Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Volume 22
Volume 22
of
Extension Education
Vol. : 22
Year : 2011
«Mkkh
Dr.V.T.Patel
Associate Professor, Dept. of Extension Education
C.P. College of Agriculture
Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University
SK Nagar-385506
Mo. : 99985 53060
Email: [email protected]
Dr. J.B.Patel
Associate Editor (Middle Gujarat Region & Other State)
Associate Professor, Dept. of Extension Education
B.A., College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University
Anand – 388 110
Mo. : 94273 85081
Email: [email protected]
MESSAGE
Dr. P. P. Patel
The India is moving aggressively towards becoming the developed country. The agriculture is to play a
critical role in this process. The relationship of extension education with agricultural research has been obsessively
stuck in the institutional design of technology dissemination. There is a growing realization that extension cannot
remain confident to the narrow focus of simple technology dissemination. In fact it must include in its fold
activities such as human resource development – teaching farmers the skills of decision making, helping them to
develop leadership and community mobilization. Further, extension has a greater role in technology development,
assessment and refinement. Hence, we need to develop innovative and contemporary extension models, approaches
and methods which can fit in diverse agri-rural environment and help in agricultural development and ensure
livelihood security of the country.
The Society of Extension Education, Gujarat published the Gujarat journal of Extension Education
is a multidisciplinary national journal that includes scientific articles concerned with all aspects of extension
education in general and agricultural extension in particular. The Journal is peer reviewed and committed to timely
publication of original research and reviewed articles. The journal is designed mainly to serve researchers, dealing
with extension research.
The current issue of the journal contains 37 research papers covering a wide spectrum of topics ranging
from development of diffusion models to effectiveness of extension services. I hope that the readers will find them
useful and interesting.
At this juncture, I congratulate all extension educationists and members of the editorial board for their
sincere efforts and hard work for quality publication of this issue.
(P. P. Patel)
EDITORIAL
There is increasing recognition in India that agricultural research and extension must be more responsive
to the needs and constraints of the farming community. Moreover, the need for empowering farmers and linking
rural people to research, extension and to reach other through information technology for facilitating access to
crucial information is highly emphasized.
The country recorded impressive achievements in agriculture during three decades since the onset of green
revolution in late sixties. This enabled the country to overcome widespread hunger and starvation; achieve self
sufficiency in food; reduce poverty and bring economic transformation in millions of rural families. The situation,
however started turning adverse for the sector around mid nineties, with slowdown in growth rate of output, which
then resulted in stagnation or even decline in farmers’ income leading to agrarian distress, which is spreading and
turning more and more serious.
It is gratify to note that the publication of Gujarat Journal of Extension Education is being brought out as
a sincere commitment to the farmers’ community and the contributors of research papers. The contributors are to
be commended for bestowing their attention, which is time consuming, towards contributing high quality research
papers.
We are extremely grateful to the contributors for their sincere dedication in contributing to the journal.
We do hope that the keen interest shall be sustained in making the journal grow from strengthen to strengthen. We
are sure that the journal shall be of significant help to all the readers. At the same time , we request our readers to
provide a feedback for further improvement in the quality of the journal.
We would like to place on record my thanks to Dr.P.P.Patel, Director of Extension Education and President
of the Gujarat Society of Extension Education and all the members of the society for providing us this opportunity.
I appreciate the efforts of my colleagues and associate editors s/s Dr.N.V.Soni, Dr.V.T.Patel, Dr.M.R.Bhatt,
Dr.J.B.Patel, Dr.V.J.Savaliya and Dr.J.K.Patel after their extensive efforts and available different sources finalized
the articles. I would like to express my sincere thank to Dr.N.B.Chauhan, Dr.R.D.Pandya and Dr. P.R.Kanani for
sharing their valuable experiences, insights and knowledge to make our journal recognized.
We hope this publication will achieve its heights in disseminating information as well as evoking a
feedback from the scientists, extension workers and academicians interested in prosperity of farmers.
Your suggestions and comments are always welcome and we solicit the same.
(M.R.Prajapati)
Chief Editor
CONTENTS
13 Gap in Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity 39
of Maize Crop in Dahod District under ATMA Project
N.V.Soni, M.R.Bhatt and R.G.Machhar
27 Constraints faced by the Tribal youth while participating in the rural development 87
activities in Banaskantha District.
V.V.Prajapati and B..K .Patel
33 Management efficiency and economic performance of marginal, small and medium 110
banana growers
H.B.Patel, P.M.Bhatt, and N.V. Soni
36 Extension Personnel’s Demand about Farm Literature for The Peasantry 120
N.V. Soni, Mahesh R. Patel and Nilesh P. Patel
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education is the official publication of Gujarat Society of Extension
Education. It publishes original research paper in the field of extension education and allied fields.
Submission of manuscript :
An author belongs to Gujarat state would like to publish his/her paper in Gujarat Journal of Extension
Education should be submitted his/her manuscript to associate editor of their Western /Northern /
Southern or Middle Gujarat region and for the authors out side of the Gujarat state should be submitted
his/her manuscript directly to Chief Editor. Two hard copies of the manuscript should be submitted along
with the soft copy preferably in the form of CD, Rich Text Format or Microsoft Word format. The length
of the manuscript should be typed in double space and not exceed than 10 typed pages with the year of
research actually done.
The submitted manuscript will be evaluated by the editorial members and referees for their suitability.
The manuscript will be sent back to the author to carry out the changes or modifications as suggested by
the editorial members. The final manuscript has to be submitted only through e-mail to following e-mail
address:[email protected]
Arrangement of manuscript :
Title, Name of author/s (Complete address with e-mail address), Abstract (About in 150 words),
Introduction, Methodology, Findings & Discussion, Conclusion and References. The manuscript should
be printed on A4 size paper format with a provision of top, right and bottom of 2.5 cm space. The left
margin must be of 4 cm. Title and all major heading should be centre aligned, capital and in 14 point size
while, running matter should be justified and typed in Times New Roman font of 12 point size. Table
should be prepared by using the table facility of Microsoft word and should not more than five tables.
Only computer generated charts/graphs/ figure or photographs which must be submitted in JPEG files
will be accepted.
Policies:
Author must append the certificate along with his/her manuscript about the matter has not been sent for
publication in other journal/magazine. Article forwarded to the editor for publication are understood
to be offered to the Gujarat Journal of Extension Education exclusively. It is also understood that the
authors have obtained the necessary approval of their concerns department, institution, faculty or even
co-author/s. The Editorial board takes no responsibility for facts or opinion express in the journal, which
rest entirely with the author/s thereof.
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
Scale Development to Measure Attitude of Rose Growers Towards Improved Rose Cultivation
ABSTRACT
The study was confined to develop a scale which can scientifically measure the attitude of rose growers
towards improved rose cultivation. Among the techniques available, “Scale product method” combining Thur-
ston’s technique of equal appearing interval scale for selection of items and Likert’s technique of summated rat-
ing for ascertaining the response on the scale was used. The final scale constitutes 20 statements. The calculated
reliability co-efficient is 0.856.
1
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
to judge each statement in terms of their agreement or Attitude towards improved cultivation practices
disagreement with the statements with the five point equal
Table 1: List of statements showing Attitude towards
appearing interval continuum. Out of these experts, only 50 improved rose cultivation
experts had returned the statements after dully recording their
Sr.
judgments and were considered for the analysis. Statements SA A N DA SD
No.
Determination of Scale and Values 1 Adopting improved
rose cultivation
The five points of the rating scale were assigned technology one
should get higher
scores ranging from 1 (for strongly disagree) to 5 (for strongly
yield.(4.14)
agree). For positive statements, 5,4,3,2 and 1 score was given 2 Improved rose
to strongly agree, agree, undecided,disagree and strongly cultivation is an
disagree respose respectively, while for negative statements instrument for
social and economic
scoring was reversed. Frequency distribution of the scores
change.( 3.99)
of judges was than prepared. Based on the judgment, scale 3 There is no risk in
(median) value and ‘Q’ value for each of 43 statements were adoption of improved
calculated by using following statistical formula. rose cultivation
technology.( 3.63)
0.50 - Pb 4 Only big farmers can
S = L + –––––––––– x i
do improved rose
PW
cultivation efficiently.
Where, S = The median or scale value of the statement ( 3.50)
5 No matter what rose
L = Lower limit of the interval in which the median falls growers may try,
crop yields will be
Pb = The sum of the proportion below the interval in improved only when
which the median falls god will it.( 2.59)
6 Only educated
Pw = The proportion within the interval in which the median farmers can cultivate
falls rose efficiently.( 3.61)
7 Improved rose
i= The width of the interval and is assumed to be equal
cultivation is difficult
to 1.0 ( one ).
as it requires more
technical skill.(2.33)
The inter-quartile range (Q = Q3 - Q1) for each
8 I would like to advise
statement was also worked out for determination of ambiguity my son to continue
involve in the statements. Based on the median and Q values, improved rose
20 statements were finally selected to constitute attitude cultivation (3-63)
9 Improved rose
scale. The final format of the scale is presented Table 1.
cultivation requires
Reliability of The Scale more labour.( 2.06)
10 Improved rose
The reliability of the test was examined by cultivation practices
are more complex
employing test-retest method. In this method, the developed
and technical in
attitude scale with 20 items was administered twice to the 20 nature.
rose growers at 15 days interval, who were neither previously (3-55)
interviewed nor had a chance to come in the final sample of 11 Proper technical
guidance is essential
study. Thus two sets of attitude scores were obtained for each
on agronomical
20 respondents. Co-efficient of reliability between the two practices on improved
sets of score was calculated by Rulon’s formula (Guliford rose cultivation.
1954), which was 0.856. (3.96)
2
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
3
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
Comparative Analysis of Recmmended and Estimated Cost of Cultivation of Castor and Potato
ABSTRACT
The study was cunducted in three districts of north Gujarat namely, Banaskantha, Sabarkantha and
Mehsana purposively because castor and potato crops are the major crops of these districts. There commended
cost of cultivation of castor and potato crops was decided based on the package of practices recommended
by SAU for these crops. The data on actual cost of cultivation were gathered from the roports of the scheme
“cost of cultivation” being implemented by Department of Agriculture Economics, C.P.College of Agriculture,
S.D.A.U., Sardarkrushinagar. Under the scheme, the information on cost of cultivation was gathered from 120
castor growers and 120 potato growers of which the information of half of the farmers viz, 60 castor growers
and 60 potato growers was gathered for culculating actual cost of cultivation. The data revealed that there was
54.87 percent higher expenditure in cultivating potato crop as compared to recommended cost of cultivation. In
case of castor crop, the actual cost of cultivation was 18.81 percent higher as compared to recommended cost
of cultivation Of the various package of practices, the farmers make high expinditure on seeds (66.66 percent in
case of potato and 73.16 percent in case as castor) and fertilizers (58.20 percent in case of potato and 136.30
percent in case of castor crops.)
4
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
numbers of respondents(55.84 percent) were belonged to Table 5 : Income and cost of cultivation per hector of
middle age group followed by old (27.50 percent)and young Castor crop for North Gujarat
age group(16.66 percent).
Year Yield qt./ Grossin- Cost CI Profit Loss
Table 2: Categories of farmers according to their land ha come Rs. Rs Rs.
holding n =10 2001-2 16.93 20119 19156 963
2002-3 15.35 29618 17426 12192
Sr. 2003-4 17.38 28191 17981 10210
Categories Number Percent
No. 2004-5 16.71 25880 19591 6089
1 Small 26 21.70 2005-6 17.72 25396 19402 5994
2 Medium 74 61.60 2006-7 18.33 34981 18454 16527
2007-8 20.17 50173 22768 27405
3 Large 20 16.70 2008-9 18.31 40753 24730 16023
2009-10 19.95 56101 22088 34013
Data in Table 2. revealed that majority of the 2010-11 18.60 92825 28871 63954
respondents ( 61.60%) had medium land holding level while
Table 6 : Cost of Fertilizer difference in Potato crop
16.70 percent and 21.70 percent of the respondents had large
level and small level categories of land holding .
Sr. N2/ha P2O5/ K2O/ Cost
Details
No. ha ha Rs/ha
Table 3 : Distribution of the respondents according to
their source of irrigation n=120 1 Reco, Ferti. 275 138 275 14290
Dose
Sr.
Categories Number Percent
No. 2 Ferti. used 344 230 22608
1 Tube well only 84 70 by farmers 275
2 Tube well with micro ir- 36 30 practice
rigation
3 Difference 69 92 00 8318
Data in Table 3 revealed that majority of the (25 %) (66 %)
respondents ( 84 percent) had utilized tube well as a source of
irrigation and remaining (30%) were used micro irrigation. Data in Table 6 revealed that 69.00 Kg. (25 %) N2/
ha and 92Kg. (66 %) P2O5/ha. were utilized more by farmers
Table 4 : Income and cost of cultivation per hector of in comparison of recommended dose by farmers practices in
Potato crop for North Gujarat Potato crop.
Year Yield qt./ Grossin- Cost CI Prof/Loss Table:7 Cost of Fertilizer difference in Castor crop
ha come Rs. Rs Rs.
Sr. N2/ha K2O/ Cost
2001-2 192.38 89028 55135 33893 Details P2O5/ha
No. ha Rs/ha
2002-3 224.38 60531 58297 2234 1 Reco, Ferti. 120 25 00 2560
2003-4 212.76 62247 49096 13151 Dose
2008-9 183.58 398793 50946 47847 Data in Table 7 revealed that 54.00 Kg. (45 %) N2/
2009-10 200.27 106603 72705 33898 ha and 67Kg (268 %) P2O5 /ha. were utilized more by farmers
in comparison of recommended dose by farmers practices in
2010-11 313.41 144837 70895 73942
Castor crop.
5
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
Sr. Details Cost as per Recommended Cost as per Farmers incresed percentage over
No. Practices in Rs. Practices in Rs. recommended practices
Other - - - -
factors
remains
same
Data in Table 10.revealed that total cost of C1 of is found Rs.25118/- (54.87 percentage more) if farmers not
recommended practice is Rs.45777/- while cost as per farmers utilized recommended practice.
practice is Rs.70895/- and net cost of cultivation difference
6
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
Sr. Details Cost of cultivation as per Cost of cultivation as per Increased cost in
No. Recommended Farmers Practices in Rs. percentage over
Practices in Rs. recommended practices.
1 Seeds 5 to 7 Kg/ha @ Rs.165 =1155 10 to 12 Kg@200=2000 73.16%
2 Fertilizer 120:25:0 Kg/ha =Rs.2560 174:92:0 Kg/ha= 6050 136.3%
Other - - - -
factors
remains
same
Total Rs. 23036 Rs. 28871 Rs. 18.81
Data 11.revealed that total castor cultivation cost of irrigation. In potato crop 69 kg. N2/ha and 92 kg. P2O5
of C1 of recommended practice is Rs.23036/- while cost were utilized more by farmer in comparison of recommended
as per farmers practice is Rs.28871/- and net difference is fertilizer dose while In castor crop 54 kg. N2/ha and 67 kg.
found Rs.4335/- (18.81 % more) if farmers not utilized P2O5 /ha. were utilized more by the farmers. Potato grower
recommended practice. farmers can be saved Rs.16,800/- (66 %) and castor grower
CONCLUSION farmers can be saved Rs.845/- (73 %) if recommended
practices are utilized in seed aspect. In potato crop if farmer
The study revealed that maximum numbers of
avoid recommended practices cost of cultivation increased
respondents were belonged to middle age group mudium land
up to Rs.25,118/- (55 %) while in castor crop increased up to
holding level and majority has utilized toube well as source
Rs.4335 (19 %).
7
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
ABSTRACT
The present investigation was conducted in Vadodara district of Gujarat state. The findings of the study state
that majority of the tribal maize growers were in the middle age group with more than five family member, small to
medium size of land holding, literate and were found with medium to high income and had medium level of economic
motivation, scientific orientation, risk orientation, market orientation, knowledge level, extension contact and mass
media exposure. The findings of this investigation states that independent variables like, education, size of land
holding, annual income, herd size, social participation, extension contact, mass media exposure, scientific orientation,
risk orientation, economic motivation, market orientation and knowledge had positive and highly significant
correlation with attitude towards organic farming in maize crop. The variable like age and size of family shows negative
but nonsignificant relationship with attitude towards organic farming in maize crop.
INTRODUCTION review of past research studies, an attempt has been made in this
investigation to ascertain the relationship if any, between their
Organic farming may be defined as a production
characteristics and attitude of tribal maize growers towards
system, which avoids or largely excludes the use of
organic farming.
synthetically compounded fertilizers, pesticides, growth
regulators, and livestock feed additive. To the maximum extent METHODOLOGY
feasible, organic farming systems rely upon crop rotations, crop
Vadodara district was chosen for the study. Total 120
residues, animal manures, legumes , green manures, off-
tribal maize growers doing animal husbandry and cultivating
farm organic wastes, mechanical cultivation, mineral bearing
the maize crop from last 5 years were be selected by
rocks and aspects of biological pest control to maintain soil
proportionate random sampling as respondents. The data
productivity and tilth, to supply plant nutrients and to control
were collected with the help of well-structured, pre-tested,
insects, weeds and other pests
Gujarati version interview scheduled through personal
After the green revolution was launched in India, contact and data were compiled, tabulated and analyzed to
substantial increase in the production of food grains was get proper answers for objectives of the study. Relationship
achieved through the use of improved crop varieties and higher between determined with help of Karl Pearson’s coefficient
levels of inputs fertilizers and plant protection chemicals. But correlation. The statistical tools used were percentage, mean
it has now been realized that the increase in production was score and standard deviation.
achieved at the cost of soil health. In fact, about 60 per cent of
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
our agricultural land currently under cultivation suffers from
indiscriminate use of irrigation water and chemical fertilizers. The action of individual farmers was governed
Most of the growth in the food production during the green by personal, social, economic, psychological and cultural
revolution period is attributed to the higher fertilizers use. factors involved in situation. Some farmers adopt new
Hence considering the important of these characteristics and agricultural technology more quickly than others because of
8
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
the difference in personal characteristics. Hence considering the variables like, education, size of land holding, annual income,
important of these characteristics, relationship between attitude herd size, social participation, extension contact, mass media
of tribal maize grower towards organic farming with their exposure, scientific orientation, risk orientation, economic
characteristics was worked out and results were obtained is motivation, market orientation and knowledge had positive and
presented in Table . highly significant correlation with attitude towards organic
farming in maize crop.. It clearly indicates that increase in
Table1: Relationship between the characteristics of
education, size of land holding, annual income, herd size,
tribal maize growers and their attitude towards
social participation, extension contact, mass media exposure,
organic farming practices in maize crop n = 120
scientific orientation, risk orientation, economic motivation,
Sr. Independent Variables Correlation- market orientation and knowledge was increases the attitude of
No. Coefficient tribal maize grower towards organic farming and vice versa.
(‘ r ‘ value)
The variable like age and size of family shows
1. Age -0.125(NS)
negative and non-significant relationship with the attitude of
2. Education 0.329” tribal maize grower towards organic farming. It clearly indicates
3. Size of family -0.046 (NS) that age and size of family are not important variables and they
4. Social participation 0.280** do not influence the attitude of tribal maize growers towards
5. size of Land holding 0.409** organic farming.
6. Annual income 0.265** CONCLUSION
7. Herd size 0.377** It can be concluded from the above findings that
8. Scientific orientation 0.328** the independent variables studies viz. education, size of
9. Economic motivation 0.261** land holding, annual income, herd size, social participation,
extension contact, mass media exposure, scientific orientation,
10. Risk orientation 0.364**
risk orientation, economic motivation, market orientation
11. Market orientation 0.774**
and knowledge had positive and highly significant correlation
12. Knowledge level 0.301** with attitude of tribal maize growers towards organic farming
13. Extension contact 0.306** whereas age and size of family of the attitude of tribal maize
14. Mass media exposure 0.244** grower had negative and non-significant correlation with attitude
behaviour.
NS = non significant at 0.05 level, * = significant at 0.05 level,
** = significant at 0.01 level REFERENCE
It is apparent from the data presented in the Table that Karl, Pearson. (1978). Hand Book of Agricultural Statistics .284-
285
9
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
1 Assit. Extn. Educationist, Sheth B.R. Polytechnic in Horticulture, S. D. Agril. University, Jagudan,
2 Professor (Extn. Education), Directorate of Extn. Edu., S.D.A.U., Sardarkrushinagar,
3 Assit. Extn. Educationist, Atic, Directorate of Extn. Edu., S.D.A.U., Sardarkrushinagar.
E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
At present, various transfer of technology programmes are being implemented by State and Central
Government, Non-Government Organization, State Agricultural Universities and Private agencies. The success
or failure of the transfer of technology programmes depends upon how far its clients perceived the same. The
present study was therefore, planned to know the perception and expectations of the farmers about transfer
of technology system and to find out the relationship of the selected characteristics of the farmers and their
perception. Two districts of the North Gujarat, three talukas from each district, two villages from each talukas
and ten farmers from each village were selected randomly. Thus, 120 farmers from twelve villages of six talukas
of two districts were selected. It was observed that 62.50 per cent of the farmers perceived the transfer of
technology system as useful whereas, nearly 24.17 per cent perceived it less useful and only 13.33 per cent
farmers perceived it as more useful. Eight independent variable viz., reading habit (0.3068), training received
(0.3329), innovativeness (0.2927), risk orientation (0.3971), economic motivation (0.3786), achievement
motivation (0.4480), mass media exposure (0.4769) and extension participation (0.2976) were found having
significant and positive relationship with farmers’ perception about usefulness of transfer of technology. The
major expectations of the farmers from present transfer of technology system were; Provide technology as
per the resources availability with the farmers and consider group demand while offering technology, make
the necessary ensured arrangement for relevant input supply, credit delivery and marketing of farm produce,
Appointment of grass root level extension personnel on the basis of their qualification, Involvement of farmers
from different farming systems in preparing action plan of any program and on the spot solution of farmers’
problem be made available.
perception and expectations of the farmers about transfer of Table 2: Correlation co-efficient of selected independent
technology system was undertaken. variables with farmers’ perception about transfer
of technology system n=120
METHODOLOGY
Sr. Characteristics ‘r’ value
The North Gujarat region consist of six districts, No.
of which two districts viz.; Mehsana and Patan, were selected
I Personal
randomly. From each district, three talukas from each district
1 Age (X1) - 0.0494 NS
and two villages from each taluka were selected using simple
random sampling method. From each talukas two villages 2 Education (X2) 0.1025 NS
and from each village, 10 respondents were selected randomly 3 Reading habit (X3) 0.3068**
making a sample size of 120 respondents.
4 Training received (X4) 0.3329**
Perception of the farmers about transfer of II Socio-economic
technology a standardize technique suggested by Likert 5 Annual income (X5) 0.1016 NS
(1932) with slight modification in the procedure.
6 Social participation (X6) 0.1318 NS
FINDINGS 7 Size of land holding (X7) 0.1013 NS
The data in this regard are presented in Table 1. 9 Risk orientation (X9) 0.3971**
10 Economic motivation (X10) 0.3786**
Table 1: Distribution of the farmers according to their
perception about usefulness of transfer of 11 Achievement motivation (X11) 0.4480**
2 Useful (In betn 91 to 131 score) 75 62.50 **= Significant at 0.01 level of significance
The relationship between selected characteristics of Shortfalls in present transfer of technology system as
perceived by the farmers
the farmers and their perception toward transfer of technology
system is given in Table 2. The data in this regard are given in Table 3.
11
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
Table 3: Shortfalls as perceived by the farmers in present transfer of technology system n=120
12
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
technology system were: Providing technology as per the Saiyad A. S. (2000). A study on role perception and role
resources availability with the farmers, group demand shall performance of woman arpanches of gram
be considered while offering the technology and make the panchayats in Anand district of Gujarat State. Ph.D.
necessary arrangement for relevant input supply be made. (Thesis Unpublished), GAU, Anand.
13
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to find out the perception of trainees regarding selected aspects of training
programme carried out by SSK, AAU, Anand during the year 2005-06. The trainees were highly satisfied with
accuracy to subject matter, knowledge of subject and audio-visual equipment with respect to subject matter,
quality of trainer and physical facility aspects of training, respectively. The average score in view of different
aspects of subject matter was more than one (the scores given to satisfactory response) so it indicates that trainees
were satisfied with all the aspect of subject matter. It was also notice that majority of the trainees were opined that
the training was based on their needs and interest.
Sardar Smruti Kendra is conducting the short dura- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
tion (one to four days) training programmes for the farming
The data depicted in Table 1 that majority of the
community of middle Gujarat (Anand, Amdavad, Kheda, Va-
trainees had young to middle age (83.75 per cent), up to high-
dodara, Dahod and Panchmal) for farmers, farm women and
er secondary level of education (80.00 per cent), large fam-
rural youth. Since inception of Sardar Smruti Kendra, many
ily size (64.37 per cent), up to 2 ha. of land holding (84.37
training programmes are organized every year for farmers,
per cent), membership in 1-2 social organization (70.00 per
farmwomen and farm youth.In order to know the perception
cent), agriculture and animal husbandry as a major occupa-
of farmers regarding selected aspects of training programme,
tion (74.37 per cent) and up to two animals (67.50 per cent).
present study was carried out with following objectives :
Table 1 : Distribution of the respondents according to
1 To study the socio-economic characteristics of the farm-
their profile n= 160
ers
Sr. Characteristics Respondents
2 To study the perception about selected aspects of training
No. No Per cent
programme.
1 Age
METHODOLOGY Young ( up to 35 years) 32 20.00
Middle ( 36 to 55 years) 102 63.75
The present survey was conducted in middle Gu- Old ( above 55 years) 26 16.25
jarat. The responses were collected from the trainees who 2 Education
Illiterate 00 00
avails the training at Sardar Smruti Kendra during 2005-06.
Primary education 19 11.87
From the trainees 160 trainees were selected randomly. To Secondary education 30 18.75
measure the perception of the trainees regarding selected Higher secondary education 79 49.38
aspect of training i.e. satisfaction under different aspects of College education 32 20.00
subject matter, satisfaction under different aspects of quality
of trainer and satisfaction under different aspects of physical
14
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
Sr. Characteristics Respondents cent) followed by ratio of lecture to discussion (72.50 per
No No Per cent cent) and relevance of subject matter wherever, a consider-
3 Family Size able per cent( 33.75) reported un satisfaction with adequacy
Small ( Upto 5 member 57 35.63 of subject matter. The average score in view of different as-
Large (More than 5 mem- 103 64.37 pects of subject matter was more than one (the scores given to
ber) satisfactory response) so, it indicates that trainees were satis-
4 Land holding fied with all the aspect of subject matter.
Up to one ha. 78 48.75
1.1 to 2.00 ha. 57 35.62 Further, table -2 data shows that the trainees ex-
2.10 to 4.00 ha. 25 15.63 pressed their high satisfaction towards Knowledge of subject
5 Herd Size (80.00 per cent) followed by method of presentation (78.75
No animals 00 0.00
per cent) and use of audio-visual aids (52.50 per cent). Fur-
Up to two animals 108 67.50
More than 3 animals 52 32.50 ther it was also noticed that trainees were satisfied with abil-
6. Social participation ity to admit mistake (86.20 per cent), approach in teaching
No membership 09 5.63 (60.00 per cent) and skill in human relation (57.50 per cent).
Membership in 1-2 org. 112 70.00 The average score in view of different aspects of quality of
Membership in >2 org 39 24.37 trainer was more than one (the scores given to satisfactory
7. Occupation response). Therefore, it implies that trainees were satisfied
Agriculture 32 20.00 with all the aspect of quality of trainer.
Agriculture+ A.H. 119 74.37
Agriculture +others 09 5.63 It can be inferred from the table 2 that majority of the
trainees were satisfied or highly satisfied with all aspects of
It is clear from the table-2 that the trainees were
physical facility.
highly satisfied with accuracy to subject matter( 90.00 per
Table 2 : Distribution of the respondents with respect to satisfaction under different aspects of subject matter
n= 160
15
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
The results from the table -4 indicated that majority (80.00 per cent), large family size (64.37 per cent), up
of the trainees (63.75 per cent were not satisfied with duration to 2 ha. of land holding (84.37 per cent), membership
of the training period while they perceived satisfaction (61.25 in 1-2 social organization (70.00 per cent), agriculture
per cent) with timing or month of training. and animal husbandry as a major occupation (74.37 per
cent) and up to two animals (67.50 per cent).
Table 3 : Distribution of the respondents according to
their perception of training with their needs and interest • The trainees were highly satisfied with accuracy to
subject matter ( 90.00 per cent), expressed their high
n= 160 satisfaction towards Knowledge of subject (80.00 per
cent),and were were satisfied or highly satisfied with all
Sr. Extent of perceived No. Per cent
aspects of physical facility.
No. relationship
1 To great extent 118 73.75 • Majority of the trainees (73.75 per cent) were opined that
2 To some what extent 42 26.25 the training was based on their needs and interest and
3 Not at all - - were not satisfied with duration of the training period
Table-4 : Distribution of the respondents according to while they perceived satisfaction (61.25 per cent) with
their perception to their satisfaction with dura- timing or month of training.
tion and timing n = 160 REFERENCES
Sr. Level of Duration of Timing of Patil, S.L., Sundara Swami, B. and Patil, V.G.1996. Develop-
No. satisfaction training training ment of scale to measure perception of farmers about use-
No Per cent No. Per cent fulness of NAEP. Maharashtra J. Extn.Edun. 15:125-131
1 Satisfied 58 36.25 98 61.25
2 Not satisfied 102 63.75 62 38.75 Soni, R.L. 1992. Farmers response towards vocational train-
ing programmes in Jodhpur district (Rajsthan), M.Sc.
CONCLUSION (Agri.) theses (Unpublished), RAU, Udaipur.
16
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
ABSTRACT
The present study was conducted in two randomly selected districts of North Gujarat namely, Mehsana
and Patan. From each district two talukas and from each taluka three villages were selected randomly. Thus,
total twelve village from six talukas were selected randomly. From each village ten farmers were selected at
random, making a sample of 120 farmers. For measurement of perception a scale was developed using the data
revealed that majority of the farmers (62.50 %) perceived the present Transfer of Technology system as useful.
Five characteristics namely, reading habit, training received, innovativeness, economic motivation and mass
media exposure established positively significant relationship with the farmers’ perception towards present
transfer of technology system. All the nine selected variables explained 44.79 % variation in farmers’ perception
toward Transfer of Technology system.
INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY
At present, various transfer of technology pro- The present study was conducted in North Gujarat
grammes are being implemented by State and Central Gov- region of Gujarat State, because this region fells under the
ernment, Non-Government Organization, State Agricultural jurisdiction of Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural
Universities and Private agencies. Increase in agriculture pro- University, Sardarkrushinagar.The ex-post-facto research
duction would have to be necessarily obtained by appropriate design was adopted to collect the data. Out of 6 districts
agricultural technology and its speedy transfer to the farmers under North Gujarat region of Gujarat State consisted two
through efficient transfer of technology system. To meet this districts viz.; Mehsana and Patan.were selected randomly.
emerging issue, it is worth necessary to have a strong and ef- Three talukas from each district and two villages from each
ficient transfer of technology system. The success or failure taluka were selected using simple random samling method.
of the transfer of technology programmes depends upon how For the standardized scales to measure perception of the
far its clients perceived the same. Therefore, to understand farmers about transfer of technology system in North Gujarat
the usefulness of present transfer of technology system for its region of Gujarat State. For constructing the scale, resorted
beneficiaries, the study entitled “ perception of the farmers the methodology suggested by Likert (1932) with slight
about transfer of technology system in North Gujarat” was modification in the procedure.
undertaken.
Initially, 38 statements covering the entire universe
OBJECTIVE of content were collected. These statements were then edited
according to the 14 criterea laid down by Edward (1957). In
The present study was conceived with a general
all, 36 statements were selected. A set of these statements
objective to measure “Perception of the farmers about
were them handed over to the 120 judges with request to
transfer of technology system in North Gujarat”
give their judgments by assigning proper rating to each
17
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
statement. Out of these, 80 responses were received. These was calculated and 29 statements were selected.
judges were asked to respond to each statement on the five-
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
point continuum i.e. ‘strongly agree’, ‘agree’, ‘undecided’,
’disagree’ and ‘strongly disagree’. The scoring pattern was The facts and findings derived after analyzing the
5, 4, 3, 2 and 1 for positive and 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 for negative data have been presented under the following sub heads:
statements, respectively. Finally ‘t’ value for each statement
Personal characteristics of the farmers
18
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
It can be observed from Table 1 that majority of Table 3: Correlation co-efficient of selected independent
the farmers (52.50 %) were in the old age group followed by variables with farmers’ perception about
middle age group(39.17 %). Maximum no of the respondents transfer of technology system
were found to have secondary education (35.83 %) followed by n= 120
those with primary education( 25.00 %) and higher secondary
education(21.67 %). In case of their reading habit, 45.00 per Sr. Characteristics ‘r’ value
cent of the farmers read only one publication, whereas 27.50 and No.
22.50 per cent of them were reading two publications and more I. Personal
than two publications, respectively. So for training is concerned
(45.00 %) farmers were untrained. Majority of them (80.00 %) 1 Age (X1) 0.0494 NS
had medium annual income. Maximum number of them (33.33 2 Education (X2) 0.1025NS
%) was in the medium land holding followed by small holding
(28.33 %) group. Two out of five (40.00 %) farmers were found 3 Reading habit (X3) 0.3068**
to have medium innovativeness. Little more than half (59.17 %) 4 Training received (X4) 0.3329**
had medium economic motivation and majority (65.83 %) of
them had medium level of mass media exposure. II. Socio-economic
Table 4: Multiple regression analysis of the selected independent variables with farmers’ perception about TOT
system n=120
* = Significant at 0.05 level (0.983) of significance ** = Significant at 0.01 level (1.985) of significance R2 = 0.4479
All the independent variables mentioned in to such characteristics viz.; age, education, reading habit,
Table- 4 explained as much as 44.79 per cent of total interpersonal communication, mass media exposure
variation in the farmer’s perception about usefulness of and extension participation while selecting the contact
transfer of technology system. The unexplained varia- farmers.
tion of 55.21 per cent may be due to the factors outside 3 The characteristics of farmers viz.; The extension
the scope of the study. organizations shall give due importance to develop
the communication skill of the farmers by organizing
It can also be revealed that the “z” values of three
different extension activities frequently and encourage
variables i.e. Innovativeness (2.156), economic motivation
them to participate in the same which help farmers
(2.357) and mass media exposure (3.230) were significant at
to make their positive perception about usefulness of
0.01 level of significance. These three variables significantly
transfer of technology system.
contributed in explaining the variation in farmer’s perception
about the usefulness of transfer of technology system. 4 The important shortfalls faced by most of the farmers
may be responsible for low or medium level of perception
Remaining variables have failed to contribute about usefulness of transfer of technology system. Hence,
significantly in farmer’s perception about the usefulness of it is worth necessary to consider their shortfalls in future
present transfer of technology system. transfer of technology programme planning and try to
minimize these shortfalls. This will help in changing
CONCLUSION the farmers’ perception about usefulness of transfer of
technology system.
Majority of the farmers (62.50 %) perceived the
present transfer of technology system as useful and it is sad REFERENCES
to note that only 13.33 per cent farmers perceived the transfer
of technology system as more useful. Eight valuables namely, Chavada V. N. (2006). Farmers’ perception about usefulness
innovativeness, risk orientation, economic motivation, of agriculture extension system. Ph.D. thesis (Unpub-
achievement motivation, mass media exposure, reading lished), JAU, Junagadh.
habit, training received and extension participation were
found having significant and positive relationships with the Lanjewar, D. M. and Shirke, R. A. (1991). Perception about
perception about usefulness of transfer of technology system. social forestry among farmers. Mah. J. Extn. Edu.,
10(1):93-98.
IMPLICATIONS
Saiyad A. S. (2000). A study on role perception and
On the basis of present study, following implications role performance of woman sarpanches of gram
are made for improvement in present transfer of technology panchayats in Anand district of Gujarat State. Ph.D.
system: Thesis (Unpublished), GAU, Anand.
1 The developed scales may be administered to any Sawant, R. P. (2001). Perception of farmers and extension
categories of farmers with due modification to measure personnel about usefulness of existing extension
their perception about usefulness of present transfer of system. Ph. D. Thesis (Unpublished), GAU,
technology system. Sardarkrushinagar.
2 The study suggested that due weightage shall be given
20
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted in Vadgam taluka of Banaskantha district of Gujarat state. The information
was collected by distributing the questionnaires to ten randomly selected farmers who were present these mass
campaigns. A total 25 villages were covered and the size of the sample was kept 250 for the study. Based on the
finding of the study, majority of the farmers had knowledge about major pests of the crops, spraying insecticides
in the crops and giving seed treatment and used plant protection equipments. While majority of the farmers pre-
pared a pesticides solution approximately and did not use protective wears at the time of preparing & spraying
pesticide.
21
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
The data presented in Table 1 that majority (46.40 coming from Socially and Economically Backward Class
per cent) of Respondents belongs to middle age group (35- (85.60 per cent).
50 years), having primary education (46.40 per cent) and
Table 2 : Distributions of the respondents according to their knowledge about pest n=250
22
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
It is evident from the data presented in Table 4 It is evident from the data presented in Table
that majority (96.00 per cent) of the respondents’ spray the 6 that majority (78.40 per cent) of the respondents used
pesticides on the plants for control the pest, followed by seed approximate proportion of pesticides solution for control the
treatment (81.60 per cent), through irrigation water (42.40 pest, only 21.60 per cent respondents prepared a solution as
per cent) and soil application (19.20 per cent) respectively. It per recommendation for control the pest.
can be concluded from the table that majority of the farmer Table 7 : Distributions of the respondents according
spraying pesticides on plants and giving seed treatment for preparation of to use of pesticide solution
pest control. n= 250
Table 5 : Distributions of the respondents according to Sr. Statements Number Per Total Rank
method of application of pesticide n= 250 No. cent Score
1 Hand shaking 86 34.40 172 II
Sr. Protection Equipments Number Per cent 2 Shaking with 104 41.60 208 I
No stick
1 Knapsack sprayer 69 55.20 2 Wear hand 25 10.00 50 III
gloves
2 Aspee bollow sprayer 50 40.00
4 Use Mask 35 14.00 70 IV
3 Rotary duster 23 18.40 The data presented in the Table 7 that majority (66.40
per cent) of the respondents shaking pesticides solution with
4 Pheromones traps 09 07.20
stick, followed by shaking pesticides solution through hand.
5 Light traps 03 02.40 Mostly did not use mask as well as did not wear hand gloves.
CONCLUSION
The data presented in the Table 5 that more than half
(55.20 per cent) of the respondents use Knapsack sprayer for Majority of the respondents belonged to middle
the spraying, followed by Aspee bollow sprayer and Rotary age, having primary education and from socially and
duster for the pest control by 40.00 and 18.40 per cent. It can Economically Backward Class. More than 90.00 per cent
be concluded from the table that majority of the respondents of the respondents had knowledge about major pests of the
had used Knapsack sprayer and Aspee bollow sprayer for crop growing in the area and receiving information about
control of pest. They did not used the low cost methods of pesticides from the pesticides dealers. Nearly about 90.00 per
pest control. cent of the respondents spraying the pesticide on the crop and
giving treatment to seed. Majority of the respondents used
Table 6 : Distributions of the respondents according to
knapsack sprayer and Aspee bollow sprayer for spraying
use of pesticide dose n= 250
pesticides. More than two-third of the respondents used
approximate proportion of pesticides solution for control the
Sr. Statements Number Per Total Rank
pest, majority of the respondents did not use mask as well
No. cent Score
as did not wear hand gloves while preparing solution and
1 As per 54 21.60 108 II spraying.
recommen-
dation
23
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
ABSTRACT
Knowledge of farmers plays an important role in adoption of improved agricultural technologies. The
Study was undertaken in Dholka taluka of Amdavad district of Gujarat state to study knowledge level of rose
growers about improved rose cultivation. A random sampling procedure was adopted for the selection of respon-
dents from the selected villages and total 127 rose growers were selected. The study indicated that majority
(68.50 per cent) of the rose growers had medium level of knowledge about improved rose cultivation practices
followed by 18.90 per cent who had low level of knowledge. There were only 12.60 per cent of the respondents
who had high level of knowledge about improved rose cultivation practices.
of the rose growers (Table 1) ability to mobilize resources, ability to co-ordinate activities,
efficient use of resources, ability in rational marketing and
Table 1 : Relationship between independent variables and
competence in evaluation. Based on management efficiency
management efficiency n = 127
index of the rose growers, respondents were categorized into
Sr. Independent Variables Correlation three groups as shown in Table 2.
No. Coefficient
(‘ r ’value) Table 2 : Distribution of respondents according to their
I Personal management efficiency n = 127
1 Age -0.2041*
Sr. Level of Management Frequency Per cent
2 Education 0.5123*
No. efficiency
3 Experience in rose cultivation 0.3445* 1 Low
19 14.96
II Social (below 58.55score)
4 Family size 0.0689 NS 2 Medium
87 68.50
(58.55 to 69.23 score)
III Economical
3 High
5 Size of land holding 0.1065 NS 21 16.54
(above 69.23 score)
6 Land under rose cultivation 0.4261*
Mean = 63.89 S. D. = 5.34
IV Communicational
7 Participation in training programme 0.6632* The data in Table 2 revealed that, slightly more than
two-third (68.50 per cent) of the rose growers had medium
8 Contact with extension agency 0.4344*
level of management efficiency while 16.54 per cent of the
9 Exposure to mass media 0.4334* rose growers had high and 14.96 per cent of the rose growers
V Psychological had low level of management efficiency. The result is in line
10 Economic motivation 0.5170* with the finding of Patel (2006).
11 Risk orientation 0.5094* CONCLUSION
12 Achievement motivation 0.4278*
It can be concluded that majority (68.50 per cent) of
13 Level of aspiration 0.4787*
the rose growers had medium level of management efficien-
14 Scientific orientation 0.5393* cy. The medium level of knowledge about improved rose cul-
15 Innovative proneness 0.4922* tivation practices, ability in planning, ability to make rational
16 Cosmopoliteness 0.5256* decision, timely adoption of technologies, ability to mobilize
resources, ability to co-ordinate activities and efficient use
17 Competition orientation 0.4327*
of resources might be the reason to have medium level of
18 Self confidence 0.4550* management efficiency among majority (68.50 per cent) of
* Significant at 0.05 level of probability the rose growers.
Management efficiency is a degree to which an in- Anonymous (2008). Floriculture Today, Sept.2008., 10.
dividual acquires and adopt effectiveness factors in an enter-
Biswas, T. D.(1983). Rose growing – Principle and practices.
prise to reach higher level of performance. The data regarding
Associated Publishing Co., New- Delhi.
management efficiency of the rose growers were collected
by knowing and summing various abilities viz; knowledge Patel, S. R. (2006). A study on management efficiency of
about improved rose cultivation practices, attitude towards aonla growers of Anand and Kheda district of Gujarat
improved cultivation practices, ability in planning, ability state. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, A.A.U., Anand.
to make rational decision, timely adoption of technologies,
25
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted in Junagadh district of Gujarat state. Knowledge of the coriander produc-
tion technology is important for increasing the production levels. Hence, this study was conducted to know the
knowledge level and its relationship with personal and socio-economical characteristic of coriander grower.
The study revealed that coriander growers were medium level knowledge of coriander production technology
having detailed knowledge about important coriander production technology. The study also reveled that edu-
cation, social participation, extension contact, size of land holding, irrigation potentiality, cropping intensity,
risk orientation, extension participation, innovativeness, exposure to information sources and production were
positively significant associated with the knowledge of recommended coriander production technology.
Key words : Education, Social participation, Irrigation potentiality, Cropping intensity, Risk orientation,
Extension participation, Innovativeness.
26
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
A unit score was given to correct and zero to The extents of coriander growers’ knowledge of
incorrect response. The total score obtained by individual recommended coriander production technology are presented
respondent for all the statements was calculated. Then, with in Table 1.
Table 1: Distribution of respondents based on their knowledge about coriander production technology n = 160
From Table 1, it is clear that 65.62 per cent of the significant associated with the knowledge of recommended
coriander growers were medium level knowledge of coriander coriander production technology.
production technology. A considerably 17.51 and 16.87 per
cent of respondents were in high and low knowledge group, Table 2: Correlation between knowledge about coriander
respectively. production technology followed by the farmers
and the independent variables n = 160
This might be due to fact that the coriander growers
had medium extension contact, medium social participation, Sr. Name of the independent ‘r’ value
medium risk orientation and medium extension participation. No variables
1 Age -0.1913*
This factor had favourable helped the coriander growers
in getting more knowledge about recommended coriander 2 Education 0.2104**
production technology. 3 Social participation 0.1739*
4 Annual income 0.1254 NS
Correlation between knowledge about coriander
production technology followed by the farmers 5 Extension contact 0.2033*
6 Size of land holding 0.1988*
There was no significant association with the knowledge about
7 Irrigation potentiality 0. 2336**
recommended coriander production technology and their
annual income. Age was negative and significantly associated 8 Cropping intensity 0.2836**
with the knowledge of recommended coriander production 9 Risk orientation 0.2782**
technology. While market orientation was negative and non 10 Extension participation 0.2490**
significant associated with the knowledge of recommended Innovativeness
11 0.3283**
coriander production technology.
12 Market orientation -0.0269 NS
While remaining all characteristics of the respondents like Exposure to information
13 0.1849*
education, social participation, extension contact, size of sources
14 Production 0.2857**
land holding, irrigation potentiality, cropping intensity, risk
orientation, extension participation, innovativeness, exposure * Significant at 0.05 level ** Significant at 0.01 level
NS = Non significant
to information sources and production were positively
27
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
28
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
ABSTRACT
In the present study, attempt has been made to know extent of knowledge of onion growers about post
harvest technology. Total 100 respondents were selected two talukas of four villages. In light of the objectives,
the interview schedule was prepared. The data were collected by personal interview of the respondents. From
this study revealed that majority of the onion growers had medium level of knowledge about post harvest tech-
nique.
We are producing sufficient quantity of onion but For the purpose of measurement of extent of adop-
out of this many tones of onion bulbs either get damaged or tion a structured schedule including various recommended
go waste due to lack of knowledge of scientific methods of practices of onion post harvest technique by the onion grow-
harvesting, drying and curing, sorting and grading, storage, ers’ was developed in consultation with the crop scientist
transportation and marketing. and literature available and determined by adopting adoption
quotient developed by Sengupta (1967).
In order to minimize the post harvest losses there is
most need to educate farm families about scientific methods Number of Practices
of onion harvesting, drying and curing of onion, sorting and Adoption Used
grading and improved method of storage to enable them to
X 100
Quotient = Number of Adoption
make the maximum use of available produce in term of qual- Practices
ity and quantity. Therefore, post harvest techniques of onion
must suit farmer to improve efficiency in post harvest man- The A.Q. was calculated for each respondent later on all on-
ion growers were classified into three levels of adoption.
agement and reducing drudgery in carrying out these activi-
ties. Low adoption group = Mean – S. D.
The production of onion is relatively higher in South Medium adoption group = Mean ± S. D.
Saurashtra Agro- Climatic Zone as compared to other zone.
High adoption group = Mean + S. D.
29
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION dium level of adoption about post harvest technique. It can be
concluded that majority of the onion growers were medium
Extent of onion growers about post harvest techniques of
adopters of the post harvest techniques of onion followed by
onion
low and high group, respectively. This might be fact that the
Table 1: Onion Growers Extent of Adoption about Post majority of the onion growers possess medium knowledge,
Harvest Techniques of Onion n=100 income and extension contact.
30
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
Adoption of no-cost and low-cost technologies of animal husbandry by tribal dairy farmwomen
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted purposively in five tribal talukas of Vadodara district in Gujarat State during
2010-11, drawing a sample of 150 respondents to ascertain the adoption of recommended no-cost and low-cost
animal husbandry technologies. Six major areas of dairy farming such as housing and general management,
feeding and watering, calf rearing, breeding, clean milk production and health care were selected for the study.
The overall adoption index observed was just 60.68 per cent. Further, adoption hierarchy study revealed that
adoption regarding health care practices ranked I with mean score of 2.08, followed by clean milk production
practices ranked II, feeding and watering practices ranked III, breeding practices ranked IV, housing and general
management practices ranked V and calf rearing practices ranked VI with mean score of 2.05, 2.03, 1.95, 1.94
and 1.88, respectively.
was measured with the help of semi structured schedule Sr. Group of animal Numbers of no- Possible
based on judges’ opinion. The structured schedule included No husbandry practice cost & low-cost adoption
total 45 relevant no-cost and low-cost animal husbandry technologies score
technologies/practices classified in the group of six major included in
animal husbandry practices for dairy farming. In the semi the structured
schedule of
structure schedule, there were three columns against each
their adoption
of 45 sub-practices representing ‘Fully adopted’ ‘partially
1 Housing and general 12 00 to 24
adopted’ and ‘Not adopted’ with weightage of 2, 1 and 0
management
score, respectively.
2 Feeding and 05 00 to 10
The numbers of sub-practices included in each watering
major group of animal husbandry practice and the possible
3 Calf rearing 06 00 to 12
practice wise adoption score as well as total adoption scores
4 Breeding 04 00 to 08
that a respondent would obtained as under:
5 Clean milk practices 12 00 to 24
Overall adoption index and practice wise adoption index 6 Health care 06 00 to 12
were calculated on the basis of obtained score divided by Total practices 45 00 to 90
maximum possible score and multiplied by hundred. All
the respondents were grouped in to three categories viz.1. Three point rating scale was used and 3, 2 and 1
score was assigned to high, medium and low adoption level
Low (< -S.D), 2. Medium (In between ± S.D) and 3.
respectively for each of six animal husbandry practices. To
High (> + S.D ) for their total adoption level as well as lay down the adoption hierarchy, the mean score for adoption
practice wise adoption level of no-cost and low-cost animal of each practice was calculated, on the basis of which, ranks
husbandry technologies for dairy farming . were assigned to the adoption level of each of six selected
practices from higher to lower.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The practice wise adoption of no-cost and low-cost technologies of animal husbandry by tribal dairy farmwomen
is summarized in Table 1.
Table 1 : Practice wise adoption of no-cost and low-cost technologies of animal husbandry by tribal dairy farmwomen
n = 150
32
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
Adoption regarding no-cost and low-cost technologies et al. (2006), and Rathore et al. (2009).
of housing and general management practices
Adoption regarding no-cost and low-cost technologies of
Table 1 shows that, nearly three-fifth (59.33 per calf rearing practices
cent) of tribal dairy farmwomen found with medium level
The data presented in Table 1 regarding adoption
of adoption regarding no-cost and low-cost technologies
level of no-cost and low cost technologies of calf rearing
of housing and general management practices, followed by
practices among dairy farmwomen revealed that slightly
23.33 and 17.34 per cent of tribal dairy farmwomen found
more than three-fifth (61.33 per cent) of the them had
with low and high level of adoption, respectively. It can
medium level of adoption followed by 25.34 per cent and
be concluded that, more than four-fifth (82.66 per cent) of
13.33 percent of the dairy farmwomen had low level and
dairy farmwomen were found with low to medium level of
high level of adoption respectively. It can be concluded that
adoption regarding no-cost and low-cost technologies of
majority (86.67 per cent) of the dairy farmwomen had low
housing and general management, which is due to fact that
to medium level of adoption regarding no-cost and low-cost
majority of tribal dairy farmwomen failed to provide proper technologies of calf rearing practices. During field survey it
floor and manger in cattle shed due to their traditional Kachha was observed that majority of the tribal dairy farmwomen
housing and poor economic condition, and also observed that were not following the practices of naval cord treatment
majority of them were not following the practices of regular immediately after calving, fed colostrums to newly born calf
grooming of dairy animals, ectoparasitic control measures, after the expulsion of placenta only (due to misconception
purchasing the dairy animals after veterinary check up that if they feed colostrums immediately after birth, then
and maintaining the different records for productivity and the animal would not release the placenta and it also could
profitability of dairy farming. This finding is in contrast to lead to diarrhea in calves), were not following recommended
the reports by Singh and Chauhan (2009) and Rathore et al. deworming schedule but dewormed when calf was off-feed
(2009). or when worms were observed in faeces, and majority were
not dehorned their calf, which accounted for such findings.
Adoption regarding no-cost and low-cost technologies of
Discussion with the dairy farmwomen revealed that they
feeding and watering practices
were unaware of the health implications and benefits of
The data given in Table 1 indicated that, nearly three- practicing naval cord cutting, timely colostrums feeding and
fourth (72.00 per cent) of tribal dairy farmwomen found with deworming to calf. This finding is in conformity with the
medium level of adoption regarding no-cost and low-cost findings of Singh and Chauhan (2009).
technologies of feeding and watering, followed by 15.33 and Adoption regarding no-cost and low-cost technologies of
12.67 per cent of tribal dairy farmwomen found with high breeding practices
and low level of adoption, respectively. It can be inferred
that, vast majority (87.33 per cent) of the dairy farmwomen Table 1 shows that more than half (51.33 per cent) of
had medium to high level of adoption regarding no-cost and tribal dairy farmwomen were with medium level of adoption
low-cost technologies of feeding and watering practices. This regarding no-cost and low-cost technologies of breeding
is attributed to the findings of field survey that majority of practices, followed by 26.67 and 22.00 per cent with low and
the tribal dairy farmwomen were providing adequate fresh – high level of adoption, respectively. It can be inferred that
clean water, green fodder and feeding of chaffed green fodder more than three-fourth (78.00 per cent) of dairy farmwomen
as well as dry fodder for better productivity, profitability and were found with low to medium level of adoption regarding
no-cost and low-cost technologies of breeding management,
sustainability of dairy farming due to better availability
which is due to fact that majority of tribal dairy farmwomen
of drinking water and consciousness of respondent about
were not following the pregnancy diagnosis practices after
feeding and watering practices. However, majority of tribal
60-90 days of AI /natural services and vast majority of them
dairy farmwomen were not utilizing urea treatment of poor
had not adopted AI /natural service to milking animal after
quality roughage and regular feeding of mineral mixture
90-120 days of calving due to ignorance and misconception
along with concentrate might be due to poor knowledge
of reduction in milk production of milking dairy animals,
regarding importance of urea treatment and mineral mixture
besides the lack of faith and poor facilities of AI and pregnancy
for higher productivity and profitability of dairy farming.
diagnosis. This finding is supported with the findings of Mavi
Similar findings were reported by Arora et al, (2006), Bhakar
et al. (2006) and Singh and Chauhan (2009).
33
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
Adoption regarding no-cost and low-cost technologies of Department and District Co-operative Dairy Union. The result
clean milk production practices of these practices evident in form of good health of animal,
continuous and steady milk production by dairy animal, thus,
The data given in Table 1 indicated that, nearly
the high degree of adoption observed. However, majority of
three-fourth (73.33 per cent) of tribal dairy farmwomen
tribal dairy farmwomen were not isolating the sick animal
found with medium level of adoption regarding no-cost and
from healthy animal and were not following the deworming
low-cost technologies of clean milk production, followed by
of adult animals. This may be attributed to poor economic
16.00 and 10.67 per cent of tribal dairy farmwomen found
condition, unavailability of separate housing facility and poor
with high and low level of adoption, respectively. It can
knowledge regarding the harm caused by the parasitic load.
be inferred that vast majority (89.33 per cent) of the dairy
This finding is in conformity with the results reported by
farmwomen had medium to high level of adoption regarding
Mohi and Bhatti (2006).
no-cost and low-cost technologies of clean milk production
practices. It was found during field survey that, majority of Practice-wise adoption hierarchy
the tribal dairy farmwomen were following the practices of
On the basis of mean score presented in Table 1,
cleaning of floor, washing and drying udder, hind quarter of
an adoption hierarchy among the tribal dairy farmwomen
animal and milker’s hands before milking, cleaning milking
regarding no-cost and low-cost technologies of animal
utensil regularly, avoiding roughage feeding at milking
husbandry was assigned and diagrammatically depicted in
and quick delivery of milk to the village co-operative
Fig.21. According to adoption hierarchy, adoption regarding
immediately after milking accounted for such findings. It
health care practices ranked I with mean score of 2.08,
does not necessarily due to their awareness about importance
followed by clean milk production practices ranked II,
of clean milk production practices, but in most of cases, it
feeding and watering practices ranked III, breeding practices
may be due to common hygienic concept and traditions.
ranked IV, housing and general management practices ranked
Therefore, considerable proportion of dairy farmwomen were
V and calf rearing practices ranked VI with mean score of
practicing knuckling method (wrong method) of milking and
2.05, 2.03, 1.95, 1.94 and 1.88, respectively. This concluded
majority of them were not following the important clean milk
that there is still a large scope for improvement in adoption
production practices, viz. discarding two strips of milk from
of selected no-cost and low-cost technologies of animal
each teat, stripping at the end of milking, milking sick and
husbandry with special emphasis of housing and general
treated animal at the last and keeping their milk separate and
management, breeding and calf rearing practices of animal
filtering fresh milk with clean and dry cloth. This finding is in
husbandry by tribal dairy farmwomen while preparing the
line with the findings of Mohi and Bhatti (2006).
extension programmes for tribal dairy farming development.
Adoption regarding no-cost and low-cost technologies of
Overall adoption of no-cost and low-cost technologies of
health care practices
animal husbandry by the tribal dairy farmwomen
The data given in Table 1 indicated that, slightly less
On the basis of total adoption score obtained by the
than three-fifth (58.67 per cent) of tribal dairy farmwomen
tribal dairy farmwomen, they were grouped in to three categories
were found with medium level of adoption regarding no-
and data regarding this aspect are presented in Table 2.
cost and low-cost technologies of health care practices,
followed by 24.00 and 17.33 per cent with high and low Table 2: Distribution of tribal dairy farmwomen
level of knowledge, respectively. It can be concluded that according to their adoption level of no-cost and
vast majority (82.67 per cent) of the dairy farmwomen had low-cost technologies of animal husbandry
medium to high level of adoption regarding no-cost and low- n =150
cost technologies of health care practices. This is attributed
to the findings of field survey that majority of the tribal dairy Sr. Level of adoption
Frequency Per cent
farmwomen were adopting timely and regular vaccination No.
of dairy animals against commonly occurring contagious 1 Low (below 47.77 Score) 26 17.33
diseases, reported promptly the incidence of contagious 2 Medium (47.77 to 73.59 Score) 100 66.67
diseases to Government authority and were following hygienic 3 High (above 73.59 Score) 24 16.00
disposal of placenta and dead body, which proves the efficient Mean = 60.68 S. D. = 12.91
health care services provided by State Animal Husbandry
34
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
It is clear from data presented in Table 18 that, and degree of adoption of improved dairy
slightly more than two-third (67.67 per cent) of the tribal husbandry practices in U.S. Nagar district of
dairy farmwomen had medium level of adoption about no- Uttaranchal. Indian Journal of Dairy science. 59
cost and low-cost technologies of animal husbandry, whereas (5): 337-343
17.33 and 16.00 per cent of tribal dairy farmwomen had low
Bhakar, S., Malik, J.S., Singh Sube and Dahiya Shushila
and high level of overall adoption, respectively. On the basis
(2006). Comparative adoption level of farmers
of the above results, it can be concluded that majority (84.00
regarding improved animal husbandry practices in
per cent) of the tribal dairy farmwomen had low to medium
watershed and non-watershed villages. J. Dairying.
level of adoption about no-cost and low-cost technologies
Foods & H.S. 25(1): 51-54.
of animal husbandry. This might be due to their low to
medium level of knowledge regarding no-cost and low-cost Durga, R.V. (2004). Training needs of farm women of
technologies of animal husbandry along with their medium Thrissur Taluka in dairy and poultry farming.
level of annual income and economic motivation. However, M.V.Sc. thesis (Unpublished), Kerala Agricultural
the overall adoption index observed was just 60.68 per cent University, Thrissur.
which needs concrete and planned efforts of policy makers,
administrators and concerned agencies to develop holistic Khokhar, S.R. (2007). A study on adoption of dairy
approach in formulating appropriate strategy for wider innovations by dairy farm women in Anand
adoption of no-cost and low-cost technologies of animal district, M.Sc. (Agri.) thesis (Unpublished), AAU,
husbandry among the tribal dairy farmwomen. This finding Anand.
is supported with the findings of Khokhar (2007) and Durga
Mavi, K.S., Chauhan, J.P.S. and Das, B.C. (2006). Role of
(2009).
self employment on programme on dairying in
CONCLUSION adoption of improved dairy farming practices.
Indian J . of Dairy Sci. 59(3):185-190.
It can be concluded that no-cost and low-cost
technologies of health practices were highly adopted , Mohi Amardeep kaur and Bhatti, J. S. (2006). Adoption
whereas, that of housing and general management and calf of improved dairy farming practices by members
rearing practices were least adopted by tribal dairy farmwomen of Punjab Dairy Farmers Association. J. dairying,
. The extension agencies should gear-up to popularize the Foods & H.S.25(1):55-58.
recommended no-cost and low-cost technologies in breeding,
Rathore, R. S., Singh, R. and Kanchawala, R. N. (2009).
feeding, housing and general management and calf rearing
Adoption of recommended management practices
practices through their extension programmes among tribal
and relationship between selected traits of the
dairy farmwomen.
respondents. Indian J. of Dairy Sc. 62(4): 327-334.
REFERENCES
Singh, M. and Chauhan, A. (2009). Adoption of animal
Arora, A.S., Avadesh Kumar, Bardhan, D. and Dabas, Y.P.S. husbandry practices by dairy owners. Indian J.
(2006). Socio-economic and communication of Dairy Sc. 62(2): 119-125
variables associated with level of knowledge
35
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
Demand Supply Gap and Dealers’ Margin for Hybrid Castor Seed in Gujarat
ABSTRACT
The castor is an important non edible oilseed crop with immense industrial importance. The area
production and productivity of castor is highest in Gujarat state. In India where hybrid castor is pre- dominantly
cultivated. The hybrid castor seed is produced by public and private sector seed companies and marketed with
their strong network at distinct and taluka levels. The present study focuses the demand and supply gap and
dealers margin for castor hybrid seed. The castor seed marketed in Gujarat state. The study revealed that the
GSSCL (Gujarat State Seed Corporation Ltd.) has the major share of 53.62 per cent in the market during 2010-
11 while a number of other companies were also the prominent with their respective brands in the market. The
dealers’ margin was as low as 4.55 per cent of public sector companies and up to 11.76 per cent for a private
sector company.
36
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
37
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
As far as the projected demand supply gap is The dealers’ margin was studied in relation to
concerned, it was estimated by the differences between castor hybrid GCH-7. In the study area, the major brands
the projected demands based on the area under cultivation / seed companies operating were GSSCL, GUJCOMASOL,
under castor during last three years. The production figures Avni, Nandi, DSP, Mahyco, Bhooma and Navbharat. From
of different castor hybrid recommended by SDAU were the dealers their purchase price was asked along with the
obtained from GSSCL. The projected gap was estimated discount each company offers them. The information given in
from the available figures of demand and supply. Table 2 reveals that the purchase price of the dealers ranged
from Rs. 270 (Avni) to 400 (Bhooma). The discount on per 2
During last three years, the area under castor
kg bag ranged from Rs. 15 (Gurabini and GUJCOMASOL)
cultivation in Gujarat state was 4,33,900 ha. (2008-
to Rs. 40 (Mahyco). The retail price for the consumers’ i.e
09), 4,21,600 ha. (2009-10) and 4,19,600 ha. (2010-11).
farmers ranged from Rs. 290 to Rs. 435 per two Kg bag. In
Considering the recommended seed rate of castor @ 5 Kg/ha.,
respect of the dealers’ margin, it was as low as 4.55 per cent
the estimated seed requirement has been worked out which is
for Gurabini (Gujarat Rajya Beej Nigam), a popular brand of
the total demand of hybrid castor seed. It is presumed that
GSSCL and GUJCOMASOL brand and up to 11. 76 per cent
there is almost 99 per cent SRR in castor in the state. The
in respect of Mahyco brand.
estimated seed requirement is given in Table 1.
38
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
Gap in Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity of
Maize Crop in Dahod District under ATMA Project
1 Assoc.Ext.Edu., Publication Deptt, DEE, AAU. Anand and Ex-Project Director, ATMA Project, Dahod
2 SMS (Ext.Edu.,), KVK, NAU, Navsari
3 Agril.Officer, HMRS, AAU, Dahod
Email : [email protected]
ABSTRACT
ATMA project was launched in Gujarat in December, 2005. Initially I first phase, 8 districts were se-
lected and Dahod is one of them. The Dahod district falls in middle Gujarat region of agro-climatic zone. The ma-
jority of population (71.00 per cent) is tribal,.Among farming community, 94.96 per cent farmers are belonging to
schedule tribes from which 60.14 per cent falls under marginal farmers. The major crops of this region are Maize,
Paddy, Gram and Wheat. The area under Maize cultivation during the year 2004-05 in Kharif (110880 ha.) and in
Rabi (28200 ha.) having the productivity 1646 kg/ha and 2437 kg/ha, respectively, which is very less as compare
to recommended productivity i.e. 3000 kg/ha. There was a wide gap in productivity of Maize crop. For developing
the SREP. four villages viz.. Bhe. Vatli, Ved and Vanzaria were selected. The participatory data collection by the
multidisciplinary team was conducted in the representative villages. The result shows that there was a full gap
in seed treatment, micronutrient application and pest and disease management while method of showing, use of
varieties, seed rate, application of organic manure and chemical fertilizers and weed management practices were
found in partial gap category fulfill the gap in practices and yield, the farmers were proposed the extension strate-
gies viz., Training, Demonstration, Soil testing and application of fertilizers as per recommendation and Training
regarding pest and disease management.
39
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
Table 1 : Trend in area and productivity of maize in representative village of each aes in dhaod district
The last 20 years’ trend of maize productivity in representative villages was presented in Table 1 indicated that there
was less increase in AES 3 and 4 while more increase in AES 1 and 2.
Table 2 : SWOT analysis for maize crop maize
Strengths Weaknesses
Knowledge of cultivating the crop Mono-crop
Cultivating traditionally Following traditional practices
Experience in cultivating the crop Nor risk bearing ability
Grown in upland Large number of farmers using traditional
varieties
Requires less rain-fall
Opportunities Threats
Suitable for this condition Occurrence of drought
Good market facility Incidence of diseases
High yielding variety available Market fluctuations
Lump sum income Criminalization in society
Involvement of family labour
Low operational cases
Low pest and disease incidence
The Table 2 represented the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats for developing the strategy for
improving the productivity of maize crop.
Table : 3 Gap in adoption and farmer strategies for improving the poduction and productivity of the maize crop
40
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
The Table 3 shown the existing gap in adoption of practices were : (1)Seed treatment due to lack of awareness
improved production technology in maize crop with their and traditional farming (2) Micronutrient application due to
specific reasons and the proposed extension strategy. lack of awareness, poor economic condition and unavailability
of inputs (3) Pest management due to Lack of awareness and
The full gap was seen in maize crop production
41
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
42
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
ABSTRACT
The advantage of democracy must reach to all sectors of a society. A large number of development
projects are in operation but tribal farmers of the state could not reach to the expected level of socio-techno-
economic change. With a view to analyzing this, present study was undertaken in Integrated Tribal Development
Project area of Dahod district of Gujarat State. The study was conducted with a sample of 200 randomly selected
tribal peasants from 20 villages of 4 talukas of Dahod district. The results of the study reveal that majority of the
respondents had medium level of socio-techno-economic change. All the independent variables selected for the
study were positively significantly related with level of socio-techno-economic change except level of aspiration.
Among them age, urban pull and migration habit had negative but significant relationship with it. The multiple
regression analysis indicated that out of 23 independent variables only eight independent variables i.e. age,
education, occupation, farm power, urban pull, mass media exposure, non-fatalism and Knowledge regarding
improved practices of maize cultivation together affected the change in dependent variable significantly to the
extent of 75.20 per cent. The variable mass media exposure alone contributed to 59.75 per cent of total variation
in socio-techno-economic change. Mass media exposure contributed significantly to the prediction of the extent of
socio-techno-economic change It is therefore, recommended that community television sets, radio sets and local
news paper should made available in all villages, regular free film and video show should be arranged, printed
literature about improved technology should be distributed to the educated peasants. The study also revealed
that economic variables like number of occupations in which tribal farmers involved, farm power contributed
significantly to the prediction of socio-techno-economic change. It is, therefore, implies that some subsidiary
occupations like poultry, bee keeping, rope making, sericulture etc. should be created by the Government and
Non-Government organizations. Efforts should be also made to supply inputs to tribal peasants. This may help in
contributing better socio-techno-economic change in tribal farmers of ITDP area of the district.
Keywords: ITDP, Socio-techno-economic change
Table 1 : Distribution of respondents according to their The result depicted in Table 2 revealed that out of
socio-techno-economic change n=200 twenty three independent variables, nineteen variables namely,
education, occupation, size of land holding, farm power,
Sr. Level of socio-techno- Number Per cent organizational participation, level of achievement, mass
No. economic change
media exposure, change agency contact, role taking empathy,
1 Low (< 12.09 score) 45 22.50
2 Medium (between 12.10 to 123 61.50 non-fatalism, economic motivation, cosmopoliteness, risk
3 31.31 score) 32 16.00 orientation, scientific orientation, knowledge regarding
High (> 31.31 score) improved practices of maize cultivation, knowledge regarding
improved animal husbandry practices, adoption of improved
Mean = 21.70 SD = 9.61
practices of maize cultivation, adoption of improved animal
44
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
husbandry practices and level of overall modernization were ables namely, level of aspiration was found non-significant
found to be positively and significantly related with the socio- with socio-techno-economic change of tribal farmers.
techno-economic change of the tribal farmers.
Variable Predicting Socio-Techno-Economic Change
With regard to independent variables namely, age,
Table 3: Multiple regression analysis of socio-techno-
urban pull and migration habit were found significantly but
economic change score of the tribal farmers
negatively correlated with the socio-techno-economic change
n = 200
of the tribal farmers. Whereas, only one independent vari-
Sr. Independent Partial regres- Standard error ‘t’ value Standard par- Rank
No. variable sion coefficient of regression tial regression
( byi.j) coefficient coefficient
(SE of byi.j ) ( b’yi.j )
1 Adoption of improved animal hus- 0.2566 0.1393 1.841NS 0.1013
VIII
bandry practices
2 Age 0.0871 0.0444 1.963* 0.0884 IX
3 Education - 1.1322 0.5167 2.191* - 0.1149 VII
4 Occupation 3.7128 1.1352 3.271** 0.1302 V
5 Farm power 0.8840 0.2461 3.610** 0.1484 IV
6 Urban pull - 3.9870 1.3578 2.936** - 0.1275 VI
7 Mass media exposure 0.8417 0.1588 5.302** 0.3859 I
8 Non-fatalism 0.8615 0.3886 2.217* 0.1505 III
9 Knowledge regarding improved 0.4736 0.1249 3.793** 0.2524 II
practices of maize cultivation
Constant : -5.5999 Multiple R = 0.8672 R2 = 0.7520
* Significant at 0.05 level of probability ** Significant at 0.01 level of probability
It is clear from the Table-3 that out of 23 inde- It is therefore, recommended that community television sets,
pendent variables only eight independent variables i.e. age, radio sets and local news paper should made available in all
education, occupation, farm power, urban pull, mass media villages, regular free film and video show should be arranged,
exposure, non-fatalism and Knowledge regarding improved printed literature about improved technology should be
practices of maize cultivation together affected the change distributed to the educated peasants. The study also revealed
in dependent variable significantly to the extent of 75.20 per that economic variables like number of occupations in which
cent. tribal farmers involved, farm power contributed significantly
to the prediction of socio-techno-economic change. It is,
The variable mass media exposure alone contributed
therefore, implies that some subsidiary occupations like
to 59.75 per cent of total variation in socio-techno-economic
poultry, bee keeping, rope making, sericulture etc. should
change. As per the ranks of standard partial regression
be created by the Government and Non-Government
coefficient, the independent variable mass media exposure is
organizations. Efforts should be also made to supply inputs
most important variables followed by knowledge regarding
to tribal peasants. This may help in contributing better socio-
improved animal husbandry practices, non-fatalism, farm
techno-economic change in tribal farmers of ITDP area of
power, occupation, urban pull, education, adoption of
the district.
improved animal husbandry practices and age.
IMPLICATION
45
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
ABSTRACT
Agricultural modernization means improvement in farming system, infrastructure facilities, promotion
of cultivation practices, crop diversification and value addition process. Agricultural modernization is not purely
technological or economic problem. It is frequently dependent on an understanding of the society in which it is to take
place, a knowledge of the social and cultural factors that condition farmers responsiveness to technological change
is essential. The present study was conducted in Sabarkantha district of North Gujarat region of Gujarat state as the
economy of the district is basically dependent on agriculture as 62.8% workers are engaged in primary sector. The
farmers of Sabarkantha district are innovative as well as enthusiastic in modern agriculture. Secondly, the district
ranks first with respect to tribal population amongst the districts of North Gujarat region It is seen that only 14
villages out of 1,372 were having percentage range of scheduled tribes population of 41-50; covered in Khedbrahma,
Vijaynagar, Bhiloda, and Meghraj talukas of the district. Among these fourtalukas considering the numbers of villages,
Meghraj and Bhiloda talukas were selected purposively. Looking to the common situation of the inhabited villages for
the tribal and non-tribal farmers, 11 villages of Bhiloda and Meghraj talukas having scheduled tribes population of
41-50 range of percentage were selected purposively. Ten tribal farmers and Ten non-tribal farmers from each village
were selected randomly. Thus, total 220 farmers were selected. To measure the agricultural modernization of the
farmers, a teacher made test was developed. The teacher made test of agricultural modernization of the farmers was
consisted of thirteen major criterea and each criteria was given score by conference method. Then, total 200 score of
agricultural modernization test was determined. Majority of the tribal (84.55%) and non-tribal (85.46%) respondents
were having low to medium extent of Agricultural Modernization Index (AMI). The tribal farmers differ significantly
from non-tribal farmers with respect to their extent of AMI. The independent variables viz., age, size of family, land
holding, livestock possession and cosmopoliteness were found significantly related with AMI of tribal respondents;
In case of non-tribal respondents all 10 selected independent variables were found to be significantly associated with
AMI.
46
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
to provide balanced diet through nutritive products to poor scheduled tribes population to total population in villages are
people. (Raveendarn et. al. (2003)). Therefore, the only categorized in 9 different percentage ranges at district level,
alternate left for marching with the time is to go with the i.e. Zero percentage range of scheduled tribes population to
diversification as well as modernizations of agriculture and 76 and above percentage range. It is seen that only 14 villages
animal husbandry production both in terms of time and space out of 1,372 were having percentage range of scheduled
as per need and requirement of the ever-growing population tribes population of 41-50; covered in Khedbrahma,
to ensure their food security. The phenomenon of demand Vijaynagar, Bhiloda, and Meghraj talukas of the district.
driven agriculture is still far behind with the farmers of These 14 villages, one village was in Khedbrahma taluka,
backward regions and tribal areas. two villages in Vijaynagar taluka, four villages in Meghraj
taluka and seven villages in Bhiloda taluka. Among these
India has the social largest tribal population in
four talukas considering the numbers of villages Meghraj and
the world next to Africa. According to Census, 1991 there
Bhiloda talukas were selected purposively. Looking to the
are 67.76 million tribals constituting (8%) of the country
common situation of the inhabited villages for the tribal and
total population. The tribals in Gujarat from about 15%
non-tribal farmers, all 11 villages of Bhiloda and Meghraj
of total population. The Gujarat state is the fourth among
talukas, having scheduled tribes population of 41-50 range
states with sizeable tribal population, is concentrated in
of percentage were selected purposively. Ten tribal farmers
the North Districts to the Dangs district. Sabarkantha ranks
and ten non-tribal farmers from each village were selected
first among the districts of the North-Gujarat with respect to
randomly. Thus, total 220 farmers were selected.
tribal concentration and 15% tribal population to state total
population. Looking to these facts, the present investigation To measure the agricultural modernization of the
was planned with following objectives. farmers a teacher made test was developed. The teacher
made test of agricultural modernization of the farmers was
OBJECTIVES
consisted of major thirteen criteria viz., Farming pattern,
1 To study the agricultural modernization among the tribal Seed selection, Use of Irrigation system, Use of Underground
and non tribal farmers. pipe line for Irrigation, Use of Transportation facility for
marketing of agricultural production, Available modern
2 To ascertain the association between the personal, social, machinery and implements, Available Modern Sources of
economical, situational, communicational attributes of Energy Equipments, Extent of use of chemical fertilizers,
the tribal and non tribal farmers and their agricultural Extent of use of organic fertilizers, Extent of use of Storage
modernization . facility, Use of Plant Protection Measures, Extent of use of
Harvesting Structures and Extent of use of Improved Dairy
METHODOLGY
Practices. Such criteria were discussed with the experts of
The present study was conducted in Sabarkantha Extension Education, Agricultural Economics and Agronomy,
district of North Gujarat region of Gujarat state as the then finally were included in the test. All possible factors
economy of the district is basically dependent on agriculture were framed / included in order to have precise response and
as 62.8% workers are engaged in primary sector. The farmers each criteria was given score by conference method of the
of Sabarkantha district are innovative as well as enthusiastic teachers. Then, total 200 score of agricultural modernization
in modern agriculture. Based on the backwardness index test was determined.
the planning commission has identified six tribal districts
The score obtained by an individual respondent for
of Gujarat as disadvantaged. (Anonymous 2001) Out
each of these criteria was summed up for his total agricultural
of these six districts two districts namely, Banaskantha
modernization score. The index of agricultural modernization
and Sabarkantha are in North Gujarat. Considering the
was calculated for each individual respondent with the help
highest tribal population, Sabarkantha district was selected
of the following formula :
purposively. According to the Census-2001, proportion of
47
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION agriculture and animal husbandry production both in terms
of time and space as per need and requirement of the ever-
Extent of Agricultural Modernization Among the Tribal
growing population to ensure their food security. The extent
and Non-tribal Respondents
of agricultural modernization was studied. The respondents
The only alternate left for marching with the time according to their extent of agricultural modernization index
is to go with the diversification as well as modernizations of in Table 1.
Table 1 : Distribution of the respondents according to their extent of agricultural modernization index n = 220
Sr. Agricultural Tribal farmers Sr. Agricultural Non tribal farmers ‘Z’
No. Modernization No. Modernization value
index Number Percent index Number Percent
1 Low 22 20.00 1 Low 21 19.10
(Below 28.78) (Below 47.23)
The ‘Z’ value was found highly significant (3.6728**) It is clear from Table 2 that out of 10 independent
which implies that tribal farmers differ significantly from variables, the correlation of 4 variables viz., size of family
non-tribal farmers with respect to their extent of agricultural (0.2088), land holding (0.1880), livestock possession
modernization index. (0.1894) and cosmopoliteness (0.1982) were statistically
found to be positively and significantly related with
It was also observed that the low category of AMI
agricultural modernization index of tribal farmers at 0.05
among the tribal farmers was started from 17 score upto
level of significance.
28.78 score index while in the case of non-tribal farmers it
48
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
Table 2 : Correlation coefficient of selected independent variables with Agricultural modernization. ( n = 220 )
‘r’ value
Sr.
Variables
No. Tribal farmers Non-tribal farmers
1 Personal variables
i Age -0.3289** -0.2848**
ii Education 0.1089 NS 0.2966**
2 Social variables
i Size of family 0.2088* 0.2848**
ii Social participation 0.0683 NS 0.2175*
3 Economic variables
i Land holding 0.1880* 0.2410*
ii Annual income 0.1405 NS 0.3662**
4 Situational variables
i Source of irrigation 0.1249 NS 0.2356*
ii Livestock possession 0.1894* 0.2835**
5 Communication variables
i Sources of information 0.0971 NS 0.2368*
ii Cosmopoliteness 0.1982* 0.2286*
* significant at 0.05 level of probability ** significant at In the case of non-tribal respondents, out of 10
0.01 level of probability NS = Non Significant selected independent variables, the correlation of 4 variables
viz., education (0.2966), size of family (0.2848), annual
As far as the variables “Age” was concerned, the
income (0.3662) and livestock possession (0.2835) were
computed correlation coefficient was found to be negative
statistically found to be positively and significantly associated
but significantly related with AMI of tribal farmers at 0.05
with AMI at 0.01 level of significance.
level of significance.
Among personal variables “Age” was found to be
While the independent variables viz., education,
negative but significantly associated with AMI of non-tribal
social participation, annual income, source of irrigation
farmers at 0.01 level of significance.
and sources of information were concerned, the computed
correlation coefficient were found to be non significant, this While the independent variables viz., social
indicated that they did not establish any relationship with participation (0.2175), land holding (0.2410), source of
AMI of tribal farmers. irrigation (0.2356), sources of information (0.2368) and
cosmopoliteness (0.2286) were statistically found to be
It can be concluded that age, size of family, land
positively and significantly associated with AMI at 0.05 level
holding, livestock possession and cosmopoliteness were the
of significance.
important variables affecting the agricultural modernization
index among the tribal farmers. From the above discussion, it can be concluded
that all the selected variables were very important variables
The probable reason might be that age, size of
affecting the AMI among the non-tribal respondents.
family, land holding and livestock possession are mostly
the components of personal, social and economic growth, The probable reason might be that the non-tribal
respectively, which may have influenced the AMI of tribal farmers (general farmers) have an enviable position in the
farmers. Gujarat state among the all farming community with the rapid
49
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
development of agriculture, discernible to the tribal farmers the rapid development of agriculture, discernible to the tribal
and the real benefits of modernization did not trickle down to farmers and the real benefits of modernization did not trickle
the backward castes level. down to the backward castes level.
CONCLUSION REFERENCES
It can be concluded that majority of the tribal and Anonymous (2001). District census handbook of Sabarkantha
non-tribal farmers having low to medium extent of AMI. The (Census of India 2001) series-25, part-XII A & B,
tribal farmers differ significantly from non-tribal farmers with Directorate of Census operations, Gujarat.
respect to their extent of agricultural modernization index.
Raveendaran, N.,N. Ajjan and S.R.Rajesh (2003). Promotion
Out of selected 10 independent variables age, size of family,
of Sustainable Production, Value Addition and
land holding, livestock possession and cosmopoliteness were
Increasing The Income and Employment Potentials.
found significantly related with AMI of tribal farmers, In
International Conference Agricultural Policies and
case of non-tribal respondents all 10 selected independent
Strategies for Profitable Farming: Field Realities,
variables were found to be significantly associated with
Needed Reforms and Interventions. Abstract: ICAR,
AMI. It is indicated that all the selected variables were very
New Delhi and College of Agriculture, G.A,U.,
important variables affecting the AMI among the non-tribal
Anand, Gujarat P.P.1.
respondents. The non-tribal farmers have an enviable position
in the Gujarat state among the all farming community with
50
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
1 Subject Matter Specialist (Ext. Edu.) at Krishi Vigyan Kendra, NAU, Vyara
2 Professor & Head, Department of Ext.Edn., NMCA, NAU, Navsari
Email : [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The study was carried out in Vyara taluka of Tapi district. All the three watersheds of Vyara taluka
were selected purposively. Watershed management implies the wise use of soil and water resources within a
given geographical area so as to enable sustainable production and to minimize floods. Ex-post-facto research
design was used for the present study. The data were collected with the help of structural schedule by personal
interview method. The dependent and independent variables were measured by using suitable scale. The data
thus collected were coded, classified, tabulated and analysed in order to make the findings meaning. The statisti-
cal measure i.e. paired‘t’ test was used. Socio-economic change occurred due to implementation of watershed
programme was admirable. It has brought significant change in all the aspects (dependent variables) in the
study. The watershed development programme, thus, played an important role in accelerating agricultural pro-
ductivity and effecting a positive change in life standard of the tribals in watershed area of Vyara taluka of Tapi
district.
51
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
Mean score
Sr. Mean
Aspect Before After ‘t’ value
No. difference
project project
1 Area under field crops 1.6163 2.36.7 0.7444 15.7110*
2 Area under irrigation 0.3399 0.8623 0.5224 15.0343*
3 Use of improved varieties 1.5000 3.1829 1.6829 15.5542*
4 Crop production 0.9882 1.7706 0.7824 4.3797*
5 Use of farm machinery and implements 7.8537 16.7439 8.8902 5.2262*
6 Area under fruit tree cultivation 1.4390 9.000 7.5610 7.1248*
7 Area under forest tree cultivation 2.7195 15.5610 12.8415 3.6703*
8 Annual income from agriculture 32.6097 38.1463 5.5366 5.9795*
9 Annual income from livestock 10.7780 12.7987 2.0207 8.1268*
10 Housing condition 1.6585 5.1585 3.5000 16.8521*
11 Household possession 8.5488 23.6464 15.0976 12.6887*
12 Food habit 0.2927 2.0122 1.7195 8.9613*
13 Clothing pattern 0.5609 2.6463 2.0854 16.3235*
14 Savings and expenditure 0.2927 2.0122 1.7195 8.9613*
The data presented in Table 1 reveal that the mean to more crop production. Increase in annual income from
difference found in all the aspects was statistically highly livestock might be due that the farmers have expanded their
significant at 0.01 level of probability. It can be inferred that herd size of milch animals after implementation of watershed
all the aspects were significantly increased or improved after development programme. Increase in housing condition
the implementation of the programme. The probable reason might be due to that farmers have increased their annual
for increase in area under field crops might be that the farmers income from agriculture and livestock. Increase in household
have brought their wasteland under the cultivation. Increase possession might be due that the farmers have increased their
in area under irrigation might be that the respondents have use purchasing capacity by raising the income through achieving
the technique of water conservation and utilized this water more production. The probable reason for increase in food
for crop plantation. Increase in use of improved varieties habit might be due to that farmers have use different varieties
might be its easy availability and high economic returns. of food preparation in festivals. Increase in clothing pattern
Increase in crop production might be due to the adoption of might be due that the farmers have increased their annual
crop production technology. The probable reason for positive income from agriculture and livestock. The probable reason
change in use of farm machinery and implements might for increase in savings and expenditure might be due to that
that the farmers have increased their purchasing capacity the farmers have increased their purchasing capacity by
by raising the income through achieving more production. raising the income through achieving more production.
Increase in area under fruit tree cultivation might be that the
CONCLUSION
farmers have been diverted to minimize the risk by planting
the fruit crops on the border of the field as well as on the sloppy Impact occurred due to implementation of watershed
land where field crops are not grown properly. The probable programme was admirable. It has brought significant
reason for increase in area under forest tree cultivation might change in all the aspects (dependent variables) in the study.
be that the farmers have been diverted to minimize the risk The watershed development programme, thus, played an
by planting the forest tree on the border of the field as well as important role in accelerating agricultural productivity and
on the sloppy land where field crops are not grown properly. effecting a positive change in life standard of the tribals in
Increase in annual income from agriculture might be due watershed area of Vyara taluka of Surat district.
52
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
1 Associate Professor & HOD, Department of Veterinary & Animal Husbandry (Extension)
SDAU, Sardarkrushinagar
2 Ex. Director of Extension, GAU, Gujarat
Email : [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Agriculture is largely dependent on natural resources like soil , water and vegetation . Agriculture
productivity depends on how efficiently these resources are conserved and managed . With a view to know
the impact of National Watershed Development Project For Rainfed Areas Of Banaskantha District ,
the study was undertaken in three talukas of banaskantha along with six micro watersheds in six villages
with a sample of 300 farmers .The statistical tools like frequency , percentage, rank , mean and “Z” test
were used to analyze data. The finding reflected that after watershed project the farmers have started to
changed their cropping pattern from traditional crop to more valuable or cash crops like castor , cotton
, isabgol , fennel and cumin. Increase in overall average productivity of selected crops was found highly
significant after watershed project. The average productivity of castor was ranked first(42.66%) followed
by wheat(36.33%) ,green gram(31.28%) and summer bajara(30.14%). The overall percentage changed in crop-
ping intensity was 11.5 per cent. There is a rise in water table 6.5 meter , overall employment generation
, mandays and wages were increased 13.09 ,61.48 and 27.27 Per cent respectively , while rate of migra-
tion was declined by 54.50 Per cent. Population of buffaloes and cows was increased 193.5 and 135.29 Per
cent respectively. Thus there was a positive impact of NWDPRA on cropping pattern , productivity of crop
cropping intensity , ground water table , employment generation , mandays ,wages ,migration and animal
resources
INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY
Agriculture is largely dependent on natural resources Three talukas namely Palanpur , Deesa and
like soil , water and vegetation. Agriculture productivity Dhanera of Banaskantha district were selected purposively
depends on how efficiently these resources are conserved because these talukas are having similar agro climatic
and managed. The programme uses practicewise holistic condition , soil type and cropping pattern. A list of villages
approach and local components are soil management , covered undered NWDPRA during 10th plan in
water management and crop management. The NWDPRA selected three talukas was obtained from the implementing
was started in Banaskantha district in the year 1987-88. agency. Patosan-1 and Sagrosana village of Palanpur taluka
This research study was undertaken with a view to , Ghada-1 and Aagdol of Deesa taluka , Shera-1 and
evaluate the impact of NWDPRA on the beneficiary Malota of Dhanera taluka were selected purposively. A
farmers has been assessed through the parameters like list of beneficiary farmers of the project was obtained
(1)Cropping pattern (2)Productivity of different crops (3) from respective PIA. A samples of 50 farmers was drawn
Cropping intensity (4) Ground water table (5)Employment randomly from UGs , SHGs and beneficiary farmers
, mandays , wages and migration (6) Animal resources. from each selected micro watershed. Thus, a total 300
farmers were selected for the study. The data were collected
53
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
generation supplementary income in the watershed area. As Anonymous (2006).Report on the working group of
can be seen from Table 6 that there was increased in buffaloes subcommittee of National Development Council
and cows population to the extent of 151.63 and 125.84 on Agriculture and related issues on Dry land/
percent respectively after watershed project. The probable Rain fed farming system/ Including Regeneration
explanation is that increased in area and productivity of of Degraded/ Waste land, Watershed development
fodder crops as well as grasses could have contributed to programme.
more availability of fodder and this might have motivated the
Bhankahriya, S.D. (2004). An economic impact of watershed
farmers to keep more milch animals. Thus, it may be said that
development programme in Banaskantha district
implementation of watershed project in the area has not only
of Gujarat state. Ph.D. Thesis, Submitted to
enabled the farmers to enhance their crop productivity but
S.D.Agricultural university,Sardarkrushinagar.
also their family income through providing more employment
and keeping more milch animals. Goel, P.k. and Singh, M.B. (1996). Impact on soil conservation
measures on ground water availability. Indian J. Soil
CONCLUSION
Conservation.24 (1):19-24.
In light of the finding following conclusion may
Prajapati, V.V. (2006). Impact of National Watershed
be drawn the farmers have started to change their cropping
Development Project in rain fed areas of Banaskantha
pattern from traditional crop to more valuable crop, overall
district of Gujarat state. Ph.D. Thesis Submitted to
crop productivity of all the selected crops were found
Gujarat Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar.
highly significant, the cropping intensity was changed up
to 11.50 percent, ground water table was raised 6.5 meter , Rajput, A.M. and Verma, A.R. (1993). Stabilization of
employment,mandays and wages was raised 13.09, 61.48 and crop productivity through improves watershed
27.27 percent respectively. The migration was declined by technology in Malwa region of M.P. Crop Research;
54.50 percent. Thus, there was positive impact of watershed 6(2):195-201.
project on cropping pattern, productivity of crops, cropping Shrivastava, A; Gupta, S.K. and Athavale, M.C. (1991).
intensity, ground water table, employment generation, Impact of watershed development programme in
mandays, wages, migration and animal resources. Mandsaur district of M.P. Indian J. Agric.Econ;
REFERENCES 46(3):296-297.
Anonymous (2006).Crops and Drops, website: http//www. Singh, J.P. (2000). A study on economic evaluation of
fao.orga//docrep. Manchel Watershed MANAGE, Hyderabad.
55
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
1 Subject Matter Specialist (Ext. Edu.), KVK, SDAU, Khedbrahma Dist.: Sabarkantha
2 Subject Matter Specialist (Agronomy), KVK, SDAU, Khedbrahma Dist.: Sabarkantha
3 Subject Matter Specialist, KVK, SDAU, Khedbrahma Dist.: Sabarkantha
ABSTRACT
To accelerate the production of crops, ICAR has started FLD programme through KVK. Latest
recommended package of practices are demonstrated on farmers field. Technology generated by scientists are of
no use unless adopted by farmers. With a view to know the extent of adoption of Wheat production technologies
before and after FLD given by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Khedbrahma, the study was under taken. Total 12 villages
in which FLDs on Wheat had been conducted by KVK, Khedbrahma were selected purposively. From each
village, five demonstrating farmers were selected randomly making a sample of sixty respondents. Majority
of wheat growers (91.66 %) adopted weedicide as a post emergence, application of first (86.67 %) and last
irrigation (88.33 %), seed rate (86.67 %) and line sowing (81.67 %).
INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY
Krishi Vigyan Kendra has been functioning in The present study was conducted in Sabarkantha
the Sabarkantha district since February 2005. The KVK is district. The villages namely Changod, Kajavas, Sebalia,
sanctioned by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research Nanabaval, Shilvad, Panthal, Kubadharol, Dharod, Dharapur,
(ICAR) and constituent of Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Aroda, Jagatpura and Pogalu were selected purposively in
Agricultural University situated at Khedbrahma, Dist. which Wheat FLDs had been given by KVK, Sabarkantha.
Sabarkantha. The main aim of Krishi Vigyan Kendra is List of farmers to whom FLD Wheat had been allotted were
transfer of technology through on and off campus training prepared and five farmers from each village were randomly
programmes for farmers and extension functionaries, front selected. Thus, total sixty farmers / respondents were selected
line demonstrations, on farm trials and other extension for present study.
activities. Front line demonstrations on different crops
The data were collected by personal interview.
grown in the district is the mandatory activity of Krishi
The respondents were same for before and after FLD data
Vigyan Kendra. Krishi Vigyan Kendra has given front line
collection. The interview schedule was developed through
demonstrations on Wheat crop sanctioned by ZPD, Jodhpur.
discussion with experts, scientist and extension officers
Thus, evaluation of Wheat front line demonstrations given by
working in the district. The data were analyzed with
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Khedbrahma was felt necessary. The
appropriate statistical procedures.
study was under taken with following objectives.
RISULT AND DISCUSSION
1 To evaluate the FLD Wheat in terms of adoption of
recommended Wheat production technology. In order to find out the extent of adoption of
improved agricultural practices of Wheat crop, 13 improved
2 To study the yield of Wheat on farmers field before practices were identified for study. The respondents were
FLD and after FLD. asked to give their responses to these practices. In both the
3 To study the profitability of Wheat crop before FLD and cases, before FLD and after FLD, the respondents were same
after FLD. for present study. The responses of farmers were recorded
and presented in Table 1.
56
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
Table 1: Extent of adoption of recommended package of practices of wheat crop before fld and after fld. n=60
58
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
1 Programme Coordinator
2 SMS (Agronomy)
KVK, NAU, Vyara.Gujarat.
Email : [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Krishi Vigyan Kendra Vyara is located in the Tapi district – the southeastern part and the tribal belt
of Gujarat. The district shares it borders with Surat, Navsari and Dang district in North-west, South and East
respectively with Maharashtra state in East. The conspicuous features of the district are undulating topography
with steep slopes and heavy rainfall. The av. Rainfall of the district is about 80 –100 inches per annum. The
distribution is erratic and thus, causing damage to the crops like Pulses, Paddy and other cereals.The district is
composed largely of tribal communities. This, communities depend primarily on agriculture for their livelihood
supplemented by income from seasonal employment in nearest industrial town. Soils of the district in general
can be classified as medium black to heavy black, Red murrum and rocky with low innate fertility. Agriculturally,
about 60 per cent of the cultivated area is undersigned crop during monsoon. The main crops of the district
are – Paddy, Sorghum, Groundnut, Pulses, Sugarcane, Gram and vegetables-Brinjal, Okra. Paddy is the staple
foods of the tribal communities of the district. Among Vegetable crops Okra is main crop for export quality.
Looking to the importance of the paddy crop in the district has started the seed multification programme since
2001.KVK has started to multiply the high yielding varieties of the paddy at centre as well as on farmer’s field.
It was planned to cover at least 20-25 per cent of the area under HYVs of paddy in surrounding 45-50 villages.
As a result of successful overture of HYVs of the paddy, the entire district has twisted an interest to espous
HYVs in paddy as a replacement for conventional varieties. This efforts has cemented the way to introduce seed
village concept in the paddy itself.Five adopted villages of this centre had been decorated as fully self- sufficient
paddy seed villages and also supplied the paddy seed to the adjacent villages. The apparent impact of this
programme can be seen in the form of raisning the standard of living of the tribal people.Tribal people are able
to discriminate the high yielding varieties of the paddy compared with conservative age old varieties in the form
of economics. This study is a boon for tribal upliftment in the other region of tribal in the country. This study can
be eye opner for the extension workers in the field of TOT at grass roots level. The seed production programme
had also increased the revolving funds of the KVK up to remarkable level. This seed production programms
have also created the affection of the tribal farmers towards KVK and the centre became popular among tribal
farming community.
Key Words: - Productivity, TOT Efforts, High Yielding Varieties and KVK.
District profile Rainfall of the district is about 80 –100 inches per annum. The
distribution is erratic and thus, causing damage to the crops
Krishi Vigyan Kendra Vyara is located in the Tapi
like Pulses, Paddy and other cereals.The district is composed
district – the southeastern part and the tribal belt of Gujarat. The
largely of tribal communities. This, communities depend
district shares it borders with Surat, Navsari and Dang district
primarily on agriculture for their livelihood supplemented by
in North-west, South and East respectively with Maharashtra
income from seasonal employment in nearest industrial town.
state in East .The geographical area of the district is 7.79 lac
Soils of the district in general can be classified as medium
ha. The conspicuous features of the district are undulating
black to heavy black, Red murrum and rocky with low innate
topography with steep slopes and heavy rainfall. The av.
fertility. Agriculturally, about 60 per cent of the cultivated
59
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
area is undersigned crop during monsoon. The main crops variety with late maturity to avoid damage by rains to
of the district are – Paddy, Sorghum, Groundnut, Pulses, crop at the maturity time.
Sugarcane, Gram and vegetables-Brinjal, Okra. Paddy is the
• # On the contrary, farmers growing paddy under rainfed
staple foods of the tribal communities of the district. Among
condition expressed their desire to have high yielding
Vegetable crops Okra is main crop for export quality.
early mature variety.
Krishi Vigyan Kendra
• # It was also noticed that most of the tribal farmers pos-
KVK Vyara is working under the auspices of Navsa- ses small piece of land. Whatever they produced from
ri Agricultural University. It has started its activities since the land during monsoon, they have to depend on it for
September,2000. Kendra has undertaken Seed multiplica- their livelihood. They are striving hard for their food es-
tion programme of Paddy since 2000-01. pecially during August and September.
To ascertain the constraints encountered by Paddy growers Considering the above facts KVK has initiated the
of this area, a Benchmark survey was carried out by programme of multiplication of seeds of high yielding va-
multidisciplinary team of scientist of KVK during the year rieties of Paddy under both rain fed and irrigated condition
2000-01. The results of the survey revealed following : since 2000-01 on instructional farm. The objective was to
popularize high yielding varieties by supplying pure seeds to
• Large majority of the tribal farmers are cultivating con-
the farmers on regular basis and thereby increase the area and
ventional varieties (Tichun native –1, Sathi and Kada)
productivity of Paddy. It has been planned to cover at least
of paddy.
20-25 per cent of the area under the Paddy in the surrounding
• Conventional varieties are early mature, having coarse 45 villages with increasing the productivity and profitability
grain with dull husk colour, and highly susceptible to per unit area.
water logging as the rain coincide with maturity of paddy
Approach
in later stage.
As many as 92 training programmes especially on
• Paddy growers are using higher seed rate i.e. 30 – 40 Kg
production technologies of HYVs of Paddy are organized
for transplanting 1 acre of land as they produce seed of
covering 2636 farmers. Front Line Demonstrations of HYVs
their own.
of Paddy are also conducted on farmer’s field to show them
• They were planting 10-12 seedlings / hill resulting in to the production potentialities. Field trials of the HYVs were
over plant population and lower yield. It also increases conducted on instructional farm of Kendra to screen the best
the cost of cultivation because harvesting takes much varieties from among the seeds of different varieties supplied
time. by Navsari Agrilcutural University. In all, 41 Field days and
18 farmers days are also organized on KVK farm as well
• Farmers were using impure seed, as they produce it on as on demo plots on farmer’s field, benefiting 17593 paddy
their farm without taking much care. growers. This has created awareness amongst tribal farmers
about use of HYVs of paddy .
• Av. Yield of Paddy (conventional varieties) is about 2500
Kgs./ha.under good management practices. Efforts are made to produce and supply the im-
proved seeds of the paddy to the paddy growers of this area.
• Market value of the conventional varieties is less ranges
between Rs. 5 –6 /Kg. because of coarse grain and un- Achievement of the programme
pleasant colour of husk.
• Successfully introduced HYVs of paddy such as IR-
• Tribal farmers are not satisfied with yield status of con- 28,GR-3, GR-4, GR-5, GR-7, GR-11, Gurjari and Jaya
ventional varieties of Paddy. in this area.
• # The farmers having assured irrigation facilities or low • About 545 ha of land have been covered under HYVs of
land kyari expressed their desired to have high yielding Paddy replacing conventional varieties. More then 1200
60
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
farmers of 45 villages are directly benefited by this pro- • Av. Market price Rs. 5-7 /Kg.
gramme.
• Total cost of cultivation Rs.9170 / ha.
• Av. Yield of Paddy per unit area is almost doubled.
• Av. Income Rs. 21000 / ha.
• Reduction in cost of cultivation as a means of reduction
in seed rate and maintenance of optimum plant popula- • Net profit Rs. 11838 / ha
tion. Earlier farmers were using 30-40 Kg seed rate for
High yielding varieties
transplanting of one acre of land . Now with adoption
of HYVs they are using 10-12 Kg of seeds for the trans- • Av. Yield 4500 Kg/ha.
planting of same area.
• Av. Market price Rs. 6-8 /Kg.
• Farmers getting higher yields and more profit from the
unit area as improved varieties fetch little higher prices • Total cost of cultivation Rs.8120/ha.
as compared to local varieties because of slender grains .
• Av. Income Rs.36000/ ha.
• More than 55 farmers have started multiplication of
seeds in their own farm under the supervision and guid- • Net profit Rs. 27880 / ha.
ance of KVK scientist. This will increase the area under
Thus, by adopting HYVs and recommended
HYVs at a faster rate in coming years. This in turn will
improved technologies (Table 2) such as seedrate, fertilizer
helps in changing socio-economic status of the tribal
doses , crop geometry, timely hand weeding and plant
farmers of this area.
protection measures for the control of stem borer, tribal
Economics farmers of the targeted area are getting higher production and
Conventional varieties income from paddy cultivation.
Year Season Area No.of Variety Village Average Yield (Q/ha) Increase
Farmers in yield
(%)
Demo Local
2001 Kharif 04 10 Jaya 04 59.15 52.00 13.75
GR-5 24.99 18.00 38.80
61
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
62
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
1 Senior Research Fellow, National Agricultural Innovation Project -III , SDAU, Sardarkrushinagar
2 Associate Extension Educationist, Directorate of Extension Education, S.D. Agricultural University,
SDAU, Sardarkrushinagar
3 Agriculture Officer, Krushi Vigyan Kendra, SDAU, Deesa
4 Senior Research Fellow, Sardar Smruti Kendra, SDAU, Sardarkrushinagar
Email : [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The Sustainable Livelihood links with security to basic human needs, food security, sustainable agri-
cultural practices and poverty as an integrating concept. A large number of tribal communities are bereft of
stable livelihood and thus they fall in the category of the vulnerable section of Indian society. Considering this
fact, the study was conducted in Sabarkantha district of North Gujarat region of Gujarat state, as the economy
of the district is basically dependent on agriculture. The farmers of Sabarkantha district are also innovative as
well as enthusiastic in modern agriculture. Secondly the districts rank first with respect to the tribal population.
Looking to the common situation of the in habited villages for the tribal and non-tribal farmer, 11 villages of
Bhiloda and Meghraj talukas, having scheduled tribal population of 41-50 range of percentage were selected
purposively. Total 220 farmers were selected from these villages (20 farmers in each village). For measuring the
agricultural modernization and sustainable livelihood of the tribal and non tribal farmer’s teacher made tests
were developed. The thirteen major criteria of agricultural modernization and 12 sub indicators of sustainable
livelihood were determined and total 200 score of agricultural modernization and total 300 score of sustain-
able livelihood was determined by conference method. The results showed that in case of tribal group, there
was positively and significant association between the sustainable livelihood and seven criteria for agricultural
modernization viz., extent of use of organic fertilizers, farming pattern, seed selection, available modern sources
of energy equipments, extent of use of chemical fertilizers, use of plant protection measures and extent of use
of improved dairy practices. While in case of non tribal group, all the 13 criteria of agricultural modernization
studied were possessed positive and significant association with sustainable livelihood. It was indicated the im-
pact of the agricultural modernization on the extent of sustainable livelihood among the non tribal respondents,
while it was very low in tribal farmers.
achievement attainable as a result of rapid and continuing 1,372 were having percentage range of scheduled tribes
growth of knowledge and technology in particular. There population of 41-50; covered in Khedbrahma, Vijaynagar,
has been a transition from traditional farming to modern Bhiloda, and Meghraj talukas of the district. Among these
commercial agriculture, due to availability and growth of four talukas considering the numbers of villages, Meghraj
infrastructural facilities like improved seeds, varieties, and Bhiloda talukas were selected purposively. Looking to
fertilizers, pesticides, supplies and services, market the common situation of the inhabited villages for the tribal
facilities, literacy, mass media, research, teaching and and non-tribal farmers, 11 villages of Bhiloda and Meghraj
extension. In India, agriculture and agro-based industries talukas, having scheduled tribes population of 41-50 range
play an important role in the improvement of the rural of percentage were selected purposively. Total of 220
economy. At present, about 70 per cent of Indians farmers were selected from these villages (20 farmers in each
depend on agriculture for their livelihoods. It is a village). For measuring the agricultural modernization and
major constituent of the Indian economy that accounts for sustainable livelihood, teacher made test were developed.
not only the main source of income to the rural population, The test of agricultural modernization was consisted of
but also has a decisive say in all economic policies of India. the major thirteen criteria. The criteria discussed with
Small and marginal farmers constitute a major portion the experts and total 200 score of agricultural modernization
of the rural agriculture sector. The Indian industry is also was determined by conference method. For standardizing the
largely reliant on agriculture for both inputs and end-user score, the Agricultural Modernization index (AMI)
applications. However, the limited availability of land, the was calculated, for each individual respondent and grouped
limited cash returns, and agriculture being confined to one or into three categories viz., low, medium and high AMI. The
two seasons in the year, have made the villagers look test of sustainable livelihood was also developed with the
for other livelihood support systems for their sustenance. help of three main indicators and 12 sub indicators were
A large number of tribal communities are bereft of stable included after discussion with experts and total 300 score
livelihoods and thus they fall in the category of the vulnerable of sustainable livelihood was determined. For standardizing
section of Indian society. Therefore, It is essential to the score, the Sustainable Livelihood Index (SLI) was
provide the latest information regarding the agricultural calculated for each individual respondent.
modernization to sharpen their knowledge in terms of assets
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
and activities required for a means of living, not only living
but have been lead to formalization of the sustainable In the era of globalization the question of sustainable
livelihood approach. Considering this fact, the study was livelihood has captured all the points of discussion. Various
carried out with the objective to evaluate the Effect of people have defined livelihood differently. Chambers and
Agricultural Modernization on Sustainable livelihood among Conway (1992) define livelihoods as: “A livelihood
the Tribal and Non-tribal farmers. comprises the abilities, assets (stores, resources, claims
and access) and activities required for a means of living:
METHODOLGY
a livelihood is sustainable which can cope with and recover
The present study was conducted in Sabarkantha from stress and shocks, maintain or enhance its capabilities
district of North Gujarat region of Gujarat state. The economy and assets, and provide sustainable livelihood opportunities
of the district is basically dependent on agriculture, as 62.8 per to the next generation; and contribute net benefits to other
cent workers are engaged in primary sector and the farmers livelihoods at the local and global levels in the long and
of Sabarkantha district are innovative as well as enthusiastic in the short term.” The concept of sustainable development
in modern agriculture. Sabarkantha ranked first with respect has acquired the central theme of any tribal development.
to the tribal population in the state. Considering the highest The concept of sustainable development emerged in
tribal population, multistage random sampling technique the 1980s. It propelled a paradigm shift in development
was used to select the respondents. According to the Census thinking, and continues to dominate the development-
- 2001 (Anonymous, 2001), proportion of scheduled tribes discourse at various levels, from the local to global. The
population to total population in villages are categorized best explanation to sustainable development was given by
in 9 different percentage ranges at district level, i.e. Zero the World Commission for Environment and Development
percentage range of scheduled tribes population to 76 and (1987), „Our common future‟, as, „the ability to meet the
above percentage range. It is seen that only 14 villages out of needs of the present without compromising the ability of the
64
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
future generation to meet their own needs‟. The concept indicators of poverty that they define. In spite of all these
of livelihood is rapidly gaining acceptance as a valuable development initiatives the tribal in our country are still
means of understanding the factors that influence people‟s threatened by severe poverty (Mishra, 2007).
lives and well-being. „It is comprised of capacities, assets,
Relationship Between Selected Criteria for Agricultural
and activities required for means of living. A livelihood will
Modernization Index and the Sustainable Livelihood of
be sustainable when it can cope with and recover from
Tribal and Non- tribal Respondents.
stress and shocks and maintain or enhance its capacities and
assets, both now and in the future, while not undermining On the basis of the operational measures
the natural resource base‟ (Carney, 1998). Sustainable developed for the variables, null hypotheses were stated
livelihood is a way of thinking about the objectives, scope for testing the relationship and their significance on
and priorities for development, in order to enhance progress zero order correlations. The zero order correlations were
in poverty elimination. Sustainable livelihood aims to help presented in Table 1.
poor people achieve lasting improvements against the
Table 1 :Correlation coefficient of criteria of agricultural modernization with sustainable livelihood of tribal and non-
tribal respondents n = 220
Correlation Coefficient
“r” value
Sr. No. Name of Criteria for Agricultural Modernization
Tribal Non-tribal
Farmers Farmers
1 Farming pattern (X1) 0.1892 *
0.3045**
2 Seed selection (X2) 0.1907* 0.3660**
3 Use of irrigation system (X3) 0.1795 NS 0.2024*
4 Use of underground pipeline for irrigation (X4) 0.1670 NS 0.2130*
5 Use of transportation facility for marketing of 0.1589 NS 0.5779**
agricultural production (X5)
6 Available modern machinery and implements (X6) 0.1633 NS 0.2385*
7 Available modern sources energy equipments (X7) 0.1924* 0.2289*
8 Extent of use of chemical fertilizers (X8) 0.2012* 0.3263**
9 Extent of use of organic fertilizers (X9) 0.2823** 0.2095*
10 Extent of use of storage facility (X10) 0.1562 NS 0.2125*
11 Use of Plant protection measures (X11) 0.2023* 0.4657**
12 Extent of use of harvesting structures (X12) 0.1724 NS 0.2384*
13 Extent of use of Improved dairy practices (X13) 0.2182 *
0.3230**
It is clear from the results (Table 1) that out of 13 extent of use of improved dairy practices (0.2812) were
criteria of the AMI among the tribal respondents, the statistically found to be positively and significantly correlated
correlation coefficient of one criteria viz., “extent of use with sustainable livelihood index of tribal respondents at
of organic fertilizers” (0.2823) was statistically found to be 0.05 level of significance. As far as the criteria, viz., use of
positively and significantly correlated with irrigation system, use of underground pipeline for irrigation,
sustainable livelihood index at 0.01 level of significance, use of transportation facility for marketing agricultural
whereas 6 criteria viz., farming pattern (0.1892), seed production, available modern machinery and implements,
selection (0.1907), available modern sources of energy extent of use of storage facility and extent of use of harvesting
equipments (0.1924), extent of use of chemical fertilizers structures, concerned, the computed correlation coefficient
(0.2012), use of plant protection measures (0.2023) and were found to be positive but non-significant.
65
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
The above discussion leads to be concluded that Evaluate the Impact of Agricultural Modernization
criteria of agricultural modernization viz., extent of use of on Sustainable Livelihood
organic fertilizers, farming pattern, seed selection, available
Table 2 : Association between the agricultural
modern sources energy equipments, extent of use of
modernization of the tribal and non-
chemical fertilizers, use of plant protection measures, extent
tribal respondents and their sustainable
of use of improved dairy practices affected significantly
livelihood
and positively the sustainable livelihood of tribal farmers.
66
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
modernization was more affected the sustainable livelihood Mishra, N. (2007). Participatory Water Management and
of non-tribal respondents in comparison to tribal respondents. Sustainable Tribal Livelihood: Study of a Pani
It indicated that the non-tribal respondents have changed Panchayat in Southern Orissa, Unpublished Thesis
their ways of living owing to distinguishes changes of assets Submitted to University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad.
viz., natural, social, human, physical and financial. However
it was observed very low in tribal respondents. Siva Prasad, R. and Eswarappa, K. (2005).
REFERENCES Tribal livelihood in a limbo: Changing tribe-
nature relationship in south Asia in At the crossroads:
Anonymous (2001). District census handbook of Sabarkantha South Asia research, policy and development in global
(Census of India 2001) series-25, part-XII A & B, world (69-78). Pakistan: SDPI & SAMA.
Directorate of Census operations, Gujarat.
Carney, D. (1998). Sustainable rural livelihoods. What WCED (1987) : Global policies for sustainable agriculture.
contribution can we make? Papers presented at the A report of the advisory panel on food security,
DFID Natural Resources Advisers Conference, July agriculture, forestry and environment to the World
1998. DFID, London. Commission on Environment and Development. Zed
Books, London and New Jersey.
Chambers, R. and Conway, G. (1991). Sustainable
Livelihoods: Practical Concept for the 21st Century,
IDS Discussion paper 296.
67
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
ABSTRACT
Front line demonstration (FLD) is one of the most powerful tools for transfer of technology. In order to
increase the productivity of Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) by adopting improved technologies, several demonstra-
tions with scientific package of practices were conducted by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Navsari. Since three years
about 74 FLD’s on scientific cultivation on chilli were under taken. A study on impact of farmer’s knowledge,
adoption and knowledge regarding scientific innovations was conducted. The impact assessment was based
on the comparison of before contact and after contact of KVK with reference to increase in knowledge level of
farmer’s regarding scientific packages of practices, extent of adoption of INM technology. It was found that the
overall knowledge of INM demonstrations indicated that low, medium and high level of knowledge before contact
with the KVK was 46 per cent, 40 per cent and 14 per cent, respectively. It was altered up to 12 per cent, 39 per
cent and 49 per cent, respectively after contact with the KVK. In case of knowledge regarding selected scientific
innovations for demonstrations high knowledge regarding selected scientific innovations were found except IPM
(16 %). It can be suggested that FLDs in the south Gujarat region found to be an important constraints and were
ranked in first position which needs to be solved for betterment of the tribes in this region.
2 To study the extent of adoption of improve practices of Under adoption of chilli production technology,
chilli cultivation 83.00 per cent farmer’s adopted plant growth regulator and
81.00 per cent farmer’s adopted value addition. In case of
METHODOLOGY recommended spacing and INM 68.00 per cent and 61.00 per
cent adoption was observed from the above discussion.
The present study was conducted in Navsari district
of south Gujarat state. 10 villages of Navsari district were CONCLUSION
selected, sample size was 200 farmer’s. The data were col-
lected through personnel interview. The interview schedule For the above discussion, it can be concluded that
was prepared by keeping the objectives of the study in mind. knowledge level and adoption level of tribal farmers were
The necessary care was taken to collect the un-biased and amplified after imparting training and conducting FLD by
correct data. The data were collected, tabulated and analyzed KVK scientists. The FLD conducted on improved scien-
to find out the findings and draw conclusion. The statistical tific cultivation in chilli at farmer’s field in Navsari district
tool like percentage was employed to analyze the data. The revealed that the farmer’s could improve their economy by
constraints as perceived by respondents were scored on the practices using value addition. This study draws the attention
basis of magnitude of the problem as per Meena and Sisodiya for extension workers for effective and efficient transfer of
(2004). The respondents were recorded and converted in to technology in the field of agriculture extension.
mean per cent score and constraints were ranked accordingly
as per Warde et al. (1991). REFERENCES
In case of selected knowledge regarding selected Meena, S.R. and Sisodiya, S.S.(2004). Constraints as per-
scientific innovations for INM high knowledge regarding se- ceived by the respondents in adoption of recommend-
lected scientific innovations were found, except IPM ed guava production technology. Rajasthan J. Extn.
Edu., 12-13:146-153
The majority of the farmer had medium level of
knowledge 43 per cent before contact with KVK. After con- Tandon, H.L. S (1992). Components of integrated plant
tact with KVK, 51 per cent of the farmers had high level of nutrition organic manures recyclable wastes and bio
knowledge regarding scientific cultivation of INM. Godawat fertilizers development and consultation organization,
(2011) supported the facts. New Delhi, India, No, 204
Attempts were also made to study and categories the Warde, P.N., Bhope, R.S. and Chudhary, D.P. (1991). Adop-
major constraints in to suitable topics viz., New high yielding tion of dry land horticulture technology. Maharastra J.
variety, seed rate, time of sowing, integrated nutrient man- Extn.Edu., 10 (2):108-111
agement, integrated pest management, plant growth regulator
and value addition
69
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
Nikulsinh.M. Chauhan
Programme Coordinator
KVK, NAU, Vyara, Gujarat
Email :[email protected]
ABSTRACT
Krishi Vigyan Kendra working as grass root level TOT institute in Tapi district. Krishi Vigyan Kendra’s
mandatory work is to be estalblish linkage between GO’s, NGO’s, Co-operatives, SHGs and all related to
agriculture and rural development. Tapi district is newly born tribal dominated district of South Gujarat. District
comprises 5 blocks. In Tapi district the Hangati Mahila Trust has a good.linkage among tribal farm women. The
trust has more than 2500 tribal women members, 2.5 crores deposits and regular crop loan facilities of more
than 2 crores to the tribal farm women every year. The said trust has multifarious activities of tribal development
such as Kirana shop, Hospitals, Schools, Watershed development project, SHGs, Wadi Yojna, Land leveling
scheme, agricultural extension and many more. In short, this is an imperative and foremost organization among
eastern belt of Tapi district in South Gujarat. The Hangati Mahila Trust has good linkage with tribal farming
community of the district. The main aim of Krishi Vigyan Kendra and the said trust is more or less on same
line. To take an advantage of readymade display place of this organization KVK, Vyara of Tapi district has
made MOU in the year 2008. A big Shibir was organized at KVK, Tapi and formulated a frame work for
jointly working together. A three tier committee was formulated for effective implementation of the programmes,
monitoring and evaluation, documentation and impact analysis. Total 84 villages linked with this mission are on
the path of drastic changes in their agriculture and live stock management, each and every problem related to
agriculture and animal husbandry is immediately being solved by KVK scientist. The all integrated approaches
of crop and live stock management had been implemented easily. The recent innovation in the field of agriculture
is immediately implemented by KVK
INTRODUCTION Tapi district in South Gujarat. The Hangati Mahila Trust has
good linkage with tribal farming community of the district.
Krishi Vigyan Kendra working as grass root level
The main aim of Krishi Vigyan Kendra and the said trust is
TOT institute in Tapi district. Krishi Vigyan Kendra’s
more or less on same line.
mandatory work of linkage between GO’s, NGO’s, Co-
operatives, SHGs and all related to agriculture and rural To take and advantage of ready made display
development. Tapi district is newly borned tribal dominated place of this organization KVK, Vyara of Tapi district has
district of South Gujarat. District comprises 5 blocks. In made MOU in the year 2008. A big Shibir was organized
Tapi district the Hangati Mahila Trust has a good linkage at KVK, Tapi and formulated a frame work for jointly
among tribal farm women. The trust has more than 2500 working together. A three tier committee was formulated for
tribal women members, 2.5 crores deposits and regular effective implementation of the programmes monitoring and
crop loan facilities of more than 2 crores to the tribal farm evaluation, documentation and impact analysis. The Three
women every year. The said trust has multifarious activities Tier Committees are as under:
of tribal development such as Kirana shop, Hospitals, I Executive committee :
Schools, Watershed development project, SHGs, Wadi Yojna, 1 Programme Co-ordinator, KVK, Vyara
Land leveling scheme and many more. In short ,this is an 2 Executive Secretary of Hangati Trust
imperative and foremost organization among eastern belt of 3 All SMSs of KVK
70
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
71
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This study strongly supports the title of “Reaching the
Unreached” the study can be guideline for other extension
Looking to the success of the kitchen garden workers to implement this way of extension technology for
demonstrations the tribal farm women themselves motivated their clients. On this foundation the extension personnel
and standing by to adopt this technology by their cost. Next year may locate clients for training and also those who can be
nearly 200 kitchen garden demonstrations were prearranged used as counselor to other farmers, the study also useful for
in this belt. The tribal farm women from other regions fast conversion of orthodox Vanvasi farming communities
were also demanded for kitchen garden demonstrations. towards dynamic farming personality. The study will be
This year almost certainly more than 500 demonstrations helpful to make KVK family Farmer’s Centric, Farmer’s
will be conducted in Vyara and Songadh block with the Oriented, Farmer’s Lead and Farmer’s Friendly in the field of
help of different agencies. The nutritional discrepancy and Transfer Of Technology in agriculture.
undernourishment will be diminishing. The use of back yard
space and wear and tear water of domestic purpose would REFERENCES
be utilized in a better way.Live contact was maintained
among KVK scientist and Hangati Mahila Trust Family. The Chauhan, N.M. and Patel, A., .(2012). Increasing area
constant follow up and spot guidance as and when required and productivity of paddy in tribal belt of South
is maintained by KVK scientists. The live contact of KVK Gujarat through effective TOT efforts: A success
scientists in the form of On/Off campus trainings, Shibirs, story. International Journal of Agric. Sci.Jan-
farm visit, field day, fortnightly and monthly meetings, ex- 2012:8(1):301-306.
trainee visits, group field visits, kishan gosthis and different Chauhan, N.M. (2012). Impact and yield fissure inspection
programmes are preserved through out the year. of gram through trainings and FLDs by KVK, Tapi in
The tribal farming community has created a sense Gujarat.Ind. J. of Agric. Res. And Ext.Vol (4): 12-15.
of belongingness with KVK and they are in such opinion Chauhan, N.M. (2011). Execution of IPM Technology in
that KVK and Hangati Trust is really working for their own Cotton Ecosystem of Tapi District. Ind. J. of Agric.
benefits. A good channel was developed among 84 tribal Res. And Ext.Vol (4): 31-34.
dominated villages of Songadh and Vyara block. Scientist
visit to these villages and farmers visit to KVK became Chauhan, N.M. (2011). Livestock Management Practices
common phenomenon. followed by the dairy farmers of Narmada District of
Gujart. Ind. J. of Agric. Res. And Ext.Vol (4): 67-70.
CONCLUSION
Bhatta S.T. and Chauhan, N.M. (2012). Effect of different
The 84 villages linked with this mission are on the growth hormones on growth and flowering of
path of drastic changes in their agriculture and live stock Dendrobium CV, “Sonia-17”.GreenFarming (An
management, each and every problems related to agriculture International Journal of Applied Agricultural &
and animal husbandry could immediately solved by KVK Horticultural Sciences) VOL: 3(3):375-376.
scientists. The all integrated approaches of crop and live
stock management had been implemented easily. The Chauhan, N.M., (2012).Contribution of the tribal farm
recent innovation in the field of agriculture is immediately women in livestock management. Agric .Update,
implemented by KVK scientist among these villages and vol.7 (1&2):5-7.
farmers are very eager to adopt such technologies given
by KVK scientist with full interest and confidence. The Chauhan, N.M. and Chauhan, N.B, (2012).Constraints
traditional methods of farming along with same prejudices faced and suggestions offered by the programme
and religious belief have been changed scientific technology Coordinators of KKK’s of India. Agric. Update, vol.7
and we could successfully change mindset of tribal farming (1&2):14-18.
communities. Which will be a great achievement in the field Chauhan, N.M,(2010).Information Hungers of the rice
of agricultural extension management. Linkage with Hangati growers. Agric. Update, vol.7 (1&2):72-75.
Mahila Trust was an ideal example of unique piece of work
done by this KVK. Pandya, C.D., G.R. Patel and N.M. Chauhan, (2012). Yield
Gap Analysis of Okra Production Technology in Tapi
IMPLICATION
District of South Gujarat.Agrobios Res.Vol.1(1), 83-
The study has acknowledged the changing mindset of 87
the tribal farming communities with good empathy building.
72
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
1 Director, Institute of Distance education, “Krushi Gangotri” Borsad Chowkadi, AAU, Anand, Gujarat
2 Director of Extension Education, AAU, Anand
E-mail : [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Dairying has been well recognized for its major share in economic development, but the performance
in the area of milk production is not much encouraging as far as the bovine population of India’s milch animals
is concerned. The scientific management and high yielding breed have great potential for increasing the milk
production. For raising the milk production sufficient knowledge, mass media exposure, positive attitude, and
continuous adoption of the dairy innovations are necessary which finally elastic the socio-economic status of
society. Hence, the study was conducted to know effect of different mass media on capacity building of dairy farm-
ers of Anand District during the year 2005-06 in Anand district. Age was significant but negatively correlated
while, education, social participation, occupation, annual income, extension contact, Cosmopoliteness, economic
motivation, scientific orientation, planning orientation, production orientation, market orientation, management
orientation, credit orientation, achievement motivation, extent of knowledge of improved practices of animal hus-
bandry, and extent of adoption of improved practices of animal husbandry were found significantly and positively
related with their extent of mass media exposure.
Keywords: Dairy farmers, animal husbandry practices, mass media exposure, correlation and personal profile
NTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY
Knowledge will be the power in the 21st century The study was undertaken in five talukas of Anand
and it could be possible through use of print media district of Gujarat state, a total sample size of 200 respondents
like farm magazines, books, booklets, leaflets etc. for at random, constituted from 20 selected villages. To study
farmers. The widening reach of mass communication the mass media exposure of the respondents, a scale adopted
methods such as radio, television, videos and print by Kamat V. (1992) was used with some modification.
media offer good prospects for its effective utilization in Score of two for regular participation (exposure), one for
disseminating agricultural information (Farrington et al., occasional participation and zero for non- participation,
1998). It reaches the majority in a time efficient and cost- were assigned separately for news paper, radio broadcasts,
effective way through in terms of effective utilization of farm literature, television programme and use of internet
the information assimilated from mass communication relating to animal husbandry practices. It has been measured
methods remains an item of debate. Mass communication with the score assigned to each statement. The total score
is a process in which the message is magnified to such an has been calculated for each respondent by adding up the
extent the communicator or an expert reaches millions of score of all statements. On the basis of mean (x ) and
people in a very short time. The pattern and involvement standard deviation (S.D.), the respondents were grouped
of users in any communication system give real picture into three categories for mass media exposure as under.
regarding its usefulness. Hence the study was conducted (i) Low exposure to mass media < (X – S.D.)
to know effect of different mass media on capacity
(ii) Medium exposure to mass media between(x ± S.D.)
building dairy farmers of Anand District.
(iii)High exposure to mass media > (x + S.D.)
73
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
The statistical measures such as percentage, mean, of improved practices of animal husbandry and their extent
standard deviation, and, co-efficient of correlation was done. of mass media exposure of the dairy farmers were found
significantly and positively related with their extent of mass
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
media exposure.
Effect of mass media in capacity building of dairy farmers
Table-2 Relationship between various capacities of dairy
Communication exposure helps people to gain farmers and their mass media exposure. n=200
general awareness as well as provides scientific and technical
Sr. No. Independent Variables Correlation
information and plays an important role to improve their Coefficient
socio-techno-economic standards. The information regarding (r value)
mass media exposure was collected as the nature and I Personal
frequency of respondent’s involvement in different mass 1 Age -0.6461**
media such as newspaper, radio, television, krushiamela, film 2 Education 0.6901**
and use of internet facility. The respondents were classified in II Socio-economic
to three categories as shown in Table 1. 3 Social participation 0.5938**
4 Family size 0.0622 NS
Table 1 : Distribution of the dairy farmers according to 5 Landholding 0.1242 NS
their extent of mass media exposure 6 Herd size 0.0631 NS
n=200 7 Occupation 0.6684**
8 Annual income 0.6753**
Sr. Level of mass media Number Per cent III Communicational
No. exposure 9 Extension contact 0.6410**
1 Low (< 26.56 score) 44 22.00 IV Psychological variables
2 Medium(between 26.56 to 116 58.00 10 Economic motivation 0.6392**
46.04 score) 11 Cosmopoliteness 0.6197**
12 Scientific orientation 0.6270**
3 High (> 46.04 score) 40 20.00
13 Planning orientation 0.5746**
Mean (`x) = 36.30 SD =9.74
14 Production orientation 0.5943**
The data in table 1 indicates that nearly three-fifth 15 Market orientation 0.5650**
16 Management orientation 0.6969**
(58.00 per cent) of the respondents were having medium level
17 Credit orientation 0.2480**
of mass media exposure, followed by slightly more than one-
18 Competition orientation 0.0992 NS
fifth (22.00 per cent) with low and one-fifth (20.00 per cent) had 19 Risk orientation 0.1021 NS
high level of mass media exposure. In general, it is observed 20 Achievement motivation 0.3556**
that majority (80.00 per cent) of the dairy farmer possessed 21 Extent of Knowledge regarding 0.7309**
medium exposure to mass media. This might be due to their improved animal husbandry
low to medium level of awareness regarding importance of practices
various mass media in improving their knowledge. Because 22 Extent of adoption of improved 0.7066**
animal husbandry practices
of this reason they might not have shown their expected
interest in useful programmes broadcasted and telecasted on ** Significant at 0.01 level of probability
radio and television, respectively, as well as farm literature
and newspaper published by different agencies. NS- None significant
IMPLICATION REFERENCES
The study facilitates in knowing the characteristics Chauhan, N.B., Patel, B. B., Patel, J.G. and Sharma, M. L.
of the dairy farmers, which will serve as guidance for the (1994). Factors affecting mass media exposure and
planner and extension agencies for planning and implementing attitude towards modern agricultural practices of small
programme related to the profitable dairy farming. Extension peasants. Guj. J. Ext. Edu., 4 & 5:118-121
contact and social participation of the dairy farmers showed
Gour, A. K. (2002) Factors influencing adoption of some
their significant influences. It is therefore, recommended improved animal husbandry practices of dairying in
that the dairy farmers who are not members of any useful Anand and Vadodara districts of Gujarat State. Ph.D.
organizations should be persuaded to get enrolled as an active Thesis (Unpublished). G.A.U., S.K.Nagar.
member and village extension worker should visit regularly
and frequently and motivates them. The Cosmopoliteness Kamat, V.V. (1992). Kheda Communication Project: An
of the respondents also associated significantly to extent Evaluative Study. Unpublished Report, S.N.D.T.,
of mass media exposure of dairy farmers. It is, therefore, Womenson’s University, Chuchgate.
recommended to give better road, bus and transport facilities Kerlinger, F.N. (1976). Foundation of behavioural research,
to the milk producers of all villages so that they can make Surjee Publication, New Delhi : 198-204.
contact to the progressive dairy farmers and extension
personal other than their own society. The study also revealed Kadian, K.S. and Kumar, R. (1999). Factors associated with
that economic variables like number of occupations in which knowledge level of dairy farmers, Maha. J. of Extn.
farmers involved, and annual income associated significantly Edn., 18: 33-37.
to extent of mass media exposure. Efforts should be also Mishra, Prakash., Bardhan, D., Dabas Y. P. S. and Kumar,
made to supply inputs to cattle owners. This may help in Avadesh. (2009). Factors influencing and impact of
contributing better socio-techno-economic change and package of selected dairy husbandry technologies.
ultimately enhancing dairy farming activities. Indian J. of Dairy Sc. 62(4): 316-326
75
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
1 Programme Coordinator
2 SMS (Agronomy) KVK, NAU, Vyara.Gujarat.
Email : [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Krishi Vigyan Kendra Vyara is located in the Tapi district – the southeastern part and the tribal belt
of Gujarat. Small and Marginal farmers are often at a disadvantageous position in absorbing the agricultural
technology related to genetic enhancement of production potential of agricultural crops. This is because of
centralized production and distribution of improved seeds by a seed companies. Though the organized sector
is able to produce a large quantity of seeds, the supply chain is unable to cope with the huge demand for seeds
across the length and breadth of the country. Thus, the farming community depends to a large extent on external
sources for important inputs such as seeds. Seed village programme provide an alternative to this problem and
help farmers become self reliant. This initiative needs both organized communities and scientific backstopping.
Efforts towards up scaling seed village programme under Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Vyara in the Tapi district
resulted in encouraging learning outcomes and demonstrated the viability of seed village with suitable technical
backstopping by KVK scientist and empowerment of the community members. The seed village concept not
only ensure good quality seeds for enhancing productivity but also in generating income for the community
members resulting in improved livelihood. The self sufficiency in the seed is a great impact in the area like Tribal
dominated District of Tapi.Implication of this study is the whole stocks of the seed materials have been sold by
high remunerative rates at farmer’s field only. The consciousness of the farmers regarding quality seed materials
have been increased drastically. The cheating and looting by private seed traders have been reduced remarkably
and the area under recommended cultivars of paddy has been developed in clusters and it leads towards value
addition through need based paddy production for industrial use as well as for food grain purpose. The seed
village concept of the farmers have been cultivated in the mind of orthodox tribal farmers to shift their age
old seed through recently released high yielding paddy varieties. It was really a big achievement in the field of
agriculture to run on sustainability and profitability super high way.
76
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
Krishi Vigyan Kendra k It was also noticed that most of the tribal farmers posses
small piece of land. Whatever they produced from the
KVK Vyara is working under the auspices of Navsari
land during monsoon, they have to depend on it for
Agricultural University. It has started its activities since
their livelihood. They are striving hard for their food
September,2000. Kendra has undertaken Seed multiplication
especially during August and September.
programme of Paddy since 2000-01.
The basic concept of seed village is to make the
Genesis of Programme
villagers self-sufficient for quality sees of their region.The
To ascertain the constraints encountered by Paddy seeds produced of the appropriate varieties of various crops,
growers of this area, a Benchmark survey was carried out by locally. The following steps may be taken to ensure effective
multidisciplinary team of scientist of KVK during the year implementation of seed village programme.
2009-10. The results of the survey revealed following …
1 As far as possible, seed village should be organized
a Large majority of the tribal farmers are cultivating in a compact area with adequate irrigation facilities
conventional varieties (Tichun native –1, Sathi and comprising of few adjacent villages.
Kada) of paddy.
2 The area selected for seed village should produce
b Conventional varieties are early mature, having coarse enough seeds to meet the requirement of the particular
grain with dull husk colour, and highly susceptible to area (i.e.) block or district for which seed village has
water logging as the rain coincide with maturity of been organized.
paddy in later stage.
3 The area entitled for seed village programme may not
c Paddy growers are using higher seed rate i.e. 30 – 40 Kg be changed every year but it should be kept permanent
for transplanting 1 acre of land as they produce seed of for 5-10 years.
their own.
4 The selected farmers should be provided with training
d They were planting 10-12 seedlings / hill resulting in to in seed production so that they are in a position to take
over plant population and lower yield. It also increases all possible care for quality seed production.
the cost of cultivation because harvesting takes much
5 Adequate quantity of source seeds should be mobilised
time.
in advance
e Farmers were using impure seed, as they produce it on
6 Adequate inputs should be made available in time
their farm without taking much care.
7 Integrated plant protection measures should be
f Av. Yield of Paddy (conventional varieties) is about
advocated.
2500 Kgs./ha.under good management practices.
8 Seed processing facilities should be made available at
g Market value of the conventional varieties is less ranges
the nearest destination
between Rs. 5 –6 /Kg. because of coarse grain and
unpleasant colour of husk. 9 Proper planning should be made to distribute the seeds
produced in time.
h Tribal farmers are not satisfied with yield status of
conventional varieties of Paddy. 10 The seed producers may attempt for successful
implementation of seed village concept in their areas.
i The farmers having assured irrigation facilities or low
It is always better to test the seeds or seed lots before
land kyari expressed their desired to have high yielding
sowing or offering for sale. To test the seeds a service
variety with late maturity to avoid damage by rains to
sample should be drawn and submitted to the Seed
crop at the maturity time.
Testing Laboratory. Following should be born in while
j On the contrary, farmers growing paddy under rainfed drawing a service sample.
condition expressed their desire to have high yielding
11 Prescribed quantity of seed samples should be sent
early mature variety.
along with the sample slip
77
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
12 In the sample slip the details on crop, variety, lot number also a convener and SAC member of Krishi Vigyan Kendra,
should be indicated clearly. Vyara.
13 A fee of Rs.20 per sample should be paid for each Two days training programme on ‘Seed Production
service sample Technology’ was imparted to the farmers on the basic aspects
of Seed Production technology, improved technologies on
14 If the moisture test is required a separate sample should
Integrated nutrient Management etc., were given at Krishi
be sent in a polythene container with 70 gauge thickness
Vigyan Kendra, Vyara and field exposure visit was arranged
15 A regular training programme was conducted to the in the Seed Village Scheme fields at Vyara so as to acquire
seed law enforcement officials on 15.6.2010 at KVK practical skill on the production technology. The farmers
Vyara about 50 officials participated in this training were supplied with resource materials on seed production
programme. Technology.
16 The Subject Matter Specialist of Krishi Vigyan Kendra, The farmers had acquired modern technologies and
Vyara inspected Paddy seed production field in Tapi skill. A very good impact has been created among the farmers
district on 28-9-2010 and guided the seed grower for and in turn they developed confidence in the seed production.
successful seed production. The farmer prepared nursery his land by ploughing followed
by rotavator and finally prepared his nursery bed for paddy
Seed Grower through Woman Cooperative seedlings. He applied farm yard manure @ 15-20 t/ha during
ploughing and incorporated in the land.
Seed is an important determinant of agricultural
production and the efficacy of other agricultural inputs like Paddy seeds of Jaya and Gurjari, treated with
labour, fertilizers depends on the quality of seed. Hence, thirum @ 3 gm / kg were sown in the second week of June
the availability of the right seed material is very crucial. In 2010 with the suitable guidelines of the scientists. Irrigation
Tapi district Paddy is grown in an area of 114291 ha and the and fertilizer were given in nursery after 23rd days after
approximate seed requirement is around 6857t. In order to sowing transplanting of Paddy was done with line planting
achieve higher seed requirement, a major effort is required to recommended spacing, fertilizer and irrigation according to
cover more area under seed production. The production and the prescribed schedule given by the scientists of KVK.
supply of quality seeds and enhancing the seed replacement
rates of various crops are the important issues in seed sector. By the seed production technology, he could achieve
Hence, training on seed production to the farmers is needed uniform crop stand, limited weed problem and problems of
to increase the production of quality seeds. pest and diseases.He has harvested the Paddy crop during the
third week of October 2010. He obtained yield of 6.5 t/ha.
Krishi Vigyan Kendra intervention
A field day was conducted in the field of Hangati
The farmers have purchased the seeds from private Mahila Trust farmers of Zarali, Jamkhadi, Bharadada,
seed companies, government outlets and also used their own Amalgundi villages so as to create awareness among the
farm saved seeds. KVK scientists explained the uses and other farmers on the achievement of higher yield in Paddy
production of quality seeds. But, the resource poor farmers by Seed Production technology. Most of the farmers had
were unable to produce the seeds of their own due to lack expressed the advantages of raising Paddy for getting higher
of technical know- how. Then the Krishi Vigyan Kendra returns within a period of four months It is imperative that
intervened and trained the farmers of Hangati Mahila trust, seed production technology has to be scaled up over larger
Mandal about the seed production technologies such as land area in forthcoming years, thereby the farmers fetch higher
selection, sources of seed, isolation distance, rouging, foliar yield and higher net return. In such attempts, the role of
nutrition, harvesting and post harvest handling of seeds in KVK is very vital and necessary.
three stages under seed village training programme
IMPACT
If we consider the success story of trained farmers
of Hangati mahila trust villages in Tapi District is one of the He is having 30 acres of wet land with good irrigation
progressive farmers in this village has shown impressive sources. Previously, he followed conventional system of rice
progress both as an early adopter and entrepreneur. He is cultivation for grain production. After few years he felt that
78
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
this system would not have benefit in terms of both yield technology related to genetic enhancement of production
and soil fertility maintenance. Then, he planned to start seed potential of agricultural crops. This is because of centralized
production in rice as advised by scientists of Krishi Vigyan production and distribution of improved seeds by a seed
Kendra, Vyara. Previously he had undergone the training companies. Though the organized sector is able to produce
on the direct seeding techniques with drum seeder and SRI a large quantity of seeds, the supply chain is unable to
techniques in rice during 2009. He practiced these techniques cope with the huge demand for seeds across the length
in seed production and he found that this techniques required and breadth of the country. Thus, the farming community
low seed rate (2-3 kg ha-1), nitrogen (LCC based nitrogen depends to a large extent on external sources for important
management), water and labour requirement. Based on inputs such as seeds. Seed village programme provide an
this experience, he extended to an area of 30 acres for seed alternative to this problem and help farmers become self
production in rice. He was able to harvest higher seed yield reliant. This initiative needs both organized communities
of 6400 kg ha-1 with low cost of cultivation (Rs.12, 500) and scientific backstopping. Efforts towards up scaling seed
when compared to conventional method. Now he became village programme under Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Vyara in
a Own Hangati Mahila trust seed entrepreneur and marketing the Tapi district resulted in encouraging learning outcomes
his seeds by this trust. and demonstrated the viability of seed village with suitable
technical backstopping by KVK scientist and empowerment
Seed village trainings to the farmers
of the community members. The seed village concept not only
Sr. Activity No. Participants ensure good quality seeds for enhancing productivity but also
No in generating income for the community members resulting
1 On / Off campus training 17 270 in improved livelihood. The self sufficiency in the seed is a
programme great impact in the area like Tribal dominated District of Tapi.
2 Field days 04 578
IMPLICATION
S. Particulars and impact Production and
No. of the training income details The whole stocks of the seed materials have been
1 Area 30 Acre sold by high remunerative rates at farmer’s field only. The
2 Crops in which seed Paddy, Pulse consciousness of the farmers regarding quality seed materials
produced have been increased drastically. The cheating and looting
3 Unit production capacity 6.5 tonnes / ha –Paddy by private seed traders have been reduced remarkably and
4 Seed supply Krishi Vigyan Kendra,
the area under recommended cultivars of paddy has been
Vyara
developed in clusters and it leads towards value addition
5 Net income Rs.64,000 / ha –paddy
6 Rural employment 2500 man days / year through need based paddy production for industrial use as
7 Estimated area coverage 25 ha.–paddy well as for food grain purpose. The seed village concept of
the farmers have been cultivated in the mind of orthodox
SUMMARY tribal farmers to shift their age old seed through recently
Small and Marginal farmers are often at a released high yielding paddy varieties. It was really a big
disadvantageous position in absorbing the agricultural achievement in the field of agriculture to run on sustainability
and profitability super high way.
79
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
ABSTRACT
The study was carried out in the year 2009-10 in Vadodara District of Gujarat state to identify the
various constraints faced by cotton growers in management of cotton cultivation. A random sample of 120 cotton
growers was selected from Vadodara District and the constraints faced by cotton growers in management of
cotton cultivation were studied. The result of the study depicted that high cost of inputs, fluctuations in market
rate, Unavailability of seed at proper time, non availability of labours, high cost of transportation, lack of timely
technical advice, high rate of labours and non availability of timely credits, the process of getting cotton crop
insurance is complex, lack of market facilities, difficult to take valid advantage of crop insurance were perceived
as the most serious constraints faced by cotton growers.
INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES
Cotton is one of the most important commercial 1 To study the constraints faced by the cotton growers in
fiber crops of India. The seed of cotton is a potential source management of cotton cultivation.
of edible oil, cake and hull meal. It is also known as “King
2 To seek the suggestions from the cotton growers to
of Apparel Fiber” and “white gold”. Cotton is cultivated in
overcome the constraints faced by them.
about 60 countries of the world. India is having the largest
area under cotton; its average productivity is only 520 kg METHODOLOGY
per hectare as against the world average productivity of 650
kg per hectare. In India, cotton contributes about 85.00 per Vadodara district of Gujarat state was chosen
cent of the total fiber consumed in the textile industries. for the study. Vadodara, Dabhoi, Karjan and Sankheda
Gujarat is one of the major cotton producing states in talukas of Vadodara district of Gujarat state were
the country. Gujarat state has second largest area under purposively selected, because these talukas have more
cotton after Maharashtra in India. Cotton is widely grown, cotton growing area as compared to other talukas. Twelve
particularly in all districts of Gujarat state. Gujarat has been cotton growing villages were randomly selected from
the key contributor in cotton research in the country. those four talukas. For this study, 120 cotton growers who
had minimum 3 years of experience in cotton cultivation
Considering the major challenges in agriculture were selected randomly. For measuring constraints in
including the need for enhanced productivity, equity and management of cotton cultivation, a simple frequency
uneven development, issues of sustainability and enhanced system was applied. The respondents were asked to
profitability there is need for greater thrust for technology give the information about the constraints countered
dissemination without any transmission loss. This inspired by them in management of cotton cultivation and then
the investigator to study knows various constraints faced by frequency was ascertained from highest to lowest. The
cotton growers. Thus, the present study was undertaken in suggestions offered were ranked on the basis of number
the year 2009-10 with following objectives. and percentage of respondents who reported respective
80
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
82
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
ABSTRACT
The present study, attempt has been made to know the association between extent of adoption of
the farmers (dependent variable and their selected characteristics as independent variables) the correlation
coefficient (‘r’ value) were calculated on the basis of operational measures developed for the variables. The
characteristics of the respondents like education, social participation, extension contact, irrigation potentiality,
coriander crop intensity, risk orientation, extension participation, innovativeness, exposure to information source
and production were positively significant associated with the adoption of recommended coriander production
technology. While, Age was negative and significantly associated with the adoption about recommended
coriander production technology respectively. Whereas marketing orientation was negative and non significant
associated with the adoption about recommended coriander production technology.
(Manderada and Keshod) of Junagadh district was drawn by The direction of association was negative and
using random sampling techniques. To find out the relationship significant which indicated that coriander growers’ adoption
between dependent and independent variables, the Pearson’s of recommended coriander production technology increased
product moment method of computing correlation coefficient, significant with decrease in their age. The probable reason for
which provides generally accepted means for measuring the above finding might be that majority of the young coriander
relationship, was used (Chandel, 1975). growers were educated and having more extension contact
and social participation.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Education and extent of adoption
In order to ascertain the association between the
level of knowledge (dependent variable) of the farmers and The data presented in Table revealed that the calculated co-
each of their selected characteristics (independent variables), efficient of correlation value of r = 0.2522 was positively
the correlation co-efficient (‘r’) was calculated on the basis of highly significant at 0.01 level. Hence, the null hypothesis was
operational measures developed for the variables, empirical rejected and it could be inferred that there was positive and
hypotheses was stated for testing the association and its significant association between coriander growers’ adoption
significance on zero order correlation are given in Table 1. of recommended coriander production technology and their
education. It can be said that with increased in education the
Table 1 : Correlation between adoption about coriander
level of adoption also increased.
production technology followed by the farmers
and the independent variables n = 160 The probable reason may be that educated
respondents understand the importance of innovations can be
Sr. No Independent variables ‘r’ value
quickly and easily adopted by them. They also keep faith in
1 Age -0.1830*
new research and possess higher change proneness.
2 Education 0.2522**
3 Social participation 0.1801* Social participation and extent of adoption
4 Annual income 0.0430 NS
The data in Table revealed that the correlation co-
5 Extension contact 0.2059* efficient obtained r = 0.1801 was positive significant at 0.05
6 Size of land holding 0.0697 NS level. Hence, null hypothesis was rejected and it can be
7 Irrigation potentiality 0.2847** inferred that there was positive significant association between
8 Cropping intensity 0.2519** coriander growers’ adoption of recommended coriander
Risk orientation production technology and their social participation. The
9 0.1703*
adoption increased with an increase of social participation of
10 Extension participation 0.3228**
the respondents. The probable reason for this might be that
11 Innovativeness 0.3342**
more social participation provides more in-depth information
12 Market orientation -0.0495 NS and better understanding to the respondents, which leads them
Exposure to information to adopt the recommended coriander production technology
13 0.1783*
sources in a better way.
14 Production 0.2111**
Annual income and extent of adoption
* Significant at 0.05 level ** Significant at 0.01 level
The data in Table reveled that calculated correlation
NS = Non significant
coefficient r = 0.0430 was non significant at 0.05 level.
Age and extent of adoption Hence, the null hypothesis was accepted. It can be said that
there was no association between farmers’ level of adoption
It’s seen form the table that the calculated correlation
for coriander production practices on their annual income.
co-efficient value of r = -0.1830 was found significant at
This might be due to the fact that there were no more farmers
0.05 level. Thus, null hypothesis was rejected and it can be
adopting improved coriander production practices on their
concluded that there was negative and significant association
farm, so they think that the disparity in income is not because
between coriander growers’ adoption of recommended
of the coriander production practices.
coriander production technology and their age.
84
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
Extension contact and extent of adoption hypothesis was rejected. It can therefore, be said that there
is positive and significant association between coriander
The data presented in table revealed that the
growers adoption of recommended coriander production
computed correlation co-efficient value of r = 0.2059
technology and coriander crop intensity. The positive
was observed to be positive and significant at 0.05 level.
direction of relationship indicated that coriander growers’
Hence, the null hypothesis was rejected. It can therefore be
adoption increased with an increase in their coriander crop
concluded that there is significant relation between coriander
intensity.
growers’ adoption of recommended coriander production
technology and their extension contact. The positive direction The probable reason might be that coriander is rabi crop. Due
of relationship revealed that the adoption increased with an to the increase in crop intensity the respondents might have
increase of extension contact of the respondents. This might received more production per unit area which might have
be due to fact that participation in extension activities around generated more income.
the area of the respondents acquired higher knowledge; as a
Risk orientation and extent of adoption
result farmers are ready to adopted recommended coriander
production technology. The data depicted in Table reveled that the computed
co-efficient of correlation value of r = 0.1703 was positive
Size of land holding and extent of adoption
and significant at 0.05 level. Hence, null hypothesis was
The data presented in Table reveled that the rejected. Therefore, it can be said that there was positive
correlation co-efficient obtained r = 0.0697 was non significant association between coriander growers adoption
significant at 0.05 level. Hence, the null hypothesis was of recommended coriander production technology and risk
accepted. It can be concluded that there is no association orientation. The positive direction of relationship indicated
between coriander growers’ adoption of recommended that with increase risk orientation the adoption is increased.
coriander production technology and their size of land The probable reason for this result could be that coriander
holding. This might be due to the fact that irrespective of growers secure benefits of high production while taking risk in
size of land holding almost all the respondents inclined adoption of recommended coriander production technology.
to adopt equally, the recommended coriander production
Extension participation and extent of adoption
technology for getting higher yield and income.
The data presented in Table reveled that the
Irrigation potentiality and extent of adoption
computed co-efficient of correlation value of r = 0.3228 was
The data in Table reveled that the computed positive and significant at 0.01 level. Hence, null hypothesis
correlation co-efficient value of r = 0.2847 was positive and was rejected. Therefore, it can be said that there was positive
significant at 0.01 level. Hence, null hypothesis was rejected. significant association between coriander growers’ adoption
It can be concluded that there was positive & significant of recommended coriander production technology and their
association between adoption of recommended coriander extension participation.
production technology and their irrigation potentiality.
The probable reason might be that due to more
The positive sign indicated that with increase in irrigation
participation in extension activities the respondents acquired
potentiality the adoption level of coriander growers also
more knowledge and other facilities like credit, input supply
increased. This might be due to the fact that with increase
at a time which facilitated higher adoption in coriander
in irrigation potentiality the respondent might have irrigated
production technology.
their crop at different critical stages of crop which resulted
in higher yield and income. As a result, this might have Innovativeness and extent of adoption
motivated them for more adoption of coriander production
technology. The data in Table reveled that the computed co-
efficient of correlation value of r = 0.3342 was highly
Cropping intensity and extent of adoption positive and significant at 0.01 level. Hence, null hypothesis
was rejected. Therefore, it can be said that there was positive
The data presented in Table reveled that the
significant association between coriander growers’ adoption
calculated correlation co-efficient value of r = 0.2519 was
of recommended coriander production technology and their
found to be positive and significant at 0.01 level. Hence, null
85
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
innovativeness.The probable reason might be that due to coriander crop intensity, risk orientation, extension
more innovative they tried out different coriander production participation, innovativeness, exposure to information source
technology. and production were positively significant associated with the
adoption of recommended coriander production technology.
Market orientation and extent of adoption While, Age was negative and significantly associated with the
adoption about recommended coriander production technology
The data in Table reveled that the computed respectively. Whereas marketing orientation was negative and
correlation coefficient (r = - 0.0495) was found negative non significant associated with the adoption about recommended
and non significant revealed that there was no association coriander production technology.
between market orientation and extent of adoption. Hence
the hypothesis was accepted. REFERENCES
The probable reason for no influence of market Chauhan, N.B. (2008). Capacity building of farmers’ through
orientation on adoption of coriander product practices can training on organic farming practices in surendranagar
be explained to the reason that resources to be purchased district of gujarat state.M.Sc. (Agri.) Thesis
from market are very less. On the other hand, for selling of (Unpublished). Junagadh Agricultural University,
coriander product market network has not yet been developed. Junagadh.
Exposure to information and extent of adoption Chhodavadia, H. C. (2001). Impact of frontline demonstration
on groundnut pigeon pea relay cropping system in
The data in Table reveled that the computed co- Saurashtra region of Gujarat State. M.Sc. (Agri).
efficient of correlation value of r = 0.1783 was positive Thesis (Unpublished). G.A.U., S.K. Nagar.
and significant at 0.05 level. Hence, null hypothesis was
rejected. Therefore, it can be said that there was positive Dangar, M. M. (1996) A study of knowledge, adoption and
significant association between coriander growers’ adoption constraints of chiku growers’ in Junagadh district of
of recommended coriander production technology and their Gujarat state. (Unpublished) M.Sc. (Agri) Thesis,
exposure to information sources. G.A.U., S. K. Nagar.
Kamani, A.B. (2007). A Quintessential paradigm of a
Production and extent of adoption
quintessential paradigm of organic farming in relation
The data presented in the table reveled that the to adoption of organic farmers in saurashtra. M.Sc.
calculated value r = 0.2111 was highly significant 0.01). (Agri) Thesis (Unpublished). Junagadh Agricultural
Hence, the null hypothesis was rejected and it can be inferred University, Junagadh.
that there was positive and significant association between
Kotadiya, D.G. (2006). Impact of IHDP in Junagadh district of
the level of adoption of farmers and their production.
Gujarat State. Ph.D. Thesis (Unpublished). Junagadh
CONCLUSION Agricultural University, Junagadh.
86
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
Constraints faced by the Tribal youth while participating in the rural development activities
in Banaskantha District.
ABSTRACT
The socio-economic development and prosperity of the country depends to a considerable extent on the
type of the youth the country have, because the rural youth have abilities and capabilities to orient themselves
in the main stream of the development process. Youth are considered as a dynamic force in their thought and
actions for the development of the society and country. The Present study was conducted in Danta and Amirgagh
taluka of Banaskantha District. Two tauka was selected purposively as having the highest tribal rural youth as
compare to other taluka of Banaskantha. Six villages form each taluka and ten youth of age ranging between
25 to 40 from each village were selected randomly making a total sample of 120 respondent. Majority of the
rural youth having illiterate education up to Primary level. The major constraints faced by the rural youth were
lack of rural youth club and their activities, lack of support from village institution, lack of proper leadership
and financial assistance from the Government. Majority of the rural youth suggested that more rural youth
club should be established in rural area. Village institutions should support to the youth club impart training to
youth club members and local leaders also should guide the youth club. Support from the village institution and
Imparting proper training on entrepreneurship development and proper guidance from the local leaders.
The socio-economic development and prosperity of (2) To know the constraints faced by the rural tribal youth
the country depends to a considerable extent on the type of the while initiating and / or participating in development
youth the country have, because the rural youth have abilities activities in the villages.
and capabilities to orient themselves in the main stream of
(3) To seek the suggestions to overcome the constraints.
the development process. Youth are considered as a dynamic
force in their thought and actions for the development of the METHODOLOGY
society and country. Rural youth as a group are shy to take
part in any rural development process. The primary causes The Present study was conducted in Danta and
for the wastage of youth power were lack of appropriate Amirgagh taluka of Banaskantha District. Two tauka was
state wide interlinked network for youth organizations and selected purposively as having the highest tribal rural youth
lack of proper training and guidance. The low participation as compare to other taluka of Banaskantha. Six villages
of rural development activities is widely accepted. This form each taluka and ten youth of age ranging between 25
fact needs a systematic research study to screen out the to 40 from each village were selected randomly making a
major constraints faced by rural youth while participating total sample of 120 respondent. The data were collected by
in the rural development activities. personal interview through interview schedule, then the data
were tabulated, analyzed and interpreted.
OBJECTIVES
Table 1 : Information regarding Tribal villages cent and 10.00 per cent had farming + laboring and farming
respectively. None of them had farming ,service and business
Sr. Name of Taluka Total Tribal engagements. It might be due to the fact that the respondents
No. villages villages were selected from rural area and there is not any alternate
1 Danta 186 123 except farming+A.H. because majority were farmers sons.
2 Amirgadh 69 48 Table 5: Distribution of the respondents according to
their social participation n =120
Table 2 : Information regarding Selected Tribal villages
Sr. No. Category Number Per cent
Sr. No. Name of Name of Selected Tribal 1 No Membership 73 60.83
Taluka villages 2 Membership in one 31 25.83
1 Danta Bordiyara, Dhareda, Chori, organization
Guda, Barvas, Jodhsar 3 Membership in more than 16 13.33
one organization
2 Amirgadh Sevania, Isvani, Sonvadi
4 Membership with holding 00 0.00
,Kapasiya, Ghantu,
Position
Jodhra
It can be seen from the Table 5 that majority ( 60.83 per
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION cent ) of the respondents had no member in any organization
Table3: Distribution of the respondents according to their followed by membership in one organization ( 25.83 per cent
level of education n=120 ) and membership in more than one organization ( 13.33.00
per cent ). None of this membership with holding position in
Sr.No. Education Number Per cent social organization. The probable reason might be that the
1 Illiterate 74 61.67 membership in co-operative societies naturally found in the
2 Primary level 39 32.50 name of family head instead of youths.
( 1-7 std )
3 Secondary level 4 3.33 Constraint faced by respondents
( 8-10 std )
4 Higher Secondary 2 1.67 Table 6 : Distribution of the respondents according to
level ( 11-12 std ) their constraints in participating and/ or
5 College level 1 0.83 initiating development activities in the village
The data presented in Table 3 reveal that majority ( 61.67 . n =120
per cent ) of respondent were illiterate followed by primary Sr. Constraints No. Per
level of Education (32.50 per cent), Secondary level ( 3.33 No cent
per cent ), Higher Secondary level ( 1.67 per cent ) and 1 Lack of rural youth clubs and their 103 85.83
College level (00 .83 per cent ). Hence it can be concluded activities
that majority of the tribal rural youth were illiterate to 2 Lack of support from the village 88 73.33
primary level education. institutions
3 Lack of proper leadership 84 70.00
Table4: Distribution of the respondents according to their 4 Lack of financial assistance from 94 78.33
occupation n=120 the Government
5 Lack of co –operation from 57 47.50
Sr.No. Occupation Number Per cent villagers
1 Farming 12 10.00 6 lack of training facilities 63 52.50
2 Farming + laboring 21 17.50 7 Lack of interest on the part of 65 54.17
3 Farming + A.H. 87 72.50 youth in village development work
4 Farming + Service 00 00.00 8 Villagers not showing faith in 42 35.00
youth
The data presented in Table 4 portray that a great 9 Lack of spare time for development 35 29.16
majority ( 72.50 per cent ) of the respondent were dealing with 10 Lack of education facilities 25 20.83
farming + A.H. as their main occupation, only 17.50.00 per
It is obvious from the data presented in Table 6
88
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
that the major constraints identified were lack of rural youth CONCLUSION
clubs and their activities ( 88.83 per cent ) followed by lack
Majority of the rural youth having illiterate to
of financial assistance from the Government ( 78.33 per
primary level education, engaged in farming and animal
cent ), lack of support from the village institution ( 73.33
husbandry as main occupation and no membership in
percent ) lack of proper leadership (70.00 Per cent ), lack
organization.
of Co-operation from villagers ( 47.50 per cent ) and lack of
training facilities ( 52.50 per cent ). Other Constraints like The major constraints faced by the rural youth were
lack of interest on the part of youth in village’s development, lack of rural youth club and their activities, lack of support
villagers not showing faith in youth, lack of spare time for from village institution, lack of proper leadership and
development and lack of education facilities for youth in rural financial assistance from the Government.
area were expressed by the respondents. Hence it is inferred
that the village youth clubs were not found in the villages for Majority of the rural youth suggested that more
leadership development. rural youth club should be established in rural area. Village
institutions should support to the youth club impart training
Suggestion of respondents to youth club members and local leaders also should guide
the youth club. Support from the village institution and
TABLE : 7 Distribution of the respondents according
Imparting proper training on entrepreneurship development
to their suggestion to overcome the
and proper guidance from the local leaders.
constraints n =120
Practical Utility
Sr. Suggestion Freq- Per
No uency cent The results of the study will be useful to rural youth have
1 Establishment of rural youth club 105 87.50
abilities and capabilities to orient themselves in the main
in the rural area
2 Village institution should support 102 85.00 stream of the development process in rural development
the youth clubs. activities in rural area.
3 Local leaders should properly 98 81.66
guide the youths and Govt. should REFERENCES
organize training for triball youth.
Bhanu,V.L. (2006). Study of aspiration of rural youth and
4 Adequate financial support from 95 79.16
the Government their attitude towards rural development activities
5 Co-operation from villagers to rural 60 50.00 in Dharwad district of Karnataka state. M.Sc.
youth (Agri.) Thesis, University of Agricultural Sciencies,
Dharwad.
Table 7 indicated that the most important suggestion
expressed by majority of the rural youth had positively Butt,T.M., Hassan,M.Z.Y., Sahi,S.T., Atiq,M., Jabbar,A.,
constructive suggestion to overcome these constraints. The Ahmad I., Luqman,M. and Shafique,W.(2011) . Role
most important suggestion given by them were Establishment of rural youth in Agricultural and rural development:
of functional rural youth club development in the rural area A self perceived case study of Okara Distict,Panjab,
( 87.50 per cent ) followed by support from the village Pakistan, J.Agri. Ext. Rural Dev.,3(2)23-28.
institutions ( 85.00 per cent ) and Imparting proper training
Soni, M.C. and Nandapurkar, G.G. (1991). Constraints
on entrepreneurship development and guidance from the
faced by rural youth While paticipating in the rural
local leaders ( 81.66 per cent ), Adequate financial support
development activities. Guj.J.Ext. Edu. II:227.&III
from the Government ( 79.16 per cent ) and Co-operation
from villagers to rural youth ( 50.00 per cent ).
89
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to know difficulties faced by the woman research scholars of SAUs of Gujarat
in the Computer Application. A proportionate random sample of 100 woman research scholars studying in M.Sc
and Ph.D in Agriculture, Dairy science Technology and veterinary science of Gujarat state was selected. The data
were collected by personal contacts. Major difficulty faced by the woman research scholars of SAUs in the com-
puter application in descending order of ranks were 1.Inadequate computer sets at hostel, 2.Inadequate computer
sets at library, 3. Inadequate computer sets at college,4. lack of training, 5.Lack of necessary detail practical
knowledge, 6.Lack of knowledge of minor repairing of different parts of computer, 7.Poor cooperation to make
use of departmental computer facility, 8.Lack of institutional motivational atmosphere, 9.Low speed of computer,
10.low speed of internet, 11.Lack of skills using all the features of internet, 12.Lack of own computer, and 13.Low
speed of internet.
90
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
to develop agriculture and rural India. The suggestion and are matching with the recommendations given by Raymond
opinion from such human resources is the key to the success (2000), Catherine and Banji (2002), Shah (2006) and Jat
of any agricultural development. To understand the problems (2009).
faced by the woman research scholars of SAUs of Gujarat
CONCLUSION
in the computer application was collected and presented in
Table 1. It can be concluded from the result that major
difficulties faced by the woman research scholars of SAUs of
Table: 1 : Difficulties faced by the SAUs woman research
scholar in the application of computer Gujarat in computer application were inadequate computer
n=100 sets at hostel, inadequate computer sets at library, Inadequate
Sr. Problems Mean Rank computer sets at college, lack of training, lack of necessary
No. Score detail practical knowledge and lack of knowledge of minor
1 Inadequate computer sets at hostel 1.92 1st
repairing of different parts of computer, poor cooperation
2 Inadequate computer sets at library 1.89 2nd
to make use of departmental computer facility, lack of
3 Inadequate computer sets at college 1.87 3rd
institutional motivational atmosphere, low speed of computer
4 Lack of training. 1.84 4th
and internet and lack of skills using all the features of internet.
5 Lack of enough practical 1.41 5th
knowledge IMPLICATION
6 Lack of knowledge of minor 1.40 6th
repairing Understanding significance of computer application
7 poor departmental cooperation to 1.82 7th
use computer by woman research scholars, there is a need to tackle all
8 Lack of institutional motivational 1.79 8th the limitations realised by the woman research scholars and
atmosphere serious efforts should be started to improve their level of
9 Low speed of computer 1.72 9th
computer application.
10 Low speed of internet. 1.61 10th
11 Lack of skills using all the features 1.56 11th REFERENCES
of internet
12 Lack of own computer 1.49 12th Catherine Nyaki Adeya and Banji Oyelaran-Oyeyinka
13 No training for discriminating use 1.45 13th (2002).The Internet in African Universities: Case
of the internet studies from Kenya and Nigeria, http://www. Global
equality .info/reports/IDEaf.pdf.
It can be seen that major difficulties faced by
woman research scholars of SAUs in computer application Jat, B.I. (2009) Development of scale to measure the attitude
in descending order of ranks were inadequate computer sets of teachers towards the application of multimedia in
at hostel, inadequate computer sets at library, Inadequate agricultural higher education, Unpublished Ph.D.
computer sets at college, lack of training, lack of necessary Thesis, A.A.U., Anand, Gujarat.
detail practical knowledge and lack of knowledge of minor
Raymond Szeto (2000).Towards a model of internet learning,
repairing of different parts of computer. The other problems
Education at a Distance, 14:6.
faced by woman research scholars of SAUs of Gujarat during
their exposure of computer were; poor cooperation to make Shah, U.B. (2006).A study on level of internet exposure of
use of departmental computer facility, lack of institutional teachers of Anand Agricultural University, Anand.
motivational atmosphere, low speed of computer and internet Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, A.A.U., Anand, Gujarat.
and lack of skills using all the features of internet. The results
91
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
ABSTRACT
The present study was undertaken in four talukas of Anand district of Gujarat state during the year 2005.
From each taluka, five villages were selected having highest area under banana crop. From each village twelve
banana growers (4- marginal, 4- small and 4- medium banana growers) from 20 selected villages constituted a
total sample size of 240 respondents at random. The ex-post-facto research design was followed. The most impor-
tant constraints faced by medium banana growers in adoption of improved banana cultivation technology were:
Irregular supply of electric power Lack of cooperative/APMC market, Non availability of pesticide at village
level, Uncertainty of price, Lack of own tube well, Difficulty in calculation of doses of fertilizer, Non availability
of guarantor against loan, High cost of tissue culture plant and Insufficient training programme.
92
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
Constraints faced by the banana growers in adoption of own sprayer/duster (Rank- IV) where as for medium banana
improved banana cultivation practices have been presented growers were non availability of pesticides at village level
in Table1. (Rank- I), high cost of pesticides (Rank- II), lack of own
sprayer/duster (Rank- III) and unawareness about preparation
On the perusal of data presented in Table 1 it can
of solution (Rank- IV).
be observed that constraints faced by the marginal, small
and medium banana growers in adoption of improved Constraints related to marketing in adoption of
banana cultivation practices in descending order of rank improved banana cultivation practices for marginal banana
for sucker/variety were high cost of tissue culture plant growers in descending rank order were uncertainty of price
(Rank-I), unavailability of quality suckers (Rank- II) and non (Rank- I), lack of cooperative/APMC market (Rank- II),
availability of diseases/pest resistant variety (Rank- III). high cost of transportation (Rank- III), lack of local market
at village level (Rank- IV) and high rate of labour charges
Constraints faced by marginal, small and medium
(Rank- V) while for small banana growers were uncertainty
banana growers in adoption of improved banana cultivation
of price (Rank- I), lack of cooperative/APMC market (Rank-
practices in descending order of rank for manures and
II), lack of local market at village level (Rank- III), high cost
fertilizers were difficulty in calculation of doses of fertilizer
of transportation (Rank- IV) and high rate of labour charges
(Rank- I), high cost of fertilizer (Rank- II), non availability
(Rank- V) whereas for medium banana growers were lack
of manures and fertilizers at village level (Rank- III) and
of cooperative/APMC market (Rank- I), uncertainty of price
unawareness about recommended dose of fertilize (Rank-
(Rank- II), high cost of transportation (Rank- III), lack of
IV).
local market at village level (Rank- IV) and high rate of
Constraints related to irrigation in adoption of labour charges (Rank- V).
improved banana cultivation practices in descending order of
Constraints related to technical guidance in adoption
rank for irrigation of marginal banana growers were lack of
of improved banana cultivation practices for marginal
own tube well (Rank- I), irregular supply of electric power
banana growers in descending rank order were insufficient
(Rank- II), unavailability of canal irrigation (Rank- III) and training programme (Rank-I) and insufficient availability of
high cost of irrigation on rent base (Rank- IV) while for technical guidance (Rank- II) while for small banana growers
small banana growers were lack of own tube well (Rank- I), insufficient availability of technical guidance (Rank-I) and
irregular supply of electric power (Rank- II), high cost of insufficient training programme (Rank-II) whereas for
irrigation on rent base (Rank- III) and unavailability of canal medium banana growers insufficient training programme
irrigation (Rank- IV) whereas for medium banana growers (Rank-I) and insufficient availability of technical guidance
were irregular supply of electric power (Rank- I), lack of (Rank- II).
own tube well (Rank- II), high cost of irrigation on rent base
Lack of information about sources of loan and
(Rank- III) and unavailability of canal irrigation (Rank- IV).
subsidy (Rank-I) and non availability of guarantor against
Plant protection Constraints in adoption of improved loan (Rank- II) were constrain related to crop loan and
banana cultivation practices for marginal banana growers in subsidy in adoption of improved banana cultivation practices
descending rank order were non availability of pesticides for marginal banana growers while for small banana growers
at village level (Rank- I), unawareness about preparation were lack of information about sources of loan and subsidy
of solution (Rank- II), high cost of pesticides (Rank- III) (Rank-I) and non availability of guarantor against loan (Rank-
and lack of own sprayer/duster (Rank- IV) while, for small II) whereas for medium banana growers non availability
banana growers were non availability of pesticides at village of guarantor against loan (Rank- I) and lack of information
level (Rank- I), unawareness about preparation of solution about sources of loan and subsidy (Rank-II).
(Rank- II), high cost of pesticides (Rank- III) and lack of
93
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
Table 1 : Constraints faced by the banana growers in adoption of improved banana cultivation practices n=240
Category of banana growers
Sr. Marginal Small Medium Pooled
No. Constraints (n =80) (n =80) (n =80)
No. Per Rank No. Per Rank No. Per Rank No. Per Rank
cent cent cent cent
I Suckers/Variety
1 Non availability of diseases/ 48 60.00 III 37 46.25 III 55 68.75 III 140 58.33 III
pest resistant variety
2 Un availability of quality 55 68.75 II 62 77.50 II 58 72.50 II 175 72.92 II
suckers
3 High cost of tissue culture 74 92.50 I 70 87.50 I 61 76.25 I 205 85.42 I
plant
II Manures & fertilizers
1 Non availability of manures 38 47.50 III 32 40.00 III 28 35.00 III 98 40.83 III
& fertilizers at village level
2 Unawareness about 28 35.00 IV 26 32.50 IV 22 27.50 IV 76 31.67 IV
recommended dose
3 High cost of fertilizers 64 80.00 II 60 75.00 II 62 77.50 II 186 77.50 II
4 Difficulty in calculation of 70 87.50 I 68 85.00 I 65 81.25 I 203 84.58 I
doses of fertilizer
III Irrigation
1 Irregular supply of electric 78 97.50 II 75 93.75 II 78 97.50 I 231 96.25 II
power
2 High cost of irrigation on rent 72 90.00 IV 73 91.25 III 72 90.00 III 217 90.42 III
base
3 Lack of own tube well 80 100.00 I 78 97.50 I 75 93.75 II 233 97.08 I
4 Unavailability of canal 73 91.25 III 71 88.75 IV 68 85.00 IV 212 88.33 IV
irrigation
IV Plant protection
1 Non availability of pesticide 75 93.75 I 74 92.50 I 77 96.25 I 226 94.17 I
at village level
2 High cost of pesticides 71 88.75 III 68 85.00 III 65 81.25 II 204 85.00 II
3 Lack of own sprayer/duster 64 80.00 IV 65 81.25 IV 62 77.50 III 191 79.58 IV
4 Unawareness about 74 92.50 II 70 87.50 II 58 72.50 IV 202 84.17 III
preparation of solution
V Marketing
1 Lack of local market at 71 88.75 IV 70 87.50 III 71 88.75 IV 212 88.33 III
village level
2 Lack of cooperative/APMC 75 93.75 II 73 91.25 II 78 97.50 I 226 94.17 II
market
3 High cost of transportation 70 87.50 III 68 85.00 IV 72 90.00 III 210 87.50 IV
4 High rate of labour charges 58 72.50 V 60 75.00 V 70 87.50 V 188 78.33 V
5 Uncertainty of price 78 97.50 I 78 97.50 I 75 93.75 II 231 96.25 I
VI Technical guidance
1 Insufficient availability of 55 68.75 II 58 72.50 I 45 56.25 II 158 65.83 II
technical guidance
2 Insufficient training 60 75.00 I 47 58.75 II 60 75.00 I 167 69.58 I
programme
VII Crop loan & subsidy
1 Lack of information about 75 93.75 I 70 87.50 I 56 70.00 II 201 83.75 I
sources of loan & subsidy
2 Non availability of guarantor 68 85.00 II 63 78.75 II 62 77.50 I 193 80.42 II
against loan
94
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
CONCLUSION REFERENCES
The most important constraints faced by medium Kulkarni, S.Y.,Farpat, B.N. and Lambe, S.P. (1998).
banana growers in adoption of improved banana cultivation Constraints in Adoption of improved practices of
technology were: Irregular supply of electric power (97.50 banana. Maha. J. Extn. Edn., 17: 386-389.
per cent), Lack of cooperative/APMC market (97.50 per
Sreekumar, N. (1985). Comparative analysis of adoption
cent), Non availability of pesticide at village level (96.25 per
behaviour, economic performance and management
cent), Uncertainty of price (93.75 per cent), Lack of own
orientation of borrowers and non-borrowers of bank
tube well (93.75 per cent), Difficulty in calculation of doses
credit of Calicut district in Keralastate. M.Sc(Agri.)
of fertilizer (87.25 per cent), Non availability of guarantor
Thesis (Unpublished),UAS, Bangalore.
against loan (77.50 per cent), High cost of tissue culture plant
(76.25 per cent) and Insufficient training programme (75.00 Vaghela, D.M. (1996). Training needs of banana growers in
per cent). Anand taluka of Kheda district of Gujarat state. M.Sc.
(Agri.), thesis, G.A.U., S. K. Nagar.
95
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
ABSTRACT
India is a one of the developing countries of the world. A majority of its population is residing in rural
areas and depending on agriculture and allied activities. In rural areas, most of them are weaker sections com-
prising of small and marginal farmers, lendless labourers and artisans, besides the scheduled castes/tribes and
backward castes. These people are characterized by lower levels of income, higher incidence of indebtedness,
rurality, and illiteracy, fewer assets and concentration in traditional activities. A majority of them constitutes
rural poor.
Commission, Indian Agriculturalists are unemployed for employed there is some charge, a large number of persons
about 6 months in a year. In rural areas, apart from the are unemployed. It all happens in the industries, trades and
unemployed of the people, since months there are landless business where people are employed for a job and suddenly
people who are unemployed. This number is about 10 to 50 when the job has ended they are asked to go.
crores. All these things go to prove that there is a good deal
Unemployment caused by failure of Industries
of unemployment in the rural areas.
In many cases, a business a factory or an industry
TYPES OF UNEMPLOYMENT
has to close down. There may be various factors responsible
Unemployment can be define as a state of for it there may be dispute amongst the partners, the business
worklessness for a man fit and willing to work. It has may give huge loss or the business may not turn out to be
classified in two heads. useful and so on.
This is the result of the trade cycle which is a part It estimates that the population of the country is
of the capitalist system. In such a system, there is greater 1182 million with 63.5% in the working age of 15 – 59 years,
unemployment and when there is depression a large number of however, not everyone who is in the working age is interested
people are rendered unemployed. Since such an economic crisis in joining the work force, so the worker population ratio is
is the result of trade cycle, the unemployment is a part of it. much lower. There are an estimated 238 million household,
of which 172 million are rural and 66 million are urban. Out
Sudden unemployment of the total population of the states/UTs covered, 872 million
person (73.8 per cent) live in rural areas and 310 million
When at the place where workers have been
97
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
persons (26.2 per cent) live in urban areas. For males, the unemployment rate 8% whereas for females
the unemployment rate is 14.6%. The rural unemployment
rate is 10.1% and the urban unemployment rate stands at
7.3%.
Limited land
98
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
land for their livelihood. Land is very limited in comparison irrigation. Whatever means existing are hardly sufficient to
to population. It creates the unemployment situation for a provide water to all the fields. Because of dearth of irrigation
large number of persons who depend on agriculture in rural facilities the agricultural yield is not at all sufficient to help
areas. the agriculturist to live respectably. It also has an adverse
effect on employment position which in its turn has an
Seasonal Agricultures
adverse effect on the standard of living.
In Rural Society agriculture is the only means of
Too much Dependence on nature
employment. However, most of the rural people are engaged
directly as well as indirectly in agricultural operation. But, Agriculture in India depends too much on nature
agriculture in India is basically a seasonal affair. It provides particularly for irrigation. If there is lack of such at the proper
employment facilities to the rural people only in a particular moment, the crop gets a set back. If there is inclement weather
season of the year. For example, during the sowing and at the time of harvesting, the agriculture again gets a set back.
harvesting period, people are fully employed and the period All these factors create problems of unemployment.
between the post harvest and before the next sowing they
Defective education
remain unemployed. It has adversely affected their standard
of living. The day-to-day education is very defective and
is confirmed within the class room only. Its main aim is to
Lack of Subsidiary and other village industries
acquire certificated only. The present educational system is
We have just now seen that for at least 4 to 5 months not job oriented, it is degree oriented. It is defective on the
in a year village people remain unemployed. Their standard ground that is more general then the vocational. Thus, the
of living can improve only when they employed this period people who have getting general education are unable to do
in a gainful manner. Such a thing can happen when cottage any work. They are to be called as good for nothing in the
industries and other industries pertaining to agriculture are set ground that they cannot have any job here, they can find the
up in the village. So far this thing has succeeded on the other ways of self employment. It leads to unemployment as well
hand, the village and cottage industries have deteriorated and as underemployment.
so large number of people still remains unemployed.
Lack to transport and communication
Fragmentation of land
In India particularly in rural areas, there are no
In India, due to the heavy pressure on land of large adequate facilities of transport and communication. Owing
population results the fragmentation of land. It creates a great to this, the village people who are not engaged in agricultural
obstacle in the part of agriculture. As land is fragmented and work are remained unemployed. It is because they are unable
agricultural work is being hindered the people who depend to start any business for their livelihood and they are confined
on agriculture remain unemployed. This has an adverse effect only within the limited boundary of the village. It is noted
on the employment situation. It also leads to the poverty of that the modern means of transport and communication are
villagers. the only way to trade and commerce. Since there is lack of
transport and communication in rural areas, therefore, it leads
Backward method of Agriculture
to unemployment problem among the villagers.
The method of agriculture in India is very backward.
Inadequate Employment Planning
Till now, the rural farmers followed the old farming methods.
As a result, the farmer cannot feed properly many people The employment planning of the government is
by the produce of his farm and he is unable to provide his not adequate in comparison to population growth. In India
children with proper education or to engage them in any near about two lakh people are added yearly to our existing
profession. It leads to unemployment problem. population. But the employment opportunities did not increase
according to the proportionate rate of population growth. As
Lack of adequate means of irrigation
a consequence, a great difference is visible between the job
We have just now seen that agriculture in India very opportunities and population growth.
much depends on nature. There are no adequate means of
99
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
Their may be some other factors are: employment, augmentation of productivity and income levels
of the working poor, shift in emphasis from creation of relief
Recessions, Inflation, Corruption, Disability to do the job,
type of employment to the building up of durable productive
Nepotism, Demand of high Skilled labours.
assets in the rural areas and instead of attempting to revert
CONCLUSION somewhat to protectionist policies the pace of privatization
may be accelerated.
The problem of unemployment has becoming
a colossal. Various problems have caused this problem. REFRENCES
There are individual factors like age, vocational unfitness Arora, R. C. (1979). Integrated Rural Development, S. Chand
and physical disabilities which restrict the people. External and Co. Ltd, New Delhi.
factors include technological and economic factors. There
Jha, Y. M. (1995). Rural Development in India; problems and
is enormous increase in the population. Every year India
prospects, Anmol publication pvt. Limited, New
adds to her population afresh. More than this every year Delhi.
about 5 million people become eligible for securing jobs.
Business field is subject to ups and downs of trade cycle Mansoor, A., (1979). Missing Links in Indian Planning, Light
and Life Publishers, New Delhi.
and globalization. Economic depression or sick industries
are often close down compelling their employees to become Mehta, S. R. (1984). Rural Development Policies and
unemployed. Technological advancement contributes to Programmes, Sage Publication, New Delhi.
economic development. But unplanned and uncontrolled
Rastogi, A. K. (2002). Rural Development Strategy, Wide
growth of technology is causing havoc on job opportunities. Vision, Jaipur.
The computerization and automation has led to technological
unemployment. Strikes and lockouts have become inseparable Report of Azad India Foundation on Unemployment in India,
Unemployment problem in India.
aspect of the industrial world today. Due to these industries
often face economic loses and production comes down. Since Report of Eleventh Five year (2007-2012) planning
workers do not get any salary or wages during the strike commission of India. www.isical.ac.in
period they suffer from economic hardships. They become
Report of workshop “Rural Transformation in India. The
permanently or temporarily unemployed. Today young people Role of Rural Non Farm Sector”, Organized by
are not ready to take jobs which are considered to be socially Planning Commission and institute for Human
degrading or lowly. Our educational system has its own Development, September 19-21, New Delhi, 2001.
irreparable defects and its contribution to the unemployment
Sinha, D. (1974). Motivation and Rural Development,
is an open truth. Our education does not prepare the minds of Minerva Associates, Calcutta.
young generation to become self-employed on the contrary
it makes them dependent on government vacancies which Survey Report of Labour Bureau of the Government of India,
New Delhi, 2009-10.
are hard to come. Our State right from the beginning of Five
year plans has introduced several employment generating Vivekananda, M. (1980). Planning Unit Area for Integrated
schemes and programmes over the years but in the absence Rural Development, Ashish Publishing House,
of proper implementation and monitoring have failed to New Delhi.
achieve the required targets. Recently Government of India www.onemint.com/2010/11/10/indias-unemployment-rate
has come up with Rural Employment Guarantee program
which aims to provide minimum days of employment to www.preservearticles.com/201105096376
people living in the village. This is a laudable programme if www.preservearticles.com/201105096376/9
implemented sincerely because it will provide employment
to people during natural calamities like drought, floods etc.
The remedial measures for reducing unemployment may
lay greater emphasis on creation of opportunities for self –
100
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
ABSTRACT
The study was undertaken to find out the constraints faced by veterinary officers (VOs) in performing
their job. The data were collected from 100 VOs who were working under panchayat in Saurashtra region
of Gujarat State. The findings of the study showed that majority of the respondents expressed the technical
constraints as; insufficient technical staff facility (85.00 per cent), more reporting work (8300 per cent),
deteriorate quality of work due to excessive work load (79.00 per cent), lack of laboratory and laboratory
equipments facility at VD centers (78.00 per cent), lack of latest instruments for diagnosis and treatment such
as X-ray and Sonography instrument (76.00 per cent), inadequate and non availability of vehicle facility (74.00
per cent) and insufficient supply of medicines, materials and other facility (65.00 per cent) as major constraints.
While in case of administrative constraints in performing their job were; lack of supporting staff like a peon, a
clerk and a dresser (85.00 per cent), lack of administrative staff facility (79.00 per cent), paucity of fund (63.00
per cent) and excessive administrative work (60.00 per cent). Other constraints fear of injury during animal
treatment (51.00 per cent) followed by lack of manpower resources, lack of social environment and lack of
family welfare issues.
101
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
102
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
improving technical work (42.00 per cent) and update of Other Constraints
technical knowledge is lacking (29.00 per cent).
The data in Table 1 shows that Veterinary Officers
From above discussion, it could be concluded that faced the constraints fear of injury during animal treatment
more number of Veterinary Officers faced the constraints of (51.00 per cent) followed by lack of manpower resources,
insufficient technical staff facility (rank first), more reporting lack of social environment and lack of family welfare issues.
work (rank second), deteriorate quality of work due to
CONCLUSION
excessive work load (rank third) and lack of laboratory and
laboratory equipments facility at VD centers (rank fourth). Analysis of the constraints of different types
disclosed the dominance of technical constraints followed by
While least number of Veterinary Officers faced the
administrative constraints. The other constraints were next in
constraints of inadequate and lack of proper technical
order of importance.
guidance and cooperation from superior (tenth rank), lack of
authority to Veterinary Officers for improving technical work IMPLICATIONS
(eleventh rank) and update to technical knowledge is lacking
(twelfth rank). These findings were in conformity with the These constraints faced by Veterinary Officers should
findings of Shroti (1989) and Singh (1994). be considered by the administrations, planners in order to
improve the competence of the employees over the job.
Administrative Constraints
REFERENCES
The data reported in Table 1 revealed that Veterinary
Officers faced the administrative constraints in performing Dukare, S.G. and Dakhore, K.M. (1993) Constraints faced by
their job were; lack of supporting staff like a peon, a clerk Livestock Supervisors in Parbhani District. Maha J. of
and a dresser (85.00 per cent), lack of administrative staff Extn. Edn. 13: 219-220.
facility (79.00 per cent), paucity of fund (63.00 per cent) and
Patel, A.A. (1993) A study on research management ability of
excessive administrative work (60.00 per cent).
research scientists working as head of department/
Other administrative constraints faced by the station/ scheme in Gujarat Agricultural University.
Veterinary Officers were; lack of proper administrative Ph.D. Thesis (unpublished), G.A.U. S.K. nagar.
knowledge (59.00 per cent), inadequate office facility (52.00
Patel, G.J. (2001) Extension management ability of training
per cent), lack of residential facility (49.00 per cent) and red
organizer of KVK, (unpublished) thesis Ph.D. G.A.U.
tapisum (35.00 per cent).
S.K. nagar.
It can be inferred that majority of the Veterinary
Shroti, A.K. (1989) An analysis of constraints in milk
Officers faced the administrative constraints of most of the
procurement in milk producers co-operative union
VD centers auxiliary post are vacant so that veterinarian has
Ltd. Aligarh. Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis, NDRI,
perform the job of a peon, a clerk and a dresser also (rank
Karnal.
first), lack of administrative staff facility (rank second) and
paucity of fund (rank third). These findings are in conformity Singh, B.P. (1994) A study of constrains in milk production as
with the findings of Patel (1993) and Patel (2001). perceived by milk producers in Meerut district (U.P.).
Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis, NDRI, Karnal.
103
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at AAU, Anand during the year 2010-11. All the Professors, Associate Profes-
sors and Assistant Professors from the Agriculture, Dairy and Veterinary colleges of Anand Agricultural Univer-
sity constituted the population of the study. Sixty teachers from three colleges comprised the sample of the study.
Most important problems of teachers were Un-availability of sufficient funds for research (60.00 percent) , Lack
of co-operation from head / dean (60.00 perce Lack of incentives (60.00 percent), Shortage of teachers in the de-
partment (60.00 percent) and More formalities to purchase inputs from market (60.00 percent). Majaor important
suggestions were given by them were teachers should not be assigned the work like purchases, maintaining ac-
counts and files and store keeping, Sufficient funds for research should be made available in time and vacancies
of the research staff should be filled in time.
The present investigation was undertaken with the (3) They were shouldering independent responsibility of
following Objectives: research or research centre or scheme or project
(1) To study the Demographic Characteristics of AAU Self – developed questionnaire was used for data
Teachers. collection. An inventory on research problem was prepared
to covering expected problems which may hinder teachers’
104
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
research. All the 242 teachers of three cadres of three colleg- Age
es were circulated the questionnaire but after two reminders
The data in table revealed that more than half of the
only 60 filled up questionnaires were received thus, 60 teach-
respondents (56.67 percent) belong to age group of 51 and
ers from three colleges comprised the sample of the study.
above followed by 30.00 and 13.33 percent belonged to age
The data were analyzed by using frequencies and percent-
group of 41 to 50 years and in between 31 to 40 years, respec-
ages.
tively.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Research Experience
Table 1 : Demographic characteristics of teachers of AAU
The data depicted in table-2 revealed that one-fourth
n=60
of AAU teachers had experience of research of 0 to 10 years.
Age No. percent Further, the data shows that slightly more than one-fourth
(28.33 percent) of the teachers had experience about 11 to 20
1 31 to 40 years 08 13.33 years with respect to research where as nearly half (46.67 per
2 41 to 50 years 18 30.00 cent ) of the teachers had more than 20 years of experience in
research.
3 51 and above 34 56.67
Academic Qualification
Research Experience
Further the data in table-3 indicarted that majority
1 0 - 10 years 15 25.00
(66.66 percent) of the teachers had education up to Ph.D.
2 11 - 20 years 17 28.33 level followed by 33.34 per cent had education up to post
graduate level means they were M.Sc (Agi), M. V. Sc and
3 Above 20 years 28 46.67
M.tech (Dairy).
Academic Qualification
Cadre of teachers
1 M. Sc (Agri) 12 20.00
The data deprived in table revealed that slightly
2 M. V. Sc 04 06.67 more than two-fifth (41.67 per cent) of the teachers belonged
to the cadre of assistant professors and its equivalent. Slightly
3 M. Tech (Dairy) 04 06.67
less than one-fourth (23.33 per cent) belonged to associate
4 Ph. D 40 66.66 professors, its equivalent and rest 35.00 per cent belonged to
professors and research scientists.
Cadre of teachers
2 Assoc. Prof. / Assoc. Res. 14 23.33 The data shows that, majority of the teachers (42)
Scientists were from Agriculture College followed by ten and eight
were from Dairy and Veterinary College of AAU.
3 Assist. Prof. / Assist. Res. 25 41.67
Scientists Thus, the data conclude that more than half of teach-
College ers (56.67 per cent) belong to age group of 51 and above,
nearly half (46.67 per cent) of the teachers had more than 20
1 Agriculture 42 70.00 years of research experience, nearly 2/3 of the teachers (66.66
percent) were Ph.D, slightly more than two-fifth (41.67 per
2 Dairy 10 16.67
cent) of the teachers belonged to the cadre of assistant profes-
3 Veterinary 08 13.33 sors and its equivalent and majority of 42 teachers out of total
60 were from agriculture college.
105
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
106
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
107
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
An attempt was made to find out the problems that sors and assistant professors (68.00 percent) expressed that
impede the process of generating research. The problems “Injustice of the superiors” was the major constraints in
which were hindering the research work of the teachers were conducting the research. “Lack of encouragement from su-
classified as under: periors” was mostly faced by 3/4 of the assistant professors
and nearly 2/3 (64.00 percent) of associate professors. “Lack
Personal problems of co-operation among the staff” was expressed by majority
The findings revealed that, most of the teachers faced the (85.71 percent) of the associate professors and 64.00 percent
problems like “Lack of sincere guidance (46.67 percent)”, of assistant professors.
“Lack of adequate training in research methodology (30.00 Problems due to Human Relations
percent)”.
Three expressions of human relationship problems
In addition to the above mentioned problems, the
were pointed out by the teachers in descending order as
younger teachers pointed out the problems like- “Un-coop-
“Lack of co-operation from Head / Dean (33.33 percent)”, “In
erative respondents (11.67 percent)”, “Lack of confidence
differential attitudes of seniors / authorities (30.00 percent)” and
(16.67 percent)”, and “Non attainment of Ph.D. degree
“Lack of intimacy among staff members (26.67 percent)”.
(15.00 percent)” and “Lack of commend over English lan-
guage (15.00 percent)”. Psychological problems
Technical Problems Psychological problems are very important as those
Among the technical problems viz: “Lack of trained disturb efficiency and productivity. “Lack of incentives” was
supporting and research staff was expressed by majority reported by 22 assistant professors, 12 associate professors
of the associate professors (71.43 percent)” and professors and 2 professors out of 60 teachers i.e. 60.00 percent of teach-
(61.90 percent) where as “Lack of advance training” was ers. Whereas a great majority (92.00 percent) of assistant pro-
reported by 76.00 and 64.29 percent of assistant professors fessors and nearly 2/3 (71.43 percent) of associate professors
and associate professors, respectively while “Lack of par- expressed psychological problem as “Frustrated staff because
ticipation chances in planning technical programme” were of bleak chance of promotion”. While 33.33 percent of assis-
expressed by 71.43 percent of associate professors and 57.14 tant professors, associate professors and professors reported
percent professors. that “Lack of intellectual integrity among the staff members”
was a psychological problem of research.
Time problems
Administrative problems
Usually teachers felt the lack of certain official and
unofficial reasons. Official reasons which took a big chunk of Out of 60 teachers in the sample, 21 teachers were
their time were “Lot of clerical work” expressed by assistant either Head / In charge of their departments, 14 were asso-
professors (92.00 percent) where “Too many teaching assign- ciate professors and 25 were assistant professors. The ad-
ments” reported by the associate professors (71.43 percent). ministrative problems in their descending intensity order as
The problems due to which their research work was delayed pointed out by all the teachers (60) are listed as “Assigning
were pointed out by most of the assistant and associate pro- multifarious duties (68.33 percent)”, “Teachers have to bother
fessors as mentioned in the table from no. 3 to 7. for accounts (66.67 percent)” and “Lot of paper works, meet-
Economic problems ings, tours by virtue of position (60.00 percent)” “shortage of
teachers in the department (60.00 percent)” and “More for-
Table 2 shows the economic problems faced by the malities to purchase inputs from the market (60.00 percent)”
teachers– “Un-availability of sufficient funds for research” where as less than 60.00 percent of the teachers expressed
was expressed by the majority (65.00 percent) of the teachers. that they were facing the administrative problems like: “No
It was expressed by 71.43 percent professors, 42.86 percent recognition of doing research (33.33 percent)”, “No. of P.G.
associate professors and 72.00 percent assistant professors. students to be guided (33.33 percent)”, “Too many teaching
“Unavailability of funds in time was expressed by three-fifth problems (30.00 percent)” and “In-different attitude of se-
(60.00 percent) of the teachers. Majority of all the cadres of niors / head (26.67 percent)”.
teachers expressed that getting funds is a clumsy and time
consuming process. The data of above table-2 concluded that: Most im-
portant problems of teachers in conducting research summa-
Environmental problems
rized in descending order were :
A majority (71.43 percent) of the associate profes-
108
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
(1) Lot of clerical work (68.33 percent) 8 It was suggested that trained staff should not be trans-
(2) Assigning multifarious activities (68.33 percent) ferred frequently; their posting should be made in the
(3) Teachers have to bother for accounts (66.67 percent) interested field. This point must be borne in mind by the
(4) Un-availability of sufficient funds for research (65.00 heads of the department/research project that in order to
percent) achieve higher scientific productivity.
(5) Lack of participation chances in planning technical pro-
RECOMMENDATIONS
gramme and
(6) Lack of advance training 1 On the basis of the findings, it is suggested that the aca-
Important problems of teachers in conducting research sum- demic work of the department should by evenly distrib-
marized in descending order were : uted among the teachers of the department. Unnecessary
(1) Un-availability of sufficient funds for research paper work should be taken away from the teachers which
(2) Lack of co-operation from head / dean may result in more research.
(3) Lack of incentives
2 It is beyond the reach of the teachers to overcome these
(4) Shortage of teachers in the department
problems to enhance their research output. The authori-
(5) More formalities to purchase inputs from market
ties should try to lesser these problems by providing
SUGGESTIONS funds, reducing formalities in the purchase of chemicals
from the market. Similarly vehicle needs to be provided
The teachers have suggested several measures
along with the funds of repair and fuel.
which may improve the process of generating research:
3 Provision of part time teacher may be provided to differ-
1 Majority of the teachers suggested that teachers should
ent departments so that the teaching load may be reduced
not be assigned the work like purchases, maintaining ac-
wherever required to help the teacher to conduct research.
counts and files and store keeping. This needs to be seri-
ously thought of by the seniors and administrators while 4 Provision of more funds and decentralization of power
signing the work to their staff, if they want useful work may also be introduced to lesser the intensity of prob-
from teachers of doing research lems.
2 Sufficient funds for research should be made available 5 Incentives and recognition may be provided to the teach-
in time were suggested by the teachers. ers for doing good research.
3 Most of the teachers reported that vacancies of the re- 6 The attitude of the teachers should be strengthened to a
search staff should be filled in time. degree which may result in more production of research.
4 Junior scientists should be given chances for attending 7 Researches conducted by the teachers, research scholars
seminars, conferences, workshops and training. and post-graduate students should be published and dis-
seminated by the Directorate of Research, Directorate of
5 Sufficient laboratory equipments and field facilities
Extension and the persons involved in it as well.
should be provided.
8 Departmental library, if provided, will also help to the
6 The suggestions made by the teachers are of administra-
teachers to conduct research and produce literature.
tive nature. To improve these matters, there is a need
to modify the policies of conducting departmental re- 9 Teachers should be motivated to improve their profes-
search. sional qualification and also for attending the Research
Methodology-short term courses organized by different
7 Higher officers should develop honesty and integrity
institutions.
among the staff in:
REFERENCES
* Proper distribution of work * Time budgeting for re-
search projects * Equal facilities to the staff of all cadres Farington, J.; Suleman, R. and Pal, S. (1998). Improving the
need to be thought over by the superiors and adminis- effectivenss of agricultural research and extension in
trators by solving certain systems * Senior staff should India, policy paper No., NCAEPR , New Delhi and
appreciate the work establishing coordination and co- Overseas Development Institute, London.
operation between staff members from inter and intra Kerlinger F.N..(1976).“Foundation of behavioural research”,
department * Head of the department should see that Surjit publication,
the work is properly distributed among the subordinates
109
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
ABSTRACT
The present study was undertaken in four talukas of Anand district of Gujarat state during the year 2005.
From each taluka, five villages were selected having highest area under banana crop. From each village twelve
banana growers (4- marginal, 4- small and 4- medium banana growers) from 20 selected villages constituted a
total sample size of 240 respondents at random. The ex-post-facto research design was followed. A scale was de-
veloped to measure the management efficiency of banana growers. More than two-third (72.50 and 70.00 per cent)
of marginal and medium banana growers while, slightly more than three-fifth (61.25 per cent) of small banana
growers had medium management efficiency. About two-third (68.75, 63.75 and 70.00 per cent) of marginal, small
and medium banana growers had medium level of economic performance, respectively. In general, it was about
67.50 per cent of the banana growers had medium level of economic performance.
INTRODUCTION under banana crop. From each village twelve banana growers
The recent advances in banana production technology (4- marginal, 4- small and 4- medium banana growers) from
have demonstrated that scientific management has great 20 selected villages constituted a total sample size of 240
potential for increasing the banana production. Therefore, respondents at random. The ex-post-facto research design was
raising management efficiency is of paramount importance followed. A scale was developed to measure the management
for banana producer. This will open up new vistas and make efficiency of banana growers. An interview schedule was
possible for banana growers to achieve substantial gains in developed in accordance with the objectives of the study
income. There are number of factors affecting the banana and it was pre-tested and translated in to Gujarati. The data
production. Management is one of the most important factors of this study were collected through personal interview.
which help the banana grower to exploit natural resources and The statistical measures such as percentage, mean, standard
accumulate capital. The efficient use of resources depends to deviation, and factorial concept, were used.
a greater extent on how banana growers acquire and adopt
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
new innovations in the banana cultivation in effective manner
to reach higher levels of economic performance through their Management efficiency of Banana Growers
management efficiency. Therefore, study on management
In order to measure management efficiency of
efficiency and economic performance of banana growers was
banana growers, ten factors which were identified earlier
undertaken.
are responsible to make an individual efficient in managing
METHODOLOGY the banana crop. Also economic performance was measured
The present study was undertaken in four talukas of through economic performance index. The facts and findings
Anand district of Gujarat state during the year 2005. From derived after analyzing the information have been presented
each taluka, five villages were selected having highest area under the following heads and discussed in succeeding pages.
110
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
111
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
economic performance. Negligible percent (1.25 per cent) was about 67.50 per cent of the banana growers had medium
of marginal, 16.25 per cent of small and 13.75 per cent of level of economic performance. The calculated F-value
medium banana growers had high economic performance in was 6.27 which indicate significant difference among three
banana cultivation. The calculated F-value was 6.27 which categories of banana growers.
indicated significant difference among three categories of
REFERENCES
banana growers. This difference might be due to difference
in education, cosmopoliteness, risk orientation, experience Bora, S.P. and Ray, G.L. (1986). Management attributes
in banana cultivation, timely adoption, available resources of farmers as related to profitability in farming.
and participation in training programme would have jointly Decision, 13(2):86-93.
influenced in variation among different categories. Chandel, R.S.(1964). Handbook of Agricultural Statistic.Ed.
CONCLUSION 1964. 260-299.
More than two-third (72.50 and 70.00 per cent) of Likert, R.A. (1932). A technique for the measurement of
marginal and medium banana growers while, slightly more attitude scales. Arch. Psychol. New York, No.140.
than three-fifth (61.25 per cent) of small banana growers had Nagajara, N. (1989). A study on management efficiency and
medium management efficiency. In general, It was found economic performance of Sericulturists in Karnataka.
that nearly two-third (67.92 per cent) of the respondents Ph.D. Thesis (Unpublished), UAS, Bangalore.
had medium management efficiency. The calculated F-value
Vyas. H.U. (1995) Study on management efficiency and
was 4.53 which indicate significant difference among three
economic performance of milk producer of in
categories of banana growers with respect to management
Panchmahals district of Gujarat State. Ph.D. Thesis
efficiency. About two-third (68.75, 63.75 and 70.00 per cent)
(Unpublished). G.A.U., S.K.Nagar.
of marginal, small and medium banana growers had medium
level of economic performance, respectively. In general, it
112
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
ABSTRACT
Agriculture remains the backbone of India as it still provides the means of livelihood to about two third
of the work force. India has made tremendous progress in increasing the production of many crops but it has not
been able to tap the full potential in the agri-food sector. Twenty per cent of India’s GDP comes from agriculture.
The key to this is modernization of agriculture with the full utilization of technology and management practices.
The major issues of confront agriculture are excessive dependence on monsoon, lack to access an irrigation,
market, inputs and wide information gap between the research institutions and farmers for modern agricultural
technologies and practices. It is also true that India possesses agricultural improved valuable technologies,
practices, inputs and expertise. Due to information gap, the majority of the farmers is not getting upper-bound
yield. This information gap may be bridged by using cost effective and efficient support system print media. The
success of agricultural development programmes in developing countries largely depends on the nature and
extent of use of mass media in mobilization of people for development. The planners in developing countries
realize that the development of agriculture could be hastened with the effective use of mass media. No doubt
radio and television have been acclaimed to be the most effective media for diffusing the scientific knowledge
to the masses, even though, in a country like India, where the socio-economic condition of the farmers is lower
and literacy rate is also increasing day by day, choice of communication media is of vital importance. In this
regard the print media is significant, as they transfer modern agricultural technology to poor and rich farmers
alike even in interior areas, within short time. With the main stream of Indian population engaged actively in
agriculture, publications could serve as a suitable medium of dissemination of farm information and latest
technical know – how. The farmers can easily understand the operations, technology and instruction through
publications. Thus, publication plays a crucial role between researchers and farmers.
INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES
But agricultural literature originates from the 1 To study the selected characteristics of the agricultural
agricultural scientists’ mind and hence, the skill and scientists.
techniques which they utilized for preparing a literature
is more important. Agricultural scientists play catalyst 2 To study the publication behavior of the agricultural
role for the transmission of farm innovative information scientists.
and create interest and stimulate the farmers for modern
agriculture. Farmers have also more reliance on agricultural 3 To identify the constraints faced by the agricultural
scientists’ advice than other informational sources. Looking scientists for writing articles and their publication.
to this, agricultural scientists can transmit their advice and
expertise through various agricultural publications. Hence, 4 To seek suggestions from the agricultural scientists
they are the primal persons for educating the farmers about to overcome the constraints faced by them in writing
modern agricultural information. For this, present “Study
articles and their publication
on Publication Behavior of the Agricultural Scientists” was
undertaken with following objectives.
113
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
5 More than one fourth (30.00 per cent) of the agricultural REFERENCE
scientists acted as rector followed by member of
extension club (27.33 per cent), member of SRC (24.67 Makwan, A.R.(2010). Attitude of the Agricultural Scientists
per cent), NSS in charge (8.67 per cent) and NCC in Towards Publication. Unpublished Ph. D. Thesis,
charge (3.33 per cent). AAU, Anand.
ABSTRACT
Women owned businesses are highly increasing in the economies of almost all countries. The hidden
entrepreneurial potentials of women have gradually been changing with the growing sensitivity to the role and
economic status in the society. Skill, knowledge and adaptability in business are the main reasons for women
to emerge into business ventures.’ Women Entrepreneur’ is a person who accepts challenging role to meet her
personal needs and become economically independent. A strong desire to do something positive is an inbuilt
quality of entrepreneurial women, who is capable of contributing values in both family and social life. With the
advent of media, women are aware of their own traits, rights and also the work situations. The glass ceilings are
shattered and women are found indulged in every line of business from papad to power cables. The challenges
and opportunities provided to the women of digital era are growing rapidly that the job seekers are turning into
job creators. They are flourishing as designers, interior decorators, exporters, publishers, garment manufactur-
ers and still exploring new avenues of economic participation. In India, although women constitute the majority
of the total population, the entrepreneurial world is still a male dominated one. Women in advanced nations are
recognized and are more prominent in the business world
“When Women moves forward the family moves, the village moves and the Nation moves”
115
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
NEED FOR WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP The Indian sociological set up has been traditionally a
male dominated one. Women are considered as weaker sex
Women suffer the most in our country. Her and always to depend on men folk in their family and outside,
involvement in economic activities is marked by low work throughout their life. They are left with lesser commitments
participation rates excessive concentration in the unorganized and kept as a dormant force for a quite long time. The
sector of the economy and that too in low skill jobs there is a Indian culture made them only subordinates and executors
greater dynamism in the rate of growth of female employment. of the decisions made by other male members, in the basic
However in rural areas, perhaps the agriculture has provided family structure.
much more employment for Women.
The traditional set up is changing in the modern
Need of the Hour era of 21st century. The transformation of social fabric of the
Women sector occupies nearly 45% of the Indian Indian society, in terms of increased educational status of
population. The literary and educational status of women women and varied aspirations for better living, necessitated a
improved considerably during the past few decades. More change in the life style of Indian women.
and more higher educational and research institutions are Indian families do have the privilege of being
imparting skill knowledge and specialization. At this juncture, envied by the westerners, since women here are taking more
effective steps are needed to provide entrepreneurial responsibilities in bringing up children and maintaining a
awareness, orientation and skill development programmes better home with love and affection. At the family level, the
to women. The institutions available at present are very task of coordinating various activities in a much effective
limited. Moreover, their functions and opportunities manner, without feeling the pinch of inconveniences, is being
available with them are not popularized much. carried out by the women folk.
THE STATUS OF WOMEN IN INDIA Thus, the Indian women have basic characters in
The status of Women in India is an illustration of themselves in the present sociological and cultural setup as
a paradox of the micro level. She has equal it not greater follows.
position in the family as “ARDHANGINI” and she is • Indian women are considered as Sakthi, which means
the pivot of the socio-economic fabrics of the family as a source of Energy.
MOTHER. The scripture and mythologies give her even the
status of goddess and many Women are remembered even • Effectively coordinating the available factors and
today for their freedom struggle. resources.
The Women in India have been neglected a lot. • Efficient execution of decisions imposed on them by
They have not been actively involved in the mainstream family members.
of development even though they represent a bulk of the
population and labor force. However a society constrained • Clear vision and ambition on the improvement of family
by the suppressive socio-economic factors cannot and children and society.
generate the much needed Women entrepreneurs on its • Patience and bearing the sufferings on behalf of others
own. Education has been the prerogative of men over the and ability to work more at any age.
given required scope for education. Entrepreneurship as a
subject is not a part of the curricula in many universities CONCEPT OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS
.Vocationalisation of education is probably still a dream
Women entrepreneur is defined as ‘A person who
a dream in our country. But in many a states vocational
starts and controls the unit with not less than 51 person of
courses are not running systematically. The government
total capital and provides employment not less than 51 per
has not taken any initiative in this regard. In the 50 years of
cent of women. The Government of India has defined Women
Independence an emphasis on the socialistic pattern of the
Entrepreneur as “an industrial unit where one or more
society and the role assigned to the public sector limited
women entrepreneurs have not less than 51 per cent financial
the scope for the growth of private entrepreneurship.
holding”. Women Entrepreneurs can be classified into four
Under such circumstances special efforts to develop
groups depending on the driving motivational factors to
women entrepreneurship is more keenly felt.
venture into business.
116
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
Benami Entrepreneurs: Those who are acting as a façade The higher education institutions, which are spreading
for business of their husband are called benami entrepreneurs. throughout the country, may conduct programmes like this,
regularly,in addition to their academic programmes,with or
FUNCTIONS OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS without government aid. Young graduates of that area and the
final year students of U.G/P.G courses may also be provided
In developing countries like India where male and with such training .Normally infrastructures are available
female population ratio is almost equal the presence of women with such institutions. Getting expertise and mobilizing other
entrepreneurs has great importance. A women entrepreneur is requirements will also be easier for such institutions, since
expected to perform the following important function. they are already having good establishment facilities.
• Imitation of successful enterprises. Voluntary agencies like Town clubs Rotary clubs,
• Introduction of new innovations. Lions clubs. Government. assistated institutions like UGC,
AICTE., Science and technology Councils or State
• Explore the prospects of commencing new projects. Entrepreneur Development Cell (EDC), District industrial
center (DIC) may interact with the colleges/universities,
• Assumption of risk and uncertainty bearing.
through financial assistance, to carry out the programmes.
• Take decision as to the nature and type of goods to be
With proper financial assistance and effectively
produced.
using them, each college/university may train 400 to 1000
ACTION PLAN FOR WOMEN ENTERPRENEURS youths, in the area of entrepreneurship development. When
women are going to be the target groups, the benefit will
Proper planning and execution are required at all reach a larger section of the society.
levels. Proper training in right direction is to be planned
meticulously. Thus ED culture is to be developed gradually among
the women, in addition to providing educational facilities
The steps to be taken can be listed as follows: to use the vibrant women force in right direction. Thus
programmes combining, technical skill and entrepreneurship
• Identifying women with different education levels in
skill, to selected groups, will make the Indian women more
proper groups and to create
self reliant and confident and would lead them to be envied
• Awareness about entrepreneurship and its importance as by people at the international level.
job providing avenues rather than job seeking ventures.
TRAINING COMPONENTS
• Skills and knowledge to be provided to selected women
Even though there are very efficient institutions at
group are to be identified.
the national level, like EDI Ahmadabad, NSTED BOARD,
• Making them to realize the income generation and social NewDelhi,NISIE,Hyderabad and at State level,CED
status and recognition in Madurai and Chennai,TANSTIA in Chennai,such
programmes are to be conducted at regional level, at the
• Giving orientation and skill training on selected trades residential area of the women, in their vernacular language
117
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
and to the specific requirement of the people of that area. • Communication centers with telecom, fax, browsing,
and Xeroxing facilities.
The essential components of such training may be listed
as follows • -Readymade garments, embroidering and fashion
designing.
• Awareness career building and attitudinal change
• -Retail selling through different methods.
towards enterprise formation.
• Art and painting works on commercial decorations.
• Effective training on building up self-confidence and
communication skills. • Hiring of warehouses and godowns.
• Floral decorations.
• Skill training on specific trades suitable to their option.
• Jewelry and imitation jwellary
• Training on quick and effective decision making
techniques and managerial skills. • Beauty centers and beauty parlors
• Running old-age homes
• Training on marketing strategies.
• SoftToy Making
• Training on effective financial management.
• Cooking classes
• Training on project formulation and implementation.
• Ceramic Works
• Scope for increasing access to new technologies and • Mehadi classes
scientific knowledge.
• Petch work
• Information on persons/offices to be contacted.
• Kutir Udhyog
• Interaction with successful entrepreneurs for sharing • Bakery Product
their experiences.
PROBLEMS OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS
Training in such areas are not going to have much
financial burden to the govt., when compared to other • Women have tendency to keep away from high flying
developmental projects. This type of programmes can be activities which are supposedly regarded as the presence
conducted in all the parts of the country. A consistent and of men.
continuous effort in this project will add more dimensions
• Need for achievement independence and autonomy are
Indian women and their empowerment. and to the economic
the basic ingredients required to an entrepreneur.
development of the nation as a whole.
• Protected life throughout her life time.
Suggested list of appropriate areas suitable to Indian
women entrepreneurs: • Low female literacy rate.
• Food products manufacturing • In the present setup a Indian society women’s duty is to
• -Food processing and preservation. look after her children and family members.
• -Catering services and fast food centers. • Lack of information needed to achieve entrepreneurial
• -Interior decoration. success.
• -DTP and Book binding. • Lack of infrastructure and other basic facilities
• Manufacturing of note books and pads. Like this Women entrepreneurs have to face
• Packing & packaging and overcome these obstacles to emerge as successful
entrepreneurs. Therefore, a woman has to achieve
• -Diagnostic lab & pathology clinics. empowerment by overcoming this entire problem. Hence,
118
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
it is important to take measures to encourage the women has little sense today. A host of evidences shows that they are
entrepreneurship. successfully made. In order to make women entrepreneurship
movement a success government and non-government
The remedial measures undertaken and suggestions are: agencies have to play a vital role. Women entrepreneurs in
Government agencies (Like EDC), association backward areas needs special assistance and incentives from
of women entrepreneurs, NGO’s and CBO’s have carried the government and financial institutions separate industrial
on so many programmes for development of women estates may be set up for women entrepreneurs to create
entrepreneurship. all together a special environment. There is a need to setup
Women industrial development bank in the existing banks
Government has stressed on women education and and financial institutions it is advisable to start a separate cell
special programs have been introduced. Yet it is necessary to called: “Women entrepreneurs guidance cell to promote and
increase the number of professional schools for women. guide the Women entrepreneurs. The development of women
as a entrepreneurs will generate multifaceted socio economic
Banks, financial institutions (Like State Financial
benefits to the country.
corporation) are lending more freely to women entrepreneurs.
Yet, Government has to lend more subsidies to women REFERENCES
entrepreneurs.
Anna, V. (1990). Ocio-Economic basis of women
As it is necessary to provide practical knowledge entrepreneurship SEDME, 17(1), March.
of the business situation during their study levels, some
Bheemappa, A. (2003). Intrepreneurship Development in
schools and colleges are providing such knowledge during
Agriculture, Yojana. Vol. 47, P.19.
the education period. It should be increased.
Carter, N. M. (1997). Size determinant of Women
As women entrepreneurs have to face several owned business choice or barriers to resources
marketing problems, they should be taken into consideration Entrepreneurship and Regional Development.
by government and steps should be taken to solve them.
Desai V. trepreneurial Development, Vol. 1, Himalaya
Markets should be developed in rural and semi urban areas
Publishing House Bombay.Edited by:K. Manuja
so that women entrepreneurs can sell them easily in the
Devi, Volume: Two Women’s Empowerment and
nearest markets more and more fairs and exhibitions should
Globalisation
be arranged for women products.
Govindappa, G. T. (1999). Rural Women Entrepreneurship,
The development of transport and communication throughout
Kurukshetra, cp. 11.
the country will help for women entrepreneurs to market their
products easily. Jain,P. C. Developing First Generation Entrepreneurs–India
Experience,Entrepreneurship and Small Scale
As self employment breeds entrepreneurship more Industries, p.17.
and more self employment programmes should be undertaken
Josepaul, Ajith Kumar, N. and Mampilly, Paul, T.
and proper training should be given to both rural and urban
trepreneurship Development, Himalaya Publishing
youths including women.
House, Bombay.
As women entrepreneurs lack information as regards
Kamalakannan, K. (2005). The Role of financial Institutions
to their business, it is necessary to start information bureaus,
in Development of Women Entrepreneurs,
to help them in getting the required information.
Kurukshetra, April, p.10.
More research programmes should be conducted Naik, Sumangala (2003). The Need for Developing Women
and the steps should be taken to solve the problems of women Entrepreneurs, Yojana, July, Vol. 47, p.36.
entrepreneurs.
Sarvate D. M. Entrepreneurial Development Concepts and
CONCLUSION Practices, Everest Publishing House, Pune.
119
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
ABSTRACT
The use of agricultural literature plays an important role in dissemination of new technology among
farming community. The publication department of SAUs plays an important role in publishing the farm literature
under Krushi Vigyan Kendra (KVK), Sardar Smruti Kendra (SSK) and other schemes. The study was carried out
to know the demand of farm literature for middle Gujarat region. The questionnaire was constructed and mailed
to 102 extension personnel of KVKs, SSKs, FTCs etc. during the year 2010. Among them, only 34 extension
personnel (33.23 %) responded. The great majority demanded for agricultural books on agricultural crops
(85.29 %) and plant protection (76.47 %) followed by marketing and value addition (23.53 %) and horticultural
books on fruit crops (29.”41 %), vegetable crops (20.59 %) and floriculture (14.71 %) animal husbandary,
more demand was on animal husbandry books (41.18%) followed by animal diseases (14.71 .%), poultry (11.76
%), animal nutrition and milk products (8.82 % each). About two-fifth, one-fourth and one-fifth of respondents
suggested that articles should be given with photographs (41.18 %), editing and proof reading should be made
before publication of articles (26.47 %) and agricultural literature should be easily available at nominal cost
(20.59 %) respectively. In order to increase the nffectiveness of KRUSHIGOVIDYA farm magazine respondents
suggested that colour photographs should I in given (44.12 %), articles on research recommendations should
be given (26.47 %) and articles on new lochnology shguld be given (17.65 %).
The use of agricultural literature plays an important The great majority demand on agricultural books
role in dissemination of new technology among farming was on agricultural crops (85.29 percent) and plant protection
community. The publication department of SAUs plays an (76.47 percent) followed by about one forth demands
for marketing and value addition (23.53 percent each)
important role in publishing the farm literature under KVKs,
respectively and the more demand on horticultural books
SSKs and other schemes. The study was carried out to know
was on fruit crops (29.41 percent), vegetable crops (20.59
the demand of farm literature for middle Gujarat region. The
percent) and floriculture (14.71 percent) respectively while
objectives of the study were : (1) To know the demand of the more demand on animal husbandry books was on animal
farm literature, (2) To seek suggestions for the publication of husbandry (41.18 percent) followed by animal diseases
farm literature and (3) To seek suggestions for increase the (14.71 percent), poultry (11.76 percent), animal nutrition and
effectiveness of KRUSHI GOVIDYA farm magazine. milk products (8.82 percent each) respectively.
folder was on forage crops. value addition, fruit crops, vegetable crops and animal
husbandry.
About two fifth, one fourth and one fifth of
respondents suggested that articles should be given with The extension personnel’s demand on various
photographs (41.18 percent), editing and proof reading folders namely precautions in spraying of pesticides,
should be made before publication of articles (26.47 percent) vegetable crops, disease of fruit crops and forage crops.
and agricultural literature should be easily available at
The major suggestions for publications of farm
nominal cost (20.59 percent) respectively.
literature were : articles should be given with photographs,
Nearly one half, one fourth and one fifth of editing and proof reading should be made before
respondents suggested to increase the effectiveness of publication of articles and agricultural literature should be
KRUSHIGOVIDYA farm magazine was: colour photographs easily available at nominal cost.
should be given (44.12 percent), articles on research
To increase the effectiveness of KRUSHIGOVIDYA
recommendations should be given (26.47 percent) and
farm magazine, colour photographs as well as articles on
articles on new technology should be given (17.65 percent)
research commendations and new technology should be
respectively.
given.
CONCLUSION
IMPLICATION
The extension personnel’s demand on various books
The SAUs should publish the farm literature as per
namely agricultural crops, plant protection, marketing,
the demand of extension personnel’s and farmers.
121
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
ABSTRACT
Agricultural literature means any kind of print media viz. research journals, farm magazines, books,
newspapers etc. which play crucial role between Agricultural Scientists and farmers for dissemination of farm
information and latest technical know – how. Here an effort was made to find out Deportment of Agricultural
Scientists for Publishing Agricultural Literatures for Farming Community. In this context, Agricultural Scientists
were evaluated by four indicators: 1. Nature of publication, 2. Membership in scientific publication, 3. Involve-
ment in editorial board, and 4. Scientific interaction.
first with 90.67 per cent followed by farm magazines (60.00 maximum contribution for research journal might be their
per cent), leaflets/folders (55.33 per cent), newspapers (46.67 higher scientific orientation and desire to improve their bio-
per cent), reports (44.67 per cent), Visheshanks (32.67 per data. Comparatively higher contribution in farm magazines
cent), chapters in book (26.67 per cent), and others (23.33 per and leaflet/folder is indicative of their feeling for farming
cent). community. This finding gets agreement from those reported
by Shah (2006).
The result indicates that the agricultural scientists
were motivated for publishing agricultural literatures in Membership in scientific publication
scientific way for farming community. The reason behind
Table 2 : Distribution of the agricultural scientists according to their membership in scientific publication n=150
Sr. Category Annual membership Life membership
No. Number Per cent Number Per cent
1 Local 13 08.67 09 06.00
2 State 28 18.67 58 38.67
3 National 51 34.00 89 59.33
4 International 04 02.67 17 11.33
Table 2 manifests that 59.33 per cent and 38.67 of scientific organizations carrying out publication is very
per cent of the agricultural scientists were the subscribers meager, the chances for the agricultural scientists to get
of life time in scientific publications at national and state included in the editorial board are naturally very less. This
level, respectively. From this finding it can be concluded is the probable reason for poor involvement of agricultural
that majority of the agricultural scientists were attracted for scientists in editorial board. This finding is in consonance
the national and state level membership. This finding is in with those reported by Parmar (2005).
conformity with the finding Joshi (2009).
Scientific interaction
Involvement in editorial board
It is ascertained from Table 4 that 45.33 per cent of
Table 3: Distribution of the agricultural scientists the agricultural scientists did not participate in any conference/
according to their involvement in editorial seminar/ symposium etc. at university level, whereas 39.34
board n=150 per cent of the agricultural scientists participated in up
to 5 and conferences / seminars / symposiums. This table
Sr. Category Level of Number Per
No. involvement cent also reflects that more than two third (70.67) per cent of
agricultural scientists did not present any research paper,
while 25.33 per cent of them had presented research papers in
1 Chief editor No 140 93.33
involvement conference/ seminar/ symposium etc. at University level.
Involvement 10 06.67 At state level, 44.67 per cent of agricultural scientists
2 Assistant No 131 87.33 did not participate in conference/ seminar/ symposium etc.,
editor involvement while 40.00 per of the agricultural scientists were participated
Involvement 19 12.67
in up to 5 conferences / seminars/ symposium etc. It also
No 123 82.00
shows that two third (68.00 per cent) of the agricultural
3 Member involvement
scientists did not present any research papers, but about one
Involvement 27 18.00
fourth (24.00 per cent) of them had presented up to 5 research
4 Referee No 139 92.67
involvement papers in conference/ seminar/ symposium etc.
Involvement 11 07.33 At national level, more than one third (36.00 per cent)
The data presented in Table 3 represent that, only of the agricultural scientists did not participate in conference/
6.67 per cent of the agricultural scientists were in the position seminar/ symposium etc. However, about one half (50.67
of chief editor, whereas 12.67 per cent were in the position per cent) of the agricultural scientists participated in more
of assistant editor. Moreover, 18.00 per cent were members than 2 conference/ seminar/ symposium. It also reveals that
and 7.33 per cent of them acted as referee in different more than half (54.67 per cent) of the agricultural scientists
editorial boards of scientific publications. Since the number did not present any paper. However, 31.33 per cent of them
123
Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)
3 to 5 31 20.67 12 08.00
More than 5 23 15.33 06 04.00
2 State level
No 67 44.67 102 68.00
1 to 2 36 24.00 28 18.67
3 to 5 24 16.00 08 5.33
More than 5 23 15.33 12 08.00
3 National level
No 45 36.00 82 54.67
1 to 2 29 19.33 21 14.00
3 to 5 35 23.33 23 15.33
More than 5 41 27.34 24 16.00
4 International level
No 94 62.67 110 73.33
1 to 2 41 27.33 32 21.34
3 to 5 11 07.33 08 05.33
More than 5 04 02.67 00 00.00
At international level, more than three fifth (62.67 Lohar, S. S.,(1998). “Publication behaviour of the scientists
per cent) of the agricultural scientists did not participate of the Mahatma Phulekrishividyapeeth, Rahuri.”
in any conference/ seminar/ symposium etc. Hence, more M. Sc.(Agri) thesis (Unpublished), Rahuri,
than one third (34.66 per cent) of the agricultural scientists Maharashtra.
participated in up to 5 conference/ seminar/ symposium. It is
Parmar, S.D. (2005). Publication behaviour of the Agricultural
also described that 73.33 per cent of the agricultural scientists
scientists of Anand Agricultural University, Anand.
did not present any research paper, more than one fourth
Unpublished M.Sc. (Agri.) Thesis, AAU, Anand.
(26.67 per cent) of them presented up to 5 research papers.
Shah, U. B. (2006). A study on level of Internet exposure of
CONCLUSION
Teachers of Anand Agricultural University, Anand.
It can be concluded that great majority (90.67 Unpublished Ph. D. Thesis, A.A.U., Anand, Gujarat.
per cent) of the agricultural scientists had published their
Singh, Premlata and Singh, R. P., (1992).“Scientific
articles in research journals having subscriber of life time
Productivity of Women Scientists” Ind. J. of Extn.
membership in scientific publication at national level (59.33
Edu.,Vol XVIII, No. 3 & 4, : 16.
per cent) as member in different editorial boards of scientific
publications (18.00 per cent) with participation in more than Catherine Nyaki Adeya and Banji Oyelaran-Oyeyinka
2 conference / seminar / symposium at national level (50.67 (2002).The Internet in African Universities: Case
per cent). studies from Kenya and Nigeria, http://www. Global
equality .info/reports/IDEaf.pdf.
REFERENCES
Jat, B.I. (2009) Development of scale to measure the attitude
Joshi, P. J. (2009).Computer inclination of agricultural
of teachers towards the application of multimedia
extension educationists working in state agricultural
in agricultural higher education, Unpublished Ph.D.
universities of Gujarat.Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis,
Thesis, A.A.U., Anand, Gujarat.
AAU, Anand.
124