mandays , wages and migration (6) Animal resources. from each selected micro watershed. Thus, a total 300
farmers were selected for the study. The data were collected
53
with the help of pre-tested interview schedule. Cropping Cropping Intensity

productivity was calculated by collecting the data of
Table 3 shows the percentage change in cropping
productivity of crops before and after the implementation
intensity was found 10.13, 12.74 and 11.50 per cent in
of project. The difference was find out and per cent
GLDC, NGOs and pooled respectively. This might be due to
increased was calculated by dividing difference with the
improvement in availability of irrigation water in watershed
yield before watershed and multiply by 100.To know
area enabled the farmers to adopt double multiple cropping
whether difference is significant or not “z” test was
and to bring more fallow land into cultivation.
applied.
Ground water table
“Z”=d/SE (D)
Conservation of natural resources such as water,
Where,
soil and bio- mass is one of the specific objectives of water
d=Mean difference shed project. Table 4 shows the changes in ground water table
before and after water shed in project area. Water table was
S.E. (D) =standard error of mean difference
raised 6.5 meter after implementation of water shed project.
Cropping intensity was calculated by the following formula This might be due to good rainfall in preceding two years
and constructing water harvesting structures in project area.
Grossed cropped area of watershed The water table in n summer season which was 53.15 meter
Cropping intensity (%) = × 100
Net area of water shed before has came down to 46.85 meter after implementation of
The statistical tools like Frequency , Percentage ,Rank , water shed in the project area .
Mean and “Z” test were used to analyze data. Employment, mandays, wages and migration
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION One of the most important aspects that need to be
Cropping Pattern considered in the assessment of overall impact of watershed
for the rural poor is the employment generations as the
The data in Table 1 indicate that gross cropped
employment opportunities for the rural population in dry land
area before watershed was 1398.94 ha,where as if was
area are very much limited. The results from Table 5 indicate
1373.40ha after watershed project. The gross cropped area
that overall employment generation,mandays and wages was
was slightly more (1.83%) because mixed cropping is
increased 13.09,61.48 and27.27 percent respectively after
the familiar aspect of rain fed farming. After watershed
watershed project, while overall migration was observed to
project , the land was made more productive by land
be declined by 54.50 percent in the project area.
leveling and terracing measures. The farmers have started
to change their cropping pattern castor, cotton , isabgol , It could be concluded that NWDPRA is people
fennel , cumin and rajka bajari. Thus , farmers of watershed participatory project and project was planned and implemented
area have increased farm output and income through the by watershed committee. Thus, majority of the marginal and
adoption of more remunerative cropping pattern. small farmers were engaged in the watershed development
activities like contour bunding, a forestation, farm ponds ,
Productivity of Different Crops
etc; and managed to earn income, While the large farmers
The result from Table 2 indicate overall average concentrated more on their agricultural pursuits. Moreover,
productivity of different crops. The results clearly show change in cropping pattern and increased in cropping intensity
that overall average productivity of all the selected would have generated more employment,mandays,increased
crops were found highly significant after the watershed in wages and decreased in migration due to work pressure.
project. The average productivity of castor was ranked Thus, water shed programme has a positive impact on
first (42.66%) followed by wheat (36.33%) green gram employment generation, increased in wages and decreased in
(31.28%) and summer bajra (30.14%). This might be due migration.
to the implementation of watershed activities like, contour
Animal Resources
bunding, leveling, terracing, use of improved hybrid |short
duration varieties, etc. would have contributed in significant Development of livestock enterprise is one of
increasing productivity of crops. Thus, and there was a highly the important activities under water shed development
significant effect of watershed project on crop productivity. programme. It has got a special importance in the context of
54
generation supplementary income in the watershed area. As Anonymous (2006).Report on the working group of
can be seen from Table 6 that there was increased in buffaloes subcommittee of National Development Council
and cows population to the extent of 151.63 and 125.84 on Agriculture and related issues on Dry land/
percent respectively after watershed project. The probable Rain fed farming system/ Including Regeneration
explanation is that increased in area and productivity of of Degraded/ Waste land, Watershed development
fodder crops as well as grasses could have contributed to programme.
more availability of fodder and this might have motivated the
Bhankahriya, S.D. (2004). An economic impact of watershed
farmers to keep more milch animals. Thus, it may be said that
development programme in Banaskantha district
implementation of watershed project in the area has not only
of Gujarat state. Ph.D. Thesis, Submitted to
enabled the farmers to enhance their crop productivity but
S.D.Agricultural university,Sardarkrushinagar.
also their family income through providing more employment
and keeping more milch animals. Goel, P.k. and Singh, M.B. (1996). Impact on soil conservation
measures on ground water availability. Indian J. Soil
CONCLUSION
Conservation.24 (1):19-24.
In light of the finding following conclusion may
Prajapati, V.V. (2006). Impact of National Watershed
be drawn the farmers have started to change their cropping
Development Project in rain fed areas of Banaskantha
pattern from traditional crop to more valuable crop, overall
district of Gujarat state. Ph.D. Thesis Submitted to
crop productivity of all the selected crops were found
Gujarat Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar.
highly significant, the cropping intensity was changed up
to 11.50 percent, ground water table was raised 6.5 meter , Rajput, A.M. and Verma, A.R. (1993). Stabilization of
employment,mandays and wages was raised 13.09, 61.48 and crop productivity through improves watershed
27.27 percent respectively. The migration was declined by technology in Malwa region of M.P. Crop Research;
54.50 percent. Thus, there was positive impact of watershed 6(2):195-201.
project on cropping pattern, productivity of crops, cropping Shrivastava, A; Gupta, S.K. and Athavale, M.C. (1991).
intensity, ground water table, employment generation, Impact of watershed development programme in
mandays, wages, migration and animal resources. Mandsaur district of M.P. Indian J. Agric.Econ;
REFERENCES 46(3):296-297.
Anonymous (2006).Crops and Drops, website: http//www. Singh, J.P. (2000). A study on economic evaluation of
fao.orga//docrep. Manchel Watershed MANAGE, Hyderabad.
55
Evaluation of Front Line Demonstration on Wheat
J.J.Mistry1, K.J.Vihol2 and V.B.Patel3
1 Subject Matter Specialist (Ext. Edu.), KVK, SDAU, Khedbrahma Dist.: Sabarkantha
2 Subject Matter Specialist (Agronomy), KVK, SDAU, Khedbrahma Dist.: Sabarkantha
3 Subject Matter Specialist, KVK, SDAU, Khedbrahma Dist.: Sabarkantha
ABSTRACT
To accelerate the production of crops, ICAR has started FLD programme through KVK. Latest
recommended package of practices are demonstrated on farmers field. Technology generated by scientists are of
no use unless adopted by farmers. With a view to know the extent of adoption of Wheat production technologies
before and after FLD given by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Khedbrahma, the study was under taken. Total 12 villages
in which FLDs on Wheat had been conducted by KVK, Khedbrahma were selected purposively. From each
village, five demonstrating farmers were selected randomly making a sample of sixty respondents. Majority
of wheat growers (91.66 %) adopted weedicide as a post emergence, application of first (86.67 %) and last
irrigation (88.33 %), seed rate (86.67 %) and line sowing (81.67 %).
Keywords : Front line demonstration, Extent of adoption
Krishi Vigyan Kendra has been functioning in The present study was conducted in Sabarkantha
the Sabarkantha district since February 2005. The KVK is district. The villages namely Changod, Kajavas, Sebalia,
sanctioned by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research Nanabaval, Shilvad, Panthal, Kubadharol, Dharod, Dharapur,
(ICAR) and constituent of Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Aroda, Jagatpura and Pogalu were selected purposively in
Agricultural University situated at Khedbrahma, Dist. which Wheat FLDs had been given by KVK, Sabarkantha.
Sabarkantha. The main aim of Krishi Vigyan Kendra is List of farmers to whom FLD Wheat had been allotted were
transfer of technology through on and off campus training prepared and five farmers from each village were randomly
programmes for farmers and extension functionaries, front selected. Thus, total sixty farmers / respondents were selected
line demonstrations, on farm trials and other extension for present study.
activities. Front line demonstrations on different crops
The data were collected by personal interview.
grown in the district is the mandatory activity of Krishi
The respondents were same for before and after FLD data
Vigyan Kendra. Krishi Vigyan Kendra has given front line
collection. The interview schedule was developed through
demonstrations on Wheat crop sanctioned by ZPD, Jodhpur.
discussion with experts, scientist and extension officers
Thus, evaluation of Wheat front line demonstrations given by
working in the district. The data were analyzed with
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Khedbrahma was felt necessary. The
appropriate statistical procedures.
study was under taken with following objectives.
RISULT AND DISCUSSION
1 To evaluate the FLD Wheat in terms of adoption of
recommended Wheat production technology. In order to find out the extent of adoption of
improved agricultural practices of Wheat crop, 13 improved
2 To study the yield of Wheat on farmers field before practices were identified for study. The respondents were
FLD and after FLD. asked to give their responses to these practices. In both the
3 To study the profitability of Wheat crop before FLD and cases, before FLD and after FLD, the respondents were same
after FLD. for present study. The responses of farmers were recorded
and presented in Table 1.
56
Table 1: Extent of adoption of recommended package of practices of wheat crop before fld and after fld. n=60
Sr. Package of practice Adoption of recom- Adoption of recom-

No. mended practices mended practices (After
(Before FLD) FLD)
No. Percent No. Percent
1 Use of timely sown wheat varieties 21 35.00 45 75.00
2 Sowing time for timely sown wheat 32 53.33 52 86.67
3 Use of late sown wheat varieties 19 31.67 53 88.33
4 Sowing time for late sown wheat 11 18.33 41 68.33
5 Time of seed treatment for termite control 05 08.33 45 75.00
6 Seed rate for timely sown wheat 16 26.67 52 86.67
7 Seed rate for late sown wheat 08 13.33 48 80.00
8 Line sowing 35 58.33 49 81.67
9 Fertilizer dose for timely sown wheat 25 41.67 42 70.00
10 Adoption of top dressings for timely sown wheat 11 18.33 42 70.00
11 Application of first irrigation at 18-21 DAS 35 58.33 52 86.67
12 Application of last irrigation at 90 DAS 15 25.00 53 88.33
13 Weedicide application
Pre-emergence use 05 08.33 25 41.67
Post-emergence use 32 53.33 55 91.66
The data in Table 1 indicated that majority (91.66 also indicates the significant difference in yield before FLD
percent) of the respondents had adopted application of and after FLD.
weedicide as post emergence, use of late sown varieties
Profitability of FLD Wheat
(88.33 percent), application of last irrigation at 90 DAS
(88.33 percent), sowing time for timely sown Wheat (86.87 The cost of inputs was calculated for before FLD
percent), application of first irrigation at 18-21 DAS (86.87 and after FLD Wheat. The yield data of Wheat was also
percent), seed rate for timely sown Wheat (86.87 percent), recorded before conducting FLD and after FLD. The data are
seed rate for late sown Wheat (80.00 percent) and line sowing presented in Table 3.
(81.67 percent). Very less number of respondents (41.67
percent) adopted weedicide application as a pre emergence. Table 3: Profitability of Wheat before and after FLD
Yield of Wheat Sr. Items Before FLD After

No. FLD
The yield of Wheat before FLD and after FLD were 1 Cost of cultivation 20975 21195
compared. The data are presented in Table 2. (Rs./ha)
2 Yield of Wheat (qt/ha) 34.11 40.30
Table 2: Yield of Wheat before FLD and after FLD n=60 3 Gross income (Rs./ha) 42637 50375
Sr. Average yield of Wheat Kg/ Percentage 4 Net profit (Rs./ha) 21662 29180
No. ha increase 5 BCR 2.00 2.40
Before FLD After FLD
Selling price Rs. 1250=00 per quintal
1 3411 4030 18.14
As per market price the income was calculated
The data in Table 2 reveled that the yield of Wheat for before and after FLD and profitability per hectare was
per hectare was increased 18.14 percent after FLD. The t test calculated.
57
The data in Table 3 reveled that before FLD the CONCLUSION

yield of Wheat was 34.11 qt/ha while after FLD the yield was
On the set of technologies of Wheat crop, before
40.30 qt/ha. The prevailing market price was Rs. 1250=00
FLD the adoption was very less but after conducting the FLD
per quintal and on that base profitability was calculated
programme on farmers field most of the farmers become
which showed that net profit from Wheat crop before FLD
aware about recommended production technologies of
was Rs. 21662.00/ha while the net profit from Wheat crop
Wheat crop. Majority of the farmers have adopted most of
after FLD was Rs. 29180.00/ha. The BCR for before FLD
the production technologies of Wheat after FLD as compare
was 2.00 while after FLD was 2.40.
to before FLD. It shows impact of FLD on adoption.
58
Revolutionary change in paddy production through Effective TOT in tribal belt
Nikulsinh M. Chauhan1 and A.P.Patel2.
1 Programme Coordinator
2 SMS (Agronomy)
KVK, NAU, Vyara.Gujarat.
ABSTRACT
Krishi Vigyan Kendra Vyara is located in the Tapi district – the southeastern part and the tribal belt
of Gujarat. The district shares it borders with Surat, Navsari and Dang district in North-west, South and East
respectively with Maharashtra state in East. The conspicuous features of the district are undulating topography
with steep slopes and heavy rainfall. The av. Rainfall of the district is about 80 –100 inches per annum. The
distribution is erratic and thus, causing damage to the crops like Pulses, Paddy and other cereals.The district is
composed largely of tribal communities. This, communities depend primarily on agriculture for their livelihood
supplemented by income from seasonal employment in nearest industrial town. Soils of the district in general
can be classified as medium black to heavy black, Red murrum and rocky with low innate fertility. Agriculturally,
about 60 per cent of the cultivated area is undersigned crop during monsoon. The main crops of the district
are – Paddy, Sorghum, Groundnut, Pulses, Sugarcane, Gram and vegetables-Brinjal, Okra. Paddy is the staple
foods of the tribal communities of the district. Among Vegetable crops Okra is main crop for export quality.
Looking to the importance of the paddy crop in the district has started the seed multification programme since
2001.KVK has started to multiply the high yielding varieties of the paddy at centre as well as on farmer’s field.
It was planned to cover at least 20-25 per cent of the area under HYVs of paddy in surrounding 45-50 villages.
As a result of successful overture of HYVs of the paddy, the entire district has twisted an interest to espous
HYVs in paddy as a replacement for conventional varieties. This efforts has cemented the way to introduce seed
village concept in the paddy itself.Five adopted villages of this centre had been decorated as fully self- sufficient
paddy seed villages and also supplied the paddy seed to the adjacent villages. The apparent impact of this
programme can be seen in the form of raisning the standard of living of the tribal people.Tribal people are able
to discriminate the high yielding varieties of the paddy compared with conservative age old varieties in the form
of economics. This study is a boon for tribal upliftment in the other region of tribal in the country. This study can
be eye opner for the extension workers in the field of TOT at grass roots level. The seed production programme
had also increased the revolving funds of the KVK up to remarkable level. This seed production programms
have also created the affection of the tribal farmers towards KVK and the centre became popular among tribal
farming community.
Key Words: - Productivity, TOT Efforts, High Yielding Varieties and KVK.
District profile Rainfall of the district is about 80 –100 inches per annum. The
distribution is erratic and thus, causing damage to the crops
Krishi Vigyan Kendra Vyara is located in the Tapi
like Pulses, Paddy and other cereals.The district is composed
district – the southeastern part and the tribal belt of Gujarat. The
largely of tribal communities. This, communities depend
district shares it borders with Surat, Navsari and Dang district
primarily on agriculture for their livelihood supplemented by
in North-west, South and East respectively with Maharashtra
income from seasonal employment in nearest industrial town.
state in East .The geographical area of the district is 7.79 lac
Soils of the district in general can be classified as medium
ha. The conspicuous features of the district are undulating
black to heavy black, Red murrum and rocky with low innate
topography with steep slopes and heavy rainfall. The av.
fertility. Agriculturally, about 60 per cent of the cultivated
59
area is undersigned crop during monsoon. The main crops variety with late maturity to avoid damage by rains to
of the district are – Paddy, Sorghum, Groundnut, Pulses, crop at the maturity time.
Sugarcane, Gram and vegetables-Brinjal, Okra. Paddy is the
• # On the contrary, farmers growing paddy under rainfed
staple foods of the tribal communities of the district. Among
condition expressed their desire to have high yielding
Vegetable crops Okra is main crop for export quality.
early mature variety.
Krishi Vigyan Kendra
• # It was also noticed that most of the tribal farmers pos-
KVK Vyara is working under the auspices of Navsa- ses small piece of land. Whatever they produced from
ri Agricultural University. It has started its activities since the land during monsoon, they have to depend on it for
September,2000. Kendra has undertaken Seed multiplica- their livelihood. They are striving hard for their food es-
tion programme of Paddy since 2000-01. pecially during August and September.
Genesis of Programme Intervention of KVK
To ascertain the constraints encountered by Paddy growers Considering the above facts KVK has initiated the
of this area, a Benchmark survey was carried out by programme of multiplication of seeds of high yielding va-
multidisciplinary team of scientist of KVK during the year rieties of Paddy under both rain fed and irrigated condition
2000-01. The results of the survey revealed following : since 2000-01 on instructional farm. The objective was to
popularize high yielding varieties by supplying pure seeds to
• Large majority of the tribal farmers are cultivating con-
the farmers on regular basis and thereby increase the area and
ventional varieties (Tichun native –1, Sathi and Kada)
productivity of Paddy. It has been planned to cover at least
of paddy.
20-25 per cent of the area under the Paddy in the surrounding
• Conventional varieties are early mature, having coarse 45 villages with increasing the productivity and profitability
grain with dull husk colour, and highly susceptible to per unit area.
water logging as the rain coincide with maturity of paddy
Approach
in later stage.
As many as 92 training programmes especially on
• Paddy growers are using higher seed rate i.e. 30 – 40 Kg
production technologies of HYVs of Paddy are organized
for transplanting 1 acre of land as they produce seed of
covering 2636 farmers. Front Line Demonstrations of HYVs
their own.
of Paddy are also conducted on farmer’s field to show them
• They were planting 10-12 seedlings / hill resulting in to the production potentialities. Field trials of the HYVs were
over plant population and lower yield. It also increases conducted on instructional farm of Kendra to screen the best
the cost of cultivation because harvesting takes much varieties from among the seeds of different varieties supplied
time. by Navsari Agrilcutural University. In all, 41 Field days and
18 farmers days are also organized on KVK farm as well
• Farmers were using impure seed, as they produce it on as on demo plots on farmer’s field, benefiting 17593 paddy
their farm without taking much care. growers. This has created awareness amongst tribal farmers
about use of HYVs of paddy .
• Av. Yield of Paddy (conventional varieties) is about 2500
Kgs./ha.under good management practices. Efforts are made to produce and supply the im-
proved seeds of the paddy to the paddy growers of this area.
• Market value of the conventional varieties is less ranges
between Rs. 5 –6 /Kg. because of coarse grain and un- Achievement of the programme
pleasant colour of husk.
• Successfully introduced HYVs of paddy such as IR-
• Tribal farmers are not satisfied with yield status of con- 28,GR-3, GR-4, GR-5, GR-7, GR-11, Gurjari and Jaya
ventional varieties of Paddy. in this area.
• # The farmers having assured irrigation facilities or low • About 545 ha of land have been covered under HYVs of
land kyari expressed their desired to have high yielding Paddy replacing conventional varieties. More then 1200
60
farmers of 45 villages are directly benefited by this pro- • Av. Market price Rs. 5-7 /Kg.
gramme.
• Total cost of cultivation Rs.9170 / ha.
• Av. Yield of Paddy per unit area is almost doubled.
• Av. Income Rs. 21000 / ha.
• Reduction in cost of cultivation as a means of reduction
in seed rate and maintenance of optimum plant popula- • Net profit Rs. 11838 / ha
tion. Earlier farmers were using 30-40 Kg seed rate for
High yielding varieties
transplanting of one acre of land . Now with adoption
of HYVs they are using 10-12 Kg of seeds for the trans- • Av. Yield 4500 Kg/ha.
planting of same area.
• Av. Market price Rs. 6-8 /Kg.
• Farmers getting higher yields and more profit from the
unit area as improved varieties fetch little higher prices • Total cost of cultivation Rs.8120/ha.
as compared to local varieties because of slender grains .
• Av. Income Rs.36000/ ha.
• More than 55 farmers have started multiplication of
seeds in their own farm under the supervision and guid- • Net profit Rs. 27880 / ha.
ance of KVK scientist. This will increase the area under
Thus, by adopting HYVs and recommended
HYVs at a faster rate in coming years. This in turn will
improved technologies (Table 2) such as seedrate, fertilizer
helps in changing socio-economic status of the tribal
doses , crop geometry, timely hand weeding and plant
farmers of this area.
protection measures for the control of stem borer, tribal
Economics farmers of the targeted area are getting higher production and
Conventional varieties income from paddy cultivation.
• Av. Yield 3000 Kg/ha.

Table 1 : Front Line Demonstration on HYVs of Paddy organized by KVK
Year Season Area No.of Variety Village Average Yield (Q/ha) Increase
Farmers in yield
(%)
Demo Local
2001 Kharif 04 10 Jaya 04 59.15 52.00 13.75
GR-5 24.99 18.00 38.80
2002 Kharif 3.80 09 Gurjari 06 55.75 52.00 7.21

GR-7 62.50 55.00 13.64
GR-5 20.40 17.00 20.00
GR-8 15.27 17.00 9.82
2002 Summer 12.5 24 Gurjari 04 69.29 62.00 11.75
GR-3 64.97 -- --
GR-7 79.66 65.29 22.00
2003 Kharif 14 31 Gurjari 07 65.08 53.92 21
GR-7 68.24 61.50 11
GR-5 26.96 19.50 38
GR-8 17.48 14.00 25
2003 Summer 02 04 Gurjari 04 68.38 60.00 14
2004 - - - - - - - -
2004 Summer - - - - - - -
61
2005 Kharif 10 26 Gurjari 08 52.90 41.41 28

GR-7 54.66 41.84 31
GR-8 15.60 11.92 31
GR-12 45.58 40.74 12
2005 Summer 08 16 Gurjari 03 61.38 49.04 25
2006 Kharif - - - - - - -
2007 Kharif 10 42 GR-5 08 22.23 13.75 60
GR-7 52.05 40.65 28
GR-8 16.74 13.28 26
GR-9 20.66 16.00 29
GR-12 51.09 40.93 25
2008 Kharif 17 42 GR-5 06 18.63 11.13 62
GR-8 14.19 9.14 27
GR-9 10.53 9.14 15
Jaya 52.59 43.77 20
2009 Kharif 15 54 GR-9 08 11.13 9.30 19.67
GR-7 51.50 41.50 24.09
Jaya 58.75 47.25 24.34
2010 Kharif 22 81 Jaya 08 59.50 47.75 24.61
GR-5 15.50 12.25 28.75
NAUR-1 60.50 47.75 26.70
GAR-13 55.75 46.50 18.89
Table 2 : Adoption of Paddy production technologies by tribal farmers. n= 120
Sr.No Reco. practices Before After

No. % No. %
1 High yielding varieties 41 35.65 91 71.00
2 Reco. Seed rate 35 24.53 94 73.45
3 No. of seedlings /hill 32 20.45 82 67.43
4 Cutting of tips of young seedlings 28 21.23 73 60.53
5 Spraying of insecticide for stem borer 25 17.28 64 54.38
6 Soil application of Carbofuran for 32 23.55 78 67.78
stem borer
7 Reco. Dose of fertilisers 25 20.83 66 55.00
8 Hand weeding 38 32.43 89 74.55
CONCLUSION people are able to discriminate the high yielding varieties of
the paddy compared with conventional age old varieties in the
As a result of successful introduction of HYVs of
form of economics. This study is a boon for tribal upliftment
the paddy, the entire district has twisted an interest to espous
in the other region of tribal in the country. This study can be
HYVs in paddy as a replacement for conventional varieties.
eye opner for the extension workers in the field of TOT at
This efforts has cemented the way to introduce seed village
grass roots level. The seed production programme had also
concept in the paddy itself.Five adopted villages of this centre
increased the revolving funds of theKVK up to remarkable
had been decorated as fully self- sufficient paddy seed villages
level. This seed production programms have also created the
and also supplied the paddy seed to the adjacent villages. The
affection of the tribal farmers towards KVK and the centre
apparent impact of this programme can be seen in the form
become popular among triba farming community.
of raisning the standard of living of the tribal people.Tribal
62
Effect of Agricultural Modernization on Sustainable Livelihood Among the Tribal and

Non-Tribal Farmers
Mayur Prajapati1 K.D.Solanki2 Rakesh Patel3 and Rakesh Dhandhukia4
1 Senior Research Fellow, National Agricultural Innovation Project -III , SDAU, Sardarkrushinagar
2 Associate Extension Educationist, Directorate of Extension Education, S.D. Agricultural University,
SDAU, Sardarkrushinagar
3 Agriculture Officer, Krushi Vigyan Kendra, SDAU, Deesa
4 Senior Research Fellow, Sardar Smruti Kendra, SDAU, Sardarkrushinagar
ABSTRACT
The Sustainable Livelihood links with security to basic human needs, food security, sustainable agri-
cultural practices and poverty as an integrating concept. A large number of tribal communities are bereft of
stable livelihood and thus they fall in the category of the vulnerable section of Indian society. Considering this
fact, the study was conducted in Sabarkantha district of North Gujarat region of Gujarat state, as the economy
of the district is basically dependent on agriculture. The farmers of Sabarkantha district are also innovative as
well as enthusiastic in modern agriculture. Secondly the districts rank first with respect to the tribal population.
Looking to the common situation of the in habited villages for the tribal and non-tribal farmer, 11 villages of
Bhiloda and Meghraj talukas, having scheduled tribal population of 41-50 range of percentage were selected
purposively. Total 220 farmers were selected from these villages (20 farmers in each village). For measuring the
agricultural modernization and sustainable livelihood of the tribal and non tribal farmer’s teacher made tests
were developed. The thirteen major criteria of agricultural modernization and 12 sub indicators of sustainable
livelihood were determined and total 200 score of agricultural modernization and total 300 score of sustain-
able livelihood was determined by conference method. The results showed that in case of tribal group, there
was positively and significant association between the sustainable livelihood and seven criteria for agricultural
modernization viz., extent of use of organic fertilizers, farming pattern, seed selection, available modern sources
of energy equipments, extent of use of chemical fertilizers, use of plant protection measures and extent of use
of improved dairy practices. While in case of non tribal group, all the 13 criteria of agricultural modernization
studied were possessed positive and significant association with sustainable livelihood. It was indicated the im-
pact of the agricultural modernization on the extent of sustainable livelihood among the non tribal respondents,
while it was very low in tribal farmers.
Keywords : Sastainable livelihood, Agricultural modernization
INTRODUCTION into contemporary world advanced level of agriculture.

Agricultural modernization is a psychological state of farmer
Agricultural modernization means from traditional
mind. Indian society has been undergoing far reaching
agriculture to modern agriculture transformation process and
changes over the last two hundred years and if some
means. In this process, the agriculture with modern industry,
all these changes can be subsumed under modernization.
increasing in modern science and technology and modern
India provides a vast and fascinating laboratory for research
economy management method, make up the agricultural
into modernization. The main factor in the modernization
productivity by backward traditional agriculture increasingly
process is represented by the levels of functional
63
achievement attainable as a result of rapid and continuing 1,372 were having percentage range of scheduled tribes
growth of knowledge and technology in particular. There population of 41-50; covered in Khedbrahma, Vijaynagar,
has been a transition from traditional farming to modern Bhiloda, and Meghraj talukas of the district. Among these
commercial agriculture, due to availability and growth of four talukas considering the numbers of villages, Meghraj
infrastructural facilities like improved seeds, varieties, and Bhiloda talukas were selected purposively. Looking to
fertilizers, pesticides, supplies and services, market the common situation of the inhabited villages for the tribal
facilities, literacy, mass media, research, teaching and and non-tribal farmers, 11 villages of Bhiloda and Meghraj
extension. In India, agriculture and agro-based industries talukas, having scheduled tribes population of 41-50 range
play an important role in the improvement of the rural of percentage were selected purposively. Total of 220
economy. At present, about 70 per cent of Indians farmers were selected from these villages (20 farmers in each
depend on agriculture for their livelihoods. It is a village). For measuring the agricultural modernization and
major constituent of the Indian economy that accounts for sustainable livelihood, teacher made test were developed.
not only the main source of income to the rural population, The test of agricultural modernization was consisted of
but also has a decisive say in all economic policies of India. the major thirteen criteria. The criteria discussed with
Small and marginal farmers constitute a major portion the experts and total 200 score of agricultural modernization
of the rural agriculture sector. The Indian industry is also was determined by conference method. For standardizing the
largely reliant on agriculture for both inputs and end-user score, the Agricultural Modernization index (AMI)
applications. However, the limited availability of land, the was calculated, for each individual respondent and grouped
limited cash returns, and agriculture being confined to one or into three categories viz., low, medium and high AMI. The
two seasons in the year, have made the villagers look test of sustainable livelihood was also developed with the
for other livelihood support systems for their sustenance. help of three main indicators and 12 sub indicators were
A large number of tribal communities are bereft of stable included after discussion with experts and total 300 score
livelihoods and thus they fall in the category of the vulnerable of sustainable livelihood was determined. For standardizing
section of Indian society. Therefore, It is essential to the score, the Sustainable Livelihood Index (SLI) was
provide the latest information regarding the agricultural calculated for each individual respondent.
modernization to sharpen their knowledge in terms of assets
and activities required for a means of living, not only living
but have been lead to formalization of the sustainable In the era of globalization the question of sustainable
livelihood approach. Considering this fact, the study was livelihood has captured all the points of discussion. Various
carried out with the objective to evaluate the Effect of people have defined livelihood differently. Chambers and
Agricultural Modernization on Sustainable livelihood among Conway (1992) define livelihoods as: “A livelihood
the Tribal and Non-tribal farmers. comprises the abilities, assets (stores, resources, claims
and access) and activities required for a means of living:
METHODOLGY
a livelihood is sustainable which can cope with and recover
The present study was conducted in Sabarkantha from stress and shocks, maintain or enhance its capabilities
district of North Gujarat region of Gujarat state. The economy and assets, and provide sustainable livelihood opportunities
of the district is basically dependent on agriculture, as 62.8 per to the next generation; and contribute net benefits to other
cent workers are engaged in primary sector and the farmers livelihoods at the local and global levels in the long and
of Sabarkantha district are innovative as well as enthusiastic in the short term.” The concept of sustainable development
in modern agriculture. Sabarkantha ranked first with respect has acquired the central theme of any tribal development.
to the tribal population in the state. Considering the highest The concept of sustainable development emerged in
tribal population, multistage random sampling technique the 1980s. It propelled a paradigm shift in development
was used to select the respondents. According to the Census thinking, and continues to dominate the development-
- 2001 (Anonymous, 2001), proportion of scheduled tribes discourse at various levels, from the local to global. The
population to total population in villages are categorized best explanation to sustainable development was given by
in 9 different percentage ranges at district level, i.e. Zero the World Commission for Environment and Development
percentage range of scheduled tribes population to 76 and (1987), „Our common future‟, as, „the ability to meet the
above percentage range. It is seen that only 14 villages out of needs of the present without compromising the ability of the
64
future generation to meet their own needs‟. The concept indicators of poverty that they define. In spite of all these
of livelihood is rapidly gaining acceptance as a valuable development initiatives the tribal in our country are still
means of understanding the factors that influence people‟s threatened by severe poverty (Mishra, 2007).
lives and well-being. „It is comprised of capacities, assets,
Relationship Between Selected Criteria for Agricultural
and activities required for means of living. A livelihood will
Modernization Index and the Sustainable Livelihood of
be sustainable when it can cope with and recover from
Tribal and Non- tribal Respondents.
stress and shocks and maintain or enhance its capacities and
assets, both now and in the future, while not undermining On the basis of the operational measures
the natural resource base‟ (Carney, 1998). Sustainable developed for the variables, null hypotheses were stated
livelihood is a way of thinking about the objectives, scope for testing the relationship and their significance on
and priorities for development, in order to enhance progress zero order correlations. The zero order correlations were
in poverty elimination. Sustainable livelihood aims to help presented in Table 1.
poor people achieve lasting improvements against the
Table 1 :Correlation coefficient of criteria of agricultural modernization with sustainable livelihood of tribal and non-
tribal respondents n = 220
Correlation Coefficient
“r” value
Sr. No. Name of Criteria for Agricultural Modernization
Tribal Non-tribal
Farmers Farmers
1 Farming pattern (X1) 0.1892 *
0.3045**
2 Seed selection (X2) 0.1907* 0.3660**
3 Use of irrigation system (X3) 0.1795 NS 0.2024*
4 Use of underground pipeline for irrigation (X4) 0.1670 NS 0.2130*
5 Use of transportation facility for marketing of 0.1589 NS 0.5779**
agricultural production (X5)
6 Available modern machinery and implements (X6) 0.1633 NS 0.2385*
7 Available modern sources energy equipments (X7) 0.1924* 0.2289*
8 Extent of use of chemical fertilizers (X8) 0.2012* 0.3263**
9 Extent of use of organic fertilizers (X9) 0.2823** 0.2095*
10 Extent of use of storage facility (X10) 0.1562 NS 0.2125*
11 Use of Plant protection measures (X11) 0.2023* 0.4657**
12 Extent of use of harvesting structures (X12) 0.1724 NS 0.2384*
13 Extent of use of Improved dairy practices (X13) 0.2182 *
0.3230**
*, ** significant at 5% and 1% levels of significance NS = Non-significant
It is clear from the results (Table 1) that out of 13 extent of use of improved dairy practices (0.2812) were
criteria of the AMI among the tribal respondents, the statistically found to be positively and significantly correlated
correlation coefficient of one criteria viz., “extent of use with sustainable livelihood index of tribal respondents at
of organic fertilizers” (0.2823) was statistically found to be 0.05 level of significance. As far as the criteria, viz., use of
positively and significantly correlated with irrigation system, use of underground pipeline for irrigation,
sustainable livelihood index at 0.01 level of significance, use of transportation facility for marketing agricultural
whereas 6 criteria viz., farming pattern (0.1892), seed production, available modern machinery and implements,
selection (0.1907), available modern sources of energy extent of use of storage facility and extent of use of harvesting
equipments (0.1924), extent of use of chemical fertilizers structures, concerned, the computed correlation coefficient
(0.2012), use of plant protection measures (0.2023) and were found to be positive but non-significant.
65
The above discussion leads to be concluded that Evaluate the Impact of Agricultural Modernization
criteria of agricultural modernization viz., extent of use of on Sustainable Livelihood
organic fertilizers, farming pattern, seed selection, available
Table 2 : Association between the agricultural
modern sources energy equipments, extent of use of
modernization of the tribal and non-
chemical fertilizers, use of plant protection measures, extent
tribal respondents and their sustainable
of use of improved dairy practices affected significantly
livelihood
and positively the sustainable livelihood of tribal farmers.
The probable reason might be that the tribal Correlation Coefficient

farmers have somewhat changed their traditional r value
Sr. Consequent
farming to scientific farming and more attention towards the No. Variable Tribal Non-tribal
dairy practices and obtain the advantage of communication Farmers Farmers
system as well as marketing and input supply and services
Agricultural
& facilities. The animals are the source of organic manure 1 0.1527NS 0.3613**
Modernization
and also subsidiary income might gave courage to take
risk to adopt such a new concept of organic farming, which ** Significant at 1% levels of significance
NS : Non-significant
was directly or indirectly influenced and extent of sustainable
livelihood. While in case of non-tribal respondents, out of 13 It is clear from Table 2 that the agricultural
criteria of the AMI the correlation coefficient of six criteria modernization (0.1527) was positively but non-significantly
viz., farming pattern (0.3045), seed selection (0.3660), correlated with sustainable livelihood of tribal respondents,
use of transportation facility for marketing agricultural while the agricultural modernization (0.3613) was positively
production (0.5779), extent of use of chemical fertilizers and significantly correlated with sustainable livelihood
(0.3263), use of plant protection measures (0.4657) and of non-tribal respondents at 0.01 level of significance.
extent of use of improved dairy practices were statistically Therefore, it can be concluded that the agricultural
found to be positively and significantly correlated with modernization was more affected the sustainable livelihood
sustainable livelihood at 0.01 level of significance, while of non-tribal respondents in comparison of tribal respondents.
remaining seven criteria viz., use of irrigation system The probable reason might be that sustainable livelihood
(0.2024), use of underground pipeline for irrigation (0.2130), index is the function of many indicators. All the identified
available modern machinery and implements (0.2385), indicators of sustainable livelihood have adopted the
available modern sources of energy equipments (0.2289), agricultural modernization. However, it was observed very
extent of use of organic fertilizers (0.2095), extent of use of low in tribal respondent.
storage facility (0.2125) and extent of use of harvesting
structures (0.2384) were statistically found to be positively Siva Prasad and Eswarappa (2005) also reported
and significantly correlated with sustainable livelihood at that during the last 50 years the planning process in
0.05 level of significance (Table 1). India has failed to reduce the disparity between the tribal
and non tribal populations. Today, the first and foremost
The above discussion leads to be concluded that problem before tribal communities in India is how to earn
all selected criteria for agricultural modernization were and sustain livelihoods. There are varieties of livelihoods
significantly and positively correlated with sustainable practices by the tribal communities in different part of India
livelihood of non-tribal respondents. It is interesting that all and elsewhere, such as by the hunter-gatherers, pastoralist,
criteria for agricultural modernization were applied by the shifting cultivators, who live in different environments. A
non-tribal respondents and changed their traditional ways number of changes have been taking place with regard to the
of livelihood. It was indicated the impact of the agricultural land use, access, control and utilization of their resource and
modernization on the extent of sustainable livelihood among these changes in term have largely affected the sustainable
the non-tribal respondents. The probable reasons might be livelihoods of the people without any sustainable replacement.
that the non-tribal respondents have changed their ways
of living owing to distinguishes changes of assets viz., CONCLUSION
natural, social, human, physical and financial.
It can be concluded that the impact of agriculture
66
modernization was more affected the sustainable livelihood Mishra, N. (2007). Participatory Water Management and
of non-tribal respondents in comparison to tribal respondents. Sustainable Tribal Livelihood: Study of a Pani
It indicated that the non-tribal respondents have changed Panchayat in Southern Orissa, Unpublished Thesis
their ways of living owing to distinguishes changes of assets Submitted to University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad.
viz., natural, social, human, physical and financial. However
it was observed very low in tribal respondents. Siva Prasad, R. and Eswarappa, K. (2005).
REFERENCES Tribal livelihood in a limbo: Changing tribe-
nature relationship in south Asia in At the crossroads:
Anonymous (2001). District census handbook of Sabarkantha South Asia research, policy and development in global
(Census of India 2001) series-25, part-XII A & B, world (69-78). Pakistan: SDPI & SAMA.
Directorate of Census operations, Gujarat.
Carney, D. (1998). Sustainable rural livelihoods. What WCED (1987) : Global policies for sustainable agriculture.
contribution can we make? Papers presented at the A report of the advisory panel on food security,
DFID Natural Resources Advisers Conference, July agriculture, forestry and environment to the World
1998. DFID, London. Commission on Environment and Development. Zed
Books, London and New Jersey.
Chambers, R. and Conway, G. (1991). Sustainable
Livelihoods: Practical Concept for the 21st Century,
IDS Discussion paper 296.
67
FLD Impact Analysis on Scientific Cultivation of Chilli
B.M Tandel1, K.A. Shah2, Prabhu Nayaka3 and C.K Timbadia4
1 SMS (Horticulture) 2 SMS (Agronomy) 3 SMS (Plant Protection) 4 Programme Cordinator

Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Navsari Agriculture University, NAU, Navsari
ABSTRACT
Front line demonstration (FLD) is one of the most powerful tools for transfer of technology. In order to
increase the productivity of Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) by adopting improved technologies, several demonstra-
tions with scientific package of practices were conducted by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Navsari. Since three years
about 74 FLD’s on scientific cultivation on chilli were under taken. A study on impact of farmer’s knowledge,
adoption and knowledge regarding scientific innovations was conducted. The impact assessment was based
on the comparison of before contact and after contact of KVK with reference to increase in knowledge level of
farmer’s regarding scientific packages of practices, extent of adoption of INM technology. It was found that the
overall knowledge of INM demonstrations indicated that low, medium and high level of knowledge before contact
with the KVK was 46 per cent, 40 per cent and 14 per cent, respectively. It was altered up to 12 per cent, 39 per
cent and 49 per cent, respectively after contact with the KVK. In case of knowledge regarding selected scientific
innovations for demonstrations high knowledge regarding selected scientific innovations were found except IPM
(16 %). It can be suggested that FLDs in the south Gujarat region found to be an important constraints and were
ranked in first position which needs to be solved for betterment of the tribes in this region.
Keywords: Front line demonstration, scientific cultivation
INTRODUCTION the production is consumed within the country leaving small

portion for exports. Another reason for low export is that the
Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) is an important prices of Indian chillies are too high for International markets
spice crop of India grown for its green fruits as vegetable on account of strong domestic demand.
and in ripe dried form as a spice. The native home of chilli
is considered to be Mexico with secondary origin of Gaute- The earning from export of dry chilli is between Rs.
mala. It is also called as hot pepper, cayenne pepper, sweet 150-200 crores every year. There is great scope to double or
pepper etc. Chilli belongs to the genus Capsicum under So- even triple the export by increasing production per unit area.
lanaceae family. Five species of Capsicum are unser cultiva- At present, the average yield of our country is quite low (1t/
tion, through number of wild species have been identified re- ha) as compared to the well developed countries like USA
cently. In India, only two species viz., Capsicum annum and ,South Korea, Taiwan etc. where the average yield is between
Capsicum frutescens are known and most of the cultivated 3-4 t/ha. Chilli besides pungency and red colour to the dishes
varieties belongs to the species capsicum annum. Chilli was is a rich source of vitamin A, C and E. Recently Russian
introduced in India by the Portugese in Goa in the middle of scientists have identified Vitamin P in green chillies which
the 17th century and since then it had rapidly spread thought are considered to be an alkaloid capsaicin which has high me-
the country. In India, chilli is grown in an area of 7.93 lakh ha dicinal value. It also prevents the heart diseases by dilating
with an annual production of 12.99 lakh M.T. blood vessels.
Chilli is known for its flavor, pungency & colour OBJECTIVES

and it belongs to the family Solanaceae. In India, chilli is an
1 To study the level of knowledge of chilli grower regard-
important ingredient in day to day curries, pickles and chut-
ing chilli cultivation
neys. In view of its usage in culinary purposes, about 97% of
68
2 To study the extent of adoption of improve practices of Under adoption of chilli production technology,
chilli cultivation 83.00 per cent farmer’s adopted plant growth regulator and
81.00 per cent farmer’s adopted value addition. In case of
METHODOLOGY recommended spacing and INM 68.00 per cent and 61.00 per
cent adoption was observed from the above discussion.
The present study was conducted in Navsari district
of south Gujarat state. 10 villages of Navsari district were CONCLUSION
selected, sample size was 200 farmer’s. The data were col-
lected through personnel interview. The interview schedule For the above discussion, it can be concluded that
was prepared by keeping the objectives of the study in mind. knowledge level and adoption level of tribal farmers were
The necessary care was taken to collect the un-biased and amplified after imparting training and conducting FLD by
correct data. The data were collected, tabulated and analyzed KVK scientists. The FLD conducted on improved scien-
to find out the findings and draw conclusion. The statistical tific cultivation in chilli at farmer’s field in Navsari district
tool like percentage was employed to analyze the data. The revealed that the farmer’s could improve their economy by
constraints as perceived by respondents were scored on the practices using value addition. This study draws the attention
basis of magnitude of the problem as per Meena and Sisodiya for extension workers for effective and efficient transfer of
(2004). The respondents were recorded and converted in to technology in the field of agriculture extension.
mean per cent score and constraints were ranked accordingly
as per Warde et al. (1991). REFERENCES
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Godawt, Asha (2011). Adoption of entrepreneurial activities

envisaged under Rajasthan Mission on livelihood by
The result of overall knowledge of INM indicated women. Rajasthan J. Extn.Edu., 17-18:187-190
that the low, medium and high level of knowledge before
contact with KVK was 46 per cent, 40 per cent and 14 per Javat, Hansraj, Patel, M.M., Kumar, K.S. and Saxena, Ara-
cent, respectively and it was increased up to 12 per cent, 39 vind (2011). Impact of front line demonstrations on
per cent and 49 per cent after contact with KVK Javat et al. scientific temperament of wheat growers Rajasthan J.
(2001) reported the same results. Extn.Edu., 17-18:115-117
In case of selected knowledge regarding selected Meena, S.R. and Sisodiya, S.S.(2004). Constraints as per-
scientific innovations for INM high knowledge regarding se- ceived by the respondents in adoption of recommend-
lected scientific innovations were found, except IPM ed guava production technology. Rajasthan J. Extn.
Edu., 12-13:146-153
The majority of the farmer had medium level of
knowledge 43 per cent before contact with KVK. After con- Tandon, H.L. S (1992). Components of integrated plant
tact with KVK, 51 per cent of the farmers had high level of nutrition organic manures recyclable wastes and bio
knowledge regarding scientific cultivation of INM. Godawat fertilizers development and consultation organization,
(2011) supported the facts. New Delhi, India, No, 204
Attempts were also made to study and categories the Warde, P.N., Bhope, R.S. and Chudhary, D.P. (1991). Adop-
major constraints in to suitable topics viz., New high yielding tion of dry land horticulture technology. Maharastra J.
variety, seed rate, time of sowing, integrated nutrient man- Extn.Edu., 10 (2):108-111
agement, integrated pest management, plant growth regulator
and value addition
69
Consequences of Linkages with Tribal Co-Operatives
Nikulsinh.M. Chauhan
Programme Coordinator
KVK, NAU, Vyara, Gujarat
Email :[email protected]
ABSTRACT
Krishi Vigyan Kendra working as grass root level TOT institute in Tapi district. Krishi Vigyan Kendra’s
mandatory work is to be estalblish linkage between GO’s, NGO’s, Co-operatives, SHGs and all related to
agriculture and rural development. Tapi district is newly born tribal dominated district of South Gujarat. District
comprises 5 blocks. In Tapi district the Hangati Mahila Trust has a good.linkage among tribal farm women. The
trust has more than 2500 tribal women members, 2.5 crores deposits and regular crop loan facilities of more
than 2 crores to the tribal farm women every year. The said trust has multifarious activities of tribal development
such as Kirana shop, Hospitals, Schools, Watershed development project, SHGs, Wadi Yojna, Land leveling
scheme, agricultural extension and many more. In short, this is an imperative and foremost organization among
eastern belt of Tapi district in South Gujarat. The Hangati Mahila Trust has good linkage with tribal farming
community of the district. The main aim of Krishi Vigyan Kendra and the said trust is more or less on same
line. To take an advantage of readymade display place of this organization KVK, Vyara of Tapi district has
made MOU in the year 2008. A big Shibir was organized at KVK, Tapi and formulated a frame work for
jointly working together. A three tier committee was formulated for effective implementation of the programmes,
monitoring and evaluation, documentation and impact analysis. Total 84 villages linked with this mission are on
the path of drastic changes in their agriculture and live stock management, each and every problem related to
agriculture and animal husbandry is immediately being solved by KVK scientist. The all integrated approaches
of crop and live stock management had been implemented easily. The recent innovation in the field of agriculture
is immediately implemented by KVK
Key words : Linkages, TOT, Co-operatives
INTRODUCTION Tapi district in South Gujarat. The Hangati Mahila Trust has
good linkage with tribal farming community of the district.
Krishi Vigyan Kendra working as grass root level
The main aim of Krishi Vigyan Kendra and the said trust is
TOT institute in Tapi district. Krishi Vigyan Kendra’s
more or less on same line.
mandatory work of linkage between GO’s, NGO’s, Co-
operatives, SHGs and all related to agriculture and rural To take and advantage of ready made display
development. Tapi district is newly borned tribal dominated place of this organization KVK, Vyara of Tapi district has
district of South Gujarat. District comprises 5 blocks. In made MOU in the year 2008. A big Shibir was organized
Tapi district the Hangati Mahila Trust has a good linkage at KVK, Tapi and formulated a frame work for jointly
among tribal farm women. The trust has more than 2500 working together. A three tier committee was formulated for
tribal women members, 2.5 crores deposits and regular effective implementation of the programmes monitoring and
crop loan facilities of more than 2 crores to the tribal farm evaluation, documentation and impact analysis. The Three
women every year. The said trust has multifarious activities Tier Committees are as under:
of tribal development such as Kirana shop, Hospitals, I Executive committee :
Schools, Watershed development project, SHGs, Wadi Yojna, 1 Programme Co-ordinator, KVK, Vyara
Land leveling scheme and many more. In short ,this is an 2 Executive Secretary of Hangati Trust
imperative and foremost organization among eastern belt of 3 All SMSs of KVK
70
4 Resource persons of related villages The meeting of executive committee is mandatory at

II Middle level committee : least once in a month. The meeting of middle level committee
1 All SMS of KVK is scheduled twice in a month and grass root level committee
1 Presidents and Secretaries of selected clusters. meeting scheduled as and when require. The whole mission
2 Selected progressive farmers and farm women. was started with a specific goal. The key elements in the
III Grass root level committee : mission are Tribal farmers, farm women and rural youth.
1 Selected leaders of FIGs, FWIGs, Rural Youths and The mission has been started with commitment to get result
Village workers oriented, impact oriented and visible outcomes. As a result of
1 Concern SMSs this mission, the different extension activities were carried
2 Representatives of Hangati Mahila Trust. out as under :
Table 1 : Training Programme conducted by KVK

Sr. No. No. of Training Participants
On Campus Off Campus On Campus Off Campus
1 06 12 243 486
Table 2: Extension Activities
Sr. Venue Title Participants
No.
1 Mandal Dangar Pak Parisamvad-v-Khedut Shibir 558
2 Mandal Khedut Shibir cum Paddy Crop Symposium 1372
3 Jamkhadi Pak Parisamvad-v-Khedut Shibir 910
4 Mandal, Amji Animal Camp 542 Animals
5 Gatadi, Bedi, Mirpur, Animal Camp 480 Animals
Ghodchit
6 Nishana, Bedi Film shows – 2 90
7 Mandal / Amji SHG Meeting - 2 2500 women
8 Bedi, Mandal, Amji Field Day – 3 287
Table 3: Seed Material Distribution
Sr. No. Crop Quantity Beneficiaries

1 Paddy – Drilled (GR-5,8 & 9) 1500 Kg. 30
2 Paddy – T.P.(GR-7) 125 Kg. 10
3 Jowar (GJ-42,CSH-20,23) 25 Kg. 08
4 Tur (Vaishali) 1250 Kg. 150
Table 4: FLDs conducted

Sr. Crop Area No. of Participants
No.
1 Castor(GCH-5) 05 ha. 10
2 Groundnut(G.G-6) 10 ha. 20
3 Gram(G.G-2) 05 ha. 10
4 Paddy – Drilled (GR-5) 05 ha. 10
5 Paddy – T.P.(GR-7) 05 ha. 10
Table 5: Kitchen Gardening
No. of Beneficiaries 50 Tribal Farm Women

Kitchen Gardening conducted in Bedi, Mandal, Nishana, Amji of Hangati trust

71
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This study strongly supports the title of “Reaching the
Unreached” the study can be guideline for other extension
Looking to the success of the kitchen garden workers to implement this way of extension technology for
demonstrations the tribal farm women themselves motivated their clients. On this foundation the extension personnel
and standing by to adopt this technology by their cost. Next year may locate clients for training and also those who can be
nearly 200 kitchen garden demonstrations were prearranged used as counselor to other farmers, the study also useful for
in this belt. The tribal farm women from other regions fast conversion of orthodox Vanvasi farming communities
were also demanded for kitchen garden demonstrations. towards dynamic farming personality. The study will be
This year almost certainly more than 500 demonstrations helpful to make KVK family Farmer’s Centric, Farmer’s
will be conducted in Vyara and Songadh block with the Oriented, Farmer’s Lead and Farmer’s Friendly in the field of
help of different agencies. The nutritional discrepancy and Transfer Of Technology in agriculture.
undernourishment will be diminishing. The use of back yard
space and wear and tear water of domestic purpose would REFERENCES
be utilized in a better way.Live contact was maintained
among KVK scientist and Hangati Mahila Trust Family. The Chauhan, N.M. and Patel, A., .(2012). Increasing area
constant follow up and spot guidance as and when required and productivity of paddy in tribal belt of South
is maintained by KVK scientists. The live contact of KVK Gujarat through effective TOT efforts: A success
scientists in the form of On/Off campus trainings, Shibirs, story. International Journal of Agric. Sci.Jan-
farm visit, field day, fortnightly and monthly meetings, ex- 2012:8(1):301-306.
trainee visits, group field visits, kishan gosthis and different Chauhan, N.M. (2012). Impact and yield fissure inspection
programmes are preserved through out the year. of gram through trainings and FLDs by KVK, Tapi in
The tribal farming community has created a sense Gujarat.Ind. J. of Agric. Res. And Ext.Vol (4): 12-15.
of belongingness with KVK and they are in such opinion Chauhan, N.M. (2011). Execution of IPM Technology in
that KVK and Hangati Trust is really working for their own Cotton Ecosystem of Tapi District. Ind. J. of Agric.
benefits. A good channel was developed among 84 tribal Res. And Ext.Vol (4): 31-34.
dominated villages of Songadh and Vyara block. Scientist
visit to these villages and farmers visit to KVK became Chauhan, N.M. (2011). Livestock Management Practices
common phenomenon. followed by the dairy farmers of Narmada District of
Gujart. Ind. J. of Agric. Res. And Ext.Vol (4): 67-70.
CONCLUSION
Bhatta S.T. and Chauhan, N.M. (2012). Effect of different
The 84 villages linked with this mission are on the growth hormones on growth and flowering of
path of drastic changes in their agriculture and live stock Dendrobium CV, “Sonia-17”.GreenFarming (An
management, each and every problems related to agriculture International Journal of Applied Agricultural &
and animal husbandry could immediately solved by KVK Horticultural Sciences) VOL: 3(3):375-376.
scientists. The all integrated approaches of crop and live
stock management had been implemented easily. The Chauhan, N.M., (2012).Contribution of the tribal farm
recent innovation in the field of agriculture is immediately women in livestock management. Agric .Update,
implemented by KVK scientist among these villages and vol.7 (1&2):5-7.
farmers are very eager to adopt such technologies given
by KVK scientist with full interest and confidence. The Chauhan, N.M. and Chauhan, N.B, (2012).Constraints
traditional methods of farming along with same prejudices faced and suggestions offered by the programme
and religious belief have been changed scientific technology Coordinators of KKK’s of India. Agric. Update, vol.7
and we could successfully change mindset of tribal farming (1&2):14-18.
communities. Which will be a great achievement in the field Chauhan, N.M,(2010).Information Hungers of the rice
of agricultural extension management. Linkage with Hangati growers. Agric. Update, vol.7 (1&2):72-75.
Mahila Trust was an ideal example of unique piece of work
done by this KVK. Pandya, C.D., G.R. Patel and N.M. Chauhan, (2012). Yield
Gap Analysis of Okra Production Technology in Tapi
IMPLICATION
District of South Gujarat.Agrobios Res.Vol.1(1), 83-
The study has acknowledged the changing mindset of 87
the tribal farming communities with good empathy building.
72
Effect of Mass Media on Dairy Farmers Regarding Adoption Behaviour of

Animal Husbandry Practices
P.M.Bhatt1 and P. P. Patel2
1 Director, Institute of Distance education, “Krushi Gangotri” Borsad Chowkadi, AAU, Anand, Gujarat
ABSTRACT
Dairying has been well recognized for its major share in economic development, but the performance
in the area of milk production is not much encouraging as far as the bovine population of India’s milch animals
is concerned. The scientific management and high yielding breed have great potential for increasing the milk
production. For raising the milk production sufficient knowledge, mass media exposure, positive attitude, and
continuous adoption of the dairy innovations are necessary which finally elastic the socio-economic status of
society. Hence, the study was conducted to know effect of different mass media on capacity building of dairy farm-
ers of Anand District during the year 2005-06 in Anand district. Age was significant but negatively correlated
while, education, social participation, occupation, annual income, extension contact, Cosmopoliteness, economic
motivation, scientific orientation, planning orientation, production orientation, market orientation, management
orientation, credit orientation, achievement motivation, extent of knowledge of improved practices of animal hus-
bandry, and extent of adoption of improved practices of animal husbandry were found significantly and positively
related with their extent of mass media exposure.
Keywords: Dairy farmers, animal husbandry practices, mass media exposure, correlation and personal profile
NTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY
Knowledge will be the power in the 21st century The study was undertaken in five talukas of Anand
and it could be possible through use of print media district of Gujarat state, a total sample size of 200 respondents
like farm magazines, books, booklets, leaflets etc. for at random, constituted from 20 selected villages. To study
farmers. The widening reach of mass communication the mass media exposure of the respondents, a scale adopted
methods such as radio, television, videos and print by Kamat V. (1992) was used with some modification.
media offer good prospects for its effective utilization in Score of two for regular participation (exposure), one for
disseminating agricultural information (Farrington et al., occasional participation and zero for non- participation,
1998). It reaches the majority in a time efficient and cost- were assigned separately for news paper, radio broadcasts,
effective way through in terms of effective utilization of farm literature, television programme and use of internet
the information assimilated from mass communication relating to animal husbandry practices. It has been measured
methods remains an item of debate. Mass communication with the score assigned to each statement. The total score
is a process in which the message is magnified to such an has been calculated for each respondent by adding up the
extent the communicator or an expert reaches millions of score of all statements. On the basis of mean (x ) and
people in a very short time. The pattern and involvement standard deviation (S.D.), the respondents were grouped
of users in any communication system give real picture into three categories for mass media exposure as under.
regarding its usefulness. Hence the study was conducted (i) Low exposure to mass media < (X – S.D.)
to know effect of different mass media on capacity
(ii) Medium exposure to mass media between(x ± S.D.)
building dairy farmers of Anand District.
(iii)High exposure to mass media > (x + S.D.)
73
The statistical measures such as percentage, mean, of improved practices of animal husbandry and their extent
standard deviation, and, co-efficient of correlation was done. of mass media exposure of the dairy farmers were found
significantly and positively related with their extent of mass
media exposure.
Effect of mass media in capacity building of dairy farmers
Table-2 Relationship between various capacities of dairy
Communication exposure helps people to gain farmers and their mass media exposure. n=200
general awareness as well as provides scientific and technical
Sr. No. Independent Variables Correlation
information and plays an important role to improve their Coefficient
socio-techno-economic standards. The information regarding (r value)
mass media exposure was collected as the nature and I Personal
frequency of respondent’s involvement in different mass 1 Age -0.6461**
media such as newspaper, radio, television, krushiamela, film 2 Education 0.6901**
and use of internet facility. The respondents were classified in II Socio-economic
to three categories as shown in Table 1. 3 Social participation 0.5938**
4 Family size 0.0622 NS
Table 1 : Distribution of the dairy farmers according to 5 Landholding 0.1242 NS
their extent of mass media exposure 6 Herd size 0.0631 NS
n=200 7 Occupation 0.6684**
8 Annual income 0.6753**
Sr. Level of mass media Number Per cent III Communicational
No. exposure 9 Extension contact 0.6410**
1 Low (< 26.56 score) 44 22.00 IV Psychological variables
2 Medium(between 26.56 to 116 58.00 10 Economic motivation 0.6392**
46.04 score) 11 Cosmopoliteness 0.6197**
12 Scientific orientation 0.6270**
3 High (> 46.04 score) 40 20.00
13 Planning orientation 0.5746**
Mean (`x) = 36.30 SD =9.74
14 Production orientation 0.5943**
The data in table 1 indicates that nearly three-fifth 15 Market orientation 0.5650**
16 Management orientation 0.6969**
(58.00 per cent) of the respondents were having medium level
17 Credit orientation 0.2480**
of mass media exposure, followed by slightly more than one-
18 Competition orientation 0.0992 NS
fifth (22.00 per cent) with low and one-fifth (20.00 per cent) had 19 Risk orientation 0.1021 NS
high level of mass media exposure. In general, it is observed 20 Achievement motivation 0.3556**
that majority (80.00 per cent) of the dairy farmer possessed 21 Extent of Knowledge regarding 0.7309**
medium exposure to mass media. This might be due to their improved animal husbandry
low to medium level of awareness regarding importance of practices
various mass media in improving their knowledge. Because 22 Extent of adoption of improved 0.7066**
animal husbandry practices
of this reason they might not have shown their expected
interest in useful programmes broadcasted and telecasted on ** Significant at 0.01 level of probability
radio and television, respectively, as well as farm literature
and newspaper published by different agencies. NS- None significant
The result in table-2 concluded that age was CONCLUSION

significant but negatively correlated while education, Nearly three-fifth (58.00 per cent) of the respondents
Social participation, occupation, annual income, extension were having medium level of mass media exposure. Age was
contact, ,Cosmopoliteness, economic motivation, scientific significant but negatively correlated while other selected
orientation, planning orientation, production orientation, independent variables were highly positively significant
market orientation, management orientation, credit with their extent of mass media exposure except Family size,
orientation, achievement motivation, extent of knowledge of Landholding, Herd size, Competition orientation and Risk
improved practices of animal husbandry, and extent adoption orientation.
74
IMPLICATION REFERENCES
The study facilitates in knowing the characteristics Chauhan, N.B., Patel, B. B., Patel, J.G. and Sharma, M. L.
of the dairy farmers, which will serve as guidance for the (1994). Factors affecting mass media exposure and
planner and extension agencies for planning and implementing attitude towards modern agricultural practices of small
programme related to the profitable dairy farming. Extension peasants. Guj. J. Ext. Edu., 4 & 5:118-121
contact and social participation of the dairy farmers showed
Gour, A. K. (2002) Factors influencing adoption of some
their significant influences. It is therefore, recommended improved animal husbandry practices of dairying in
that the dairy farmers who are not members of any useful Anand and Vadodara districts of Gujarat State. Ph.D.
organizations should be persuaded to get enrolled as an active Thesis (Unpublished). G.A.U., S.K.Nagar.
member and village extension worker should visit regularly
and frequently and motivates them. The Cosmopoliteness Kamat, V.V. (1992). Kheda Communication Project: An
of the respondents also associated significantly to extent Evaluative Study. Unpublished Report, S.N.D.T.,
of mass media exposure of dairy farmers. It is, therefore, Womenson’s University, Chuchgate.
recommended to give better road, bus and transport facilities Kerlinger, F.N. (1976). Foundation of behavioural research,
to the milk producers of all villages so that they can make Surjee Publication, New Delhi : 198-204.
contact to the progressive dairy farmers and extension
personal other than their own society. The study also revealed Kadian, K.S. and Kumar, R. (1999). Factors associated with
that economic variables like number of occupations in which knowledge level of dairy farmers, Maha. J. of Extn.
farmers involved, and annual income associated significantly Edn., 18: 33-37.
to extent of mass media exposure. Efforts should be also Mishra, Prakash., Bardhan, D., Dabas Y. P. S. and Kumar,
made to supply inputs to cattle owners. This may help in Avadesh. (2009). Factors influencing and impact of
contributing better socio-techno-economic change and package of selected dairy husbandry technologies.
ultimately enhancing dairy farming activities. Indian J. of Dairy Sc. 62(4): 316-326
75
Self-Reliance in Paddy Seed through Seed Village Programme
Nikulsinh M. Chauhan1 and A.P.Patel2
1 Programme Coordinator
2 SMS (Agronomy) KVK, NAU, Vyara.Gujarat.
ABSTRACT
Krishi Vigyan Kendra Vyara is located in the Tapi district – the southeastern part and the tribal belt
of Gujarat. Small and Marginal farmers are often at a disadvantageous position in absorbing the agricultural
technology related to genetic enhancement of production potential of agricultural crops. This is because of
centralized production and distribution of improved seeds by a seed companies. Though the organized sector
is able to produce a large quantity of seeds, the supply chain is unable to cope with the huge demand for seeds
across the length and breadth of the country. Thus, the farming community depends to a large extent on external
sources for important inputs such as seeds. Seed village programme provide an alternative to this problem and
help farmers become self reliant. This initiative needs both organized communities and scientific backstopping.
Efforts towards up scaling seed village programme under Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Vyara in the Tapi district
resulted in encouraging learning outcomes and demonstrated the viability of seed village with suitable technical
backstopping by KVK scientist and empowerment of the community members. The seed village concept not
only ensure good quality seeds for enhancing productivity but also in generating income for the community
members resulting in improved livelihood. The self sufficiency in the seed is a great impact in the area like Tribal
dominated District of Tapi.Implication of this study is the whole stocks of the seed materials have been sold by
high remunerative rates at farmer’s field only. The consciousness of the farmers regarding quality seed materials
have been increased drastically. The cheating and looting by private seed traders have been reduced remarkably
and the area under recommended cultivars of paddy has been developed in clusters and it leads towards value
addition through need based paddy production for industrial use as well as for food grain purpose. The seed
village concept of the farmers have been cultivated in the mind of orthodox tribal farmers to shift their age
old seed through recently released high yielding paddy varieties. It was really a big achievement in the field of
agriculture to run on sustainability and profitability super high way.
Keywords : Reliance, seed grower, paddy, seed village programme
INTRODUCTION largely of tribal communities. This, communities depend

primarily on agriculture for their livelihood supplemented
Krishi Vigyan Kendra Vyara is located in the Tapi
by income from seasonal employment in nearest industrial
district – the southeastern part and the tribal belt of Gujarat. The
town. Soils of the district in general can be classified as
district shares it borders with Surat, Navsari and Dang district
medium black to heavy black, Red murrum and rocky with
in North-west, South and East respectively with Maharashtra
low innate fertility. Agriculturally, about 60 per cent of the
state in East .The geographical area of the district is 7.79 lac
cultivated area is undersigned crop during monsoon. The
ha. The conspicuous features of the district are undulating
main crops of the district are – Paddy, Sorghum, Groundnut,
topography with steep slopes and heavy rainfall. The av.
Pulses, Sugarcane, Gram and vegetables-Brinjal,Okra. Paddy
Rainfall of the district is about 80 –100 inches per annum. The
is the staple foods of the tribal communities of the district.
distribution is erratic and thus, causing damage to the crops
Among Vegetable crops Okra is main crop for export quality.
like Pulses, Paddy and other cereals.The district is composed
76
Krishi Vigyan Kendra k It was also noticed that most of the tribal farmers posses
small piece of land. Whatever they produced from the
KVK Vyara is working under the auspices of Navsari
land during monsoon, they have to depend on it for
Agricultural University. It has started its activities since
their livelihood. They are striving hard for their food
September,2000. Kendra has undertaken Seed multiplication
especially during August and September.
programme of Paddy since 2000-01.
The basic concept of seed village is to make the
Genesis of Programme
villagers self-sufficient for quality sees of their region.The
To ascertain the constraints encountered by Paddy seeds produced of the appropriate varieties of various crops,
growers of this area, a Benchmark survey was carried out by locally. The following steps may be taken to ensure effective
multidisciplinary team of scientist of KVK during the year implementation of seed village programme.
2009-10. The results of the survey revealed following …
1 As far as possible, seed village should be organized
a Large majority of the tribal farmers are cultivating in a compact area with adequate irrigation facilities
conventional varieties (Tichun native –1, Sathi and comprising of few adjacent villages.
Kada) of paddy.
2 The area selected for seed village should produce
b Conventional varieties are early mature, having coarse enough seeds to meet the requirement of the particular
grain with dull husk colour, and highly susceptible to area (i.e.) block or district for which seed village has
water logging as the rain coincide with maturity of been organized.
paddy in later stage.
3 The area entitled for seed village programme may not
c Paddy growers are using higher seed rate i.e. 30 – 40 Kg be changed every year but it should be kept permanent
for transplanting 1 acre of land as they produce seed of for 5-10 years.
their own.
4 The selected farmers should be provided with training
d They were planting 10-12 seedlings / hill resulting in to in seed production so that they are in a position to take
over plant population and lower yield. It also increases all possible care for quality seed production.
the cost of cultivation because harvesting takes much
5 Adequate quantity of source seeds should be mobilised
time.
in advance
e Farmers were using impure seed, as they produce it on
6 Adequate inputs should be made available in time
their farm without taking much care.
7 Integrated plant protection measures should be
f Av. Yield of Paddy (conventional varieties) is about
advocated.
2500 Kgs./ha.under good management practices.
8 Seed processing facilities should be made available at
g Market value of the conventional varieties is less ranges
the nearest destination
between Rs. 5 –6 /Kg. because of coarse grain and
unpleasant colour of husk. 9 Proper planning should be made to distribute the seeds
produced in time.
h Tribal farmers are not satisfied with yield status of
conventional varieties of Paddy. 10 The seed producers may attempt for successful
implementation of seed village concept in their areas.
i The farmers having assured irrigation facilities or low
It is always better to test the seeds or seed lots before
land kyari expressed their desired to have high yielding
sowing or offering for sale. To test the seeds a service
variety with late maturity to avoid damage by rains to
sample should be drawn and submitted to the Seed
crop at the maturity time.
Testing Laboratory. Following should be born in while
j On the contrary, farmers growing paddy under rainfed drawing a service sample.
condition expressed their desire to have high yielding
11 Prescribed quantity of seed samples should be sent
early mature variety.
along with the sample slip
77
12 In the sample slip the details on crop, variety, lot number also a convener and SAC member of Krishi Vigyan Kendra,
should be indicated clearly. Vyara.
13 A fee of Rs.20 per sample should be paid for each Two days training programme on ‘Seed Production
service sample Technology’ was imparted to the farmers on the basic aspects
of Seed Production technology, improved technologies on
14 If the moisture test is required a separate sample should
Integrated nutrient Management etc., were given at Krishi
be sent in a polythene container with 70 gauge thickness
Vigyan Kendra, Vyara and field exposure visit was arranged
15 A regular training programme was conducted to the in the Seed Village Scheme fields at Vyara so as to acquire
seed law enforcement officials on 15.6.2010 at KVK practical skill on the production technology. The farmers
Vyara about 50 officials participated in this training were supplied with resource materials on seed production
programme. Technology.
16 The Subject Matter Specialist of Krishi Vigyan Kendra, The farmers had acquired modern technologies and
Vyara inspected Paddy seed production field in Tapi skill. A very good impact has been created among the farmers
district on 28-9-2010 and guided the seed grower for and in turn they developed confidence in the seed production.
successful seed production. The farmer prepared nursery his land by ploughing followed
by rotavator and finally prepared his nursery bed for paddy
Seed Grower through Woman Cooperative seedlings. He applied farm yard manure @ 15-20 t/ha during
ploughing and incorporated in the land.
Seed is an important determinant of agricultural
production and the efficacy of other agricultural inputs like Paddy seeds of Jaya and Gurjari, treated with
labour, fertilizers depends on the quality of seed. Hence, thirum @ 3 gm / kg were sown in the second week of June
the availability of the right seed material is very crucial. In 2010 with the suitable guidelines of the scientists. Irrigation
Tapi district Paddy is grown in an area of 114291 ha and the and fertilizer were given in nursery after 23rd days after
approximate seed requirement is around 6857t. In order to sowing transplanting of Paddy was done with line planting
achieve higher seed requirement, a major effort is required to recommended spacing, fertilizer and irrigation according to
cover more area under seed production. The production and the prescribed schedule given by the scientists of KVK.
supply of quality seeds and enhancing the seed replacement
rates of various crops are the important issues in seed sector. By the seed production technology, he could achieve
Hence, training on seed production to the farmers is needed uniform crop stand, limited weed problem and problems of
to increase the production of quality seeds. pest and diseases.He has harvested the Paddy crop during the
third week of October 2010. He obtained yield of 6.5 t/ha.
Krishi Vigyan Kendra intervention
A field day was conducted in the field of Hangati
The farmers have purchased the seeds from private Mahila Trust farmers of Zarali, Jamkhadi, Bharadada,
seed companies, government outlets and also used their own Amalgundi villages so as to create awareness among the
farm saved seeds. KVK scientists explained the uses and other farmers on the achievement of higher yield in Paddy
production of quality seeds. But, the resource poor farmers by Seed Production technology. Most of the farmers had
were unable to produce the seeds of their own due to lack expressed the advantages of raising Paddy for getting higher
of technical know- how. Then the Krishi Vigyan Kendra returns within a period of four months It is imperative that
intervened and trained the farmers of Hangati Mahila trust, seed production technology has to be scaled up over larger
Mandal about the seed production technologies such as land area in forthcoming years, thereby the farmers fetch higher
selection, sources of seed, isolation distance, rouging, foliar yield and higher net return. In such attempts, the role of
nutrition, harvesting and post harvest handling of seeds in KVK is very vital and necessary.
three stages under seed village training programme
IMPACT
If we consider the success story of trained farmers
of Hangati mahila trust villages in Tapi District is one of the He is having 30 acres of wet land with good irrigation
progressive farmers in this village has shown impressive sources. Previously, he followed conventional system of rice
progress both as an early adopter and entrepreneur. He is cultivation for grain production. After few years he felt that
78
this system would not have benefit in terms of both yield technology related to genetic enhancement of production
and soil fertility maintenance. Then, he planned to start seed potential of agricultural crops. This is because of centralized
production in rice as advised by scientists of Krishi Vigyan production and distribution of improved seeds by a seed
Kendra, Vyara. Previously he had undergone the training companies. Though the organized sector is able to produce
on the direct seeding techniques with drum seeder and SRI a large quantity of seeds, the supply chain is unable to
techniques in rice during 2009. He practiced these techniques cope with the huge demand for seeds across the length
in seed production and he found that this techniques required and breadth of the country. Thus, the farming community
low seed rate (2-3 kg ha-1), nitrogen (LCC based nitrogen depends to a large extent on external sources for important
management), water and labour requirement. Based on inputs such as seeds. Seed village programme provide an
this experience, he extended to an area of 30 acres for seed alternative to this problem and help farmers become self
production in rice. He was able to harvest higher seed yield reliant. This initiative needs both organized communities
of 6400 kg ha-1 with low cost of cultivation (Rs.12, 500) and scientific backstopping. Efforts towards up scaling seed
when compared to conventional method. Now he became village programme under Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Vyara in
a Own Hangati Mahila trust seed entrepreneur and marketing the Tapi district resulted in encouraging learning outcomes
his seeds by this trust. and demonstrated the viability of seed village with suitable
technical backstopping by KVK scientist and empowerment
Seed village trainings to the farmers
of the community members. The seed village concept not only
Sr. Activity No. Participants ensure good quality seeds for enhancing productivity but also
No in generating income for the community members resulting
1 On / Off campus training 17 270 in improved livelihood. The self sufficiency in the seed is a
programme great impact in the area like Tribal dominated District of Tapi.
2 Field days 04 578
IMPLICATION
S. Particulars and impact Production and
No. of the training income details The whole stocks of the seed materials have been
1 Area 30 Acre sold by high remunerative rates at farmer’s field only. The
2 Crops in which seed Paddy, Pulse consciousness of the farmers regarding quality seed materials
produced have been increased drastically. The cheating and looting
3 Unit production capacity 6.5 tonnes / ha –Paddy by private seed traders have been reduced remarkably and
4 Seed supply Krishi Vigyan Kendra,
the area under recommended cultivars of paddy has been
Vyara
developed in clusters and it leads towards value addition
5 Net income Rs.64,000 / ha –paddy
6 Rural employment 2500 man days / year through need based paddy production for industrial use as
7 Estimated area coverage 25 ha.–paddy well as for food grain purpose. The seed village concept of
the farmers have been cultivated in the mind of orthodox
SUMMARY tribal farmers to shift their age old seed through recently
Small and Marginal farmers are often at a released high yielding paddy varieties. It was really a big
disadvantageous position in absorbing the agricultural achievement in the field of agriculture to run on sustainability
and profitability super high way.
79
Constraints Faced by Cotton Growers in Management of Cotton Cultivation
A. A. Darandale1 P. M. Bhatt2 and Nilesh P. Patel3
1 & 3 P.G. Student, B.A.C.A., A.A.U., Anand

2 Director, Institute of Distance Education, (IDEA), AAU, Anand, Gujarat .
E-mail- [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The study was carried out in the year 2009-10 in Vadodara District of Gujarat state to identify the
various constraints faced by cotton growers in management of cotton cultivation. A random sample of 120 cotton
growers was selected from Vadodara District and the constraints faced by cotton growers in management of
cotton cultivation were studied. The result of the study depicted that high cost of inputs, fluctuations in market
rate, Unavailability of seed at proper time, non availability of labours, high cost of transportation, lack of timely
technical advice, high rate of labours and non availability of timely credits, the process of getting cotton crop
insurance is complex, lack of market facilities, difficult to take valid advantage of crop insurance were perceived
as the most serious constraints faced by cotton growers.
Keywords: Constraints, management of cotton cultivation, cotton growers.
INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES
Cotton is one of the most important commercial 1 To study the constraints faced by the cotton growers in
fiber crops of India. The seed of cotton is a potential source management of cotton cultivation.
of edible oil, cake and hull meal. It is also known as “King
2 To seek the suggestions from the cotton growers to
of Apparel Fiber” and “white gold”. Cotton is cultivated in
overcome the constraints faced by them.
about 60 countries of the world. India is having the largest
area under cotton; its average productivity is only 520 kg METHODOLOGY
per hectare as against the world average productivity of 650
kg per hectare. In India, cotton contributes about 85.00 per Vadodara district of Gujarat state was chosen
cent of the total fiber consumed in the textile industries. for the study. Vadodara, Dabhoi, Karjan and Sankheda
Gujarat is one of the major cotton producing states in talukas of Vadodara district of Gujarat state were
the country. Gujarat state has second largest area under purposively selected, because these talukas have more
cotton after Maharashtra in India. Cotton is widely grown, cotton growing area as compared to other talukas. Twelve
particularly in all districts of Gujarat state. Gujarat has been cotton growing villages were randomly selected from
the key contributor in cotton research in the country. those four talukas. For this study, 120 cotton growers who
had minimum 3 years of experience in cotton cultivation
Considering the major challenges in agriculture were selected randomly. For measuring constraints in
including the need for enhanced productivity, equity and management of cotton cultivation, a simple frequency
uneven development, issues of sustainability and enhanced system was applied. The respondents were asked to
profitability there is need for greater thrust for technology give the information about the constraints countered
dissemination without any transmission loss. This inspired by them in management of cotton cultivation and then
the investigator to study knows various constraints faced by frequency was ascertained from highest to lowest. The
cotton growers. Thus, the present study was undertaken in suggestions offered were ranked on the basis of number
the year 2009-10 with following objectives. and percentage of respondents who reported respective
80
suggestions. were requested to express the constraints faced by them in

management of cotton cultivation. Frequency and percentage
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
for each constraints were calculated and on that basis of that,
Constraints in management of new technology have the constraints were assigned ranked and are presented in
never end. However, they can be minimized. The respondents Table 1.
Table 1: Constraints faced by cotton growers in management of cotton cultivation n = 120
Sr. No. Constraints Number Per cent

1 Unavailability of seed at proper time 102 85.00
2 High cost of inputs 112 93.33
3 High cost of transportation 93 77.50
4 Non-availability of labours 98 81.66
5 High cost of labours 86 71.66
6 Non-availability of credit in time 73 60.83
7 Lack of timely technical advice 90 75.00
8 Irregular supply of irrigation 47 39.16
9 Irregular supply of electricity 43 35.83
10 Lack of market facility 67 55.83
11 Fluctuations in market rate 108 90.00
12 Lack of knowledge about plant protection of cotton 99 82.50
13 Difficult to take valid advantage of crop insurance 58 48.33
14 The process of getting cotton crop insurance is complex 71 59.16
As seen from the Table 1. high cost of inputs (93.33 getting cotton crop insurance is complex (59.16 per cent),
per cent), fluctuations in market rates (90.00 per cent), lack of market facilities (55.83 per cent), difficult to take
unavailability of seed at proper time (85.00 per cent), lack valid advantage of crop insurance (48.33 per cent), irregular
of knowledge about plant protection of cotton (82.50 per supply of irrigation (39.16 per cent), and irregular supply of
cent), non-availability of labours (81.66 per cent), high cost electricity (35.83 per cent) are the major constraints faced
of transportation (77.50 per cent), lack of technical advice by cotton growers in management of cotton cultivation in
(75.00 per cent), high rates of labours (71.66 per cent), non- ascending order, respectively
availability of timely credits (60.83 per cent), the process of
Table 2: Suggestions given by cotton growers to overcome constraints faced by them n = 120
Sr. No. Suggestions Number Per cent
1 Price of seed should be minimized. 112 93.33
2 Good and healthy seed should be provided at proper time. 97 80.83
3 Regular and timely visit of the farm should be necessary by agricultural officer. 27 22.50
4 Rate of produce should be regulated. 83 69.17
5 Proper marketing facility should be established. 76 63.33
6 Training on new technologies should be imparted to the farmers. 54 45.00
7 Timely technical advice should be provided to the farmers. 104 86.67
8 Guidance should be provided to adopt proper cultivation practices. 58 48.33
9 Sufficient electric power should be available for long time. 36 30.00
Sufficient knowledge should be provided regarding recommended dose of fertil- 64 53.33
10
izer, insecticide / pesticides etc.
Crop insurance scheme should be modified in favor of loss occurred to an indi- 87 72.50
11
vidual farmer or mass of farmers
Farmers should not be forced by bank to take insurance while taking loan be- 93 77.50
12
cause it increases financial burden on the farmers
81
It can be concluded from the Table 2 that the prices of CONCLUSION

inputs should be minimized (93.33 per cent), provide timely
Major constraints faced by cotton growers were
technical advice (86.67 per cent), good and healthy seed
high cost of inputs, fluctuations in market rate, unavailability
should be provided at proper time (80.83 per cent), farmers
of seed at proper time, non availability of labours, high cost
should not be forced by bank to take insurance while taking
of transportation, lack of timely technical advice, high rate
loan because it increases financial burden on the farmers
of labours and non availability of timely credits, the process
(77.50 per cent), crop insurance scheme should be modified
of getting cotton crop insurance is complex and valuable
in favors of loss occurred to an individual farmer or mass of
suggestions offered by cotton growers to overcome them
farmers (72.50 per cent), are the prime important suggestions
Prices of inputs should be minimized, provide timely technical
given by the respondents to overcome constraints. Further,
advice, good and healthy seed should be provided at proper
they also suggested about rate of agricultural produce should
time, farmers should not be forced by bank to take insurance
be regulated (69.17 per cent), proper marketing facility
while taking loan because it increases financial burden on the
should be established (63.33 per cent), knowledge regarding
farmers, crop insurance scheme should be modified in favor
recommended dose of fertilizer, insecticide / pesticide should
of loss occurred to an individual farmer or mass of farmers.
be provided (53.33 per cent), guidance should be provided to
adopt proper cultivation practices (48.33 per cent), training REFERENCE
on new technology should be imparted (45.00 per cent),
sufficient electric power should be available for long time Zala, P. K. (2008). Crisis Management practices Adopted in
(30.00 per cent), and regular visit of agriculture officer should Cotton Cultivation by the Farmers of Kheda District
be necessary (22.50 per cent) to overcome the constraints of Gujarat state. (Unpublished) Ph.D. thesis, AAU,
faced by them, respectively. Anand.
82
Societal Paradox about Coriander Production Technology by the Coriender Growers
S. R. Kumbhani1, D. M. Thakrar2, Chandravadia kiran3, S.V.Undhad4 and

M.K.Jadeja5
1 Agriculture officer, Sardar smruti Kendra, J.A.U. Junagadh

2 Professor, Department of Agril. Ext., J.A.U. Junagadh
3 Ph.D. student, Department of Agril. Ext., J.A.U. Junagadh
4
Agriculture officer, Department of Plant Pathology., J.A.U. Junagadh
5 Agriculture officer, D.E.E., J.A.U. Junagadh
ABSTRACT
The present study, attempt has been made to know the association between extent of adoption of
the farmers (dependent variable and their selected characteristics as independent variables) the correlation
coefficient (‘r’ value) were calculated on the basis of operational measures developed for the variables. The
characteristics of the respondents like education, social participation, extension contact, irrigation potentiality,
coriander crop intensity, risk orientation, extension participation, innovativeness, exposure to information source
and production were positively significant associated with the adoption of recommended coriander production
technology. While, Age was negative and significantly associated with the adoption about recommended
coriander production technology respectively. Whereas marketing orientation was negative and non significant
associated with the adoption about recommended coriander production technology.
Keywords : Innovativeness, Coriender growers
INTRODUCTION oil, perfumery and culinary purposes, consumed in large

quantities and earns a large sum of foreign exchange. It
Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is an annual
is probably the first spice to be used by man as common
aromatic herb, grown for its leaves, seed, essential oil and
flavouring substance. The stem leaves and fruits have a
oleoresin. Coriander, also known as cilantro and Chinese
pleasant aromatic odour. The pleasant aroma of the fruits
parsley is a member of family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae).
is due to the linalool containing essential oil (Pruthi, 1976).
Its name is derived from the Greek world ‘Koris’ meaning
Which is used for medicinal and flavouring beverages and its
bedbug because of the unpleasant fetid bug-like odour of the
residues are used for cattle feed. High quality coriander seed
green herb and unripe fruits, it was eventually loaned to Latin
has essential oil content between 0.4 and 1.4 percent.
Coriandrum. Coriander has originated in the Mediterranean
region from where it had moved eastward to Asia (Nawata et The finest quality oils contain 60 to 70% linalool,
al., 1995). It is commonly known as “Dhania” or “Dhana”. a compound which produces much of the characteristic
India has been known as the “home of the spices” from very coriander flavor. The coriander seed contains an extractable
ancient times. Spices play pivotal role in human dietary as vegetable oil fraction which may be blended with the essential
they give an agreeable flavour and aroma to food and add oil (to form an oleoresin) for use in food and other non-food
greatly to the pleasure of eating (Aiyanduai, 1966). They also products.
constitute an important group of agricultural commodities
METHODOLOGY
which are virtually indispensable in culinary art.
In order to realize the above objectives, a sample of 160
Coriander is well known for its uses as medicine,
coriander growers, representing 8 villages of two talukas
83
(Manderada and Keshod) of Junagadh district was drawn by The direction of association was negative and
using random sampling techniques. To find out the relationship significant which indicated that coriander growers’ adoption
between dependent and independent variables, the Pearson’s of recommended coriander production technology increased
product moment method of computing correlation coefficient, significant with decrease in their age. The probable reason for
which provides generally accepted means for measuring the above finding might be that majority of the young coriander
relationship, was used (Chandel, 1975). growers were educated and having more extension contact
and social participation.
Education and extent of adoption
In order to ascertain the association between the
level of knowledge (dependent variable) of the farmers and The data presented in Table revealed that the calculated co-
each of their selected characteristics (independent variables), efficient of correlation value of r = 0.2522 was positively
the correlation co-efficient (‘r’) was calculated on the basis of highly significant at 0.01 level. Hence, the null hypothesis was
operational measures developed for the variables, empirical rejected and it could be inferred that there was positive and
hypotheses was stated for testing the association and its significant association between coriander growers’ adoption
significance on zero order correlation are given in Table 1. of recommended coriander production technology and their
education. It can be said that with increased in education the
Table 1 : Correlation between adoption about coriander
level of adoption also increased.
production technology followed by the farmers
and the independent variables n = 160 The probable reason may be that educated
respondents understand the importance of innovations can be
Sr. No Independent variables ‘r’ value
quickly and easily adopted by them. They also keep faith in
1 Age -0.1830*
new research and possess higher change proneness.
2 Education 0.2522**
3 Social participation 0.1801* Social participation and extent of adoption
4 Annual income 0.0430 NS
The data in Table revealed that the correlation co-
5 Extension contact 0.2059* efficient obtained r = 0.1801 was positive significant at 0.05
6 Size of land holding 0.0697 NS level. Hence, null hypothesis was rejected and it can be
7 Irrigation potentiality 0.2847** inferred that there was positive significant association between
8 Cropping intensity 0.2519** coriander growers’ adoption of recommended coriander
Risk orientation production technology and their social participation. The
9 0.1703*
adoption increased with an increase of social participation of
10 Extension participation 0.3228**
the respondents. The probable reason for this might be that
11 Innovativeness 0.3342**
more social participation provides more in-depth information
12 Market orientation -0.0495 NS and better understanding to the respondents, which leads them
Exposure to information to adopt the recommended coriander production technology
13 0.1783*
sources in a better way.
14 Production 0.2111**
Annual income and extent of adoption
* Significant at 0.05 level ** Significant at 0.01 level
The data in Table reveled that calculated correlation
NS = Non significant
coefficient r = 0.0430 was non significant at 0.05 level.
Age and extent of adoption Hence, the null hypothesis was accepted. It can be said that
there was no association between farmers’ level of adoption
It’s seen form the table that the calculated correlation
for coriander production practices on their annual income.
co-efficient value of r = -0.1830 was found significant at
This might be due to the fact that there were no more farmers
0.05 level. Thus, null hypothesis was rejected and it can be
adopting improved coriander production practices on their
concluded that there was negative and significant association
farm, so they think that the disparity in income is not because
between coriander growers’ adoption of recommended
of the coriander production practices.
coriander production technology and their age.
84
Extension contact and extent of adoption hypothesis was rejected. It can therefore, be said that there
is positive and significant association between coriander
The data presented in table revealed that the
growers adoption of recommended coriander production
computed correlation co-efficient value of r = 0.2059
technology and coriander crop intensity. The positive
was observed to be positive and significant at 0.05 level.
direction of relationship indicated that coriander growers’
Hence, the null hypothesis was rejected. It can therefore be
adoption increased with an increase in their coriander crop
concluded that there is significant relation between coriander
intensity.
growers’ adoption of recommended coriander production
technology and their extension contact. The positive direction The probable reason might be that coriander is rabi crop. Due
of relationship revealed that the adoption increased with an to the increase in crop intensity the respondents might have
increase of extension contact of the respondents. This might received more production per unit area which might have
be due to fact that participation in extension activities around generated more income.
the area of the respondents acquired higher knowledge; as a
Risk orientation and extent of adoption
result farmers are ready to adopted recommended coriander
production technology. The data depicted in Table reveled that the computed
co-efficient of correlation value of r = 0.1703 was positive
Size of land holding and extent of adoption
and significant at 0.05 level. Hence, null hypothesis was
The data presented in Table reveled that the rejected. Therefore, it can be said that there was positive
correlation co-efficient obtained r = 0.0697 was non significant association between coriander growers adoption
significant at 0.05 level. Hence, the null hypothesis was of recommended coriander production technology and risk
accepted. It can be concluded that there is no association orientation. The positive direction of relationship indicated
between coriander growers’ adoption of recommended that with increase risk orientation the adoption is increased.
coriander production technology and their size of land The probable reason for this result could be that coriander
holding. This might be due to the fact that irrespective of growers secure benefits of high production while taking risk in
size of land holding almost all the respondents inclined adoption of recommended coriander production technology.
to adopt equally, the recommended coriander production
Extension participation and extent of adoption
technology for getting higher yield and income.
The data presented in Table reveled that the
Irrigation potentiality and extent of adoption
computed co-efficient of correlation value of r = 0.3228 was
The data in Table reveled that the computed positive and significant at 0.01 level. Hence, null hypothesis
correlation co-efficient value of r = 0.2847 was positive and was rejected. Therefore, it can be said that there was positive
significant at 0.01 level. Hence, null hypothesis was rejected. significant association between coriander growers’ adoption
It can be concluded that there was positive & significant of recommended coriander production technology and their
association between adoption of recommended coriander extension participation.
production technology and their irrigation potentiality.
The probable reason might be that due to more
The positive sign indicated that with increase in irrigation
participation in extension activities the respondents acquired
potentiality the adoption level of coriander growers also
more knowledge and other facilities like credit, input supply
increased. This might be due to the fact that with increase
at a time which facilitated higher adoption in coriander
in irrigation potentiality the respondent might have irrigated
production technology.
their crop at different critical stages of crop which resulted
in higher yield and income. As a result, this might have Innovativeness and extent of adoption
motivated them for more adoption of coriander production
technology. The data in Table reveled that the computed co-
efficient of correlation value of r = 0.3342 was highly
Cropping intensity and extent of adoption positive and significant at 0.01 level. Hence, null hypothesis
was rejected. Therefore, it can be said that there was positive
The data presented in Table reveled that the
significant association between coriander growers’ adoption
calculated correlation co-efficient value of r = 0.2519 was
of recommended coriander production technology and their
found to be positive and significant at 0.01 level. Hence, null
85
innovativeness.The probable reason might be that due to coriander crop intensity, risk orientation, extension
more innovative they tried out different coriander production participation, innovativeness, exposure to information source
technology. and production were positively significant associated with the
adoption of recommended coriander production technology.
Market orientation and extent of adoption While, Age was negative and significantly associated with the
adoption about recommended coriander production technology
The data in Table reveled that the computed respectively. Whereas marketing orientation was negative and
correlation coefficient (r = - 0.0495) was found negative non significant associated with the adoption about recommended
and non significant revealed that there was no association coriander production technology.
between market orientation and extent of adoption. Hence
the hypothesis was accepted. REFERENCES
The probable reason for no influence of market Chauhan, N.B. (2008). Capacity building of farmers’ through
orientation on adoption of coriander product practices can training on organic farming practices in surendranagar
be explained to the reason that resources to be purchased district of gujarat state.M.Sc. (Agri.) Thesis
from market are very less. On the other hand, for selling of (Unpublished). Junagadh Agricultural University,
coriander product market network has not yet been developed. Junagadh.
Exposure to information and extent of adoption Chhodavadia, H. C. (2001). Impact of frontline demonstration
on groundnut pigeon pea relay cropping system in
The data in Table reveled that the computed co- Saurashtra region of Gujarat State. M.Sc. (Agri).
efficient of correlation value of r = 0.1783 was positive Thesis (Unpublished). G.A.U., S.K. Nagar.
and significant at 0.05 level. Hence, null hypothesis was
rejected. Therefore, it can be said that there was positive Dangar, M. M. (1996) A study of knowledge, adoption and
significant association between coriander growers’ adoption constraints of chiku growers’ in Junagadh district of
of recommended coriander production technology and their Gujarat state. (Unpublished) M.Sc. (Agri) Thesis,
exposure to information sources. G.A.U., S. K. Nagar.
Kamani, A.B. (2007). A Quintessential paradigm of a
Production and extent of adoption
quintessential paradigm of organic farming in relation
The data presented in the table reveled that the to adoption of organic farmers in saurashtra. M.Sc.
calculated value r = 0.2111 was highly significant 0.01). (Agri) Thesis (Unpublished). Junagadh Agricultural
Hence, the null hypothesis was rejected and it can be inferred University, Junagadh.
that there was positive and significant association between
Kotadiya, D.G. (2006). Impact of IHDP in Junagadh district of
the level of adoption of farmers and their production.
Gujarat State. Ph.D. Thesis (Unpublished). Junagadh
CONCLUSION Agricultural University, Junagadh.
From the above discussion, it can be concluded

that the characteristics of the respondents like education,
social participation, extension contact, irrigation potentiality,
86
Constraints faced by the Tribal youth while participating in the rural development activities
in Banaskantha District.
V.V.Prajapati and B..K .Patel
Vanbandhu Agriculture Polytechnic, S.D Agricultural University

Amirgadh, Dist. Banaskantha
ABSTRACT
The socio-economic development and prosperity of the country depends to a considerable extent on the
type of the youth the country have, because the rural youth have abilities and capabilities to orient themselves
in the main stream of the development process. Youth are considered as a dynamic force in their thought and
actions for the development of the society and country. The Present study was conducted in Danta and Amirgagh
taluka of Banaskantha District. Two tauka was selected purposively as having the highest tribal rural youth as
compare to other taluka of Banaskantha. Six villages form each taluka and ten youth of age ranging between
25 to 40 from each village were selected randomly making a total sample of 120 respondent. Majority of the
rural youth having illiterate education up to Primary level. The major constraints faced by the rural youth were
lack of rural youth club and their activities, lack of support from village institution, lack of proper leadership
and financial assistance from the Government. Majority of the rural youth suggested that more rural youth
club should be established in rural area. Village institutions should support to the youth club impart training to
youth club members and local leaders also should guide the youth club. Support from the village institution and
Imparting proper training on entrepreneurship development and proper guidance from the local leaders.
Key words: Rural development, Tribal youth
INTRODUCTION rural tribal youth.
The socio-economic development and prosperity of (2) To know the constraints faced by the rural tribal youth
the country depends to a considerable extent on the type of the while initiating and / or participating in development
youth the country have, because the rural youth have abilities activities in the villages.
and capabilities to orient themselves in the main stream of
(3) To seek the suggestions to overcome the constraints.
the development process. Youth are considered as a dynamic
force in their thought and actions for the development of the METHODOLOGY
society and country. Rural youth as a group are shy to take
part in any rural development process. The primary causes The Present study was conducted in Danta and
for the wastage of youth power were lack of appropriate Amirgagh taluka of Banaskantha District. Two tauka was
state wide interlinked network for youth organizations and selected purposively as having the highest tribal rural youth
lack of proper training and guidance. The low participation as compare to other taluka of Banaskantha. Six villages
of rural development activities is widely accepted. This form each taluka and ten youth of age ranging between 25
fact needs a systematic research study to screen out the to 40 from each village were selected randomly making a
major constraints faced by rural youth while participating total sample of 120 respondent. The data were collected by
in the rural development activities. personal interview through interview schedule, then the data
were tabulated, analyzed and interpreted.
OBJECTIVES
(1) To study the socio-economic characteristics of the

87
Table 1 : Information regarding Tribal villages cent and 10.00 per cent had farming + laboring and farming
respectively. None of them had farming ,service and business
Sr. Name of Taluka Total Tribal engagements. It might be due to the fact that the respondents
No. villages villages were selected from rural area and there is not any alternate
1 Danta 186 123 except farming+A.H. because majority were farmers sons.
2 Amirgadh 69 48 Table 5: Distribution of the respondents according to
their social participation n =120
Table 2 : Information regarding Selected Tribal villages
Sr. No. Category Number Per cent
Sr. No. Name of Name of Selected Tribal 1 No Membership 73 60.83
Taluka villages 2 Membership in one 31 25.83
1 Danta Bordiyara, Dhareda, Chori, organization
Guda, Barvas, Jodhsar 3 Membership in more than 16 13.33
one organization
2 Amirgadh Sevania, Isvani, Sonvadi
4 Membership with holding 00 0.00
,Kapasiya, Ghantu,
Position
Jodhra
It can be seen from the Table 5 that majority ( 60.83 per
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION cent ) of the respondents had no member in any organization
Table3: Distribution of the respondents according to their followed by membership in one organization ( 25.83 per cent
level of education n=120 ) and membership in more than one organization ( 13.33.00
per cent ). None of this membership with holding position in
Sr.No. Education Number Per cent social organization. The probable reason might be that the
1 Illiterate 74 61.67 membership in co-operative societies naturally found in the
2 Primary level 39 32.50 name of family head instead of youths.
( 1-7 std )
3 Secondary level 4 3.33 Constraint faced by respondents
( 8-10 std )
4 Higher Secondary 2 1.67 Table 6 : Distribution of the respondents according to
level ( 11-12 std ) their constraints in participating and/ or
5 College level 1 0.83 initiating development activities in the village
The data presented in Table 3 reveal that majority ( 61.67 . n =120
per cent ) of respondent were illiterate followed by primary Sr. Constraints No. Per
level of Education (32.50 per cent), Secondary level ( 3.33 No cent
per cent ), Higher Secondary level ( 1.67 per cent ) and 1 Lack of rural youth clubs and their 103 85.83
College level (00 .83 per cent ). Hence it can be concluded activities
that majority of the tribal rural youth were illiterate to 2 Lack of support from the village 88 73.33
primary level education. institutions
3 Lack of proper leadership 84 70.00
Table4: Distribution of the respondents according to their 4 Lack of financial assistance from 94 78.33
occupation n=120 the Government
5 Lack of co –operation from 57 47.50
Sr.No. Occupation Number Per cent villagers
1 Farming 12 10.00 6 lack of training facilities 63 52.50
2 Farming + laboring 21 17.50 7 Lack of interest on the part of 65 54.17
3 Farming + A.H. 87 72.50 youth in village development work
4 Farming + Service 00 00.00 8 Villagers not showing faith in 42 35.00
youth
The data presented in Table 4 portray that a great 9 Lack of spare time for development 35 29.16
majority ( 72.50 per cent ) of the respondent were dealing with 10 Lack of education facilities 25 20.83
farming + A.H. as their main occupation, only 17.50.00 per
It is obvious from the data presented in Table 6
88
that the major constraints identified were lack of rural youth CONCLUSION
clubs and their activities ( 88.83 per cent ) followed by lack
Majority of the rural youth having illiterate to
of financial assistance from the Government ( 78.33 per
primary level education, engaged in farming and animal
cent ), lack of support from the village institution ( 73.33
husbandry as main occupation and no membership in
percent ) lack of proper leadership (70.00 Per cent ), lack
organization.
of Co-operation from villagers ( 47.50 per cent ) and lack of
training facilities ( 52.50 per cent ). Other Constraints like The major constraints faced by the rural youth were
lack of interest on the part of youth in village’s development, lack of rural youth club and their activities, lack of support
villagers not showing faith in youth, lack of spare time for from village institution, lack of proper leadership and
development and lack of education facilities for youth in rural financial assistance from the Government.
area were expressed by the respondents. Hence it is inferred
that the village youth clubs were not found in the villages for Majority of the rural youth suggested that more
leadership development. rural youth club should be established in rural area. Village
institutions should support to the youth club impart training
Suggestion of respondents to youth club members and local leaders also should guide
the youth club. Support from the village institution and
TABLE : 7 Distribution of the respondents according
Imparting proper training on entrepreneurship development
to their suggestion to overcome the
and proper guidance from the local leaders.
constraints n =120
Practical Utility
Sr. Suggestion Freq- Per
No uency cent The results of the study will be useful to rural youth have
1 Establishment of rural youth club 105 87.50
abilities and capabilities to orient themselves in the main
in the rural area
2 Village institution should support 102 85.00 stream of the development process in rural development
the youth clubs. activities in rural area.
3 Local leaders should properly 98 81.66
guide the youths and Govt. should REFERENCES
organize training for triball youth.
Bhanu,V.L. (2006). Study of aspiration of rural youth and
4 Adequate financial support from 95 79.16
the Government their attitude towards rural development activities
5 Co-operation from villagers to rural 60 50.00 in Dharwad district of Karnataka state. M.Sc.
youth (Agri.) Thesis, University of Agricultural Sciencies,
Dharwad.
Table 7 indicated that the most important suggestion
expressed by majority of the rural youth had positively Butt,T.M., Hassan,M.Z.Y., Sahi,S.T., Atiq,M., Jabbar,A.,
constructive suggestion to overcome these constraints. The Ahmad I., Luqman,M. and Shafique,W.(2011) . Role
most important suggestion given by them were Establishment of rural youth in Agricultural and rural development:
of functional rural youth club development in the rural area A self perceived case study of Okara Distict,Panjab,
( 87.50 per cent ) followed by support from the village Pakistan, J.Agri. Ext. Rural Dev.,3(2)23-28.
institutions ( 85.00 per cent ) and Imparting proper training
Soni, M.C. and Nandapurkar, G.G. (1991). Constraints
on entrepreneurship development and guidance from the
faced by rural youth While paticipating in the rural
local leaders ( 81.66 per cent ), Adequate financial support
development activities. Guj.J.Ext. Edu. II:227.&III
from the Government ( 79.16 per cent ) and Co-operation
from villagers to rural youth ( 50.00 per cent ).
89
Difficulties Faced By the Woman Research Scholars of SAUs of Gujarat

in Computer Application
B.M.Christian1 and N.B.Chauhan2
1 Assistant Professor, College of Agriculture, AAU,Vaso, Gujarat

2 Professor and Head, department of Extension Education, BACA, AAU, Anand
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to know difficulties faced by the woman research scholars of SAUs of Gujarat
in the Computer Application. A proportionate random sample of 100 woman research scholars studying in M.Sc
and Ph.D in Agriculture, Dairy science Technology and veterinary science of Gujarat state was selected. The data
were collected by personal contacts. Major difficulty faced by the woman research scholars of SAUs in the com-
puter application in descending order of ranks were 1.Inadequate computer sets at hostel, 2.Inadequate computer
sets at library, 3. Inadequate computer sets at college,4. lack of training, 5.Lack of necessary detail practical
knowledge, 6.Lack of knowledge of minor repairing of different parts of computer, 7.Poor cooperation to make
use of departmental computer facility, 8.Lack of institutional motivational atmosphere, 9.Low speed of computer,
10.low speed of internet, 11.Lack of skills using all the features of internet, 12.Lack of own computer, and 13.Low
speed of internet.
Keywords: Computer appication, women reseach scholors
INTRODUCTION problems in the application and exposure of compute.
In current age of information and technology, OBJECTIVE

numerous types of software are accessible to carry out
To analyze the difficulties faced by the woman
almost any possible task using built-in rules and procedures.
research scholars of SAUs of Gujarat in the computer
These programmes offer fast and efficient ways to conduct
application
any kinds of work, business, teaching, research, learning
and education. In the current circumstances of prescribed METHODOLOGY
education, the agricultural education is the textbook oriented;
all the times additional reading matters are not accessible The study was conducted on a random sample
for definite topics. Generally, teachers and learners have to of 100 woman research scholars of four Agricultural
depend upon text books. They struggle to gain information Universities of Gujarat state. The data were collected by
through complementary objects and reference books. The personal contacts. The data thus, collected were classified,
agricultural research scholars are regarded as useful future tabulated and analyzed in order to make the finding
generation of human resources for the overall development meaningful. The statistical measures, such as percentage
of agrarian country like India. They are recognized as and mean score were used to analysis data.
engineers to develop rural India. The profit from such human
resources is in fact resulting only when we improve the
quality of their agricultural education, learning environment The woman research scholars are regarded as
and equipments. To provide them favourable research and the useful human resource for the overall development of
learning situation, the need was realised to understand their agrarian country like India. They are recognized as engineers
90
to develop agriculture and rural India. The suggestion and are matching with the recommendations given by Raymond
opinion from such human resources is the key to the success (2000), Catherine and Banji (2002), Shah (2006) and Jat
of any agricultural development. To understand the problems (2009).
faced by the woman research scholars of SAUs of Gujarat
CONCLUSION
in the computer application was collected and presented in
Table 1. It can be concluded from the result that major
difficulties faced by the woman research scholars of SAUs of
Table: 1 : Difficulties faced by the SAUs woman research
scholar in the application of computer Gujarat in computer application were inadequate computer
n=100 sets at hostel, inadequate computer sets at library, Inadequate
Sr. Problems Mean Rank computer sets at college, lack of training, lack of necessary
No. Score detail practical knowledge and lack of knowledge of minor
1 Inadequate computer sets at hostel 1.92 1st
repairing of different parts of computer, poor cooperation
2 Inadequate computer sets at library 1.89 2nd
to make use of departmental computer facility, lack of
3 Inadequate computer sets at college 1.87 3rd
institutional motivational atmosphere, low speed of computer
4 Lack of training. 1.84 4th
and internet and lack of skills using all the features of internet.
5 Lack of enough practical 1.41 5th
knowledge IMPLICATION
6 Lack of knowledge of minor 1.40 6th
repairing Understanding significance of computer application
7 poor departmental cooperation to 1.82 7th
use computer by woman research scholars, there is a need to tackle all
8 Lack of institutional motivational 1.79 8th the limitations realised by the woman research scholars and
atmosphere serious efforts should be started to improve their level of
9 Low speed of computer 1.72 9th
computer application.
10 Low speed of internet. 1.61 10th
11 Lack of skills using all the features 1.56 11th REFERENCES
of internet
12 Lack of own computer 1.49 12th Catherine Nyaki Adeya and Banji Oyelaran-Oyeyinka
13 No training for discriminating use 1.45 13th (2002).The Internet in African Universities: Case
of the internet studies from Kenya and Nigeria, http://www. Global
equality .info/reports/IDEaf.pdf.
It can be seen that major difficulties faced by
woman research scholars of SAUs in computer application Jat, B.I. (2009) Development of scale to measure the attitude
in descending order of ranks were inadequate computer sets of teachers towards the application of multimedia in
at hostel, inadequate computer sets at library, Inadequate agricultural higher education, Unpublished Ph.D.
computer sets at college, lack of training, lack of necessary Thesis, A.A.U., Anand, Gujarat.
detail practical knowledge and lack of knowledge of minor
Raymond Szeto (2000).Towards a model of internet learning,
repairing of different parts of computer. The other problems
Education at a Distance, 14:6.
faced by woman research scholars of SAUs of Gujarat during
their exposure of computer were; poor cooperation to make Shah, U.B. (2006).A study on level of internet exposure of
use of departmental computer facility, lack of institutional teachers of Anand Agricultural University, Anand.
motivational atmosphere, low speed of computer and internet Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, A.A.U., Anand, Gujarat.
and lack of skills using all the features of internet. The results
91
Constraints Faced by the Banana Growers in Adoption of Improved

Banana Cultivation Practices
H. B. Patel1, P. M. Bhatt2 and N.V. Soni3
1 Assoc.Ext. Edun’st, DOEE Office, AAU, Anand

2 Director, Institute of Distance Education Anand (IDEA), AAU, Anand
ABSTRACT
The present study was undertaken in four talukas of Anand district of Gujarat state during the year 2005.
From each taluka, five villages were selected having highest area under banana crop. From each village twelve
banana growers (4- marginal, 4- small and 4- medium banana growers) from 20 selected villages constituted a
total sample size of 240 respondents at random. The ex-post-facto research design was followed. The most impor-
tant constraints faced by medium banana growers in adoption of improved banana cultivation technology were:
Irregular supply of electric power Lack of cooperative/APMC market, Non availability of pesticide at village
level, Uncertainty of price, Lack of own tube well, Difficulty in calculation of doses of fertilizer, Non availability
of guarantor against loan, High cost of tissue culture plant and Insufficient training programme.
Keywords: Banana growers, adoption, constraints
INTRODUCTION respondents at random. The ex-post-facto research design

was followed. An interview schedule was developed in
The recent advances in banana production
accordance with the objectives of the study and it was pre-
technology have demonstrated that scientific management
tested and translated in to Gujarati. The data of this study
has great potential for increasing the banana production.
were collected through personal interview. The statistical
Therefore, raising management efficiency is of paramount
measures such as percentage, mean, and factorial concept,
importance for banana producer. This will open up new vistas
were used.
and make possible for banana growers to achieve substantial
gains in income. Raising the management efficiency is the RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
fundamental problem. This problem needs to be carefully
There might be a number of constraints in the way of
tackled for long run solution of under developed banana
banana growers for adoption of improved banana cultivation
growers. Therefore, the present investigation on to identify
practices. The constraints faced by the farmers hinder the
the constraints faced by the banana growers in adoption of
production and hence desired results could not be achieved.
improved banana cultivation technology was carried out.
Therefore, it was felt imperative to identify those constraints
METHODOLOGY faced by the banana growers in adoption of improved banana
cultivation practices. The respondents were asked to mention
The present study was undertaken in four talukas of
the constraints faced by them in adoption of improved banana
Anand district of Gujarat state during the year 2005. From
cultivation practices. The constraints expressed by them were
each taluka, five villages were selected having highest area
noted. The intensity of particular constraints was computed
under banana crop. From each village twelve banana growers
by calculating percentage according to their frequencies.
(4- marginal, 4- small and 4- medium banana growers) from
Then, they were assigned rank on the basis of percentage.
20 selected villages constituted a total sample size of 240
92
Constraints faced by the banana growers in adoption of own sprayer/duster (Rank- IV) where as for medium banana
improved banana cultivation practices have been presented growers were non availability of pesticides at village level
in Table1. (Rank- I), high cost of pesticides (Rank- II), lack of own
sprayer/duster (Rank- III) and unawareness about preparation
On the perusal of data presented in Table 1 it can
of solution (Rank- IV).
be observed that constraints faced by the marginal, small
and medium banana growers in adoption of improved Constraints related to marketing in adoption of
banana cultivation practices in descending order of rank improved banana cultivation practices for marginal banana
for sucker/variety were high cost of tissue culture plant growers in descending rank order were uncertainty of price
(Rank-I), unavailability of quality suckers (Rank- II) and non (Rank- I), lack of cooperative/APMC market (Rank- II),
availability of diseases/pest resistant variety (Rank- III). high cost of transportation (Rank- III), lack of local market
at village level (Rank- IV) and high rate of labour charges
Constraints faced by marginal, small and medium
(Rank- V) while for small banana growers were uncertainty
banana growers in adoption of improved banana cultivation
of price (Rank- I), lack of cooperative/APMC market (Rank-
practices in descending order of rank for manures and
II), lack of local market at village level (Rank- III), high cost
fertilizers were difficulty in calculation of doses of fertilizer
of transportation (Rank- IV) and high rate of labour charges
(Rank- I), high cost of fertilizer (Rank- II), non availability
(Rank- V) whereas for medium banana growers were lack
of manures and fertilizers at village level (Rank- III) and
of cooperative/APMC market (Rank- I), uncertainty of price
unawareness about recommended dose of fertilize (Rank-
(Rank- II), high cost of transportation (Rank- III), lack of
IV).
local market at village level (Rank- IV) and high rate of
Constraints related to irrigation in adoption of labour charges (Rank- V).
improved banana cultivation practices in descending order of
Constraints related to technical guidance in adoption
rank for irrigation of marginal banana growers were lack of
of improved banana cultivation practices for marginal
own tube well (Rank- I), irregular supply of electric power
banana growers in descending rank order were insufficient
(Rank- II), unavailability of canal irrigation (Rank- III) and training programme (Rank-I) and insufficient availability of
high cost of irrigation on rent base (Rank- IV) while for technical guidance (Rank- II) while for small banana growers
small banana growers were lack of own tube well (Rank- I), insufficient availability of technical guidance (Rank-I) and
irregular supply of electric power (Rank- II), high cost of insufficient training programme (Rank-II) whereas for
irrigation on rent base (Rank- III) and unavailability of canal medium banana growers insufficient training programme
irrigation (Rank- IV) whereas for medium banana growers (Rank-I) and insufficient availability of technical guidance
were irregular supply of electric power (Rank- I), lack of (Rank- II).
own tube well (Rank- II), high cost of irrigation on rent base
Lack of information about sources of loan and
(Rank- III) and unavailability of canal irrigation (Rank- IV).
subsidy (Rank-I) and non availability of guarantor against
Plant protection Constraints in adoption of improved loan (Rank- II) were constrain related to crop loan and
banana cultivation practices for marginal banana growers in subsidy in adoption of improved banana cultivation practices
descending rank order were non availability of pesticides for marginal banana growers while for small banana growers
at village level (Rank- I), unawareness about preparation were lack of information about sources of loan and subsidy
of solution (Rank- II), high cost of pesticides (Rank- III) (Rank-I) and non availability of guarantor against loan (Rank-
and lack of own sprayer/duster (Rank- IV) while, for small II) whereas for medium banana growers non availability
banana growers were non availability of pesticides at village of guarantor against loan (Rank- I) and lack of information
level (Rank- I), unawareness about preparation of solution about sources of loan and subsidy (Rank-II).
(Rank- II), high cost of pesticides (Rank- III) and lack of
93
Table 1 : Constraints faced by the banana growers in adoption of improved banana cultivation practices n=240
Category of banana growers
Sr. Marginal Small Medium Pooled
No. Constraints (n =80) (n =80) (n =80)
No. Per Rank No. Per Rank No. Per Rank No. Per Rank
cent cent cent cent
I Suckers/Variety
1 Non availability of diseases/ 48 60.00 III 37 46.25 III 55 68.75 III 140 58.33 III
pest resistant variety
2 Un availability of quality 55 68.75 II 62 77.50 II 58 72.50 II 175 72.92 II
suckers
3 High cost of tissue culture 74 92.50 I 70 87.50 I 61 76.25 I 205 85.42 I
plant
II Manures & fertilizers
1 Non availability of manures 38 47.50 III 32 40.00 III 28 35.00 III 98 40.83 III
& fertilizers at village level
2 Unawareness about 28 35.00 IV 26 32.50 IV 22 27.50 IV 76 31.67 IV
recommended dose
3 High cost of fertilizers 64 80.00 II 60 75.00 II 62 77.50 II 186 77.50 II
4 Difficulty in calculation of 70 87.50 I 68 85.00 I 65 81.25 I 203 84.58 I
doses of fertilizer
III Irrigation
1 Irregular supply of electric 78 97.50 II 75 93.75 II 78 97.50 I 231 96.25 II
power
2 High cost of irrigation on rent 72 90.00 IV 73 91.25 III 72 90.00 III 217 90.42 III
base
3 Lack of own tube well 80 100.00 I 78 97.50 I 75 93.75 II 233 97.08 I
4 Unavailability of canal 73 91.25 III 71 88.75 IV 68 85.00 IV 212 88.33 IV
irrigation
IV Plant protection
1 Non availability of pesticide 75 93.75 I 74 92.50 I 77 96.25 I 226 94.17 I
at village level
2 High cost of pesticides 71 88.75 III 68 85.00 III 65 81.25 II 204 85.00 II
3 Lack of own sprayer/duster 64 80.00 IV 65 81.25 IV 62 77.50 III 191 79.58 IV
4 Unawareness about 74 92.50 II 70 87.50 II 58 72.50 IV 202 84.17 III
preparation of solution
V Marketing
1 Lack of local market at 71 88.75 IV 70 87.50 III 71 88.75 IV 212 88.33 III
village level
2 Lack of cooperative/APMC 75 93.75 II 73 91.25 II 78 97.50 I 226 94.17 II
market
3 High cost of transportation 70 87.50 III 68 85.00 IV 72 90.00 III 210 87.50 IV
4 High rate of labour charges 58 72.50 V 60 75.00 V 70 87.50 V 188 78.33 V
5 Uncertainty of price 78 97.50 I 78 97.50 I 75 93.75 II 231 96.25 I
VI Technical guidance
1 Insufficient availability of 55 68.75 II 58 72.50 I 45 56.25 II 158 65.83 II
technical guidance
2 Insufficient training 60 75.00 I 47 58.75 II 60 75.00 I 167 69.58 I
programme
VII Crop loan & subsidy
1 Lack of information about 75 93.75 I 70 87.50 I 56 70.00 II 201 83.75 I
sources of loan & subsidy
2 Non availability of guarantor 68 85.00 II 63 78.75 II 62 77.50 I 193 80.42 II
against loan
94
CONCLUSION REFERENCES
The most important constraints faced by medium Kulkarni, S.Y.,Farpat, B.N. and Lambe, S.P. (1998).
banana growers in adoption of improved banana cultivation Constraints in Adoption of improved practices of
technology were: Irregular supply of electric power (97.50 banana. Maha. J. Extn. Edn., 17: 386-389.
per cent), Lack of cooperative/APMC market (97.50 per
Sreekumar, N. (1985). Comparative analysis of adoption
cent), Non availability of pesticide at village level (96.25 per
behaviour, economic performance and management
cent), Uncertainty of price (93.75 per cent), Lack of own
orientation of borrowers and non-borrowers of bank
tube well (93.75 per cent), Difficulty in calculation of doses
credit of Calicut district in Keralastate. M.Sc(Agri.)
of fertilizer (87.25 per cent), Non availability of guarantor
Thesis (Unpublished),UAS, Bangalore.
against loan (77.50 per cent), High cost of tissue culture plant
(76.25 per cent) and Insufficient training programme (75.00 Vaghela, D.M. (1996). Training needs of banana growers in
per cent). Anand taluka of Kheda district of Gujarat state. M.Sc.
(Agri.), thesis, G.A.U., S. K. Nagar.
95
Causes of Rural unemployment in India
A.K.Jain1, D.K.Parmar2 and S. N. Shah3
1 Civil & Environmental Department, NITTTR Bhopal

2 Applied Mechanics Department B.B.I.T,V.V.Nagar
3 Directorate of Research, AAU, Anand
ABSTRACT
India is a one of the developing countries of the world. A majority of its population is residing in rural
areas and depending on agriculture and allied activities. In rural areas, most of them are weaker sections com-
prising of small and marginal farmers, lendless labourers and artisans, besides the scheduled castes/tribes and
backward castes. These people are characterized by lower levels of income, higher incidence of indebtedness,
rurality, and illiteracy, fewer assets and concentration in traditional activities. A majority of them constitutes
rural poor.
Keywords : Constraints, Respondent, Rural development
HISTORY The number of unemployed and underemployed has been

increasing over time. Over 44 million families living rural
In traditional societies, salaried jobs did not exist,
India are reported to below the poverty line. These families
as money was not in use. These cultures lived off the land
suffer from no work, less work and low productivity.
directly, and the land belonged to the tribe or to no one.
Employment opportunities in rural regions where labour is
Everyone knew how to build shelter and make food. When
mainly agriculture-oriented are limited unless special efforts
these cultures invented currency and moved to the cities, they
are made to generate work. Eradication of poverty and hunger
began to depend on money to buy food from a middle man,
through employment in the community has been one of the
instead of growing, gathering, or hunting the food directly
main goals of planning in India.
from nature. Dependence on jobs to make money to buy food
and shelter was the beginning of unemployment. Rural development strategy has been designed to
improve the economic and social life of the poorer sections of
Because it has not always been acknowledged or
the society. Though a large number of programmes beginning
measured systematically, there are limited historical records
with community development programme, have been in
on unemployment. Industrialization involves economies of
operation for the development of the rural poor, significant
scale that often prevent individuals from having the capital to
achievement could not be achieved and did not cover the
create their own jobs to be self-employed. An individual who
poorest people in rural areas spread over the whole country.
cannot either join an enterprise or create a job is unemployed.
As individual farmers, ranchers, spinners, doctors and This is true of the rural as well as urban fields. In
merchants are organized into large enterprises, those who urban fields, there are a large number of educated unemployed,
cannot join or compete become unemployed. and in the rural areas, this is true of all the categories of
people. Per-capita income in rural areas, this is true of all the
INTRODUCTION
categories of people.
Unemployment is considered as one of the main
According to the report, Rural Agricultural
causes of poverty in developing economies like India.
96
Commission, Indian Agriculturalists are unemployed for employed there is some charge, a large number of persons
about 6 months in a year. In rural areas, apart from the are unemployed. It all happens in the industries, trades and
unemployed of the people, since months there are landless business where people are employed for a job and suddenly
people who are unemployed. This number is about 10 to 50 when the job has ended they are asked to go.
crores. All these things go to prove that there is a good deal
Unemployment caused by failure of Industries
of unemployment in the rural areas.
In many cases, a business a factory or an industry
TYPES OF UNEMPLOYMENT
has to close down. There may be various factors responsible
Unemployment can be define as a state of for it there may be dispute amongst the partners, the business
worklessness for a man fit and willing to work. It has may give huge loss or the business may not turn out to be
classified in two heads. useful and so on.
Voluntary unemployment Unemployment caused by deterioration in Industry and

business -
In this type of unemployment a person is out
of job of his own desire doesn’t work on the prevalent or In various industries, trades or business, sometimes,
prescribed wages. Either the wants higher wages or doesn’t there is deterioration. This deterioration may be due to various
want to work at all. It is in fact social problem leading to factors. In efficiency of the employers, keen competitions less
social disorganization. Social problem and forces such as profit etc. are some of the factors responsible for deterioration
a revolution, a social upheaval, a class struggle, a financial in the industry and the business.
or economic crisis a war between nations, mental illness,
Seasonal unemployment
political corruption mounting unemployment and crime
etc, threaten the smooth working of society. Social values Certain industries and traders engage workers for a
are often regarded as the sustaining force of society. They particular season. When the season has ended the workers are
contribute to the strength and stability of social order. But rendered unemployed. Sugar industry is an example of this
due to rapid social change new values come up and some type of seasonal unemployment.
of the old values decline. At the same time, people are not
in a position to reject the old completely and accept the new UNEMPLOYMENT RATE
altogether. Here, conflict between the old and the new is the
The unemployment rate is a measure of the
inevitable result which leads to the social disorganization in
prevalence of unemployment and it is calculated as a
imposed situation. In economic terminology this situation is
percentage by dividing the number of unemployed individuals
voluntary unemployment.
by all individuals currently in the labour force.
In voluntary unemployment
India’s Unemployment Rate
In this type of situation the person who is unemployed
The Labour Bureau of the Government of India has
has no say in the matter. It means that a person is separated from
conducted for the First time ever a survey on employment –
remunerative work and devoid of wages although he is callable
unemployment and has come up with an unemployment rate
of earning his wages and is also anxious to earn them. Forms and
based on that. The survey was conducted in 28 States/UTs
types of unemployment according to Hock are.
spread across the country in which about 99 per cent of the
Cyclical unemployment country’s population reside.
This is the result of the trade cycle which is a part It estimates that the population of the country is
of the capitalist system. In such a system, there is greater 1182 million with 63.5% in the working age of 15 – 59 years,
unemployment and when there is depression a large number of however, not everyone who is in the working age is interested
people are rendered unemployed. Since such an economic crisis in joining the work force, so the worker population ratio is
is the result of trade cycle, the unemployment is a part of it. much lower. There are an estimated 238 million household,
of which 172 million are rural and 66 million are urban. Out
Sudden unemployment of the total population of the states/UTs covered, 872 million
person (73.8 per cent) live in rural areas and 310 million
When at the place where workers have been
97
persons (26.2 per cent) live in urban areas. For males, the unemployment rate 8% whereas for females
the unemployment rate is 14.6%. The rural unemployment
rate is 10.1% and the urban unemployment rate stands at
7.3%.
CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN INDIA
There are various factors responsible for

unemployment. The Factors because of which there is
unemployment the rural areas, may be studied under the
following heads.
Excessive increase in population or population explosion
It is the leading cause of unemployment in Rural

India. In India, particularly in rural areas, the population is
increasing rapidly. It has adversely affected the unemployment
The overall unemployment rate is 9.4%, and it is situation largely in two ways. In the first place, the growth
split out as 10.1% in rural areas, and 7.3% in urban areas. of population directly encouraged the unemployment by
Now, a key thing to remember about unemployment rate is making large addition to labour force. It is because the rate
that it is calculated as a percentage of labor force, and not of job expansion could never have been as high as population
the total population. So. his means that 9.4% of that part of growth would have required.
population which is interested in working is unemployed, and
It is true that the increasing labour force requires the
not 9.4% of the entire population is unemployed.
creation of new job opportunities at an increasing rate. But in
In the Indian context, - 359 persons per 1,000 are actual practice employment expansion has not been sufficient
either working or interested to work, and this is called the to match the growth of the labor force, and to reduce the back
labor Force Participation Rate. leg of unemployment. This leads to unemployment situation
secondly; the rapid population growth indirectly affected the
So, out of an estimated population of 1,182 million unemployment situation by reducing the resources for capital
– 424 million persons are either employed are interested in formation. Any rise in population, over a large absolute base
working. as in India, implies a large absolute number.
The unemployment rate of 9.4% means that out of It means large additional expenditure on their
those 359 persons per thousand, or 424 million people – there rearing up, maintenance, and education. As a consequence,
are 9.4% or about 40 million who were unemployed. Here are more resources get used up in private consumption such as
the numbers in millions. food, clothing, shelter and son on in public consumption
like drinking water, electricity medical and educational
facilities. This has reduced the opportunities of diverting
a larger proportion of incomes to saving and investment.
Thus, population growth has created obstacles in the way of
first growth of the economy and retarded the growth of job
opportunities.
Limited land
Land is the gift of nature. It is always constant and

cannot expand like population growth. Since, India population
increasing rapidly, therefore, the land is not sufficient for the
growing population. As a result, there is heavy pressure on
the land. In rural areas, most of the people depend directly on
98
land for their livelihood. Land is very limited in comparison irrigation. Whatever means existing are hardly sufficient to
to population. It creates the unemployment situation for a provide water to all the fields. Because of dearth of irrigation
large number of persons who depend on agriculture in rural facilities the agricultural yield is not at all sufficient to help
areas. the agriculturist to live respectably. It also has an adverse
effect on employment position which in its turn has an
Seasonal Agricultures
adverse effect on the standard of living.
In Rural Society agriculture is the only means of
Too much Dependence on nature
employment. However, most of the rural people are engaged
directly as well as indirectly in agricultural operation. But, Agriculture in India depends too much on nature
agriculture in India is basically a seasonal affair. It provides particularly for irrigation. If there is lack of such at the proper
employment facilities to the rural people only in a particular moment, the crop gets a set back. If there is inclement weather
season of the year. For example, during the sowing and at the time of harvesting, the agriculture again gets a set back.
harvesting period, people are fully employed and the period All these factors create problems of unemployment.
between the post harvest and before the next sowing they
Defective education
remain unemployed. It has adversely affected their standard
of living. The day-to-day education is very defective and
is confirmed within the class room only. Its main aim is to
Lack of Subsidiary and other village industries
acquire certificated only. The present educational system is
We have just now seen that for at least 4 to 5 months not job oriented, it is degree oriented. It is defective on the
in a year village people remain unemployed. Their standard ground that is more general then the vocational. Thus, the
of living can improve only when they employed this period people who have getting general education are unable to do
in a gainful manner. Such a thing can happen when cottage any work. They are to be called as good for nothing in the
industries and other industries pertaining to agriculture are set ground that they cannot have any job here, they can find the
up in the village. So far this thing has succeeded on the other ways of self employment. It leads to unemployment as well
hand, the village and cottage industries have deteriorated and as underemployment.
so large number of people still remains unemployed.
Lack to transport and communication
Fragmentation of land
In India particularly in rural areas, there are no
In India, due to the heavy pressure on land of large adequate facilities of transport and communication. Owing
population results the fragmentation of land. It creates a great to this, the village people who are not engaged in agricultural
obstacle in the part of agriculture. As land is fragmented and work are remained unemployed. It is because they are unable
agricultural work is being hindered the people who depend to start any business for their livelihood and they are confined
on agriculture remain unemployed. This has an adverse effect only within the limited boundary of the village. It is noted
on the employment situation. It also leads to the poverty of that the modern means of transport and communication are
villagers. the only way to trade and commerce. Since there is lack of
transport and communication in rural areas, therefore, it leads
Backward method of Agriculture
to unemployment problem among the villagers.
The method of agriculture in India is very backward.
Inadequate Employment Planning
Till now, the rural farmers followed the old farming methods.
As a result, the farmer cannot feed properly many people The employment planning of the government is
by the produce of his farm and he is unable to provide his not adequate in comparison to population growth. In India
children with proper education or to engage them in any near about two lakh people are added yearly to our existing
profession. It leads to unemployment problem. population. But the employment opportunities did not increase
according to the proportionate rate of population growth. As
Lack of adequate means of irrigation
a consequence, a great difference is visible between the job
We have just now seen that agriculture in India very opportunities and population growth.
much depends on nature. There are no adequate means of
99
Their may be some other factors are: employment, augmentation of productivity and income levels
of the working poor, shift in emphasis from creation of relief
Recessions, Inflation, Corruption, Disability to do the job,
type of employment to the building up of durable productive
Nepotism, Demand of high Skilled labours.
assets in the rural areas and instead of attempting to revert
CONCLUSION somewhat to protectionist policies the pace of privatization
may be accelerated.
The problem of unemployment has becoming
a colossal. Various problems have caused this problem. REFRENCES
There are individual factors like age, vocational unfitness Arora, R. C. (1979). Integrated Rural Development, S. Chand
and physical disabilities which restrict the people. External and Co. Ltd, New Delhi.
factors include technological and economic factors. There
Jha, Y. M. (1995). Rural Development in India; problems and
is enormous increase in the population. Every year India
prospects, Anmol publication pvt. Limited, New
adds to her population afresh. More than this every year Delhi.
about 5 million people become eligible for securing jobs.
Business field is subject to ups and downs of trade cycle Mansoor, A., (1979). Missing Links in Indian Planning, Light
and Life Publishers, New Delhi.
and globalization. Economic depression or sick industries
are often close down compelling their employees to become Mehta, S. R. (1984). Rural Development Policies and
unemployed. Technological advancement contributes to Programmes, Sage Publication, New Delhi.
economic development. But unplanned and uncontrolled
Rastogi, A. K. (2002). Rural Development Strategy, Wide
growth of technology is causing havoc on job opportunities. Vision, Jaipur.
The computerization and automation has led to technological
unemployment. Strikes and lockouts have become inseparable Report of Azad India Foundation on Unemployment in India,
Unemployment problem in India.
aspect of the industrial world today. Due to these industries
often face economic loses and production comes down. Since Report of Eleventh Five year (2007-2012) planning
workers do not get any salary or wages during the strike commission of India. www.isical.ac.in
period they suffer from economic hardships. They become
Report of workshop “Rural Transformation in India. The
permanently or temporarily unemployed. Today young people Role of Rural Non Farm Sector”, Organized by
are not ready to take jobs which are considered to be socially Planning Commission and institute for Human
degrading or lowly. Our educational system has its own Development, September 19-21, New Delhi, 2001.
irreparable defects and its contribution to the unemployment
Sinha, D. (1974). Motivation and Rural Development,
is an open truth. Our education does not prepare the minds of Minerva Associates, Calcutta.
young generation to become self-employed on the contrary
it makes them dependent on government vacancies which Survey Report of Labour Bureau of the Government of India,
New Delhi, 2009-10.
are hard to come. Our State right from the beginning of Five
year plans has introduced several employment generating Vivekananda, M. (1980). Planning Unit Area for Integrated
schemes and programmes over the years but in the absence Rural Development, Ashish Publishing House,
of proper implementation and monitoring have failed to New Delhi.
achieve the required targets. Recently Government of India www.onemint.com/2010/11/10/indias-unemployment-rate
has come up with Rural Employment Guarantee program
which aims to provide minimum days of employment to www.preservearticles.com/201105096376
people living in the village. This is a laudable programme if www.preservearticles.com/201105096376/9
implemented sincerely because it will provide employment
to people during natural calamities like drought, floods etc.
The remedial measures for reducing unemployment may
lay greater emphasis on creation of opportunities for self –
100
Constraints Faced by the Veterinary Officers in Performing their Job
H.B. Gardharia1, M.N. Popat2 and G.R. Gohil3
1 Training Associate, Directorate of Extension Education,

Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh
2 Retd. Associate Director of Extension Education,
3 Assistant Extension Educationist, Directorate of Extension Education,
ABSTRACT
The study was undertaken to find out the constraints faced by veterinary officers (VOs) in performing
their job. The data were collected from 100 VOs who were working under panchayat in Saurashtra region
of Gujarat State. The findings of the study showed that majority of the respondents expressed the technical
constraints as; insufficient technical staff facility (85.00 per cent), more reporting work (8300 per cent),
deteriorate quality of work due to excessive work load (79.00 per cent), lack of laboratory and laboratory
equipments facility at VD centers (78.00 per cent), lack of latest instruments for diagnosis and treatment such
as X-ray and Sonography instrument (76.00 per cent), inadequate and non availability of vehicle facility (74.00
per cent) and insufficient supply of medicines, materials and other facility (65.00 per cent) as major constraints.
While in case of administrative constraints in performing their job were; lack of supporting staff like a peon, a
clerk and a dresser (85.00 per cent), lack of administrative staff facility (79.00 per cent), paucity of fund (63.00
per cent) and excessive administrative work (60.00 per cent). Other constraints fear of injury during animal
treatment (51.00 per cent) followed by lack of manpower resources, lack of social environment and lack of
family welfare issues.
Keywords: Job Satisfaction, constraints, Veterinary officers.
INTRODUCTION the problems faced by VOs in performing their job must be

located and necessary solution for such identified problems
It is always the justified concern of every
must be sought, which enabling the VOs to achieve better
organization to strive to improve the performance of its
managerial ability and performance to the assigned jobs.
employees with to increase its efficiency. One way to
Brown and Deekans (1958) revealed that barriers most
enhance the performance of the employees is know the
often mentioned by extension personnel in performing their
level of their performance and locate factors responsible
job were lack of resources, inadequate rewards, inadequate
for the performance. The measurement of job performance
communication facilities and interpersonal relationship etc.
of an individual’s performance on his job serves certain
Dukare and Dakhore (1993) indicated that problem faced by
organizational as well as individual goals. In organizational
Livestock Supervisors in performing their job were lack of
set up of Animal Husbandry Department of Gujarat State the
promotion opportunity, inadequate salary, lack of opportunity
VOs are the backbone to implement the different programme
of under going in service training, farmers inadequate
as they work as a bridge between the LI of dairy cattle owners
response to the advice and insufficient medical facilities etc.
as well as higher authorities in hierarchy. A VO is charged
Keeping this in view, the present study was undertaken to
with a variety of role to perform, for the development of
study the constraints faced by VOs in performing their job.
cattle. For effective and efficient working of the system
101
METHODOLOGY RESULTS AND DISSCUSSION
The study was conducted in Saurashtra region of Technical Constraints

Gujarat State during May to August, 2005. The Saurashtra
Responses regarding constraints faced by Veterinary
region is consists of seven districts viz; Amreli, Bhavnagar,
Officers were obtained same are presented in Table 1. Table
Jamnagar, Junagadh, Porbandar, Rajkot and Surendranagar.
indicated that majority of the Veterinary Officers expressed
Total 171 veterinary dispensary centres are in operation at
the constraints as; insufficient technical staff facility ( 85.00
taluka as well as at village level in the region. At the time
per cent), more reporting work (83.00 per cent), deteriorate
of study 100 VOs posts were filled up. Thus, 100 Veterinary
quality of work due to excessive work load (79.00 per
Officers as such were selected as respondents for the study.
cent), lack of laboratory and laboratory equipments facility
The data were collected with help of structured interview
at VD centers (78.00 per cent), lack of latest instruments
schedule. The frequency for each constraint was worked out
for diagnosis and treatment such as X-ray and sonography
and converted in percentage. A rank was assigned to each
instrument (76.00 per cent), inadequate and non availability
constraint based on percentage. The constraints were studied
of vehicle facility (74.00 per cent) and insufficient supply of
in three major heads : (I) Technical (II) Administrative and
medicines, materials and other facility (65.00 per cent) as
(III) Other.
major constraints.
Table 1 : Constraints faced by Veterinary Officers in performing their duties n= 100
Sr. No. Constraints Frequency Per cent Rank

Technical Constraints
1 Insufficient technical staff facility 85 85.00 I
2 Lack of Infrastructural facilities at VD center 53 53.00 IX
3 Deteriorate quality of work due to excessive work load 79 79.00 III
4 Lack of laboratory and laboratory equipments facility at VD centers 78 78.00 IV
5 Inadequate and non availability of vehicle facility 74 74.00 IV
6 More reporting work 83 8300 II
7 Lack of latest instruments for diagnosis and treatment such as X- ray 76 76.00 V
and sonography instrument
8 Insufficient supply of medicines, materials and other facility 65 65.00 VII
9 Lack of proper technical guidance and cooperation from superior 48 48.00 X
10 Lack of specialist for gynecology and surgery at district place poly 64 64.00 VIII
clinic
11 Lack of authority to Veterinary Officers for improving technical work 42 42.00 XI
12 Update of technical knowledge is lacking 29 29 XII
Administrative Constraints
1 Lack of administrative staff facility 79 79.00 II
2 Excessive administrative work 60 60.00 IV
3 Lack of proper administrative knowledge 59 59.00 V
4 Lack of residential facility 49 49.00 VII
5 Lack of supporting staff like peon, clerk and dresser 85 85.00 I
6 Inadequate officer facility 52 52.00 VI
7 Paucity of fund 63 63.00 III
8 Red tapisum 35 35.00 VIII
Other Constraints
1 Fear of injury during animal treatment 51 51.00 I
2 Lack of social environment 44 44.00 III
3 Lack of manpower resources 47 47.00 II
4 Lack of family welfare issues 28 28.00 IV
Other technical constraints faced by the Veterinary Infrastructures facility at VD center (53.00 per cent), lack
Officers were: lack of specialist for gynecology and of proper technical guidance and cooperation from superior
surgery at district place poly clinic (64.00 per cent), lack of (48.00 per cent), lack of authority to Veterinary Officers for
102
improving technical work (42.00 per cent) and update of Other Constraints
technical knowledge is lacking (29.00 per cent).
The data in Table 1 shows that Veterinary Officers
From above discussion, it could be concluded that faced the constraints fear of injury during animal treatment
more number of Veterinary Officers faced the constraints of (51.00 per cent) followed by lack of manpower resources,
insufficient technical staff facility (rank first), more reporting lack of social environment and lack of family welfare issues.
work (rank second), deteriorate quality of work due to
CONCLUSION
excessive work load (rank third) and lack of laboratory and
laboratory equipments facility at VD centers (rank fourth). Analysis of the constraints of different types
disclosed the dominance of technical constraints followed by
While least number of Veterinary Officers faced the
administrative constraints. The other constraints were next in
constraints of inadequate and lack of proper technical
order of importance.
guidance and cooperation from superior (tenth rank), lack of
authority to Veterinary Officers for improving technical work IMPLICATIONS
(eleventh rank) and update to technical knowledge is lacking
(twelfth rank). These findings were in conformity with the These constraints faced by Veterinary Officers should
findings of Shroti (1989) and Singh (1994). be considered by the administrations, planners in order to
improve the competence of the employees over the job.
Administrative Constraints
REFERENCES
The data reported in Table 1 revealed that Veterinary
Officers faced the administrative constraints in performing Dukare, S.G. and Dakhore, K.M. (1993) Constraints faced by
their job were; lack of supporting staff like a peon, a clerk Livestock Supervisors in Parbhani District. Maha J. of
and a dresser (85.00 per cent), lack of administrative staff Extn. Edn. 13: 219-220.
facility (79.00 per cent), paucity of fund (63.00 per cent) and
Patel, A.A. (1993) A study on research management ability of
excessive administrative work (60.00 per cent).
research scientists working as head of department/
Other administrative constraints faced by the station/ scheme in Gujarat Agricultural University.
Veterinary Officers were; lack of proper administrative Ph.D. Thesis (unpublished), G.A.U. S.K. nagar.
knowledge (59.00 per cent), inadequate office facility (52.00
Patel, G.J. (2001) Extension management ability of training
per cent), lack of residential facility (49.00 per cent) and red
organizer of KVK, (unpublished) thesis Ph.D. G.A.U.
tapisum (35.00 per cent).
S.K. nagar.
It can be inferred that majority of the Veterinary
Shroti, A.K. (1989) An analysis of constraints in milk
Officers faced the administrative constraints of most of the
procurement in milk producers co-operative union
VD centers auxiliary post are vacant so that veterinarian has
Ltd. Aligarh. Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis, NDRI,
perform the job of a peon, a clerk and a dresser also (rank
Karnal.
first), lack of administrative staff facility (rank second) and
paucity of fund (rank third). These findings are in conformity Singh, B.P. (1994) A study of constrains in milk production as
with the findings of Patel (1993) and Patel (2001). perceived by milk producers in Meerut district (U.P.).
Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis, NDRI, Karnal.
103
Teachers Problems Related to Research in Anand Agricultural University
P.M.Bhatt1, Late B.B.Patel2 and P. P. Patel3
1 Director Institute of Distance Education Anand (IDEA), AAU,Anand,388001

2 Extension Educations,l DOEE, AAU, Anand 388001
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at AAU, Anand during the year 2010-11. All the Professors, Associate Profes-
sors and Assistant Professors from the Agriculture, Dairy and Veterinary colleges of Anand Agricultural Univer-
sity constituted the population of the study. Sixty teachers from three colleges comprised the sample of the study.
Most important problems of teachers were Un-availability of sufficient funds for research (60.00 percent) , Lack
of co-operation from head / dean (60.00 perce Lack of incentives (60.00 percent), Shortage of teachers in the de-
partment (60.00 percent) and More formalities to purchase inputs from market (60.00 percent). Majaor important
suggestions were given by them were teachers should not be assigned the work like purchases, maintaining ac-
counts and files and store keeping, Sufficient funds for research should be made available in time and vacancies
of the research staff should be filled in time.
Keywords: AAU Teachers, problems of the teachers, suggestions and constraints
INTRODUCTION (2) To explore the problems of the teachers related to re-

search in Anand Agricultural University.
During the last few decades, Indian Agriculture
has changed from traditional to modern. Modern farm tech- (3) To study the suggestions of the teachers to overcome
nology is generated at Agricultural Universities and other the constraints in conducting research.
research centres such as ICAR institutions also.
METHODOLOGY
A teacher employed in an Agricultural University
All the Professors, Associate Professors and Assis-
is not only expected to teach, but also conduct research and
tant Professors from the Agriculture, Dairy and Veterinary
disseminate the research findings to the people who need it.
colleges of Anand Agricultural University constituted the
Out of the three functions required of a teacher i.e. teach-
population of the study.
ing, research and extension, teaching and extension are
performed quite satisfactorily but the research aspect gets These three cadres of teachers were considered in the study
neglected due to certain problems. This aspect has not been because of following reasons :
explored much and very few studies have been conducted.
Generation of farm technology is mostly a laboratory and (1) They were directly involved in planning, conducting
field activity of the farm scientists. Farm scientists face research programs.
various constraints in generating farm technology.
(2) They were involved in research, teaching and extension
OBJECTIVES activities and
The present investigation was undertaken with the (3) They were shouldering independent responsibility of
following Objectives: research or research centre or scheme or project
(1) To study the Demographic Characteristics of AAU Self – developed questionnaire was used for data
Teachers. collection. An inventory on research problem was prepared
to covering expected problems which may hinder teachers’
104
research. All the 242 teachers of three cadres of three colleg- Age
es were circulated the questionnaire but after two reminders
The data in table revealed that more than half of the
only 60 filled up questionnaires were received thus, 60 teach-
respondents (56.67 percent) belong to age group of 51 and
ers from three colleges comprised the sample of the study.
above followed by 30.00 and 13.33 percent belonged to age
The data were analyzed by using frequencies and percent-
group of 41 to 50 years and in between 31 to 40 years, respec-
ages.
tively.
Research Experience
Table 1 : Demographic characteristics of teachers of AAU
The data depicted in table-2 revealed that one-fourth
n=60
of AAU teachers had experience of research of 0 to 10 years.
Age No. percent Further, the data shows that slightly more than one-fourth
(28.33 percent) of the teachers had experience about 11 to 20
1 31 to 40 years 08 13.33 years with respect to research where as nearly half (46.67 per
2 41 to 50 years 18 30.00 cent ) of the teachers had more than 20 years of experience in
research.
3 51 and above 34 56.67
Academic Qualification
Research Experience
Further the data in table-3 indicarted that majority
1 0 - 10 years 15 25.00
(66.66 percent) of the teachers had education up to Ph.D.
2 11 - 20 years 17 28.33 level followed by 33.34 per cent had education up to post
graduate level means they were M.Sc (Agi), M. V. Sc and
3 Above 20 years 28 46.67
M.tech (Dairy).
Academic Qualification
Cadre of teachers
1 M. Sc (Agri) 12 20.00
The data deprived in table revealed that slightly
2 M. V. Sc 04 06.67 more than two-fifth (41.67 per cent) of the teachers belonged
to the cadre of assistant professors and its equivalent. Slightly
3 M. Tech (Dairy) 04 06.67
less than one-fourth (23.33 per cent) belonged to associate
4 Ph. D 40 66.66 professors, its equivalent and rest 35.00 per cent belonged to
professors and research scientists.
Cadre of teachers
1 Professors / Res.Scientists 21 35.00 College
2 Assoc. Prof. / Assoc. Res. 14 23.33 The data shows that, majority of the teachers (42)
Scientists were from Agriculture College followed by ten and eight
were from Dairy and Veterinary College of AAU.
3 Assist. Prof. / Assist. Res. 25 41.67
Scientists Thus, the data conclude that more than half of teach-
College ers (56.67 per cent) belong to age group of 51 and above,
nearly half (46.67 per cent) of the teachers had more than 20
1 Agriculture 42 70.00 years of research experience, nearly 2/3 of the teachers (66.66
percent) were Ph.D, slightly more than two-fifth (41.67 per
2 Dairy 10 16.67
cent) of the teachers belonged to the cadre of assistant profes-
3 Veterinary 08 13.33 sors and its equivalent and majority of 42 teachers out of total
60 were from agriculture college.
105
TABLE 2 : Problems Faced by the Teachers in Conducting Research n=60
Sr. Nature of problem Asstt.Prof Assoc.Prof Professor

No. (n=25 ) (n=14 ) (n= 21 )
No. Per cent No. Per cent No. Per cent
(1) Personal problems
1 Lack of sincere guidance 28 46.67 18 10 -
(72.00) (71.43)
2 Un -cooperative respondents 07 11.67 05 02 -
(20.00) (14.29)
3 Lack of statistical knowledge 08 13.33 08 - _
(32.00)
4 Lack of confidence 10 16.67 08 02 -
(32.00) (14.29)
5 Lack of adequate training in 18 30.00 13 05 -
research methodology (52.00) (35.71)
6 Non attainment of Ph. D 09 15.00 09 - -
degree (36.00)
7 Lack of command over Eng- 09 15.00 09 - -
lish language (36.00)
(2) Technical problems
1 Lack of trained supporting 32 53.33 09 10 13
and research staff (36.00) (71.43) (61.90)
2 Lack of advance training 37 61.67 19 09 09
(76.00) (64.29) (42.86)
3 Lack of participation 38 63.33 16 10 12
chances in planning techni- (64.00) (71.43) (57.14)
cal programme
(3) Time problems
1 Lot of Clerical Work 41 68.33 23 09 09

(92.00) (64.29) (42.86)
2 Too many teaching assign- 20 33.33 02 10 08
ments (08.00) (71.43) (38.10)
3 Delayed in getting required 22 36.67 10 08 04
materials of research (40.00) (57.14) (19.04)
4 Laboratory equipments be- 18 30.00 10 06 02
ing out (40.00 (42.86) (9.52)
of order
5 Un-cooperative and inactive 20 33.33 09 09 02
laboratory staff (36.00) (64.29) (9.52)
6 No transport facilities in time 16 26.67 08 05 03
(32.00) (35.71) (14.29)
7 Conducting research in field 24 40.00 12 09 03
situation is more difficult in (48.00) (64.29) (14.29)
stipulated time
(4) Economic problems
1 Un- availability of sufficient 39 65.00 18 06 15
funds for research (72.00) (42.86) (71.43)
2 Funds are not available in 36 60.00 13 09 14

time (52.00) (64.29) (66.67)
106
(5) Environmental problems

1 Injustice of the superiors 32 53.33 17 10 05
(68.00) (71.43) (23.81)
2 Lack of encouragement from 32 53.33 19 09 04
superiors (76.00) (64.29) (19.05)
3 Lack of co-operation among 36 60.00 16 12 08

the staff (64.00) (85.71) (38.10)
(6) Human relation problems
1 Lack of cooperation 20 33.33 13 07 -

from head/Dean (52.00) (50.00)
2 Lack of intimacy 16 26.67 08 08 -

among staff mem- (32.00) (57.14)
bers
3 In differential at- 18 30.00 12 06 -
titudes of seniors/ (48.00) (42.86)
authorities
(7) Psychological problmes
1 Lack of incentives 36 60.00 22 12 02
(88.00) (85.71) (09.52)
2 Lack of intellectual 20 33.33 08 05 07
integrity among the (32.00) (35.71) (33.33)
staff members
3 Frustrated staff 33 55.00 23 10 -
because of bleak (92.00) (71.43)
chance of promo-
tion
(8) Administrative problems
1 Teaches have to 40 66.67 22 10 08
bother for accounts (88.00) (71.43) (38.10)
2 Assigning multifari- 41 68.33 17 09 15
ous duties (68.00) (64.29) (71.43)
3 Lot of paper works, 36 60.00 04 12 20
meetings, tours by (16.00) (85.71) (95.24)
virtue of position
4 Too many teaching 18 30.00 04 10 04
problems (8.00) (71.43) (19.05)
5 Shortage of teach- 36 60.00 18 09 09
ers in the depart- (72.00) (64.29) 42.86)
ment
6 No. of P.G. students 20 33.33 - 04 -
to be guided (28.57)
7 In-different attitude 13 26.67 03 10 -
of seniors/Head (12.00) (71.43)
8 No recognition of 24 40.00 13 08 03
doing research (52.00) (57.14) (14.29)
9 More formalities 36 60.00 23 10 03
to purchase inputs (92.00) (71.43) (14.29)
from the market
107
An attempt was made to find out the problems that sors and assistant professors (68.00 percent) expressed that
impede the process of generating research. The problems “Injustice of the superiors” was the major constraints in
which were hindering the research work of the teachers were conducting the research. “Lack of encouragement from su-
classified as under: periors” was mostly faced by 3/4 of the assistant professors
and nearly 2/3 (64.00 percent) of associate professors. “Lack
Personal problems of co-operation among the staff” was expressed by majority
The findings revealed that, most of the teachers faced the (85.71 percent) of the associate professors and 64.00 percent
problems like “Lack of sincere guidance (46.67 percent)”, of assistant professors.
“Lack of adequate training in research methodology (30.00 Problems due to Human Relations
percent)”.
Three expressions of human relationship problems
In addition to the above mentioned problems, the
were pointed out by the teachers in descending order as
younger teachers pointed out the problems like- “Un-coop-
“Lack of co-operation from Head / Dean (33.33 percent)”, “In
erative respondents (11.67 percent)”, “Lack of confidence
differential attitudes of seniors / authorities (30.00 percent)” and
(16.67 percent)”, and “Non attainment of Ph.D. degree
“Lack of intimacy among staff members (26.67 percent)”.
(15.00 percent)” and “Lack of commend over English lan-
guage (15.00 percent)”. Psychological problems
Technical Problems Psychological problems are very important as those
Among the technical problems viz: “Lack of trained disturb efficiency and productivity. “Lack of incentives” was
supporting and research staff was expressed by majority reported by 22 assistant professors, 12 associate professors
of the associate professors (71.43 percent)” and professors and 2 professors out of 60 teachers i.e. 60.00 percent of teach-
(61.90 percent) where as “Lack of advance training” was ers. Whereas a great majority (92.00 percent) of assistant pro-
reported by 76.00 and 64.29 percent of assistant professors fessors and nearly 2/3 (71.43 percent) of associate professors
and associate professors, respectively while “Lack of par- expressed psychological problem as “Frustrated staff because
ticipation chances in planning technical programme” were of bleak chance of promotion”. While 33.33 percent of assis-
expressed by 71.43 percent of associate professors and 57.14 tant professors, associate professors and professors reported
percent professors. that “Lack of intellectual integrity among the staff members”
was a psychological problem of research.
Time problems
Administrative problems
Usually teachers felt the lack of certain official and
unofficial reasons. Official reasons which took a big chunk of Out of 60 teachers in the sample, 21 teachers were
their time were “Lot of clerical work” expressed by assistant either Head / In charge of their departments, 14 were asso-
professors (92.00 percent) where “Too many teaching assign- ciate professors and 25 were assistant professors. The ad-
ments” reported by the associate professors (71.43 percent). ministrative problems in their descending intensity order as
The problems due to which their research work was delayed pointed out by all the teachers (60) are listed as “Assigning
were pointed out by most of the assistant and associate pro- multifarious duties (68.33 percent)”, “Teachers have to bother
fessors as mentioned in the table from no. 3 to 7. for accounts (66.67 percent)” and “Lot of paper works, meet-
Economic problems ings, tours by virtue of position (60.00 percent)” “shortage of
teachers in the department (60.00 percent)” and “More for-
Table 2 shows the economic problems faced by the malities to purchase inputs from the market (60.00 percent)”
teachers– “Un-availability of sufficient funds for research” where as less than 60.00 percent of the teachers expressed
was expressed by the majority (65.00 percent) of the teachers. that they were facing the administrative problems like: “No
It was expressed by 71.43 percent professors, 42.86 percent recognition of doing research (33.33 percent)”, “No. of P.G.
associate professors and 72.00 percent assistant professors. students to be guided (33.33 percent)”, “Too many teaching
“Unavailability of funds in time was expressed by three-fifth problems (30.00 percent)” and “In-different attitude of se-
(60.00 percent) of the teachers. Majority of all the cadres of niors / head (26.67 percent)”.
teachers expressed that getting funds is a clumsy and time
consuming process. The data of above table-2 concluded that: Most im-
portant problems of teachers in conducting research summa-
Environmental problems
rized in descending order were :
A majority (71.43 percent) of the associate profes-
108
(1) Lot of clerical work (68.33 percent) 8 It was suggested that trained staff should not be trans-
(2) Assigning multifarious activities (68.33 percent) ferred frequently; their posting should be made in the
(3) Teachers have to bother for accounts (66.67 percent) interested field. This point must be borne in mind by the
(4) Un-availability of sufficient funds for research (65.00 heads of the department/research project that in order to
percent) achieve higher scientific productivity.
(5) Lack of participation chances in planning technical pro-
RECOMMENDATIONS
gramme and
(6) Lack of advance training 1 On the basis of the findings, it is suggested that the aca-
Important problems of teachers in conducting research sum- demic work of the department should by evenly distrib-
marized in descending order were : uted among the teachers of the department. Unnecessary
(1) Un-availability of sufficient funds for research paper work should be taken away from the teachers which
(2) Lack of co-operation from head / dean may result in more research.
(3) Lack of incentives
2 It is beyond the reach of the teachers to overcome these
(4) Shortage of teachers in the department
problems to enhance their research output. The authori-
(5) More formalities to purchase inputs from market
ties should try to lesser these problems by providing
SUGGESTIONS funds, reducing formalities in the purchase of chemicals
from the market. Similarly vehicle needs to be provided
The teachers have suggested several measures
along with the funds of repair and fuel.
which may improve the process of generating research:
3 Provision of part time teacher may be provided to differ-
1 Majority of the teachers suggested that teachers should
ent departments so that the teaching load may be reduced
not be assigned the work like purchases, maintaining ac-
wherever required to help the teacher to conduct research.
counts and files and store keeping. This needs to be seri-
ously thought of by the seniors and administrators while 4 Provision of more funds and decentralization of power
signing the work to their staff, if they want useful work may also be introduced to lesser the intensity of prob-
from teachers of doing research lems.
2 Sufficient funds for research should be made available 5 Incentives and recognition may be provided to the teach-
in time were suggested by the teachers. ers for doing good research.
3 Most of the teachers reported that vacancies of the re- 6 The attitude of the teachers should be strengthened to a
search staff should be filled in time. degree which may result in more production of research.
4 Junior scientists should be given chances for attending 7 Researches conducted by the teachers, research scholars
seminars, conferences, workshops and training. and post-graduate students should be published and dis-
seminated by the Directorate of Research, Directorate of
5 Sufficient laboratory equipments and field facilities
Extension and the persons involved in it as well.
should be provided.
8 Departmental library, if provided, will also help to the
6 The suggestions made by the teachers are of administra-
teachers to conduct research and produce literature.
tive nature. To improve these matters, there is a need
to modify the policies of conducting departmental re- 9 Teachers should be motivated to improve their profes-
search. sional qualification and also for attending the Research
Methodology-short term courses organized by different
7 Higher officers should develop honesty and integrity
institutions.
among the staff in:
REFERENCES
* Proper distribution of work * Time budgeting for re-
search projects * Equal facilities to the staff of all cadres Farington, J.; Suleman, R. and Pal, S. (1998). Improving the
need to be thought over by the superiors and adminis- effectivenss of agricultural research and extension in
trators by solving certain systems * Senior staff should India, policy paper No., NCAEPR , New Delhi and
appreciate the work establishing coordination and co- Overseas Development Institute, London.
operation between staff members from inter and intra Kerlinger F.N..(1976).“Foundation of behavioural research”,
department * Head of the department should see that Surjit publication,
the work is properly distributed among the subordinates
109
Management efficiency and economic performance of marginal, small and medium

banana growers
H.B.Patel1, P.M.Bhatt2, and N.V. Soni3

2 Director, Institute of Distance Education Anand (IDEA), AAU, Anand
ABSTRACT
The present study was undertaken in four talukas of Anand district of Gujarat state during the year 2005.
From each taluka, five villages were selected having highest area under banana crop. From each village twelve
banana growers (4- marginal, 4- small and 4- medium banana growers) from 20 selected villages constituted a
total sample size of 240 respondents at random. The ex-post-facto research design was followed. A scale was de-
veloped to measure the management efficiency of banana growers. More than two-third (72.50 and 70.00 per cent)
of marginal and medium banana growers while, slightly more than three-fifth (61.25 per cent) of small banana
growers had medium management efficiency. About two-third (68.75, 63.75 and 70.00 per cent) of marginal, small
and medium banana growers had medium level of economic performance, respectively. In general, it was about
67.50 per cent of the banana growers had medium level of economic performance.
Keywords: Management efficiency, banana grower, and economic performance
INTRODUCTION under banana crop. From each village twelve banana growers
The recent advances in banana production technology (4- marginal, 4- small and 4- medium banana growers) from
have demonstrated that scientific management has great 20 selected villages constituted a total sample size of 240
potential for increasing the banana production. Therefore, respondents at random. The ex-post-facto research design was
raising management efficiency is of paramount importance followed. A scale was developed to measure the management
for banana producer. This will open up new vistas and make efficiency of banana growers. An interview schedule was
possible for banana growers to achieve substantial gains in developed in accordance with the objectives of the study
income. There are number of factors affecting the banana and it was pre-tested and translated in to Gujarati. The data
production. Management is one of the most important factors of this study were collected through personal interview.
which help the banana grower to exploit natural resources and The statistical measures such as percentage, mean, standard
accumulate capital. The efficient use of resources depends to deviation, and factorial concept, were used.
a greater extent on how banana growers acquire and adopt
new innovations in the banana cultivation in effective manner
to reach higher levels of economic performance through their Management efficiency of Banana Growers
management efficiency. Therefore, study on management
In order to measure management efficiency of
efficiency and economic performance of banana growers was
banana growers, ten factors which were identified earlier
undertaken.
are responsible to make an individual efficient in managing
METHODOLOGY the banana crop. Also economic performance was measured
The present study was undertaken in four talukas of through economic performance index. The facts and findings
Anand district of Gujarat state during the year 2005. From derived after analyzing the information have been presented
each taluka, five villages were selected having highest area under the following heads and discussed in succeeding pages.
110
Table - 1 Distribution of respondents according to their management efficiency n=240

Sr. Category of banana growers
No.
Category Marginal Small Medium Pooled
(n =80) (n =80) (n =80) (n=240)
No. Per cent No. Per cent No. Per cent No. Per cent
1 Low (upto 62.45 score) 20 25.00 18 22.50 10 12.50 48 20.00
2. Medium (62.46 to 82.77) 58 72.50 49 61.25 56 70.00 163 67.92

3
High ( above 82.77) 02 2.50 13 16.25 14 17.50 29 12.08
Total 80 100.00 80 100.00 80 100 240 100.00
Mean 70.39 72.33 75.13 72.62
S.D. 9.20 11.22 9.48 10.16
F- value 4.53*
* Significant at 0.05 level of probability
At a glance, Table 1 clearly reveals that more categories of banana growers with respect to management
than two-third (72.50 and 70.00 per cent) of marginal and efficiency. The probable reason for this might be difference
medium banana growers while, slightly more than three- among different categories in respect of knowledge about
fifth (61.25 per cent) of small banana growers had medium improved banana cultivation, attitude, ability to coordinate
management efficiency. whereas, one fourth (25.00 per cent) activities, ability to mobilize resources, timely adoption etc.
of marginal, slightly more than one-fifth (22.50 per cent) of
Economic Performance of Banana Growers
small and slightly more than one-tenth (12.50 per cent) of
medium banana growers had low management efficiency Economic performance is the ratio of value of total
while, 2.50, 16.25 and 17.50 per cent marginal, small and output to total expenses expresses in percentage. The data
medium banana growers had high management efficiency regarding economic performance of the respondents were
respectively. The calculated F-value categorized in to three groups as shown in Table 2.
was 4.53 which indicate significant difference among three
Table - 2 : Distribution of respondents according to their economic performance n=240

Sr. Category of banana growers
No.
Category Marginal Small Medium Pooled
(n =80) (n =80) (n =80)
No. Per cent No. Per cent No. Per cent No. Per cent
1 Low (upto 177 score) 24 30.00 16 20.00 13 16.25 53 22.08

2 Medium (178 to 244) 55 68.75 51 63.75 56 70.00 162 67.50
3 High ( above 244) 01 1.25 13 16.25 11 13.75 25 10.42
Total 80 100.00 80 100.00 80 100 240 100.00
Mean 202.05 213.41 217.21 210.69
S.D. 28.16 37.71 31.83 33.18
F- value 6.27*
* Significant at 0.05 level of probability
A cursory look at the Table 2 revealed that approximately two third (68.75, 63.75 and 70.00 per cent) of marginal,
small and medium banana growers had medium economic performance, respectively. While, nearly one-third (30.00 per
cent) of marginal, one fifth (20.00 per cent) of small and 16.25 per cent of medium banana growers had low
111
economic performance. Negligible percent (1.25 per cent) was about 67.50 per cent of the banana growers had medium
of marginal, 16.25 per cent of small and 13.75 per cent of level of economic performance. The calculated F-value
medium banana growers had high economic performance in was 6.27 which indicate significant difference among three
banana cultivation. The calculated F-value was 6.27 which categories of banana growers.
indicated significant difference among three categories of
REFERENCES
banana growers. This difference might be due to difference
in education, cosmopoliteness, risk orientation, experience Bora, S.P. and Ray, G.L. (1986). Management attributes
in banana cultivation, timely adoption, available resources of farmers as related to profitability in farming.
and participation in training programme would have jointly Decision, 13(2):86-93.
influenced in variation among different categories. Chandel, R.S.(1964). Handbook of Agricultural Statistic.Ed.
CONCLUSION 1964. 260-299.
More than two-third (72.50 and 70.00 per cent) of Likert, R.A. (1932). A technique for the measurement of
marginal and medium banana growers while, slightly more attitude scales. Arch. Psychol. New York, No.140.
than three-fifth (61.25 per cent) of small banana growers had Nagajara, N. (1989). A study on management efficiency and
medium management efficiency. In general, It was found economic performance of Sericulturists in Karnataka.
that nearly two-third (67.92 per cent) of the respondents Ph.D. Thesis (Unpublished), UAS, Bangalore.
had medium management efficiency. The calculated F-value
Vyas. H.U. (1995) Study on management efficiency and
was 4.53 which indicate significant difference among three
economic performance of milk producer of in
categories of banana growers with respect to management
Panchmahals district of Gujarat State. Ph.D. Thesis
efficiency. About two-third (68.75, 63.75 and 70.00 per cent)
(Unpublished). G.A.U., S.K.Nagar.
of marginal, small and medium banana growers had medium
level of economic performance, respectively. In general, it
112
Study on Publication Behavior of the Agricultural Scientists
A. R. Makwan1 and M. S. Trivedi2
1 Asstt. Professor, Polytechnic in Agriculture, AAU, Anand

2 Ex. Extension Educationist, Extension Education Institute, AAU, Anand
ABSTRACT
Agriculture remains the backbone of India as it still provides the means of livelihood to about two third
of the work force. India has made tremendous progress in increasing the production of many crops but it has not
been able to tap the full potential in the agri-food sector. Twenty per cent of India’s GDP comes from agriculture.
The key to this is modernization of agriculture with the full utilization of technology and management practices.
The major issues of confront agriculture are excessive dependence on monsoon, lack to access an irrigation,
market, inputs and wide information gap between the research institutions and farmers for modern agricultural
technologies and practices. It is also true that India possesses agricultural improved valuable technologies,
practices, inputs and expertise. Due to information gap, the majority of the farmers is not getting upper-bound
yield. This information gap may be bridged by using cost effective and efficient support system print media. The
success of agricultural development programmes in developing countries largely depends on the nature and
extent of use of mass media in mobilization of people for development. The planners in developing countries
realize that the development of agriculture could be hastened with the effective use of mass media. No doubt
radio and television have been acclaimed to be the most effective media for diffusing the scientific knowledge
to the masses, even though, in a country like India, where the socio-economic condition of the farmers is lower
and literacy rate is also increasing day by day, choice of communication media is of vital importance. In this
regard the print media is significant, as they transfer modern agricultural technology to poor and rich farmers
alike even in interior areas, within short time. With the main stream of Indian population engaged actively in
agriculture, publications could serve as a suitable medium of dissemination of farm information and latest
technical know – how. The farmers can easily understand the operations, technology and instruction through
publications. Thus, publication plays a crucial role between researchers and farmers.
Keywords : Behavior, publication
INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES
But agricultural literature originates from the 1 To study the selected characteristics of the agricultural
agricultural scientists’ mind and hence, the skill and scientists.
techniques which they utilized for preparing a literature
is more important. Agricultural scientists play catalyst 2 To study the publication behavior of the agricultural
role for the transmission of farm innovative information scientists.
and create interest and stimulate the farmers for modern
agriculture. Farmers have also more reliance on agricultural 3 To identify the constraints faced by the agricultural
scientists’ advice than other informational sources. Looking scientists for writing articles and their publication.
to this, agricultural scientists can transmit their advice and
expertise through various agricultural publications. Hence, 4 To seek suggestions from the agricultural scientists
they are the primal persons for educating the farmers about to overcome the constraints faced by them in writing
modern agricultural information. For this, present “Study
articles and their publication
on Publication Behavior of the Agricultural Scientists” was
undertaken with following objectives.
113
METHODOLOGY had received training at national level, whereas 66.67 per

cent, 50.67 per cent, 32.00 per cent and 10.67 per cent
The study was carried out in all the four Agricultural of them had received training at university level, state
Universities of Gujarat state. Ex-post facto research design level, local level and international level, respectively.
was applied for the study. Further, for the investigation,
agricultural scientists were taken into consideration as 7 More than half (54.67 per cent) of the agricultural
professors and its equivalent, associate professors and scientists participated in TV programme followed
its equivalent and assistant professors and its equivalent by 54.00, 50.00 and 25.33 per cent of the agricultural
cadre and from each cadre, 17, 42 and 91 agricultural scientists who participated in Krishi goshti programme,
scientists were randomly selected by using stratified random delivered radio talk and attended video conference,
sampling method respectively, to make a total sample size respectively.
of 150 agricultural scientists. The methodological procedure
consisted of dependent and independent variables. The 8 A great majority (96.00 per cent) of the agricultural
publication behavior was measured by knowing the nature scientists had gained information from the text books/
of publication, membership in scientific publication, reference books, had excellent to good level of computer
involvement in editorial board and scientific interaction of the competency (67.33 per cent), had medium to low level
agricultural scientists, while other variables were measured of internet knowledge (72.00 per cent) and perceived
by using well developed scales with due modifications. heavy to average workload in their job (96.00 per cent).
An interview schedule was developed in accordance with 9 Nearly three fourth (73.34 per cent) of the agricultural
the objectives of the study. The information was collected scientists had medium to low level of reading behavior,
through the schedules by personal contact. The data thus, had medium to high scientific orientation (75.33 per
collected were classified, tabulated and analyzed in order to cent) as well as had medium to high degree of job
make the finding meaningful. The statistical measures, such satisfaction (77.34 per cent).
as percentage, mean score, standard deviation, coefficient of
correlation, multiple regression and path analysis were used. 10 A great majority (90.67 per cent) of the agricultural
scientists had published their articles in research
MAJOR FINDINGS journals, subscriber of life time membership in scientific
1 Majority (86.67 per cent) of the agricultural scientists publication at national level (59.33 per cent), member
had above 35 years of age with Doctorate Degree (76.67 in different editorial boards of scientific publications
per cent) and was up to the cadre of associate professors (18.00 per cent) and participated in conference / seminar
and its equivalent (88.67 per cent). / symposium at university / state / national / international
level (84.67 per cent).
2 Majority (81.33 per cent) of the agricultural scientists
had more than 12 years of job experience, had up to 16 11 The major constraints faced by the agricultural scientists
years of writing experience (73.34 per cent) with rural for writing articles and their publication were “more
background (74.67 per cent). subscription rate and publication charges“(62.67 per
cent), “lack of time due to more workload in job” (59.33
3 Majority (76.00 per cent) of agricultural scientists’ per cent) and “irregularity of scientific publications”
parent had medium to low level of education, had small (56.00 per cent) ranked first, second and third,
size of family (90.67 per cent) and did not win any kind respectively.
of awards (50.67 per cent).
12 Major suggestions endorsed by the agricultural scientists
4 Majority (76.67 per cent) of the agricultural scientists were ”subscription rate and publication charges should
had annual income up to Rs. 4.00 lakh, had average to be affordable (65.33 per cent)” followed by “physical
adequate facilities in their departments (73.33 per cent) facilities should be provided by university (62.00 per
with medium to high level of library exposure (76.67 cent)”, and “publication should be published regularly
per cent). (58.67 per cent)”.
5 More than one fourth (30.00 per cent) of the agricultural REFERENCE
scientists acted as rector followed by member of
extension club (27.33 per cent), member of SRC (24.67 Makwan, A.R.(2010). Attitude of the Agricultural Scientists
per cent), NSS in charge (8.67 per cent) and NCC in Towards Publication. Unpublished Ph. D. Thesis,
charge (3.33 per cent). AAU, Anand.
6 Majority (82.00 per cent) of the agricultural scientists

114
Women Entrepreneurs and Empowerment in India
D.K.Parmar1, K.M.Makwana2, V.K.Modi3 and J. C. Shroff4
1 Lecturer, Applied Mechanics Department, B. and B. Institute Of Technology

Vallabh Vidyanangar, Gujarat.
2 Principal, B. and B. Institute Of Technology, Vallabh Vidyanangar, Gujarat.
3 Lecturer, Mechanical Engineering Department, B .and B. Institute Of Technology
Vallabh Vidyanangar Gujarat.
4 Assistant Professor, B. A. College of Agriculture, AAU, Anand
ABSTRACT
Women owned businesses are highly increasing in the economies of almost all countries. The hidden
entrepreneurial potentials of women have gradually been changing with the growing sensitivity to the role and
economic status in the society. Skill, knowledge and adaptability in business are the main reasons for women
to emerge into business ventures.’ Women Entrepreneur’ is a person who accepts challenging role to meet her
personal needs and become economically independent. A strong desire to do something positive is an inbuilt
quality of entrepreneurial women, who is capable of contributing values in both family and social life. With the
advent of media, women are aware of their own traits, rights and also the work situations. The glass ceilings are
shattered and women are found indulged in every line of business from papad to power cables. The challenges
and opportunities provided to the women of digital era are growing rapidly that the job seekers are turning into
job creators. They are flourishing as designers, interior decorators, exporters, publishers, garment manufactur-
ers and still exploring new avenues of economic participation. In India, although women constitute the majority
of the total population, the entrepreneurial world is still a male dominated one. Women in advanced nations are
recognized and are more prominent in the business world
“When Women moves forward the family moves, the village moves and the Nation moves”
--“Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru”.

Keywords: Women entrepreneur, entreprenurship, empowerment
INTRODUCTION of activities. Recently the information technology and its

revolution also facilities many capable women to do business
The emergence of women entrepreneurs in a society in IT enable activities sitting within four walls but dealing.
depends to a great extent on the Economic, religious, cultural Business with international companies for example software
social psychological and other factors”. development, e-commerce, e-business medical transcription
The entrepreneur is a key to economic development. etc. Hence it cannot be said anymore that Women are weaker
Women entrepreneurs are fast increasing in number and the sex and they cannot do all the work which the men do. The
rate of growth of Women owned business are outnumbering fastest growing segment of the USA’s economy is Women
the men owned business in western countries. It is also owned business the US Bureau of census has revealed
observed that the Women entrepreneurs associations are that 26 percent of the businesses were owned by Women
formed in different countries of the world. However in entrepreneurs in 1980 and 32 percent in 1990. If this trend
developing countries like India women entrepreneurship continues it would reach 50 percent by the year. Developing
is still in its infancy. Only in metropolitan and the state countries like India the presence of entrepreneurs that too
capital cities more Women entrepreneurs are assuming women entrepreneurs is of vital necessity to achieve a rapid
entrepreneurial role both in the traditional and modern nature all round and regionally and socially balanced economics
115
through industrialization. WOMEN IN INDIA
NEED FOR WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP The Indian sociological set up has been traditionally a
male dominated one. Women are considered as weaker sex
Women suffer the most in our country. Her and always to depend on men folk in their family and outside,
involvement in economic activities is marked by low work throughout their life. They are left with lesser commitments
participation rates excessive concentration in the unorganized and kept as a dormant force for a quite long time. The
sector of the economy and that too in low skill jobs there is a Indian culture made them only subordinates and executors
greater dynamism in the rate of growth of female employment. of the decisions made by other male members, in the basic
However in rural areas, perhaps the agriculture has provided family structure.
much more employment for Women.
The traditional set up is changing in the modern
Need of the Hour era of 21st century. The transformation of social fabric of the
Women sector occupies nearly 45% of the Indian Indian society, in terms of increased educational status of
population. The literary and educational status of women women and varied aspirations for better living, necessitated a
improved considerably during the past few decades. More change in the life style of Indian women.
and more higher educational and research institutions are Indian families do have the privilege of being
imparting skill knowledge and specialization. At this juncture, envied by the westerners, since women here are taking more
effective steps are needed to provide entrepreneurial responsibilities in bringing up children and maintaining a
awareness, orientation and skill development programmes better home with love and affection. At the family level, the
to women. The institutions available at present are very task of coordinating various activities in a much effective
limited. Moreover, their functions and opportunities manner, without feeling the pinch of inconveniences, is being
available with them are not popularized much. carried out by the women folk.
THE STATUS OF WOMEN IN INDIA Thus, the Indian women have basic characters in
The status of Women in India is an illustration of themselves in the present sociological and cultural setup as
a paradox of the micro level. She has equal it not greater follows.
position in the family as “ARDHANGINI” and she is • Indian women are considered as Sakthi, which means
the pivot of the socio-economic fabrics of the family as a source of Energy.
MOTHER. The scripture and mythologies give her even the
status of goddess and many Women are remembered even • Effectively coordinating the available factors and
today for their freedom struggle. resources.
The Women in India have been neglected a lot. • Efficient execution of decisions imposed on them by
They have not been actively involved in the mainstream family members.
of development even though they represent a bulk of the
population and labor force. However a society constrained • Clear vision and ambition on the improvement of family
by the suppressive socio-economic factors cannot and children and society.
generate the much needed Women entrepreneurs on its • Patience and bearing the sufferings on behalf of others
own. Education has been the prerogative of men over the and ability to work more at any age.
given required scope for education. Entrepreneurship as a
subject is not a part of the curricula in many universities CONCEPT OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS
.Vocationalisation of education is probably still a dream
Women entrepreneur is defined as ‘A person who
a dream in our country. But in many a states vocational
starts and controls the unit with not less than 51 person of
courses are not running systematically. The government
total capital and provides employment not less than 51 per
has not taken any initiative in this regard. In the 50 years of
cent of women. The Government of India has defined Women
Independence an emphasis on the socialistic pattern of the
Entrepreneur as “an industrial unit where one or more
society and the role assigned to the public sector limited
women entrepreneurs have not less than 51 per cent financial
the scope for the growth of private entrepreneurship.
holding”. Women Entrepreneurs can be classified into four
Under such circumstances special efforts to develop
groups depending on the driving motivational factors to
women entrepreneurship is more keenly felt.
venture into business.
116
Natural Entrepreneurs: Those who take business as or areas

profession on their own either by self planning or motivated
through money factor and also for keeping themselves busy • Assisting them in preparation of project reports for their
are known as natural entrepreneurs. own proposed units them to follow up the venture to start
the new enterprise.
Generated Entrepreneurs: Those who have been
encouraged and trained specialized training programmes • Providing help, consultancy and guidance, continuously.
such as the EDP to set up independent business are called A training capsule or module of around two or three week
generated entrepreneurs. may be provided by expert institutions, voluntary agencies
Forced Entrepreneurs: Those who are compelled by and Government departments. The financial resources are
circumstances such as the death of father or husband with to be mobilized to provide this type of programmes, by
responsibilities falling on them to take over the existing the government organizations like banks, public sector
business are known as forced entrepreneurs. organizations and voluntary originations NGOs etc.
Benami Entrepreneurs: Those who are acting as a façade The higher education institutions, which are spreading
for business of their husband are called benami entrepreneurs. throughout the country, may conduct programmes like this,
regularly,in addition to their academic programmes,with or
FUNCTIONS OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS without government aid. Young graduates of that area and the
final year students of U.G/P.G courses may also be provided
In developing countries like India where male and with such training .Normally infrastructures are available
female population ratio is almost equal the presence of women with such institutions. Getting expertise and mobilizing other
entrepreneurs has great importance. A women entrepreneur is requirements will also be easier for such institutions, since
expected to perform the following important function. they are already having good establishment facilities.
• Imitation of successful enterprises. Voluntary agencies like Town clubs Rotary clubs,
• Introduction of new innovations. Lions clubs. Government. assistated institutions like UGC,
AICTE., Science and technology Councils or State
• Explore the prospects of commencing new projects. Entrepreneur Development Cell (EDC), District industrial
center (DIC) may interact with the colleges/universities,
• Assumption of risk and uncertainty bearing.
through financial assistance, to carry out the programmes.
• Take decision as to the nature and type of goods to be
With proper financial assistance and effectively
produced.
using them, each college/university may train 400 to 1000
ACTION PLAN FOR WOMEN ENTERPRENEURS youths, in the area of entrepreneurship development. When
women are going to be the target groups, the benefit will
Proper planning and execution are required at all reach a larger section of the society.
levels. Proper training in right direction is to be planned
meticulously. Thus ED culture is to be developed gradually among
the women, in addition to providing educational facilities
The steps to be taken can be listed as follows: to use the vibrant women force in right direction. Thus
programmes combining, technical skill and entrepreneurship
• Identifying women with different education levels in
skill, to selected groups, will make the Indian women more
proper groups and to create
self reliant and confident and would lead them to be envied
• Awareness about entrepreneurship and its importance as by people at the international level.
job providing avenues rather than job seeking ventures.
TRAINING COMPONENTS
• Skills and knowledge to be provided to selected women
Even though there are very efficient institutions at
group are to be identified.
the national level, like EDI Ahmadabad, NSTED BOARD,
• Making them to realize the income generation and social NewDelhi,NISIE,Hyderabad and at State level,CED
status and recognition in Madurai and Chennai,TANSTIA in Chennai,such
programmes are to be conducted at regional level, at the
• Giving orientation and skill training on selected trades residential area of the women, in their vernacular language
117
and to the specific requirement of the people of that area. • Communication centers with telecom, fax, browsing,
and Xeroxing facilities.
The essential components of such training may be listed
as follows • -Readymade garments, embroidering and fashion
designing.
• Awareness career building and attitudinal change
• -Retail selling through different methods.
towards enterprise formation.
• Art and painting works on commercial decorations.
• Effective training on building up self-confidence and
communication skills. • Hiring of warehouses and godowns.
• Floral decorations.
• Skill training on specific trades suitable to their option.
• Jewelry and imitation jwellary
• Training on quick and effective decision making
techniques and managerial skills. • Beauty centers and beauty parlors
• Running old-age homes
• Training on marketing strategies.
• SoftToy Making
• Training on effective financial management.
• Cooking classes
• Training on project formulation and implementation.
• Ceramic Works
• Scope for increasing access to new technologies and • Mehadi classes
scientific knowledge.
• Petch work
• Information on persons/offices to be contacted.
• Kutir Udhyog
• Interaction with successful entrepreneurs for sharing • Bakery Product
their experiences.
PROBLEMS OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS
Training in such areas are not going to have much
financial burden to the govt., when compared to other • Women have tendency to keep away from high flying
developmental projects. This type of programmes can be activities which are supposedly regarded as the presence
conducted in all the parts of the country. A consistent and of men.
continuous effort in this project will add more dimensions
• Need for achievement independence and autonomy are
Indian women and their empowerment. and to the economic
the basic ingredients required to an entrepreneur.
development of the nation as a whole.
• Protected life throughout her life time.
Suggested list of appropriate areas suitable to Indian
women entrepreneurs: • Low female literacy rate.
• Food products manufacturing • In the present setup a Indian society women’s duty is to
• -Food processing and preservation. look after her children and family members.
• -Catering services and fast food centers. • Lack of information needed to achieve entrepreneurial
• -Interior decoration. success.
• -DTP and Book binding. • Lack of infrastructure and other basic facilities
• -Maintenance of Dairy, Poultry and their products. • Low mobility character.

• -Maintenance of house-hold appliances. • Inferiority complex they are easily disheartened by
• Stationeries retailing. failure.
• Manufacturing of note books and pads. Like this Women entrepreneurs have to face
• Packing & packaging and overcome these obstacles to emerge as successful
entrepreneurs. Therefore, a woman has to achieve
• -Diagnostic lab & pathology clinics. empowerment by overcoming this entire problem. Hence,
118
it is important to take measures to encourage the women has little sense today. A host of evidences shows that they are
entrepreneurship. successfully made. In order to make women entrepreneurship
movement a success government and non-government
The remedial measures undertaken and suggestions are: agencies have to play a vital role. Women entrepreneurs in
Government agencies (Like EDC), association backward areas needs special assistance and incentives from
of women entrepreneurs, NGO’s and CBO’s have carried the government and financial institutions separate industrial
on so many programmes for development of women estates may be set up for women entrepreneurs to create
entrepreneurship. all together a special environment. There is a need to setup
Women industrial development bank in the existing banks
Government has stressed on women education and and financial institutions it is advisable to start a separate cell
special programs have been introduced. Yet it is necessary to called: “Women entrepreneurs guidance cell to promote and
increase the number of professional schools for women. guide the Women entrepreneurs. The development of women
as a entrepreneurs will generate multifaceted socio economic
Banks, financial institutions (Like State Financial
benefits to the country.
corporation) are lending more freely to women entrepreneurs.
Yet, Government has to lend more subsidies to women REFERENCES
entrepreneurs.
Anna, V. (1990). Ocio-Economic basis of women
As it is necessary to provide practical knowledge entrepreneurship SEDME, 17(1), March.
of the business situation during their study levels, some
Bheemappa, A. (2003). Intrepreneurship Development in
schools and colleges are providing such knowledge during
Agriculture, Yojana. Vol. 47, P.19.
the education period. It should be increased.
Carter, N. M. (1997). Size determinant of Women
As women entrepreneurs have to face several owned business choice or barriers to resources
marketing problems, they should be taken into consideration Entrepreneurship and Regional Development.
by government and steps should be taken to solve them.
Desai V. trepreneurial Development, Vol. 1, Himalaya
Markets should be developed in rural and semi urban areas
Publishing House Bombay.Edited by:K. Manuja
so that women entrepreneurs can sell them easily in the
Devi, Volume: Two Women’s Empowerment and
nearest markets more and more fairs and exhibitions should
Globalisation
be arranged for women products.
Govindappa, G. T. (1999). Rural Women Entrepreneurship,
The development of transport and communication throughout
Kurukshetra, cp. 11.
the country will help for women entrepreneurs to market their
products easily. Jain,P. C. Developing First Generation Entrepreneurs–India
Experience,Entrepreneurship and Small Scale
As self employment breeds entrepreneurship more Industries, p.17.
and more self employment programmes should be undertaken
Josepaul, Ajith Kumar, N. and Mampilly, Paul, T.
and proper training should be given to both rural and urban
trepreneurship Development, Himalaya Publishing
youths including women.
House, Bombay.
As women entrepreneurs lack information as regards
Kamalakannan, K. (2005). The Role of financial Institutions
to their business, it is necessary to start information bureaus,
in Development of Women Entrepreneurs,
to help them in getting the required information.
Kurukshetra, April, p.10.
More research programmes should be conducted Naik, Sumangala (2003). The Need for Developing Women
and the steps should be taken to solve the problems of women Entrepreneurs, Yojana, July, Vol. 47, p.36.
entrepreneurs.
Sarvate D. M. Entrepreneurial Development Concepts and
CONCLUSION Practices, Everest Publishing House, Pune.
The saying entrepreneurs are born and note made
119
Extension Personnel’s Demand about Farm Literature for The Peasantry
N.V. Soni 1, Mahesh R. Patel 2 and Nilesh P. Patel3
1 Asso. Ext. Educasnist, Publication Department, DOEE, AAU, Anand

2 Asst. Ext. Educasnist, Publication Department, DOEE, AAU, Anand
ABSTRACT
The use of agricultural literature plays an important role in dissemination of new technology among
farming community. The publication department of SAUs plays an important role in publishing the farm literature
under Krushi Vigyan Kendra (KVK), Sardar Smruti Kendra (SSK) and other schemes. The study was carried out
to know the demand of farm literature for middle Gujarat region. The questionnaire was constructed and mailed
to 102 extension personnel of KVKs, SSKs, FTCs etc. during the year 2010. Among them, only 34 extension
personnel (33.23 %) responded. The great majority demanded for agricultural books on agricultural crops
(85.29 %) and plant protection (76.47 %) followed by marketing and value addition (23.53 %) and horticultural
books on fruit crops (29.”41 %), vegetable crops (20.59 %) and floriculture (14.71 %) animal husbandary,
more demand was on animal husbandry books (41.18%) followed by animal diseases (14.71 .%), poultry (11.76
%), animal nutrition and milk products (8.82 % each). About two-fifth, one-fourth and one-fifth of respondents
suggested that articles should be given with photographs (41.18 %), editing and proof reading should be made
before publication of articles (26.47 %) and agricultural literature should be easily available at nominal cost
(20.59 %) respectively. In order to increase the nffectiveness of KRUSHIGOVIDYA farm magazine respondents
suggested that colour photographs should I in given (44.12 %), articles on research recommendations should
be given (26.47 %) and articles on new lochnology shguld be given (17.65 %).
Keywords: farm literature, peasantry
INTRODUCTION RESULTS AND DISSCUSSION
The use of agricultural literature plays an important The great majority demand on agricultural books
role in dissemination of new technology among farming was on agricultural crops (85.29 percent) and plant protection
community. The publication department of SAUs plays an (76.47 percent) followed by about one forth demands
for marketing and value addition (23.53 percent each)
important role in publishing the farm literature under KVKs,
respectively and the more demand on horticultural books
SSKs and other schemes. The study was carried out to know
was on fruit crops (29.41 percent), vegetable crops (20.59
the demand of farm literature for middle Gujarat region. The
percent) and floriculture (14.71 percent) respectively while
objectives of the study were : (1) To know the demand of the more demand on animal husbandry books was on animal
farm literature, (2) To seek suggestions for the publication of husbandry (41.18 percent) followed by animal diseases
farm literature and (3) To seek suggestions for increase the (14.71 percent), poultry (11.76 percent), animal nutrition and
effectiveness of KRUSHI GOVIDYA farm magazine. milk products (8.82 percent each) respectively.
METHODOLOGY The more demand of folders on agriculture was in

the subject on precautions in spraying of pesticides (14.71
The questionnaire was constructed in light of the percent) while one third demand on horticulture folders was
objective and mailed to 102 extension personnel’s of KVKs, on vegetable crops (32.35 per cent) followed by disease
SSKs, FTCs etc. during the year 2010. Among them, only 34 of fruit crops (14.71 percent) and greenhouse crops (8.82
extension personnel’s (33.23 percent) were responded. percent) and 14.71 percent demand on animal husbandry
120
folder was on forage crops. value addition, fruit crops, vegetable crops and animal
husbandry.
About two fifth, one fourth and one fifth of
respondents suggested that articles should be given with The extension personnel’s demand on various
photographs (41.18 percent), editing and proof reading folders namely precautions in spraying of pesticides,
should be made before publication of articles (26.47 percent) vegetable crops, disease of fruit crops and forage crops.
and agricultural literature should be easily available at
The major suggestions for publications of farm
nominal cost (20.59 percent) respectively.
literature were : articles should be given with photographs,
Nearly one half, one fourth and one fifth of editing and proof reading should be made before
respondents suggested to increase the effectiveness of publication of articles and agricultural literature should be
KRUSHIGOVIDYA farm magazine was: colour photographs easily available at nominal cost.
should be given (44.12 percent), articles on research
To increase the effectiveness of KRUSHIGOVIDYA
recommendations should be given (26.47 percent) and
farm magazine, colour photographs as well as articles on
articles on new technology should be given (17.65 percent)
research commendations and new technology should be
respectively.
given.
CONCLUSION
IMPLICATION
The extension personnel’s demand on various books
The SAUs should publish the farm literature as per
namely agricultural crops, plant protection, marketing,
the demand of extension personnel’s and farmers.
121
Deportment of Agricultural Scientists for Publishing Agricultural Literatures

for Farming Community
A. R. Makwan1 and M. S. Trivedi2
1 Assistant Professor, Polytechnic in Agriculture, AAU, Vaso, Gujarat

2 Ex. Extension Educationist, Extension Education Institute, AAU, Anand, Gujarat
ABSTRACT
Agricultural literature means any kind of print media viz. research journals, farm magazines, books,
newspapers etc. which play crucial role between Agricultural Scientists and farmers for dissemination of farm
information and latest technical know – how. Here an effort was made to find out Deportment of Agricultural
Scientists for Publishing Agricultural Literatures for Farming Community. In this context, Agricultural Scientists
were evaluated by four indicators: 1. Nature of publication, 2. Membership in scientific publication, 3. Involve-
ment in editorial board, and 4. Scientific interaction.
Keywords: Agricultural literature, Scientific interaction
INTRODUCTION percentage were used for analysis of data.

Dissemination of agricultural scientific information The deportment of agricultural scientists for
is the most important aspect for catering need based publishing agricultural literatures was measured by studying
information to the farmers for higher agricultural production. four indicators such as the nature of publication, membership
It is also true that literacy rate is increasing day by day in scientific publication, involvement in editorial board and
and youngsters are involved in farming business. In such a scientific interaction of the agricultural scientists.
situation, I think that agricultural literatures can play vital
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
role for dissemination of information, but the problem is that
farmers are interested for trusted and authentic information. Nature of publications
This type of information can be provided only by agricultural Table1: Distribution of the agricultural scientists
scientists. Here, question is that what agricultural scientists according to their contribution in nature of
will be agreeing for publishing qualitative and quantitative publications n=150
agricultural literatures. Therefore, there is need to study
Sr. Nature of Contribution in Rank
deportment of agricultural scientists for publishing
No. publications
agricultural literatures. publications Number Per
OBJECTIVE cent
1 Research journals 136 90.67 I
To study the deportment of agricultural scientists for 2 Farm magazines 90 60.00 II
publishing agricultural literatures. 3 News papers 70 46.67 IV
4 Books 64 42.67 VI
METHODOLOGY
5 Chapters in book 40 26.67 VIII
The study was conducted on stratified random 6 Visheshanks 49 32.67 VI
sampling techniques of 150 agricultural scientists of four 7 Reports 67 44.67 V
Agricultural Universities of Gujarat state. The data were 8 Leaflets/folders 83 55.33 III
collected by personal contact. The collected data were 9 Others 35 23.33 IX
classified, tabulated and analyzed in order to make the finding The data in Table 1 reveal that the agricultural
meaningful. The statistical measures, such as frequency and scientists contributed more in research journals as it ranked
122
first with 90.67 per cent followed by farm magazines (60.00 maximum contribution for research journal might be their
per cent), leaflets/folders (55.33 per cent), newspapers (46.67 higher scientific orientation and desire to improve their bio-
per cent), reports (44.67 per cent), Visheshanks (32.67 per data. Comparatively higher contribution in farm magazines
cent), chapters in book (26.67 per cent), and others (23.33 per and leaflet/folder is indicative of their feeling for farming
cent). community. This finding gets agreement from those reported
by Shah (2006).
The result indicates that the agricultural scientists
were motivated for publishing agricultural literatures in Membership in scientific publication
scientific way for farming community. The reason behind
Table 2 : Distribution of the agricultural scientists according to their membership in scientific publication n=150
Sr. Category Annual membership Life membership
No. Number Per cent Number Per cent
1 Local 13 08.67 09 06.00
2 State 28 18.67 58 38.67
3 National 51 34.00 89 59.33
4 International 04 02.67 17 11.33
Table 2 manifests that 59.33 per cent and 38.67 of scientific organizations carrying out publication is very
per cent of the agricultural scientists were the subscribers meager, the chances for the agricultural scientists to get
of life time in scientific publications at national and state included in the editorial board are naturally very less. This
level, respectively. From this finding it can be concluded is the probable reason for poor involvement of agricultural
that majority of the agricultural scientists were attracted for scientists in editorial board. This finding is in consonance
the national and state level membership. This finding is in with those reported by Parmar (2005).
conformity with the finding Joshi (2009).
Scientific interaction
Involvement in editorial board
It is ascertained from Table 4 that 45.33 per cent of
Table 3: Distribution of the agricultural scientists the agricultural scientists did not participate in any conference/
according to their involvement in editorial seminar/ symposium etc. at university level, whereas 39.34
board n=150 per cent of the agricultural scientists participated in up
to 5 and conferences / seminars / symposiums. This table
Sr. Category Level of Number Per
No. involvement cent also reflects that more than two third (70.67) per cent of
agricultural scientists did not present any research paper,
while 25.33 per cent of them had presented research papers in
1 Chief editor No 140 93.33
involvement conference/ seminar/ symposium etc. at University level.
Involvement 10 06.67 At state level, 44.67 per cent of agricultural scientists
2 Assistant No 131 87.33 did not participate in conference/ seminar/ symposium etc.,
editor involvement while 40.00 per of the agricultural scientists were participated
Involvement 19 12.67
in up to 5 conferences / seminars/ symposium etc. It also
No 123 82.00
shows that two third (68.00 per cent) of the agricultural
3 Member involvement
scientists did not present any research papers, but about one
Involvement 27 18.00
fourth (24.00 per cent) of them had presented up to 5 research
4 Referee No 139 92.67
involvement papers in conference/ seminar/ symposium etc.
Involvement 11 07.33 At national level, more than one third (36.00 per cent)
The data presented in Table 3 represent that, only of the agricultural scientists did not participate in conference/
6.67 per cent of the agricultural scientists were in the position seminar/ symposium etc. However, about one half (50.67
of chief editor, whereas 12.67 per cent were in the position per cent) of the agricultural scientists participated in more
of assistant editor. Moreover, 18.00 per cent were members than 2 conference/ seminar/ symposium. It also reveals that
and 7.33 per cent of them acted as referee in different more than half (54.67 per cent) of the agricultural scientists
editorial boards of scientific publications. Since the number did not present any paper. However, 31.33 per cent of them
123
presented more than two at national level.

Table 4 : Distribution of the agricultural scientists according to their scientific interaction n=150
Sr. Scientific interaction Participation in conferences/ seminars/ Paper Presentation
No. symposiums
Number Per cent Number Per cent
1 University level
No 68 45.33 106 70.67
1 to 2 28 18.67 26 17.33
3 to 5 31 20.67 12 08.00
More than 5 23 15.33 06 04.00
2 State level
No 67 44.67 102 68.00
1 to 2 36 24.00 28 18.67
3 to 5 24 16.00 08 5.33
More than 5 23 15.33 12 08.00
3 National level
No 45 36.00 82 54.67
1 to 2 29 19.33 21 14.00
3 to 5 35 23.33 23 15.33
More than 5 41 27.34 24 16.00
4 International level
No 94 62.67 110 73.33
1 to 2 41 27.33 32 21.34
3 to 5 11 07.33 08 05.33
More than 5 04 02.67 00 00.00
At international level, more than three fifth (62.67 Lohar, S. S.,(1998). “Publication behaviour of the scientists
per cent) of the agricultural scientists did not participate of the Mahatma Phulekrishividyapeeth, Rahuri.”
in any conference/ seminar/ symposium etc. Hence, more M. Sc.(Agri) thesis (Unpublished), Rahuri,
than one third (34.66 per cent) of the agricultural scientists Maharashtra.
participated in up to 5 conference/ seminar/ symposium. It is
Parmar, S.D. (2005). Publication behaviour of the Agricultural
also described that 73.33 per cent of the agricultural scientists
scientists of Anand Agricultural University, Anand.
did not present any research paper, more than one fourth
Unpublished M.Sc. (Agri.) Thesis, AAU, Anand.
(26.67 per cent) of them presented up to 5 research papers.
Shah, U. B. (2006). A study on level of Internet exposure of
CONCLUSION
Teachers of Anand Agricultural University, Anand.
It can be concluded that great majority (90.67 Unpublished Ph. D. Thesis, A.A.U., Anand, Gujarat.
per cent) of the agricultural scientists had published their
Singh, Premlata and Singh, R. P., (1992).“Scientific
articles in research journals having subscriber of life time
Productivity of Women Scientists” Ind. J. of Extn.
membership in scientific publication at national level (59.33
Edu.,Vol XVIII, No. 3 & 4, : 16.
per cent) as member in different editorial boards of scientific
publications (18.00 per cent) with participation in more than Catherine Nyaki Adeya and Banji Oyelaran-Oyeyinka
2 conference / seminar / symposium at national level (50.67 (2002).The Internet in African Universities: Case
per cent). studies from Kenya and Nigeria, http://www. Global
equality .info/reports/IDEaf.pdf.
REFERENCES
Jat, B.I. (2009) Development of scale to measure the attitude
Joshi, P. J. (2009).Computer inclination of agricultural
of teachers towards the application of multimedia
extension educationists working in state agricultural
in agricultural higher education, Unpublished Ph.D.
universities of Gujarat.Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis,
Thesis, A.A.U., Anand, Gujarat.
AAU, Anand.
124

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Gujarat Journal

Society of Extension Education, Anand (Gujarat)

Chief Editor : Dr. M.R. Prajapati

Associate Editors : Dr.M.R.Bhatt

Dr. V.J. Savaliya

Joint Secretary : Dr.N.V.Soni

Secretary : Dr. J.K.Patel

Sr. Title Page

1 Scale Development to Measure Attitude of Rose Growers Towards Improved 1

2 Comparative Analysis of Recmmended and Estimated Cost of Cultivation of 4

3 Relationship Between Attitude of Tribal Maize Growers Towards Organic 8

4 Perception and Expectations of the Farmers about Transfer of Technology System 10

5 Perception of Farmers Regarding Selected Aspects of Training Programme 14

6 Perception of the Farmers about Transfer of Technology System in North Gujarat 17

7 Awarness of Farmers Regarding Plant Protection Methods, Equipments and 21

8 Knowledge Level Of Rose Growers about Improved Rose Cultivation 24

9 Knowledge and Their Correlation with Personal and Socio-economic 26

10 Extent of Adoption of Onion Growers about Post Harvest Technology 29

11 Adoption of no-cost and low-cost technologies of animal husbandry by tribal 31

14 Variables Persuade Socio-Techno-Economic Change in ITDP 43

15 Extent of Agricultural Modernization among the Tribal and Non-tribal Farmers 46

16 Socio-Economic Change as Result of Watershed Development Programme 51

17 Impact of National Watershed Development Project for Rainfed Areas of 53

18 Evaluation of Front Line Demonstration on Wheat 56

19 Revolutionary change in paddy production through Effective TOT in tribal belt 59

20 Effect of Agricultural Modernization on Sustainable Livelihood Among the 63

21 FLD Impact Analysis on Scientific Cultivation of Chilli 68

22 Consequences of Linkages with Tribal Co-Operatives 70

23 Effect of Mass Media on Dairy Farmers Regarding Adoption Behaviour of 73

24 Self-Reliance in Paddy Seed through Seed Village Programme 76

25 Constraints Faced by Cotton Growers in Management of Cotton Cultivation 80

28 Difficulties Faced By the Woman Research Scholars of SAUs of Gujarat in Com- 90

29 Constraints Faced by the Banana Growers in Adoption of Improved Banana 92

30 Causes of Rural unemployment in India 96

31 Constraints Faced by the Veterinary Officers in Performing their Job 101

32 Teachers Problems Related to Research in Anand Agricultural University 104

34 Study on Publication Behavior of the Agricultural Scientists 113

35 Women Entrepreneurs and Empowerment in India 115

37 Deportment of Agricultural Scientists for Publishing Agricultural Literatures 122

Guidelines for Authors

Submission of final manuscript:

D. D. Patel 1 ,P J Joshi 2 and Nilesh P. Patel 3

1 Assistant Extension Educationist , DoEE, AAU,Anand

Keywords: Attitude, Rose gracers, Improved cultivation

INTRODUCTION Thurstone’s technique of equal appearing interval scale

12 Improved rose Scoring techniques

S.A.Patel1 , Mayank.S.Patel2 and K.A.Thakkar3

1 Associate professor, Sardar Smruti Kendra, S.D.A.U., S.K.Nagar

Keywords : comparative analysis, cost of cultivation castor, potato

INTRODUCTION in the Economic Department of C.P.College of Agriculture,

3 Old age (above 50 years) 33 27.50

2004-5 227.94 85902 56225 29677 2 Ferti. used 174 92 00 6050

Table:8 Cost of Seed difference in Potato crop

Seeds Kg/ha Purchase Remarks

Table:9 Cost of Seed difference in Rs. of Castor crop/ha

Seeds Kg/ha Purchase Remarks

1 Seeds 2500 to3000 Kg/ha @ Rs.9.00/Kg. 2500 to3000 Kg/ha @ 66.66%

2 Fertiliser 275:138:275 Kg/ha 344:230:275Kg/ha 58.20%

Total Rs. 45777 70895% 54.87%

Table:11 Total Cost of cultivation of Castor crops/ha

Relationship Between Attitude of Tribal Maize Growers Towards Organic Farming

A.D. Darandale1 and N.V. Soni2