Senior High School Department

KING THOMAS LEARNING ACADEMY, INC. Understanding Culture, Society and Politics
A decade of uplifting lives and build futures Week 1-2

UNIT TITLE: STARTING POINTS FOR THE UNDERSTANDING OF CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS
LESSON TITLE: Human-Cultural Variation and Early Filipino Communities and the Concepts of Anthropology, Sociology
and Political Science

Learning Competency:

Discuss the nature, goals and perspectives in/of anthropology, sociology and political science
Articulate observations on human cultural variation, social differences, social change and political identities

Learning Objectives
1. Demonstrate curiosity and an openness to explore the origins and dynamics of culture.
2. Discuss how each social science contributes to understanding society, culture and politics
3. Analyze social, political, and cultural change and give examples of each
4. Demonstrate an interest and willingness to explore the origins and dynamics of culture, society, and
politics.
Gaining Attention:

WORD HUNT: the students will be looking for clues hidden by the teacher inside the classroom. One clue will
lead them to another until they find the word assigned to them during the grouping. ( 8 mins. )

AIM OF THE TASK:

1. After finding the word assigned to your group, you’ll have to share your prior knowledge regarding the word
that you’ve found.

Presentation/ Content: Chapter Preview

Human beings differ in how they understand themselves and the natural
What is
and the physical world around them. This is manifested in the differences
Politics,
in the language, concept of beauty, norms, and value system, among
Society and
others in every society.
Culture
Is the characteristics and knowledge of a particular group of people, encompassing
CULTURE language, religion, cuisine, social habits, music and arts.

Is a group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction, or a large social group

SOCIETY sharing the same spatial or social territory, typically subject to the same political authority
and dominant cultural expectations?

Is Is about the making agreements between people so that they can live together in groups such as tribes,
POLITICS cities, or countries.

Is the systematic study of the biological, cultural, and social aspects of man. Derived from
SOCIOLOGY two Greek words, Anthropos, which means “man”, and logos which means “study” or
“inquiry”.
 Is the systematic study of politics, focuses on the fundamental values of equality, freedom,
POLITICAL SCIENCE and justice and its processes are linked to the dynamics of conflict, resolution, and
cooperation.

Is an academic discipline that attempts to provide a deeper assessment of individual group

ANTHROPOLOGY behavior, as well as social phenomena, by examining the interplay between economic,
political, and social factors. The study of social life, groups, and society.

ANTHROPOLOGY

FRANZ BOAS
Father of Modern American Anthropology

HISTORICAL PARTICULARISM – each society is considered to have a unique form of culture that
can be consider as complex.

FIELDS OF ANTHROPOLOGY

1. Physical or Biological Anthropology

- Studies the origins of human origins such as genetics, race, human evolution, fossils and
primates.
Note: Anthropologist on this field analyses human fossils and observed living primates and focus on how
we have become what we are today.

2. Linguistics Anthropology
- is the scientific study of written and unwritten human language.
Note: Linguist study languages as system of sounds or gestures that are put together according to rules of
grammar and syntax, which result in meanings that are intelligible to others.

3. Cultural Anthropology
- Studies of the living people, cultural variation across different societies and examines the
need to understand each culture on its own context.
(religion, social system, language, food, clothing, beliefs and tradition)

4. Archaeology
- Falls under the category of physical anthropology. It is the collection and preservation of
artifacts of past and present cultures.

5. Applied Anthropology
- As the name implies it applies ideas and information from the previous field mentioned in
order to obtain practical solutions for specific problems baffling the society

In the ancient Visayas, being beautiful could be as simple as having a flat

forehead and nose. But since human are usually born with these features, the FUN FACT
https://www.
Visayans used a device called tangad to achieve them.

thefamouspeople.com/profiles/franz-boas-3456.php
 Senior High School Department
KING THOMAS LEARNING ACADEMY, INC. Understanding Culture, Society and Politics
A decade of uplifting lives and build futures Week 1-2

WHY STUDY
ANTHROPOLOGY?
✓ Observe the common things among people (traditions, language and etc.)
✓ Discover what make people different from each other
✓ Create new knowledge through researches about human kind and behavior

CEBU (Queen City of the South)

FUN FACT The oldest city in the Philippines. Came from the cebuano word “sibu” which
means trade.

SOCIOLOGY
AUGUST COMTE
A French philosopher who coined and first develop sociology.

SOCIOLOGIE which means COMPANION and

OLOGY which means THE STUDY OF.

FIELD OF SOCIOLOGY

1. SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
- Group of interacting people with the same goal.

2. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
- the study of how peoples thought, feeling, beliefs, intentions and behavior are
influenced by the social environment.

3. APPLIED SOCIOLOGY
- the information about society to solve social issues.

4. HUMAN ECOLOGY
- Study of interactions between human and nature in different cultures.
 WHY STUDY
SOCIOLOGY? ✓ Gives meaning to the importance of the self in relation to others
✓ Appreciate society
✓ Gives us full understanding of how social groups affect our
thinking and behavior

https://www.laphamsquarterly.org/contributors/comte

A Belgian King almost bought the Philippines from Spain. In 1866, a year after
his accession to the throne, King Leopold II asked his ambassador in Madrid to FUN FACT
negotiate with the Queen of Spain about the possibility of ceding the Philippines
to Belgium but Spain refuse him.

POLITICAL SCIENCE
The systematic study of politics, government and political power. Politics was started by the ancient Greek
and has influenced the governance in the modern world.

AREAS OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

1. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
- Examines hoe the government functions and how decisions and policies are made.

2. POLITICAL ECONOMY
- Evaluates the interplay between economics, politics, and law and its implications to the
various institutions within society.

3. COMPARATIVE POLITICS
- Compares domestic politics and governance system across different sovereign states.

WHY STUDY ✓ Educate us on the importance of exercising our rights and

SOCIOLOGY? maximizing our political participation to sustain, maintain or
change society.
✓ Keep social order and harmony among different groups of
people
 Senior High School Department
KING THOMAS LEARNING ACADEMY, INC. Understanding Culture, Society and Politics
A decade of uplifting lives and build futures Week 1-2

Human Cultural Variation

1.NATURAL SELECTION. Results in one or more favorable genes to become more common
among a population. For example, what is adaptive to a human population is one environment may not
be adaptive to another. Another is the variations in skin color and body built. These maybe attributed
to natural selection which take in the form of directional selection, or a trait that is positively favored
or a normalizing selection if genes that arise by mutation may be harmful to the population and therefore
can be removed through natural selection.
2.GENETIC DRIFT. This term is also known as the Wright Effect named after the geneticist
Seawall Wright. It refers to the various random processes that affect gene frequencies in small,
relatively isolated populations.
For example, when a small group (derived from a larger population) migrates to another isolated
location, that group may lack a gene that can eventually be passed to the next generation, provided that
they will remain isolated.
3.GENETIC FLOW. Unlike the first two factors, gene flow tends to decrease variation. It may
occur between distant and close population; long range movements of people and trade may result in
gene flow at some point but not all the time especially in a particular does not want to interbreed with
the natives of that area.
4. INFLUENCE OF THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT. It is a condition can sometimes
produce variation even in the absence ofgenetic change. For instance, climate may affect how a human
body grows and develops. Similarly, access to nutrients and exposure to certain diseases is also
influenced by the environment they live in. this explains how one population varies physically as
compared to the others.
5. INFLUENCE OF THE SOCIAL OR CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT. Modifications
made by humans to their environment may lessen the likelihood of genetic adaptation. For instance,
effects of the cold climate may be modified by cultural traits of a population by making a specific
type of house or type of clothing that may insulate them.

Gaining Attention:

BUGTONG! BUGTONG!
Your class will be divided into groups, your task is to come up with a “bugtong”. Each group
will take turns presenting their “bugtong” and the other groups will guess the answer. Each time a
group answers right a simple prize will be awarded to them from the group who presented the
“bugtong” they got right.
What are we waiting for? LEZZZZZ GOOOO!
 READING and WRITING
CULTURE OF OUR ANCESTORS Baybayin
17 letters: 3 vowels & 17 consonants
EDUCATION Knives, daggers, pointed stick, pointed metals
(sipol)
• Elders
Colored sap of plant
• School called BOTHOAN (in Panay)
• Reading Bamboo tubes, bark of trees and plants
• Writing Tagbanuas of Palawan & Hanunuo Mangyans of
• Arithmetic Mindoro still uses Baybayin
• Weapon and Warfare Muslims uses Arabic Writing system
• Lubus (Anting-anting) Maranao called it Kirim
MUSIC,Tausugs
ARTS,called it Jiut
LITERATURE
ARTS ▪ Salawikain, bugtong, alamat, epeko
▪ Hudhud and Alim of Ifugaos
➢ Abel of Ilocanos ▪ Biag ni Lam Ang of Ilocanos
➢ T’nalak of T’bolis in Cotabato ▪ Ibalon of Bicolanos
➢ Yakan & ikat of Lumads in Minadanao ▪ Darangan of Maranaos
▪ Indarapatra at Sulayman of Maguindanaos
➢ Kangan, bahag, and putongs (male)
▪ Oyayi
➢ Saya & patadyong (female) ▪ Dallang, Ilocanos love song
➢ Pasiking woven basket in Cordilleras ▪ Tagumpay ( Victory in battle)
➢ Bulol of Ifugaos in Cordillera ▪ Dung-aw (moring song of Ilocanos)
▪ Kanyaw, victory song of Igorots
➢ Hagabi Benches ▪ Binaylon, courtship dance of Manobos
➢ Okir-a-datu as motif, sarimanok ▪ Panjalay, War dance of Maranaos
of Maranaos and tausugs from Mindanao
➢ Manunggul Jar in Palawan
➢ Tattoos
SCIENCE and TECHNOLOGY
o Medicinal Plants
RELIGION and BELIEF in the AFTERLIFE o Astronomy
o Dikes and Irrigation System
Paganistic and Animistic o Banaue Rice Terraces by the Ifugaos
Bathala (tagalog), Laon or Abba (Visayans), Ikasi o Lengths & measurements, one angaw or
one million
(Zambals), Gugurang (Bicolanos), Kabunian (Ilocanos) o Dipa, dangkal, and hakbang
Anitos or the spirit of their departed relatives
Katalona or Babaylan, Female priest
Courtship and
COMMUNITY AMUSEMENTS
Marriage
✓ Festivals
✓ Lambanog, coconut wine (Tagalogs)
❑ Paninilbihan- a man had to devote time and effortin order
to win the lady being courted by serving the lady’s parents ✓ Tapuy, rice wine (Igorot)
through chopping of firewood, fetching water, and other ✓ Basi, sugarcane wine (Ilocos)
chores. ✓ Pangasi, rice wine (Visayans)
❑ Bigay Kaya or dote- similar to dowry or any material ✓ Bugtongan, carabao racing and Palo
things given by the man to the family of the lady before
their marriage. Cebo
 Senior High School Department
KING THOMAS LEARNING ACADEMY, INC. Understanding Culture, Society and Politics
A decade of uplifting lives and build futures Week 1-2

DATU / MAHARLIKA TIMAWA ALIPIN

Other Gat, lakan, panginoon, poon Visayans-timagua Aliping Namamahay Aliping Saguiguilid
names (male) Dayang-dayang Visayans oripun
(female)

Extent of Powerful/Rich Free Could own property No Property

Power
Head of Barangay Common people Lived in his or her Lived in the master’s
own house house

On Taxes Exempted from paying taxes Paid Taxes Could not be sold Could be sold by his or
her master

Services to Had dependents Defenders of the datu Can become a Could marry only with
the -makes and implements laws timawa if he or she the approval of his or her
Barangay paid his or her depts master
or married someone
from the upper class.
-judge/punished those who
broke the law Worked for the datu Services were paid Services were not paid
especially during
battles

The Table shows the Social Hierarchy System of the Philippines

OBSERVATION ABOUT THE FILIPINO SOCIETY, CULTURE, AND POLITICS TODAY

POLITICAL DYNASTIES
FOOD TABOOS
Food taboos are unwritten social rules that exist in Political dynasty exists when a person who is the
every society in the world and Philippines is not an spouse or relative within the second civil degree of
exception.According to Meyer-Rochow, food consanguinity of an incumbent government official runs
taboos, were made for certain members of the for an elective office simultaneously with the incumbent
society in order to: government officials or occupies the same office
simultaneously after the term of office of the incumbent
a. Protect human health official.
b. As an ecological necessity to protect a resource;
c. As an expression of empathy; and
d. As a factor in group cohesion and group identity
ISTAMBAY

TEXTING Derived from the word “standby” which

Texting is considered by many Filipinos as a refers to local bystanders who are neither studying
primary means of communication because of the in school nor working. A stereotypical istambay is
benefits it brings in strengthening relationships usually male, a school drop-out, unemployed, lazy,
among peers, relatives, and partners. and someone who spends considerable time with
Philippines has been considered the Texting friends.
capital of the World from 2001.
 Understanding Culture, Society and politics is associated with Anthropology,
Sociology and Political Science and are interconnected with each other. There are
various field of studies in Anthropology, Sociology and Political Science that are
important in Understanding Culture, Sociology and Political Science.

Eliciting Performance
Instructions: Read the following questions and write your answer on the space provided.
1. ____________________ focuses on the fundamental values of equality, freedom, and justice and its
processes are linked to the dynamics of conflict, resolution, and cooperation.

2. ______________________ deals with prehistoric societies by studying their tools and environment.

3. ______________________ gives us a background on how diverse and complex others customs, traditions
and cultural practices are.

4. ______________________ is considered as the Religion of our ancestors.

5. ____________________ are considered as the earliest teachers in the informal education of our
ancestors.

REFERENCES:

Introspect- Understanding Culture, Society ant Politics ,Salesiana Books by Don Bosco Press Inc.
Author: Everlinda Diala-Jimenez

Praxis: Understanding Culture, Society, Culture and Politics

Author: Rhoderick V. Nuncio, PhD, Elizabeth Morales-Nuncio, PhD, Raychelle R. Artuz, MA

Understanding Culture, Society And Politics

Author: Maria Ela Atienza, Ph D. et al.

Prepared by: Revised by:

IMEE P. BERIÑA
MARK JOSEPH L. PACHECO 09303036830
[email protected] [email protected]