Logic Proj

NAME:- ANKITA VIRENDRANATH YADAV
ROLL NO:- 31
CLASS:- SYBLS
DIVISION:- B
SUBJECT:- LOGIC
TOPICS:TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS
SUBMITTED TO:- MRS MOONAM KHARAT
TABLE OF CONTENT:-
SR NO TOPIC
1. INTRODUCTION
2. NATURE OF HYPOTHESIS
3. IMPORTANCE OF HYPOTHESIS
4. SOURCES OF HYPOTHESIS
5. PARTS OF A HYPOTHESIS : DEPENDENT AND
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
6. TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS
7. CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD HYPOTHESIS
8. BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. INTRODUCTION
A hypothesis is a stepping stone to proving a theory. There are
numerous types of hypotheses that can be employed when seeking
to prove a theory. Additionally, there are many hypothesis examples
that can help you form your own hypothesis. Simply put, a
hypothesis is an idea that can be tested based on the evidence
available. A concept or statement must be tested to be proven
credible. This serves as a starting point for further investigation to
prove the hypothesis by applying the scientific method. However,
there are multiple variables that can affect the results, and therefore
the idea must be tested multiple times.
2. NATURE OF HYPOTHESES
The hypothesis is a clear statement of what is intended to be

investigated. It should be specified before research is
conducted and openly stated in reporting the results. This
allows to:
 Identify the research objectives.
 Identify the key abstract concepts involved in the
research.
 Identify its relationship to both the problem statement
and the literature review.
 A problem cannot be scientifically solved unless it is
reduced to hypothesis form.
 It is a powerful tool of advancement of knowledge,
consistent with existing knowledge and conducive to further
enquiry.
 It can be tested – verifiable or falsifiable.
 Hypotheses are not moral or ethical questions.
 It is neither too specific nor to general.
 It is a prediction of consequences.
 It is considered valuable even if proven false.
3. Importance of Hypothesis
Hypothesis though an important part of research may not

be required in all types of research. The research which are
based on fact finding (historical or descriptive research) do
not need hypothesis.
 Hypothesis facilitates the extension of knowledge in an
area. They provide tentative explanations of facts and
phenomena, and can be tested and validated.
 It sensitizes the investigator to certain aspects of the
situations which are relevant from the standpoint of the
problem in hand.
 Hypothesis provide the researcher with rational
statements, consisting of elements expressed in a logical
order of relationships which seeks to describe or to explain
conditions or events, that have yet not been confirmed by
facts.
 The hypothesis enables the researcher to relate logically
known facts to intelligent guesses about unknown
conditions. It is a guide to the thinking process and the
process of discovery.
 Hypothesis provides the basis for reporting the conclusion
of the study. It serves as a framework for drawing
conclusions. In other word, we can say that it provides the
outline for setting conclusions in a meaningful way
4. Sources of Hypothesis:
A good hypothesis can only be derived from experience in
research. Though hypothesis should precede the collection
of data, but some degree of data collection, literature
review or a pilot study will help in the development and
gradual refinement of the hypothesis.
 The following sources can help the researcher in coming
up with a good hypothesis: Review of literature.
 Discussion with the experts in the given field to
understand the problem, its origin and objectives in
seeking a solution.
 Intuition of the researcher also sometimes helps in
forming a good hypothesis.
 Previous empirical studies done on the given area.
5. Parts of a Hypothesis:
Independent and Dependent Variables
Before diving into hypothesis examples, take a moment to

understand independent and dependent variables.
An independent variable stands on its own and is not changed by
other variables
The dependent variable depends on other factors
The independent variable can cause a change in the dependent
variable, but the dependent variable cannot cause a change in the
independent variable. For example:
How does the amount of makeup one applies affect how clear their
skin is?
Here, the independent variable is the makeup, and the dependent
variable is the skin. The variables are important because they help
determine the cause and effect. In this example, the hypothesis
could be:
The amount of makeup one wears correlates to how clear their skin
is.
Therefore, this hypothesis must be tested before it can be proven
correct.
6. TYPES OF HYPOTHESES
The most common forms of hypotheses are:

 Simple Hypothesis
 Complex Hypothesis
 Null Hypothesis
 Alternative Hypothesis
 Logical Hypothesis
 Empirical Hypothesis
 Statistical Hypothesis
1. Simple Hypothesis
A simple hypothesis predicts the relationship between two
variables: the independent variable and the dependent variable. This
relationship is demonstrated through these examples.
 Drinking sugary drinks daily leads to being overweight.
 Smoking cigarettes daily leads to lung cancer.
 Getting at least 8 hours of sleep can make people more alert.
2. Complex Hypothesis
A complex hypothesis describes a relationship between variables.
However, it’s a relationship between two or more independent
variables and two or more dependent variables. You can follow these
examples to get a better understanding of a complex hypothesis.
Adults who 1) drink sugary beverages on a daily basis and 2) have a
family history of health issues are more likely to 1) become
overweight and 2) develop diabetes or other health issues.
Individuals that 1) smoke cigarettes and 2) live in large cities are
more likely than others to have 1) respiratory problems and 2) an
increased risk of cancer.
Individuals who 1) get an average of eight or more hours of sleep and
2) have a balanced diet and schedule are more likely to 1) be alert
during the day and 2) have more energy.
3. Null Hypothesis
A null hypothesis denoted by Ho, proposes that two factors or
groups are unrelated and that there is no difference between certain
characteristics of a population or process. You must test the
likelihood of the null hypothesis, in tandem with an alternative
hypothesis, in order to disprove or discredit it. Some examples of a
null hypothesis include:
 There is no significant change in a person’s health during the
times when they drink green tea only or root beer only.
 There is no significant change in an individual’s work habits
whether they get eight hours or nine hours of sleep.
 There is no significant change in the growth of a plant if one
uses distilled water only or vitamin-rich water only to water it.
4. Alternative Hypothesis
An alternative hypothesis, denoted by H1 or HA , is a claim that is
contradictory to the null hypothesis. Researchers will pair the
alternative hypothesis with the null hypothesis in order to prove that
there is no relation. If the null hypothesis is disproven, then the
alternative hypothesis will be accepted. If the null hypothesis is not
rejected, then the alternative hypothesis will not be accepted. Some
examples of alternative hypotheses are:
 A person’s health improves during the times when they drink
green tea only, as opposed to root beer only.
 Work habits improve during the times when one gets 8 hours
of sleep only, as opposed to 9 hours of sleep only.
 The growth of the plant improved during the times when it
received vitamin-rich water only, as opposed to distilled water
only.
5. Logical Hypothesis
A logical hypothesis is a proposed explanation using limited
evidence. Generally, you want to turn a logical hypothesis into an
empirical hypothesis, putting your theories or postulations to the
test. In reference to these examples, there is currently no evidence
to support these hypotheses. However, you can form a hypothesis
based on the data available to draw a logical conclusion.
 Cacti experience more successful growth rates than tulips on
Mars.
 Beings from Mars would not be able to breathe the air in
Earth's atmosphere.
 Creatures found at the bottom of the ocean use anaerobic
respiration rather than aerobic respiration.
6. Empirical Hypothesis
An empirical hypothesis, or working hypothesis, comes to life when a
theory is being put to the test using observation and experiment.
It's no longer just an idea or notion. Rather, it is going through trial
and error and perhaps changing around those independent variables.
 Roses watered with liquid Vitamin B grow faster than roses
watered with liquid Vitamin E.
 Women taking vitamin E grow hair faster than those taking
vitamin K.
 Thirsty rats find their way through a maze quicker if there is
water at the end of the maze.
In these examples, trial and error is leading to a series of findings.
The results of these experiments can all be observed and proven
over time.
7. Statistical Hypothesis
A statistical hypothesis is an examination of a portion of a population
or statistical model. In this type of analysis, you use statistical
information from an area. For example, if you wanted to conduct a
study on the life expectancy of people from Savannah, you would
want to examine every single resident of Savannah. This is not
practical. Therefore, you would conduct your research using a
statistical hypothesis or a sample of Savannah's population.
 50% of Savannah's population lives beyond the age of 70.
 80% of the U.S. population gets a divorce because of
irreconcilable differences.
 45% of the poor in the U.S. are illiterate.
7. Characteristics of A Good
Hypothesis
 Hypothesis should be simple so that it is easily understood

by everyone.
 Hypothesis should be clear, specific and precise. If the
hypothesis is not clear and precise, the inferences drawn on
its basis cannot be taken as reliable
 Hypothesis should be capable of being tested.
 Hypothesis should state relationship between variables.
 Hypothesis should be consistent with most known facts. i.e.
it must be consistent with a substantial body of established
facts.
 The hypothesis must explain the facts that gave rise to the
need for explanation. It must actually explain what it claims
to explain.
8. BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://www.dspmuranchi.ac.in/pdf/Blog/Hypothesis%20&%20Its
%20Types.pdf
http://epgp.inflibnet.ac.in/epgpdata/uploads/epgp_content/law/
09._research_methodology/07._hypothesis/et/8153_et_et.pdf
https://www.ijser.org/researchpaper/THE-ROLE-OF-LOGIC-IN-RESEARCH.pdf
https://byjus.com/physics/hypothesis/#:~:text=There%20are%20six
%20forms%20of,Directional%20hypothesis
http://www.dspmuranchi.ac.in/pdf/Blog/Hypothesis%20&%20Its
%20Types.pdf

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NAME:- ANKITA VIRENDRANATH YADAV

The hypothesis is a clear statement of what is intended to be

Hypothesis though an important part of research may not

Before diving into hypothesis examples, take a moment to

The most common forms of hypotheses are:

 Hypothesis should be simple so that it is easily understood

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