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Tailieuchung Boi Duong Hoc Sinh Gioi Luong Giac NXB Dai Hoc Quoc Gia 2014-2-8519
Tailieuchung Boi Duong Hoc Sinh Gioi Luong Giac NXB Dai Hoc Quoc Gia 2014-2-8519
Trong muc nay chung toi se trinh bay cac bat dang thuTc lu"c(ng giac rat ct;
1\T cosx + cosy ^ x+y
ban trong mot tam giac. No thu'dng xuyen diTdc sur dung trong viec nghien b. Ne'u x, y e thi ^<cos
2'2 2 ~ 2
cuTu cac bat dang thtjTc hmh hoc noi chung va trong tam giac noi rieng.
Dau bang xay ra trong cac ba't dang thiJc tren khi va chi khi x = y.
Bai 1. Trong moi tam giac ABC ta c6 cac he thuTc sau: Ap dung menh de tren ta cd:
1. cosA + cosB + cosC < - . 2. cosA cosBcosC < - . "
sinA + smB ^i"C + s m | C+"
2 8 7t
- ^ + sm +sm ^ A+B +C+ -
_ . A . B . C ^ 1 . • 2A -^r. • 2/^ ^ ^
3. s m — s m — s m — < - . 4. sm A + sm B + sm C < —. 2 2 < 2 L_<,,n 3
2 2 2 ~ 8 4 2 2 4
Dau bang xay ra trong cac bat dang thiJc trcn ichi va chi khi ABC la tam giac
sinA + sinB + sinC + sin —<4sin—
deu. 3 3
Giai 3v^
• sinA + sinB + sinC <
2
1. Ta c6: cos A + cosB + cosC < - (1)
2 A =B
A+B A - B , ^ . 2 C / 3 Dau bang xay ra < ^ _ A = B = C « ABC la tam giac deu.
o 2cos
2
cos—
2
hl-2sm — < -
2 ~2
^' 1 ^3
2/3 Chu-ng minh tu'dng tu" 1/.
<=> 4sin^ 4sin—cos hi > 0
2 Bai 3. Trong moi tam giac ABC ta c6 cac he thiJc sau:
^ . C A-Bl^ 2 A - B A B C ^
o 2 sm cos + sin" X) (2) 1. tan —+ tan —+ tan —> V3 ,
2 2 J 2 - 2 2 2
Vi (2) hien nhicn diing, vay (1) dung => dpcm
2. cotA + cotB + cotC > V3 .
^ . C A-B
2 sm cos = (J Dau bang xay ra khi va chi khi ABC lii tam giac deu.
Da'u bang xay ra o 2 2 A =B=C Giai
• A-B 1 . A Bti C r-
sm-—-— = 0 !• tan —+ tan —+ tan —>V3 (1)
2 2 2 2
o ABC la tam giac deu.
. A B C B C
2.3.4 ChiJng minh tu-dng tif 1/. tan — + tan — + tan — >3 do tan — > 0, tan — > 0, tan — > 0
2 2 2 2 2 2 .
Bai 2. Trong moi tam giac ABC, ta co:
2 A , B 9 C ^. A B B C C A
3^3 ^ . A . B . C ^ 3 <=:> tan — + tan" — + lan" — + 2 tan — tan — + tan — tan — + tan — tan — >3
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2/
1. sinA + sinB + sinC < . 2. sm — + sm — + sm—< - .
2 2 - 2 2 2 ^. 7 A , B ,C A B B C C A ^ , .
A B C ^ 3^3 I o tan" — + tan" — + tan" tan —tan —+ tan —tan —+ tan —tan— > 0
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
3. cos hcos—l-cos—< .
2 2 2 ~ 2 275
Cty Timn ivrv P VVn Khang vlft
A B B C C A ^
do lan — tan — + tan — tan — + tan — tan — = 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 jsjh^it xet: Ta hay hieu the nao la bat dang thufc khong the l a m " t o t hrin".
2 , Ba'l dang thufc R A , B , C) > a doi v d i m o i tam giac A B C g o i la khong the l a m
f A B^ ( B
<=> tan — - t a n — + tan — - t a n —
2
f c
+ tan — - t a n — >() (2)
2; 2 " l o t h d n " nc'u nhU' Ve > 0, ton l a i tam giac AnBdC,, sao cho
I 2 2J
2 I I 2
RAo, B,„ C„) < a + s (1)
V i (2) dung =>{\ dung => dpcm.
^ Bat dang thiJc f(A, B , C) > P doi v d i m o i lam giac A B C g o i 1^ khong the ISm
2. Trifdc hct ta chi?ng minh trong m o i tam giac i h i
"tot h d n " neu nhu" Ve > 0, ton lai lam giac A||B„C(| sao cho
cot A + cotB + cotC > 0 (3) f
r(A„, B„, C„) > p - e (2)
That vay neu A B C la tam giac nhon thi (3) hicn nhien dilng
V i the chang han de chiJng minh ba'l d^ng IhuTc f(A, B, C) > a d o i vdti m o i
Neu A B C khong phai la tam giac nhon khi do gia siir A > 90", i h i B, C la
tam giac A B C g o i la khong the l a m " t o t h d n " la lien hanh theo hai biTdc sau:
nhon va 0 < B + C < 90".
1. Chu'ng minh vdi m o i tam giac A B C , la c6: f(A, B, C) > a
Ta c6: cotA = - c o t ( B + C), ncMi /, i
2. Chi'rng minh c6 (1). De liim dieu nay c6 nhieu cdch, luy nhien each ma ta
col A + colB + cotC = colB + cotC - coKB + C)
hay siir dung la: ChuTng minh rang ton l a i m o t ho tam giac A , B , C , (phu
Ta c6: colB > 0 va do 90" > B + C > C =^ col{B + C) < cotC Ihuoc vao e, \6'\ > 0 dii be)sao cho v d i ho nay la co:
^ colC - cot(B + C) > 0 => cotB + cotC - col(B + C) > 0, vay (3) dung lim r(A,,B,,C,,) = a
V i Ic do colA + cotB + colC > S <^ (col A + cot B + cot C ) " > 3 . i;
Sau do lam nhiT trong phan 1/ vc'Ji chu y la 2. Ta CO v d i m o i lam giac A B C ihi:
colAcolB + colBcotC + cotCcolA = 1 suy ra dpcm. Icos A c o s B c o s C i = |COSA|.|COSB|.|COSC| < 1
l i a i 4. ChiJug minh rang Irong m o i tam giac la c6: => cosAcosBcosC > - 1 . (1)
1. cosA + cosB + cosC > 1. 2. cosAcosBcosC > - 1 . Mat khac xet ho tam giac A B C v d i A = 180" - 2 a ; B = C = a vcti a > 0 du be.
. . A . B , C Khi do: cosAcosBcosC = cos( 180" - 2a)cos^a = - c o s 2 a c o s ' a
3. sm — s m — s m — > 0 . 4. sinA + sinB + sinC > 0.
2 2 2
Tirdo l i m ( c o s A c o s B c o s C ) = - l i m (cos2a)(cos^a) = - 1
c A . B . C , A B C -
5. sm — + sm — + s i n — > 1 . 6. cos — + C O S — + C O S — > 2 .
2 2 2 Vay ba'l dang ihurc (1) khong the lam " l o t h d n " => dpcm.
2 2 2
va cac ba'l dang thuTc trcn khong the lam " l o t h d n "
3.4. Chiang minh tu'rJng liT Vi.
Giai <: , . A . B . C B+C C+A A +B
J- l a co: sin — + sin — + s i n — = cos + cos 4-cos
. . A B C
1. Ta co: cos A + cosB + cosC = 1 + 4sm YsmYsm- CD 2 2 2 2 2
= cosA' + cosB' + c o s C ,
2
A B C
v d i A ' = : ? ^ ; B ' . ^ ; C ' = A ± 5
H i c n nhicn trong m o i lam giac la c6: s i n y s i n — s i n y > 0, do do liT (1) siiy ra 2 2 2
cosA + cosB + cosC > 1 Ro rang A ' > 0, B ' > 0, O 0 va A ' + B ' + C = A + B + C = 180" nen co the
A. B . C . A coi A', B', C la ba goc cua mot tam giac A ' B ' C khac.
Ta c o : 0 < sm — s m — s m — < sm —
2 2 2 2
Theo phan 1/ suy ra cosA' + cosB' + c o s C > 1 ^' ' ^
A') . A . B . C
M a t khac: l i m sm — = 0 : • l i m sm—sin—sm — = 0 . . A . B . C , ,
2y 2 2 2 =!> sin — + sin — + sin — > 1 => dpcm.
A->() 2 2 2 *
Vay bat dang Ihufc tren kh6ng the l a m lot hdn.
Xet ho lam giac A B C A = 180" - 2 a ; B = C = a v6i a > 0 du be
B6I duang h ^ c sinh g l o l Lupng glAc - rhan Huy Khal
Cty Timn nrv P VVH Khang VIft
A . B . C
lim sin — + sin—I- sin — = lim cos a + 2sin — = 1 A,B = 2R,sin
2 Oh
a->{)'^ 2 27 2
A B C , "
Vay ba't dang thuTc s i n y + s i n y + sin y > 1 khong the lam "tot hdn" Thay (3) vao (2) va c6: AA, = — 2 R s i n — (4)
a 2
6. Do 0 < cos— < 1, 0 < cos— < 1, 0 < cos— < 1 Lap luan lu'dng tiTcd: BB, =~-2R<i\n^, (5) ' ' t»
2 2 2 ^ .n
A B C zA 2 B 2 C *
^ cos hCOS hCOS—>COS h COS + COS — CC| = 2Rsin —. (6)
2 2 2 2 2 2 , 2 2
A B C 3 + (cosA + cosB + cosC) . ^, ,,.
cos —+ cos—+ C O S — > > 2 (Iheophan 1/) Nhan tiTng ve (4) (5) (6) suy ra:
2 2 2 2 • A . B . C
Cho ho tam giac ABC vdi A ^ 180" - 2a, B = C = a, vdi a > 0 du be suy ra + a)(a + b ) ^ ^ 2 4Rsin—sin—sin —
AA,.BB,.CC, = (h + <^)(c abc (7)
2 2 2
A B CI a -2
lim cos — + COS — + C O S — = lim Trong moi AABC, thi r = 4R s i n - s i n - s i n -
2 2 2 ) „^„+ sina + 2cos—
2 2 2 2 (8)
A B C •> '
Bat dang thiJc c o s y + cosy + '^osy > 2 khong the lam "tot hdn". Tir (7) (8) di den AA,.BB,.CC, = (b + c)(c + a)(a + b)^^^, ,
abc i
(9)
Thco ba't dang thuTc Cosi, thi
B. Bat dang thi'tc hidng giac trong cac bai todn hinh hoc phdng b + c > 2^/bc , c + a > 2^[ca., a + b > 2^yab
(10)
Trong muc nay chung la xct cac bai toan bat dang thiJc liTdng giac, hoac bat TCf (9) (10) suy ra AA|.BB|.CC| > 16R-r =:>dpcm.
dang Ihtfc khong co dang lu'dng giac nhu'ng chiJng minh no thi hoan toan di/a Dau bang xay r a o b = c = a o ABC la tam giac deu.
vao phcp bien ddi cac he ihiJc lu'dng giac trong tam giac. Cac ba't dang tMc NHn xet:
nay gan chat vdi mot bai toan hinh hoc phang lu'dng iJng. Nhif vay de giai 1. Ke't qua noi tren van dung ne'u thay ba du'dng phan giac bdi ba difdng Irung
chiing Ihi CO siT phoi hdp giffa lu'dng giac va hinh hoc phang (no phan bict trifc, tiJc thay tam difdng Iron noi tiep I bang tam O diTdng tron ngoai tiep.
vdi Ccic bai loan thuan luy ve bat dcing thufc lu'dng giac ma vc mat hinh thifc Khi do AA| = BB| = C C , =2R.
CO the thay ngay trong cac bai loan ay khong he c6 mot hinh ve nao ca). Vay AA|.BB|.CC| = 8 R \
B a i 1. Cho lam giac ABC. Ba diTdng phan giac trong cua cac goc A, B, C laa D o R > 2 r = ^ 8 R ' > 16R'r.
lu'dt c5t diTdng Iron ngoai ticp tam giac ABC tai A | , B | , C|. Chijrng minh => AA|.BB,.CC| > 16RV
AA,.BB|.CC| > 16RV Da'u bang xay ra <=> R = 2r.
Giai "J^ABC la tam giac deu. i
Ap dung dinh li Plolcme vdi ti? giac noi ticp ^- Ne'u thay I bcli triTc tam H ciia tam giac nhon ABC.
A B A i C taco: Ap dung dinh li ham so sin trong A A B A i , ta c6:
AA|.BC = AB.A|C + A C . A i B (1); AA, =2RsinABAJ = 2Rsin(B + A ^ ) jf
Ta c6: A | B = A.C, nen tif (1) co:
= 2Rsin(B + H A c ) " ^~
_ A | B ( A B + AC)
(2) • k = 2Rsin(B + 90" - C)
BC
flp =2Rcos(B-C).
Ap dung dinh l i ham so sin trong AABA, (vdi chu y ban kinh cua diTdng iron
J t f d n g tir c6: BB, = 2Rcos(C - A )
ngoai tiep tam giac nay cung chinh la R), ta c6:
B6I duang ln>c sinh gioi I n^ing gUic - fhan Huy Khal Cty Timn nrv P VVn Kbang Vift
o
A B C A B B . C ^ . C . A , , ,
s i n y + s i n - + s i n y > 2 s i n y s i n - + 2 s m - s m - + 2 . s m - s m y . (1)
IA| IB,
< — + —+ —
IC| ~ l A IB IC
Da'u bang xay ra trong hai ba't dang thuTc Ircn <=> A B C la tam giac deu.
Theo bat d i n g thufc cd ban trong tam giac, ta c6: 3. Cho tam giac A B C noi tiep discing tron tam O. G o i I la giao d i e m ciia ba
. A , . B^ . C^3 difctng phan giac A M , B N , CP. Gia suf A M , B N , CP keo dai cat di/c^ng tron
sm—hsm—+ sm—<-
2 2 2 2 ngoai tiep tai A ' , B', C li/dng i^ng. ChuTng minh:
. A . B . C 2 3 A . B , . C 1 1 1
s m — h s m — h s m — = - . - sm—hsm—hsm — >1.
2 2 2 3 2 . 2 2 2 lA' ^ IB' ^ IC' R
. A , . B , . C Giai
(2)
~3 sm hsm—hsm — Ta c6: B I A ' = I B A ' l A ' = A'B.
. 2 2 2J
H i e n nhien ta l a i c6: Lap luan nhu'cac bai tren c6: l A ' = 2Rsin
B6I duding hgc ainb gtdl Lugng glic - Phan Huy Khal
1 1 1
(1) MA.MB' = M B . M C = ^
sin - sin - sin—
2 2 2
4MA 4m.,
Theo bat dang thiJc Cosi c6: =>MA' =
1 »^
f . A , . B , . C ,GA' = G M + M A ' + - m . , + •
sin—hsin—hsin — > 9 . (2)
4m„
. A . B . C 2 2 2
sin sin sin
2 2 2
GA m.. 8mf 2(2b^+2c^-a^) 2b^+2c^-a^
Theo bai toan crtban trong muc A , thi sin — + sin — + s i n — < - . (3)
GA' 1 a' 4m,^ + 3a' 2b^ + 2c^ - a^ + 3a^ a^+b^+c^
^ • 2 2 2 2
3 ' 4m.,
Tu" (2) (3) suy ra (1) dung dpcm.
Tiif do suy ra:
Da'u bang xay ra o A B C la tam giac dcu.
GA ^ GB GC ^ ( 2 b ^ + 2 c ^ - a - ) + ( 2 a ^ + 2 c ^ - b ^ ) + ( 2 a ^ + 2 b ^ - c ^ )
Nhan xet:
GA' GB' GC' a^+b^+c^
1. N c u A B C la tam giac nhon va thay cac di/dng phan giac b^ng cac du^cfng cao
(va goi H la trifc tam). K h i do ta co: = 3 (6)
A
1 , . , AA' BB' CC , GA , GB , GC ,
Laico: ,+ _ _ + _ _ = i+ _ _ + i+ +i + .= 6 (7) (do (6))
HA' HB' HC' " R GA' GB' GC' " ' GA' GB' GC'
/p/
That vay theo cac bai Iren ta co: Do A A ' < 2R; B B ' < 2R; C C < 2R
H A ' = 4Rco.sBco.sC;
1 1
H B ' = 4RcosCcosA;
=>6=M:+M:+^,2R^ ' + •
M / GA' GB' GC' IGA' GB' GC'
H C =4RcosAcosB. 1
„ , , , , — - > — => dpcm.
Tu" do theo bat dang thifc Cosi, ta co: A' GA' GB' GC'~R
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Dau bang xay ra o A B C la tam giac deu.
HA' HB' HC' 4R cosBcosC cosCcosA cosAcosB ' ^ ^ i 4. Cho tam giac A B C . Ba du-dng phan giac trong A M , B N , CP k c o dai cSt
1 diTcfng tron ngoai tiep tam giac tiTdng tfng tai A ' , B ' , C .
(41
2 •
4R V ( c o s A c o s B c o s C ) /' /' /'
&at A A ' = BB'= /|;,CC= . ChiJng minh ^ + - ^ + ^ >4.
T h c o ba't dang thuTc cd ban trong tam giac (va do A B C la tam giac nhon), i ' /„ L /,.
co: 0 < cosAcosBcosC < - . Giai
(5)
8 AB AM c /., be
'a CO A A B M ^ AAA'C
1 1- H ^ j>— ^ =>dpcm.
. AA' AC
Tir (4) (5) suy ra b I,
HA' HB' HC' ~ R
B6I duOng hpc sinh gkil Lugng gUc - rhan Huy Khal
Khi do + + —^>4
m„ mu m,.
(1)
m„ + t a , mu + i u , m, + 1
^>4
A A •+ m,
2bccos 2bccos
Do I, = < I,, . Ih I,.
b+c 2Vbc + ^ > 1 . (8)
nr, mu m,
I IL I 1 1 1 Vithc(X)c=>
Tir(3)(4)suyra ^ + -!i + X > . (5)
I" Lt) I' t i;os-^ A eos 2 "
cos 2^
2 2(Y + Z ) - X
ci .—
Theo bat d^ng thuTc Co si, la c6: 2 2 2 2b2+2c--a'=X>()
2 A
A ,B jC 1 I Dat ,^2 _ 2(X + Z ) - Y
cos — I - COS" — h cos — >9. (6) 2a-+2c"-b^ =Y > 0 - .
2 2 2j 1A +
' . B+ I, C
COS" - COS" COS" 2a-+2b--c"=Z>()
2 2 2i 2 2(X + Y)-Z
c =
2A 2 B 2 C 3 + (cosA + cosB + cosC) ^ 9
Do cos — I - cos — h cos — = < —, (7)
2 2 2 2 ' 4 Vlthc-(9)«I±^ +^ + 2 ^ > ,
/.' /' /'
Tif (5) (6) (7) suy ra + + > 4 => dpcm.
Y z z
4
— + — + —+ + —+ >6. (10)
Dc thay tiTcac lap luan Iren thi da'u bang xay ra <=> ABC la lam giac dcii. I Y xJ i z XJ iz Y
Nhgn xet: Khi lhay ba diTclng phan giac lhanh ba difdng Irung luyen, ta c6 Ni' C>o X X ) , Y > 0, Z > 0, ncn ihco bat d;1ng thifc Co si Ihi (10) dung, vay (9)
loan sau: dung dpcm.
Cho lam giac ABC co dp dai ba trung luyen m,„ mn, m,. Goi M,„ Mb, M , la J'' bang ,xay ra dc thay o X = Y = Z
dai cua ba dU'dng trung tuycn ay kco dai cho den khi gap du'(<ng Iron ng"'" o a =b=c -
licp lam giac ABC. ChiYng minh: ^ + ^ + >4 o ABC la lam giiic deu.
m., m^ m^.
Cho lam giac ABC noi tiep irong diTcJng iron lam O. ChiJng minh
Giai
OA- ^ O B ^ ^ O C ^
Goi cac trung tuycn la A M , BN, CP va giii silr A M , BN, CP keo dai tifdng
be ca ab
cat diTiIng iron ngoai tiep AABC lao A', B', C . Khi do ta co:
AA' = M „ BB' = Mh, CC = M, Giai
'-'o dinh li ham .so sin, la co:
Dat t, = M„ - m,; tb = M^ - m^; I , = M , - m,.
OA^ ^ OB^ OC' 1 1 1 Giai
-+ . (1)
be ca ab
4R^ sin B sin C sin C sin A sin A sin B J Neu A|, B | , C| deu nam trong tam giac ABC. Khi do ta c6:
Theo baft dang IhuTc Cosi, thi MB|+MC, MB, MC, . ^
3 ^-^77 ^ = 77r + ^ = smMAB, + s i n M A C 1 • (1)
1 I 1 (2) MA MA MA
sinBsinC ^ sinCsinA ^ sinAsinB ^(sin Asin BsinC)^ Hien nhien ta c6 (xem bai 2 § I chu'dng 4)
sin M A B | + sin MAC, . M A B | + M A CI • A
Lai theo bat dang ihufc Cosi, ihi < sin = sin —. (2)
V • . • D • ^ sinA + sinB + sinC 2 ^ 2
</sin AsinBsinC < — (-3) Tir (1) (2) suy ra
MB, + MC| . A ^
Theo ba'l dang thuTc liTrtng giac cd ban thi . • '-<2sin — , hay
MA " 2 A
sinA + sinB + sinC < ^ (4) MA
> (1)
MB, + M C ,
:.sin
/+Y\
OA' OB^ OC-
Tir{l)(2)(3)(4)suyra + ' — >1
be ca ab ~
Dau bang trong (1) xay ra khi
Do la dpcm. Dc thay dau b^ng xay ra o ABC la tam giac deu. A M la phan giac ciia goc A .
Nhgn xet: TiTdng lir ta c6: M ^
1. Neu thay O bang tam di/c(ng tron noi tiep I , thi ta c6: MB 1
IB^ IC^ MC, + M A |
> , . B' (2) n A n
2 sin
be
-+ •
ca • +ab >1. (5)
2
A,
B C MC 1
That vay theo cac bai tren ihi IA = 4Rsin —sin y (3)
MA, + M B . c•
2 sin
16R^in2^sin2^
lA^ B C
— — tan —tan —. Dau bang trong (2), (3) tu-dng tfng xay ra B M , C M Ian liTdt la cac phi
be B . C B an
2 C 2 2 giac eua cac goc B, C.
16R sin sin - cos cos
2 2 2 2 T i r ( l ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) s u y ra:
IB- B C IC' A B
MA' MB^ MC'
TifdngtiTco: = tan —tan —; —— = lan —tan—.
ca 2 2 ab 2 2 (MB,+MC,)- (MC,+MA|)- (MA,+MB,
Tir do suy ra (5) diing.
2. Neu thay O bang trifc tam H, thi ta c6: >1
(4)
• 2 ^ . 2 B ' . 2 C
^ ^ ^ +^ > , (6) Sin ^ sin sin
be ca ab 2 2 2,
iiu' Dau bhng trong (4) xay ra <=> ddng Ihdi co dau bang trong (1) (2) (3)
Chtfng minh (6) liTdng tiT nhtrchiyng minh d trcn (xin danh cho ban doc li''
o M la lam du^dng iron noi licp AABC.
lai).
Theo ba'l dang IhiJc Co si, la co:
Bai 6. Cho M la diem nam trong tam giac ABC. Kc M A , , M B , , MC, tiTcIng i^'^'
1
vuong gc')c BC, CA, AB. ChiJng minh rang: 2 A B . C 1 (5)
sin
. 7 7 . 2 A . 2 B . 2 C•
MA- MB^ MC^ sin" sin" sin sin sin
-T>3. 2 2 2 2 2 2
(MB|+MC|)- (MC,+MA|)- (MA,+MB,)
Thco ba't dang ihiyc liTdng giac cd ban ihi sin^ —sin-^ —sin^ — < - (6) 4,i(p - a)' + 4b(p - b)- + 4c(p - c)" < 6 7 3 R ' ( 2 R - r)
2 2 2 8 c> a(b + c - a)' + b(a + c - b)' + c(a + b - c)' < 6N/3 R ^ ( 2 R - r)
Tur (4) (5) (6) suy ra dpcm irong iriTcfng hdp nay.
c> 4abc - (b + c - a)(a + c - b)(a + b - c) < 6 ^ 3 R ' ( 2 R - r). '
Da'u bang xay ra o ABC la lam giac dcu va M la lam cua lam giac a'y. (1)
Ap dung cac cong ihiJc: ,;•
2. Ncu A | , B | , C| CO diem nam ngoai lam giac ABC (chang han A, nam ngo^j
, abc
lam giac ABC) S = p r : S = 4R
—; — = (p-a)(p-b)(p-c)
Khi do la c6 cac danh gia sau:
_ (h + c - a)(a + c - b)(a + b - c)
MB| + M C
' <2sin-,
MA 2
Khi do
MA| + M C |
<2sin-
MB - 1
( 1 ) c:> 16RS - — < 6 N / 3 R ' ( 2 R - r)
MA,+MB, P 'Am.
Ricng doi vc'li dai liTctng la co:
MC o8S(2R-r)< 6V3R'(2R-r) '•Hid; "
MA, + M B | _ MA|: MB, o 4pr < .3^/3 R ' (do 2R - r > 0)
+
MC MC MC
/ID A B C . A . B . C
4 4R cos — cos — cos — 4Rsm —sin —sm —, < 3V3R^
= sinMCA,+sinMCB| . 2 2 2 2 2 2j
Do MCA, + M C B = 180 sin MCA, = s i n M C B . o XsinAsinBsinC < 3^3 . (2)
Tir do Ihco (*) la c6; Thco bai dang ihiJc Cosi, ta c6:
NghTa la la van quy vc doan sau ciia IruT^ng hdp 1 => dpcm. Thco I 11 dang IhiTc lu'dng giac crt ban la co-
(Tuy nhicn Irong Iru'cfng hdp nay dii'u biing khong xiiy ra)
sinA + sinB + sinC < (4)
Bai loan difdc giai hoan loan.
Bai 7. Cho lam giac ABC. DiTclng Iron noi licp lam giac licp xiic vdi ba canh Thay (3) (4) vao (2) la lhay (2) dung => (1) dung dpcm.
BC, AC, AB [lidng i^ng lai M , N , P. ChuTng minh: Dau bang xay ra <=> ABC lii lam giac dcu.
Ba« 8. Goi I la lam dift^ng iron noi tiep lam giac ABC. A I , BI, CI ca'l du^dng iron
BA.AP- + C A . B M ' + AB.CN' < ^ R ' ( 2 R - r).
ngoai licp lam giac ABC lai D, E, F Wdng u-ng.
Giai ChiJngminh: H + I ^ + Z > 3 .
Ta CO: lA IB I C ~
b + c- a Giai
AN = AP = p - a = Lap luan nhu'cac bai iren, la co:
2
a + c-b lD = 2 R s m - ; I A 4R sin - s m -
BM = BP = p - b =
2
A
a + b-c
CM = C N = p - c =
Vi ihc ba'l dang IhiJc can chu^ng minh c6 dang tiTdng diTdng sau:
«.»^ limn mwyvTT nnang vifT
BOl tiuuim iitn. snui yiui i-uym^
B . C Giai
sin- sin
IF 2 A A 4b'c'cos' —
Ti/0ngt^c6:|= . c . A ' ^ . A . B•
2sin sin Giainhi/bai4,lac6: ^ = -^ = ^ ^ ^ b c _ l + cosA
2sin- sin -
2 2 2 2 AA2 be (b + c r b c (b + c ) ' 2
Tiif (6) (7) suy ra j j a i 13. Cho A B C la tam giac nhon vii H lii triTc tam. Gia sur H A , H B , H C lar
(3) c=> (2x + y + z)(2y + z + x)(2z + x + y) > 8(x + y)(y + z)(z + x). (8) li/cn cat cac du-cfng iron ngoai ticp cac lam giac H B C , H A C , H A B l a i A ' , B'
Theo bat d a n g thuTc Co si, Ihi C . Chu-ng m i n h H A ' . H B ' . H C > 8R'COSACOSBCOSC.
giac v u o n g I B A ' , ta c6: Tir ( I ) (2) suy ra dpcm. Dau bhng xay ra <=> A B C la lam giac deu.
IB IB IB Bai 14. Cho tarn giac A B C va G la trong tam l a m giac. D a t BGC = a,
IA' =
cosBIA A + B . C
cos sm — C G A = 3, A G B = Churng minh rang: •
2
a b c . a .3 . "v
^„ . A . B . C -f sin — + s i n - - f - s i n —
4R s i n - s i n - - sin - +mh mt,+m, m,+m, ~ 3 2J
2 _ 4Rsin — .
Do I B = =>IA' =
. B . B . C . B . C
sin- sin - Giai
sin - sm sin -
2 2 2 2 2
B C Ta CO 2sin^ cosa, v i the ap dung
TiTdngtirco I B ' = 4 R s i n - ; I C ' = 4 R s i n y .
, a Aiml+ml)-9'j} 4(m|, + m , f - 9 a ^ - 8 m t , m , A B C
=>l-2sin" —= - ^ (5)
2 8m^m,^^ 8m|,m^. cos h cos—h cos —
/\ dung bat diing thiJc Cosi, la c6:
. 2CV , 4 ( m h + m J - 9 a
2 2
2 2 c 2
=> sm — = 1 (1) >9. (6)
2 /c+/a /a+/h a b c
Theo bat dang ihtfc Cosi, thi 4(mh + m,)' > 16mHm, Tlif (3) (6) suy ra
4(m|, + m , )^ - 9a- ^ A{m^ + m , ) ' - 9a^
1-- > (7)
/ K + / C /c+/a /a+'b A B C
(vdi chii y la do GB + GC > BC => - (nib + m j > a => 4(mh + m,)^ - 9a^ > 0) cos + cos + COS
Thco bat diing thiJc lU'Png giac cO ban trong lam giac thl
2 2 2.j
^ ^ 4(mh+m,)^-9a^ 4(m,+m,)'-9a' A B C 3N/3
4(mh+m,)' " 16mi,m,, (8)
0 < cos h c o s — h c o s — <
3^ r>2sin - T i r ( 7 ) ( 82) c 6 : 2a 2 2 •>S. (9)
/,+/, k+l,
4(m|,+mj' 2
(2) Do a + P-i-Y = 271 = ^ ^ - 1 - ^ + ^ = 7 1 .
2
3 2 + m,
. (Y
-sin — < DT nhicn ^ X ) , ^ X ) , - > ( ) , ncn c6 the coi —, - , - la ba goe cua mot tarn
Da'u bang trong (2) xay ra <=> mn = m, 2 2 2 2 2 2 ^
, 2 . 3 ^ b giac niio do. Vi the lai thco ba'l dang IhiJe lu"dng giac ed ban la co: c:
Lap luan tiTdng tiT, la co: - s i n - < (3)
3 2 m^. + . (\ , 3N/3
2.-1^ c (4) sin —-I-sin-+ s i n - <
-sin-< 2 sin — + sin--I-sin —
Dau biing trong (3), (4) tifdng iJng xay ra <=> ABC la lam giac deu. 22 2 2 22 (10)
3 2 m^, + mt,
Nhdn xet: Ta c6 bai toan tiTdng tiT sau: Cho tarn giac ABC vdi I la tarn diTdn^ Tir(9)(10).suyradpcm
iron noi licp. Dal BIC = (v, CIA = 3, AIB = -i. ChiJrng minh: '^ai 15. Cho lam giac ABC. Goi I la lam du'dng iron noi licp tam giac ABC. Goi
a . > 2 sin—h sin — + sin — 0 | , O., O, irin lu-dt la tarn du^dng Iron ngoai licp eac lam giac IBC, lAC, lAB.
2 2 2 Chu"ng minh: S,'()|()2()3 ^ S.
/b+'c K+k k+k 3
Giai Giai
Ta c6: Goi M, N, P Ian lirm la trung diem ciia lA, IB, IC
=> S,v,Ni> = ;|;S (do AMNP ^ AABC vdi ti so dong dang k = ^ )
a
1 p f 1 1 1 1 ^ani Oi la giao ciia hai diTdng trung trifc cac ^
I) - + - - +- ^•anh IB, IC.
-b + c;
- Ic di, Ui bj
A B A Tam O; lii giao ciia hai du'dng trung iri/c cac
2bccos . , 2accos . . 2abcos ,
2_ ^ + ^ _| 2_ a + c ^ 2_ + " '^^nh IC, lA.
b + c ' be a-he ac a-fb ab
B6t duSng tipc slnh glol Lupng glAc - Fhan Huy Kbal
Cty TNnnnrvDVVHKhang V/ft
Tam la g i a o c i i a h a i dir(:>ng I r u n g trifc c a c c a n h lA, IB Lap l u a n ti/dng t y c o : Rj =
R ; R3 = R
Khi do dc lha'y O,, O 2 , O., liTOng ilng c u n g la t a m c a c diTcfng tr6n bang lio'p 2cosB 2cosC
tiep cac goc M, N, P cua AMNP.
Goi R ' la ban kinh di/dng tron ngoai ticp AMNP, thi Ta co: 0 , 0 , = O 3 K + 0 , K = ^R.i f JR? - —
SMNP = 2(R')'sinMsinNsinP
Theo phan dang thiJc trong tam giac ta c6:
N 2VcWc 2VCWA
R5
0 3 0rang = c6:
, 0 2 la
R ^ sin(C + A) .sin(B + A) / „ \
smO^OiOj = s m. N— ^+—P = cos—
M
= 7; f. ' ^in(l80"-BOc)
1 M N » cos C. cos A cos B cos A
Vi the' So,0203 = - 0 , 0 2 . 0 , 0 3 . s i n 0 3 0 | 0 2 = 8(R'r cosy cosycos- 8 cosBcosCcos^ A 4 cosBcosCcosA
_ R ^ >sinBsinCsin2A
V^'the'So,0203 S R^ sinBsinCsinA
Taco: S„|0203 > S " 03>S it;-;
M N P R ^ sinBsinCsinA > 2R\sinAsinBsinC
<=> 8 ( R ' ) " c o s — C O S Y C O S — > 4 S M N P
4 cosBcosCcos A
8(R')- c o s — c o s — c o s - > 4.2(R')'sinMsinNsinP o cosAcosBcosC < - . (1)
2 2 2 8
. M . N . P^1 Theo bat dang thiJc lu-rfng giac cd ban trong tam giac thi (1) dung => dpcm.
<=> sm — sm — s m — < - . (1) Dau bang xay ra <=> ABC la lam giac deu.
2 2 2 ~8
Thco bat dang thufc liTdng giac cdban trong tam giac thi (1) dung => dpcm. ^ O H xet:
Dau bang xay ra <=> MNP la tam giac deu <=> ABC la tam giac deu. Neu ihay O bang trong tam G cua lam giac ABC, thi neu goi O,, O2, O3 Ian
Bai 16. Cho tam giac nhon ABC. Goi O la lam diTcJng tron ngoai tiep A A B C liTdt la tam du-^ng Iron ngoai tiep cac tam giac GBC, GAC, GAB thi la van
Goi 0|, O 2 , O3 Ian liTcU la tam diTcJng tron ngoai tiep cac tam giac O B C c6 ba'l d^ng thu-c 80,0203 > 8 .
OAC, OAB. Chu-ng minh: 80,0203 > S Chiang minh xin danh cho ban doc. ^
Giai 17. Cho tam giac ABC, M la trung diem cua AC. Dal CBM = (p.
Goi R|, R 2 , R3 Ian liTdt la ban kinh cac ChiJngminh: colA > ^ ^ - ^ c o s ^ ^
dirdng iron ngoai tiep cac tam giac
OBC, OAC, OAB. sinip
Ta co: , Giai
R , =
BC a 2RsinA Taco:
ZsinBOC 2 sin 2 A 4 sin A cos A 2 cos A cn,^^ 2V2-3cos^
hdl du6na hpc sinh glot lufng giic - fhan tluy hJial
pgfu bang xay ra <=> a, = aj; P, = P2; y, = y:
<=> cot A + 3cot(p > •. (1) <=> O la tam diTc^Jng tron noi ticp AABC.
sirup P^i 19. Cho tam giac nhon ABC va goi O la tam diTcfng tron ngoai ticp. Goi r,,
Thco clang thu-c trong tam giac, ta c6: ^ - r^, r, Ian lifcn la ban kinh diTdng tron ngoai tiep cac tam giac OBC, OAC,
b^+c'-a^ RM^+MC^-MC^ OAB. Ch^ng minh: r, + rj + r^ > 3R. ,
cotA + 3cot(p = h3
4S 4S
Giai
2a^+2c^-b2 ^ ^2
Ap dung dinh ly ham so sin trong cac AABC, BOC ta c6:
a b c
4S " 2S R =
2 sin A 2sinB 2sinC
_ 4a- + 2c^ - b^ _ (2a^ + 2c^ - b^) + 2a^ a a
' , 2S 2S 2,sin BOC 2sin2A
_ 4BM^+2a^ _ 2 B M ^ + a ^ , b
TiTdng liTco: =•
2S ~ S 2sin2B 2sin2C
Thco bat dang thi?c Cosi, ta thay 2BM- + a^ > 2%/2 BM.a. (3) Khi do r, + r: + r, > 3R
2V2BM.a 2^/2 a b c
TCr (2) (3) suy ra cotA + 3col(p > — - — ; — = . o >3R
2sin2A 2sin2B 2sin2C
BM.asm^? smif
Vay (1) dung ^ dpcm. Dau bang xay ra o 2 B M ' = a' o a = m, N/2 . 2R,sinA 2RsinB ^ 2RsinC
o >3R
Bai 18. O la diem bat ki nilm trong tam giac ABC. Chi?ng minh: 4 sin A cos A 4 sin B cos B 4 sin C cos C
Neu ABC lii lam gitic c6 g()c tu, ihi kel luan ciia bai loan chu'a cha'c dung.
= ^(OBcosp: + OCcosy: + OCcosy, + OAcosa: + OAcosa, + OBcosP,) That vay xet tam giac ABC c6:
A = 1 2 0 " ; B = C = 30".
=> p = i o A ( c o s a , + costt:) + ^OBCcosp, + cosp.) + ^OC(cosy, + cosy:) C>c iha'y luc nay r, = R
BAC tt|-<v2 1 ABC fi|-f-l. , 1 Cac tarn giac OAB, OAC lii cac lam giac dcu
=> p = OA cos cos —! + - cos cos + - cos BC A cos — -
' 2 2 2 2 2 2 ^'0 canh bang R, ncn
BAC ABC ACB
=> p < OAcos + OB cos + OCcos—-— 2 RV3 RV3
r, <R
2 2 2 3 2 2
A B C
hay p < OAcos f-OBcos—hOCcos— => dpcm. ^Sy r, + r. + r 3 = R + R>/3 < 3R
£•1 V f,-' :.'
2 2 2
lidJ duany / 7 ^ f Siinn yiUI Lupng
2. Tir R > 2r, ncn hicn nhien la c6: 21. Cho lam giac A B C . Goi 1 la tarn du'cJng Iron noi licp.
r, + r: + r, > 6r ChiJngminh: IA.IB.IC<R\
Thco ba'l dang ihuTc Co si, la c6: Ap dung dinh li ham so sin irong tam giac H A B , la c6:
A . B . C HA AB HA c
r, + r 2 + 1 , : - 2 R s i n - + 2 R s i n - + 2 R s i n - (do HAB + C = 180")
sinABli sinAHB cos A sinC
_^ „ ^ 2RsinC.cosA .
> 3,4R\sin-sin-sin-. (3) => HA = = 2RcosA.
V 2 2 2
•sinC
Vi r = 4Rsin —sin —sin—=>HR''sin—.sin^sin^ = 2R^-. TiTdng tiT HB = 2RCOSB; H C = 2RcosC.
2 2 2 2 2 2 (.
Vay H A . H B . H C < R '
(
Thay vao (3) va c6 r, 4 r, + r-, > 3 V 2 R ^ (4)
8R'(COSACOSBCOSC) < R '
Ma t khiic la lai c6: R > 2r -t> 2R-r > Sr" (5)
(1)
Thay (5) vao (4) va c6: r, f r, + r, > 6R cosAcosBcosC < - .
^'K-O bal diing thi^c lu'(;ng giac ciJ ban ihi (1) dung => dpcm.
Do la dpcm.
'^iiu bang Xiiy ra <=> ABC la lam giac dcu.
Dau bang xay ra « ABC la lam giac dcu.
Nhdn xet:
I C = 4Rco.s—co.s-
1. K h i A B C la tarn giac viiong (chan han vuong lal A ) . K h i do 2 2
H =A HA = 0 H A . H B . H C = 0.
N h i r v a y I , A + I^B + I,C < 9R
H i c n nhicn bat dang thiJc H A . H B . H C < R ' la dijng (d day dau bKng khong A B , B C C A
o 4R cos — COS h COS —COS h cos —COS — <9R
xay ra) r
2 2 2 2 2 2 j
2. X c l khi A B C la tarn giacco goc tu. A B , B C C A 9
X e t tam giac A B C vdi A = 120"; B = C = 30" <r> COS — COS h COS — COS — + COS — COS — < - ( 1)
2 2 2 2 2 2 4
D a l A B = AC = a = > R = a • i ? Do thay
Ta CO H A = a; HB = HC = A B B
B C, C A 2A 2B ,C
;os—COS — + cos—cos — + cos—cos — < cos — + cos — + cos — (2)
cos
HA.HB.HC > 3a'> a ' = ^r^, 2 2
=^ H A . H B . H C > R'
V, cos^ A + , o s 2 ^ + cos^ ^ = 3 + cosA + cosB + cosC
V a y ket luan cua bai loan Irong trifclng hdp nay chu'a chac dting. 2 22 2 ' ;
B a i 23. Cho lam giac A B C . G o i I.„ 1^, 1 Ian liTdt la tarn du-cfng Iron bang ticp cae 3 , -'
cosA + cosB + cosC < - (bat dang thifc lu-ctng giac cct ban Irong tam giac),
goc A , B, C cua tam giac.
1. ChtJng minh: I,A.IhB.I,C < 2 7 R \ ncn tij-(2) suy ra {1) dung => dpcm.
2. Chii-ng minh: I.,A + I,,B + I,C < 9R. Dau bang .xay ra o A B C lii lam giac deu. " '
Giai Hai 24. ChiJng minh rang Irong moi lam giac A B C , la c6:
Nhqn xet: Ta thay rang 21 suy ra 1/
h.. 27 tl
That vay thco ba't diing thiJc Cosi, ta c6:
1. ^ > / ^ . 2. + /h
/.. ~ V R
/,. " V R
I , A + I , B + I,C > 3;^r,A.IhB.I,C .
Giai
1. Ta luon c6 the gia su^ B > C (ncu khong ihi chi vice Inio ddi vai tro giffa hai
dinh B va C) va c6 hinh vc ben.
Vc du-iJng cao A H va phan giac A D (khi do A D d ben phai A H - xem hinh
ve)
• Tirdo ili!-> j f i ^ s i n ^ C + - ^
R
<=> cos- C -
2 ~ R
B
2}
. A . B . C
>8s!n—sin—sm —
2 2 2
B
<=> cos 2 C -
B-C B+C
> 4 s i n — cos cos
2
^ . . A B~C , . 2A
<=> COS"
>4sm—cos 4sm —
2
~ 2 2 2
p a i 25. Cho tam giac A B C noi tiep trong dU'&ng tron tam O. Dtfdng phan giac
C-B - . A
cos— ^^'^^ >0. (1)
trong cua cac g6c A , B, C c^t du'dng tron ngoai tiep tam giac tai A|, B , , C|.
AA| = 2 R s i n A C A | = 2 R s i n
h,. h, h,. 2r
Vay ^ + ^ + - T ^ > 3 3 | - - I .
•ai /b - AIR
( . A . B . C Tur do suy ra 2 A A | = 2R sin + sin C + -
B-C C-A 2]
<=> C O S ^ - + COS- + COS > 6 sin—sin—Sin — (1) 2)
2 2 ' ' 2 2 2 2
. B + C + A B-C B-C
Theo ba't dang thufc Cosi, ta c6: = 4Rsin cos = 4Rcos , (2) . .
2 2
B_c
e o s - ^
C-A A-B
+ c o s ^ ^ + cos^— >
1 B-C C-A A - B
3 ^ c o s - ^ c o s - ^ c o s - ^ (2) Tir(l)(2)diden 2AA| > AB + AC. (2)
Lap luan tu-dng tir 2 B B | > B A + BC, (3)
Ta se chtfng minh rkng trong m o i tam giac thi
2CC| > C A + CB. (4)
c„.iz£c„,s^cosA^>8si„As,„S.„^. (3) Cong iCrng vc (2) (3) (4) suy ra dpcm.
2 2 2 2 2 2
Nh^it xet: Ta c6 the chiJng minh (2) bang each " p h i lu^dng g i a c " nhiTsau:
That vay
Theo dinh l i Plolcme, ta CO: .'-'t^i}}
8cos-cos-cos-cos^^cos^^cos^^>8sinAsinBsinC
2 2 2 2 2 2 AA|.BC = A B . A | C +AC.AiB
o (sinB + sinCXsinC + sinA)(sinA + sinB) > > 8sin A s i n B s i n C (4) Do 2A|B = A , B + A|C > BC nen suy ra 2 A A | > A B + A C , vay (2) dung. .
Theo ba't dang thiJc Cosi, thi ^'^'^ 26. Cho A B C la tam giac nhpn. Cac di/dng cao ke tir A , B, C cat diTdng tron
sinB + sinC > 2 V s i n B s i n C , ngoai tiep tam giac A B C tai A , , B,, C,. Chiang m i n h : ..^ .,, ,
Tir 66 suy ra (4) diing => dpcm. '^P dung dinh ly ham s6' sin trong A A B A , , ta c6: , fj + ,^ .
s s s
Nhaii xet:
-^ + ^ =1
Ta CO k c l qua lifdng tiT khi lhay du'dng cao biing cac di/fJng Irung luycn (d h.. 1
c
day dung v(?i m o i l a m giac)
2 X y /
h., + hh + h, = (h, + hh + h,)
—+ —+ —
(I)!
Ta c6: A M . M A , = B M . M C = —
K hh h . la eo
TiY (1) va Iheo bal dang ihiJc Bunhiaeopski,
MA, =
4 m.. K + hh + h,. >
"> •> , 2 . 2 , 2
R6 rang Irong m o i A A B C , ta c6: Trong m o i l a m giac A B C , Ihi h,, = bsinC, h^ = csinA, h,. = asinB, nen
2m., < b + c; 2mh < c + a; 2m, < a + b. /bc + ae + ab
7h;, + h^ + h,^^ = V b s i n C + c s i n A + asinB = ^ ^ ^ ^
Tif do suy ra ^R
A A D D b-+c c~+a- a'+b Thco bal dang ihufe Cos], la eo:
A A | + B B | + CC| > 1 +
b+ c c+ a a+ b a^+bVe^
2 be 2ca 2ab (3)
A A , + B B , + CC, > ( b + c) - + (c + a) - ^ — + (a + b) - — — - 2R
b + c c+ a a+ b Dau bang irong (3) xay ra <=> a = b = e.
AA, + BB, + C C ,
a- + b ' + e ' '
a+ b 2ab f b +_c _ 2be e+ a 2ea 'riV(2)(3)e6: sf^ + ^ + ^f^. < J - • dpcm.
>a + b +c + + b+ ej
+ , 2 e + a,
, 2 a+ bj
f^3u bang xay ra o A B C la lam giac dcu va M la l a m eiia lam giac.
7 — rnarM MMMMJT MmMMmmm
cty mnn mv p vvn Kbmng vift
B a i 28. Dirdng tr6n noi tiS'p tarn giic tiep xuc BC, CA, A B tai A,, B , , C,. G o i p. Giai
Giai
Ta c6: A B , = A C , = p - a;
BC, = B A , =p-b;
C A , = C B , = p - c. Hinh I Hinh 2
T i r d 6 suy ra: 1 Xet U'U'tfng http A A B C c6 3 goc nhxin (hinh 1) va eo mot g6c tii ( e h i n g han
i
1- a2_(b_c)2 /(a + b - c ) ( a + c - b )
2bc ngoai tiep ciia tam giac nay chinh la R), ta c6: B H = 2 R s i n B C H = 2 R c o s B
4bc 4bc Tir do CO A|C| = 2RsinBcosB = Rsin2B. '
(p-b)(p-c) ^ . A . B . C A B C
= 4 R . B s m — s m —sm—cos—cos—cos—
T i r ( l ) ( 2 ) t a e o B,C, = 2 ( p - a ) ^ 2 2 2 2 2 2
be
^ . A . B . C
2 (a + e - b ) ( a + b - c ) = nsm—sin —sin—.p (1)
(b + c - a)
4bc
2 2 2
A B C
(chu y 1^. p = 4 R c o s Y ' - ' < ' S y C O S y ) .
b2-(c-a)' e--(a-b)' <i.iVb^
4be 2Vb^ 2 , . A . B . C)
TCf (1) suy ra p, — 4 sin — sin —sin — (2)
2 2 2
•B,C| <
b+c (3)
Theo bat d i n g thuTc lu'dng giac ct< ban trong tam giac t h i
. A B C 1
Tirdng W CO C,A, < A,B, < ^ (4) sin — sin—sin — < — . \ (3)
2 2 2 8
Cong liifng ve (2) (3) (4) suy ra dpcm. KCn hrtp (2) (3) suy ra p, < ^ P => dpcm.
Dau bang xay ra o A B C la tarn giac deu.
Dau bang xay ra <=> A B C la tam giac deu.
B a i 29. Cho tarn giac A B C c6 tri/c l a m la H. G o i A,, B , , C, Ian lifdt 1^ chan b''
2. Neu A B C la tam giac vuong (chilng han tai A )
du-clng cao ke tif A, B , C va p, la nijfa chu vi cua tam giac A|B|C|.
Khi do B| = C | EE A
Vay P I = - ( A | B , + B , C , + C , A , ) A K p - a ) s i n y + B K p - b ) s i n y + CI(p - e ) s i n ^
Taco p = i ( A B + AC + B C ) ^ ^ p = ^ ( A B + AC + BC).
L a i C O b + c > 2Nybc ,
cos
2 •vtJ'dw,:
T o m lai la da chiJug minh du^Oc Pi < ^a da'u bang xay ra <=> A B C la lam <=> A B C la lam giac dcu.
2. Thco djnh ly hiim so sin Irong lam giac B I C , ta c6;
giac d c u . . C ^ . A . B
jg g(- asm _ bsm csm
Bai 30. G o i I la tarn dicing Iron noi tiep lam giac A B C . C . B+C ^'B=—^.Ti/.ngurIC = — ^ : IA = —A
1. Chufng minh; ab + be + ca > ( A I + B I + C I ) ' . sin sm cos eos cos
2 2 2 2 2
lA.IB.IC
2. ChiJng minh:
alA^ + b I B - + c I C - Nhu-vay l A . l B . I C = abetan — l a n - l a n - . (2)
2 2 2
Thco bat dang thiJc Cosi, ta eo;
I . K e I M 1 BC, I N 1 AC, IP 1 AB.
alA' + b I B - + e I C - >3\/lA^IB'IC^ . (3)
Taco: A N = AP = p - a ;
BP = B M = p - b; Tir(2) (3) suy ra
C M = C N = p - a. lA.IB.IC 1J A B C . il'i'
T , - <^ - ; V: lKai n
l l — tKai n
l l — tKa
i ln
l — . (4)
Ta l a i c6:
alA'+bIB-+clC- ~ 3V 2 2 2
S = 2(S^p| +Sy|vl| +S(_'N|)
Lai thco ba't drlng thifc Cosi va dang ihiJc lu^dng giac ed ban Irong lam giac ihi
B
= A K p - a ) s i n y + B I ( p - b ) s i n - + CKp - c ) s i n y . ' = tan — t a n — + lan — t a n — + ian — t a n — > 3 ; ' ' / t a n ^ — l a n ^ — l a n ^ —
2 2 2 2 2 2 ~ V 2 2 2 ., •
Tif do la c6: ab + be + ca > ( A I + B I + CI)" ^ } A B C 1
( tan — t a n — t a n - < - ; = . (5)
o 2S
1
> ( A I + Bi + C I ) ' V 2 2 2 "73
sinA sinB sinC, ^hay (5) vao (4) va c6 dpem. Dau bang xiiy ra <=> A B C la lam giac deu.
•B37 91KB ^<M UF^Hg giae - rnan nuy luiai
Bai 31. Cho tam giac ABC noi tie'p trong diTcJng tron tarn O ^ sinAsinB + sinBsinC + sinCsinA
1. ChiJng minh: ab + be + ca < (OA + OB + OC)^ < cos'A + cos^B + cos'C + 2cosAcosB + 2cosBcosC + 2cosCcosA
OA.OB.OC ^ cos'A + cos'B + cos'C + co.sAcosB + cosBcosC + cosCeosA
2. ChuTng minh: > . A.
aOA^ + b O B ' +cOC^ 3V3 " > sinAsinB -cosAcosB + sinBsinC - cosBcosC + sinCsinA -cosCcosA
Giai <;> cos^A + cos^B + cos^C + cosAcosB + cosBcosC + cosCcosA
1. Taco: > cosC + cosB + cosA. (1)
ab + bc + c a < ( O A + OB + OC)^ . SuT dung cong thuTc quen bie't
<:> 4R^(sinAsinB + sinBsinC + sinCsinA) < 9R' cos'A + cos'B + cos^C = 1 - 2cosAcosBcosC, nen ' ' ' ''H i?^; ^^-r: :
9 (!)<=> 1 - 2cosAcosBcosC + cosAcosB + cosBcosC + cosCcosA
o sinAsinB + sinBsinC + sinCsinA < - (1)
> cosA + cosB + cosC
4
o (1 - cosA)( 1 - cosB)( I - cosC) > cosAcosBcosC (2)
Theo bat dang ihiJc Cosi va bat dang thu'c
V I ABC la tam giac nhon nen cosA, cosB, cosC deu la so difdng nen
lu'dng giac cd ban trong tam giac thi
1-cosA 1-cosB 1-cosC ,
SinAsinB + sinBsinC + sinCsinA < sin^A + sin'B + sin^C < - .
4 (2)<^ cos A•
cosB cosC >1
Vay (1) dung => dpcm. 1 - cos A 1 - c o s B 1 - c o s C
tan A tan B tan C > I
Dau bang xay ra <=> ABC la tam giac dcu. sin A sinB sinC
OA.OB.OC A B C
2. Ta c6: > o tan —tan —tan —tan AtanBtanC > I
aOA^+bOB^+cOC^ 3V3 2 2 2
R' 1 A B C
> > o tanAtanBtanC > cot—cot—cot —
2R-\sinA + sinB + sinC) ^ 3^3 ^ sinA + sinB + sinC 3>/3 2 2 2
2 A B C
<=> tan A + tanB + tanC > cot — + cot — + cot — (3)
3S 2 2 2
<=> sin A + s i n B + sinC< (2)
tanA + t a n B > 2 c o t —
Theo ba't dang thuTc lu'dng giac cd ban trong tam giac thi (2) dung => dpcm. 2
Dau bang xay ra - » ABC la tam giac dcu. Vi A, B, C la cac goc nhon, nen la c6: tanB + tanC>2cot —
Bai 32. Cho ABC la tam giac nhon v6\ la triTc tam 2
. A B C
HA.HB.HC 8R\OSACOSBCOSC ^ ^ ^ abccos cos cos „ . ^
Do = ^ = cot A c o l B c o t C . (5) o 2 2 2 , R| ^ 4 A B C
a be HR^siiiAsinBsinC RI > r — > — cos — cos — cos — ,
' 3 abc R 3 2 2 2
L a i thco bat dang ihiyc Cosi (chii y do cotA > 0, cotB > 0, colC > 0)
4R
1 = colAcotB + cotBcolC + cotCcolA > 3^/(col A col Bcot C ) " p 6 la dpcm. Dau bang xay ra » A B C la lam giac d c u .
P^i 34. Cho lam giac A B C . DMiing Iron noi l i c p lam giac l i c p xtJc v d i ba canh
colAcolBcolC < (6)
2 2
a c
B C A C , A B Ian liWi lai M , N , P. ChiJng minh: >12.
' ' H A HB HC 1 ' + +
Tuf (4) (5) (6) siiy ra ^ ^ < —j= dpcm.
Giai
aHA^ + b H B - + c H C - 3V3 ^'
Ta CO A N = AP = p - a
Da'u bang xay ra <=> A B C la lam giac dcii. '
B M = BP = p - b
liiii 33. Goi R| la ban kinh difitng l i o n ngoai l i c p lam giac c6 ba canh la ba
dif(<ng irimg tuycn ciia lam giac A B C . Chiang minh rang: C M = C N = p - c.
Ri 4 A B C Trong lam giac can A N P , la c6
—- > — cos — COS —cos — .
R ~ 3 2 2 2 . A . A
a, = N P = 2APsin — = 2{p-a)sin
Giai
G o i A M , B N , CP la ba diTiing Iriing l i i y c n ciia l a m g i a c A B C . Vc M K // AC
= (b + c ~ a ) s i n — .
va lay M K = A N . K h i do A N K M la hinh binh h a n h .
D 6 la dpcm. Tir lap luan trcn suy ra dau bang xay ra o A B C la tam giac dcu, (b + c)(c + a)(a + b)
.8>27- (2)
B a i 35. Cho tam giac nhpn A B C . G o i H la triTc tam tam giac. (a + b + c)-^
B a i 36. Cho tam giac A B C . G o i I la l a m diTcfng Iron noi tiep tam giac. Ncu A B C la lam giac nhpn.
lA.lB.IC ^ 8 Goi H la tri/c tam lam giac.
ChijTng m m h rang: <
27 => AC|HB| lij tijr giac noi l i c p difctng iron
IK ID ^iC, = AHsinA.
Thco dinh l i T a l c l , la c6:
AH AD Tu-Png i i f c o :
Giai
Y Z = 2 R , s i n A ; Z X = 2R2sinB; X Y = 2R3sinC
Gia suT ba di/dng tr6n ngoai tiep ba tam
Do vay 2 ( Y Z c o s A + ZXcosB + XYcosC)
giac A Y Z , B Z X , C X Y cat nhau tai O.
= 2(R|Sin2A + R2sin2B + R,,sin2C). (1) Gpi R|, R 2 , R 3 Ian li/dt la ban kinh cua
R6 rang 2R, > T A ; 2R2 > T B ; 2R, > T C cac di/dng tron tren.
va do A B C la tarn giac nhon nen sin2A . Theo djnh ly ham so' sin thi
> 0; sin2B > 0; sin2C > 0, v i tjie ta c6: Y Z = 2R|SinA>OAsinA
VT(I) (do sinA > 0, 2R| > O A )
0 A s i n 2 A + 0 B s i n 2 B + OCsin2C B . C+A .
cos — = sm = sin A I C = sinp
= R2sinAcosA + R2sinBcosB + R2sinCcosC 2
C A + B
= acosA + bcosB + ccosC (5) c o s — = sin = s i n A I B = siny.
Tir (4) (5) suy ra 2 2
cf day I la tam diTdng tron noi tiep A A B C .
T A s i n 2 A + TBsin2B + TCsin2C > acosA + bcosB + ccosC (6)
A p dung bai 39 v d i M H O, la c6:
T i r ( l ) ( 3 ) { 6 ) di den
O A s i n a + OBsinp + OCsiny > l A s i n a + IBsinp + ICsiny
2(YZcosA + ZXcosB + XYcosC) > BCcosA + CAcosB + ABcosC
A B
TA = 2R =^ 2 O A c o s — + O B c o s - + O C c o s - > 2 ( I A s i n a + IBsin3 + ICsin'^f) (2)
l 2 2 2J
TB = 2R2
dpcm. D a u bang xay ra <=> o X, Y, Z Ian li/dt la trung diem Do l A s i n a = I A c o s — = A P = p - a.
TC = 2R3 2
T = 0 TiTdng lir IBsinP = p - b; ICsiny = p - c
Giai Ta c6: x = A H = —.
Goi ( O i ; R:), (O2; R2), (O3; R 3 ) tiTdng i?ng la diTttng Iron ngoai tiep cac lam A
Ian -
giac A Z Y , B Z X va C X Y . Dc lhay ba discing Iron nay dong quy lai diem T 2
chang han. Tu-c^ng ly:
Goi H la iriTc lam A A B C . > A ji, h
CR BQ (c + a ) ( c ^ + a ' - b ^ ) CP (a + b ) ( a ^ + b ^ - c ^ )
(5) (3)
PL QM RN cotC cot A cotB QM a(b^+e'-a') RN b(a^ +e^ - b ^ )
Do la dpcm. TiJf (2) (3) va theo bat dang thii'e Cosi, ta c6:
AP BQ CR AP ^ BQ ^ CP ^^^foTf b)(b + e)(c + a)"
Dau bang trong (5) '^'^y ''^ <^ = ^ (4)
RN PL QM RN ~ V abe
cot A cotB cotC Lai theo ba't dang thu'e Cosi thi
cotC cot A cotB a + b > l^Iab; b + c > zVbe; e + a > lyfca.yjs
<=> ABC la tarn giac deu. AP RO CP
Tur (4) (5) suy ra — - + — ^ + — > 6 => dpcm.
Bai 47. Cho tam giac nhon ABC. Goi A H , B I , CK la ba chieu cao va A L , BM, PL QM R N ~
CN la ba diTdng phan giac trong. Gia suf A L n B I = P, B M n CK = Q, CN n Dau bang xay ra <=> ABC la tam giac deu.
. , AP BQ CP Bai 48. Cho tam giac nhon ABC. Goi AH, BI, CK la ba diTdng phan giac va A L ,
A H = R. Chtfng minh: — +
PL QM + RN > 6 BM, CN la ba diTdng cao. Gia suT A L n BI = P, B M n CK = Q, CN n A H =
Giai
R. Chi?ng minh; +^ +^ >6
AP AP PL QM RN ~
Ta co: (1)
PL /a-AP Giai
A Theo tinh chat eiia du'dng phan giac trong, ta c6:
2bccos
AI ccos A AP _ AB _ 1
Do AP = /., =•
A ' A" b+c PL ~ BL ~ cosB •
cos - cos —
2 2 BQ 1 CR 1
Tu-cJng tu-
nen tiT (1) c6: • QM eosC RN cos A
ccos A
A T t r d 6 ^ ^ ^ = . ' (1)
cos - (b + c)ccosA PL QM RN cos A cos B cos C
AP 2
A Do ABC la tam giac nhon va theo ba't dang thufc lifrtng giac ecJ ban trong tam
AL 2 be cos—
ccosA 2bccos^ c(b + c)cosA giae ta c6:
.2_
A" 2
b+ c 0 < cosAcosBcosC < - >8
cos— 8 cos A cos B cos C
Giai
AP BQ CR
>8 . (2) faco: A A ' h „ = 2RsinB.sinC
PL QM RN
hh = 2RsinCsinA
. . . AP BQ CR . ^ /AP BQ CR
Thco bat dang thi'rc Cos., th,
PL
— + QM
— + RN
—>^ ^ f e ^ ^ (3) h, = 2R.sinAsinB.
Laico: AA" = h^. < 2R
Til (2) (3) suy ra dpcm.
JhJ^ < 2RVsinBsinC < R(sinB + sinC) "1 V
Da'ii bang xay ra • » ABC la lam giac deu.
b+c
/
Bai 49. Cho tam giac nhon ABC. Goi AH, pi, CK la ba dir^Jng irung luycn va AL, JKK< (1)
BM, CN la ba difttng cao. Gia siir AL n BI = P, BM n CK = Q, CN n AH = R.
AP Trfdngtifco: ,Jh^^<~^, (2)
ChiJng minh: PL QM RN
h'. a+b
^/hX< . (3) .
Giai
Ap dung dinh ly Mcnclauyl Irong AALC cal luycn BPI, la c6: Cong tufng ve (1) (2) (3) suy ra dpcm.
LB CI AP Dau bang xay ra o ABC la lam giac deu. ' '
= 1
BC lA PL m^n xet:
CI , APLB 1. Xel bai loan lu^dng liT khi lhay AA', BB', C C la cac du-^ng phan giac.
Vi = 1
LB PL BC Ki hieu 4', l^, ll lu-dng liT nhiT Irong bai Iren. Khi do la cung c6 bcfl dang ihu'c:
AP BC a
PL LB ccosB
BQ b CP That vay la co AABA' ^ AAA"C
c
Tu-cJng lir va AB _ A A / c _ 4
QM acosC RN bcosA
1 A A " ~ AC ^I~h
AP BQ CP
Tij" do la c6: (1)
PL QM RN cos A cos B cos C =>hc= U'
Thco bal dang ihu'c Cosi, la c6:
AP BQ CR 'AP BQ CR
^/S:=^/^<^. (1)
>33 (2)
PL • QM RN ^ V PL QM RN c+a
(2)
2
Thco ba'l dang ihiTc lu"rtng giac C(t ban Irong lam giac, ihi
a+b
(3) (3)
0 < cosAcosBcosC < - .
X
'^Ong tirng ve (1) (2) (3) suy ra dpcm.
(do ABC la lam giac nhon)
1^ I^Su bang xay ra cx> ABC la lam giac deu.
Tir (1) (2) (3) suy ra dpcm. Dau bang xiiy ra <=> ABC la A deu.
^1- Cho tam giac ABC vdi ba du-ttng irung luyen A A ' , BB', C C . AA', BB',
IJai 50. Cho lam giac ABC npi licp Irong dufdng Iron. Cac du-clng cao AA', BB'-
keo dai cat du'dng Iron ngoai licp AABC Ian \mi lai A", B", C".'"
C C Wdng iJng kco dai cfil dyctng Iron ngoai licp lai A", B", C".
•^'hieu A A " = m;;; B B " = m;,; CC'=. m^,. ChiTng minh:
Dal AA" = h',; BB" = h|,; CC" = h^. ChiJng minh:
A p d u n g d j n h l y h a m so' sin t r o n g
b^+c^
m,m, = tam g i a c A R Q va e h i i y la t a m g i a c ••'^r^y
Cho lam giac A B C . M lii m o l d i e m l i o n g l a m giac. D a t M A = x, M B = K c t h((p vc'ii p h a n 1/ x > -HHjti!!^ ta c 6 : x + y + z> 2(p + q + r ) .
a
M C = /,. G o i p , q , r la k h o a n g e a c h iii M d e n c a c csinh B C , A C , A B iif^'"*
Bat d a n g thu'c P a u l E d o s diTdc chiifng m i n h .
urng
E^at R A M =a, MAQ =(1
1. C h t f n g m i n h : x > ^ . •^hi do ta c 6 :
a
.__rjf q _ x ( s i n ( v + sin3)
2. Chufng m i n h : x + y + / > 2 ( p + q + r ) ( B a ' l d ^ n g thtfc P a u l E d o s ) .
'" + 2x + q x ( s i n < \ 3 + 2)
3. Chiang m i n h :
„ . A tt-(3
q + r . ^ _ _ L + P _ ^ _ J l ± 3 _ < i 2sm — cos
q + 2a + r r + 2y + p p + 2/,+q 3iq + r r+ p p + q = 1-
0 1 A (V , . A a-3
I + sm cos 1 + sm cos
4. Chufng m i n h : ax + by + cz > 2 ( a p + b q + cz) I'M; 1
2 2
ctyjmnn nrvown Khang y/ft
B S I du6ng hpc minh gkil Luong gl^ - " t o n nay Khal
. A . B . C
•+ - +• >9 (12)
Ta c6: B sin h s i n — h sin —
sin sin- sin- 2 2 2 1
2)
J , Acos^^ < 1+ sin4. ( 4 ) suy ra
2 2 .2
V i sin Y + s i u y + s i n y < ^ , n e n tilf ( 1 2 ) co.'
r + q 1
•<1- (5)
r + 2x + q 1 +sin 1
>6 . (13)
sin sin sin-
D a u b a n g x a y ra t r o n g ( 5 ) o a = P « M A la p h a n g i a c c u a g o c A 2 2
T i r ( 5 ) v a l a p l u a n tiTdng tiT ta d i d e n D a u b i i n g t r o n g ( 1 3 ) x a y ra c=> A B C la t a m g i a c d e u
1 1 1
r + q ^ r+ p ^ _ P + q_ -+-
- < 3 -
A • B C TLr(ll),(13)suy ra >1 (14)
r + 2x + q r + 2y + p p + 2/, + q 1 + sin 1 + sin ^ 1 + sin [q + r r + p p + qj
2 2 •„„ 2
Da'u b a n g t r o n g ( 1 4 ) x i i y ra « d o n g th(Ji c6 da'u b a n g t r o n g ( 1 1 ) , (13)
D a u bring trong ( 6 ) x a y ra o M la tarn diTdng Iron noi tiep A A B C
<=> A B C la l a m g i a c d e u .
T h e o bat d^ng thiJc C o si, ta c 6 :
Bay g i t U i r d O ) , (14) d i d e n
1 , . C
1 1+ sin-
+
i +sin- 1 +sin — r + q
- + r + p I P+ q ^ 1
A ' B , . C
r + 2x + q r + 2y + p p + 2/, + q ~ 3 q+r • +r •+ p + •p + q
i+sin ^ + ^'"2 ^"'•^'"o
D o la d p c m . Da'u b a n g x a y ra <=> A B C la t a m g i a c d e u .
T h c o b a t d a n g thuTc liTdng g i a c e d b a n t r o n g t a m g i a c t h i
4. T r o n g t a m g i a c A M P , la c 6 :
A . B . C ^ 3
s i n y + s i n — + sin — < - AM + MP>AP
=> X + p > A P
A . B . C^9
=> 3 + s i n — h s i n — + sin—<-. (8). =^x + p > h „ (15)
2 2 L 2.
Da'u b i l n g x a y ra o A , M , P lhang hang
1 1
-+ • >2. (9) I
T i r ( 7 ) ( 8 ) d i den T i r ( 1 5 ) CO ax + ap > a h , (16)
A ' B . . C
1 + sin 1+sin 1+ sin,
2 2 2 L a p l u t l n tU'dng tii" c6 b y + bq > bhh (17)
c/ + c r > c h , (IK)
Ttr(6),(9)suyra:
J±iL_ + _JjtiL_
— — . - ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
+ _ P ± ^ < i
, ^ ^ ^ . ^ q
(10)
C o n g tijfng v e ( 1 6 ) ( 1 7 ) (1X) co ax + b y + c/ + ap + b q + cr > 6S
= > a x + b y + c / + 2S > 6S "i
Da'u b h n g t r o n g ( 1 0 ) x a y ra o A B C la t a m g i a c dC-u v a M la l a m c u a n o .
=> ax + b y + c/, > 4S
1
1 X
L a i c6: = ; : 7^ A a - 3 > => ax + b y + c/, > 2 ( a p + b q + c r ) .
q + r sma+sm^^ 2 sin cos 2 sin-
^6 la d p c m .
2 2 D a u b a n g x a y ra <=> d o n g t h i i i eo da'u b i i n g x a y ra I r o n g ( 1 6 ) ( 1 7 ) (18)
4 Xet khi m = H, d day H 1^ trifc tarn tarn giac nhon ABC '
1. X c l khi M = G, cl day G la trong tarn AABC
Luc nay ta c6: x = HA = 2RcosA
Khi do X = MA = y = HB = 2RcosB .>h^.. *•
2 2 /. = HC = 2RcosC,
y = M B = —mu; z = MC = - m „ ' p = HP = 2RcosBcosC; q = HQ = 2RcosCcosA; r = HR = 2RcosAcosB.
' Do cosA + cosB + cosC ' >
n = MP = - h -0 = -hu; r= - h , . > 2(cosAcosB + cosBcosC + cosCcosA)
3 3 3
X + y + z > 2(p + q + r) => dpcm.
Luc nay x + y + z > 2(p + q + r)
Shan xet: NhiT vay trong cac iru'cJng hdp dac biet trdn, viec chiJng minh bat
2 2
dSng thiJc X + y + z > 2(p + q + r) hien nhien la ngan gon (so vdi tri/dng hdp
tdng qucit). Do la dicu blnh ihudng va hdp le ti/ nhien.
+ m b + m , > h , + h b + h, (19)
liai 53. Cho tam gidc ABC. M la mot diem bat ki trong lam giac. Dat M A = x,
Ro r^ng (19) la dung => dpcm. MB = y, MC = z. K i hieu p, q, r nhiTlrong b^i 52. ChuTng minh:
2. Xct khi M = I , d day I 1^ lam di/dng tr6n noi tiep AABC
p +q+r> 2
Khi do X = lA = -,y = : I B -
sin- sin-
sin- 2 2 Giai
Goi A | , B,, C| Ian liTdt la hinh chieu cua M xuong BC, CA, AB
p = q = r = ri,
Trong moi trU'dng hdp (A < 90" ho&c
('} day r, la ban kinh difttng iron noi licp tarn giac
A > 90") Irong liJ giac noi tiep
Ta c6: x + y + / = r. B . C AC,MB: (hoac ABiC.M) ta deu c6:
sin^ sm^ sin^- B|C| = MasinA
(hoac B|C| = MAsin(7i - A) = MasinA)
Thco bal dang thuTc Cosi, thl
=> B|C| = MAsinA = xsinA.
Bai 54. Cho tam giac ABC vdi a > b > c npi tiep trong difdng tron tam O. Goi x, pai 1. Xet tam giac A ' B ' C c6 ba canh la m„, m^, m,. Goi m'^,m'^,m'^ la ba
y, z la khoang each ttr mot diem M Ircn diTdng tron a'y tdi ba canh BC, C A ,
A\Sbng trung tuyen ciia A A ' B ' C . Khi do ta co:
A B liTdng iJng. ChiJng minh: S = - + - + - > 4 c o t ^ . / 3 , 3 , 3 3
X y z 2 ma = 4 a - " ^ b = - h , m , = - c , S ^ , 3 , c ' = 4 S .
Giai Giai
Goi M la diem thuoc cung BC va goi H, I , J Ian lu'dt la chan cac dicing Chitng minh: hien nhien (qua hinh ve sau)
vuong goc ke tu" M xuong AB, BC, CA tu^dng iJ-ng. Gia suf K la diem trcn (NQ // BC; MQ // BN
BAC sao cho AB = KC (do cac gia thict a > b > c). va AAMQ chinh la lam P.
giac nhan m,,, m^, m,. la
Gia sur M K n BC = L
b BL ba canh).
Vi AABM ^ AACM => - = (1)
V X Bai 2. Trong moi tam giac, ta co: 4m,R > b^ + c'
c CL A
Vi ACLM ^ AABM (2)
z
. a b c a BL + CL 2a
T i r ( l ) (2) => - + - + - = - + = —.
X y z X X X
ma +m,- ~ Goi A ' B ' C la lam giac nhan m„ mn, m, la ba canh va S'la dien tich cua no.
Khi do:
Giai
Ta can den hai bai loan phii Ird sau: ^ j ( m a + m h +m:,)m,,m,m, >U'{ml+ml+ml
BSI daang h<?c s i n h g i o l Lupng g i d c - Fhan Huy Khal
1 > 1 (5)
Tir do suy ra (3) dung => dpcm. cosAcosBcosC . A . B . C
sm sm - sm
B a i 56. Cho A B C la tam giac nhon va H la triTc tam. 2 2 2
D a i S | = SHAB. S2 = SHBC, S3 = SHCA- Tir (3) (4) (5) suy ra dpcm.
Dau b^ng x a y ra o A B C la tam g i i c deu.
,r^n • ^ ( S , + S , + S 3 ) - \
ChuTng minh rang:
"^^"'^^ 27S1S2S3 " r • Nhan xet: De y rhng S , = SHAB = 2R^cosAcosBsinC; 82 = 2R^cosBcosCsinA;
S3 = 2R^cosCcosAsinB
Giai
Ta co: T i r d o - ^^S, + 8 2 +83)-' 8(2R^sinAsinBsinC)-^
• 27S1S2S3 " r
+' • ' = — (tanAlanBtanC)^
• " 8(S| + S 2 + S 3 ) - ' ^ 4 R
278,8283 ~ r Vithe tifbaitrentaco: —(tanAlanBtanC)^>
27 r
( 8 , + 8 2 ) + ( 8 2 + 8 3 ) + (83+8, 4R => (tanAlanBtanC)^ > 2 7 —
<=> > (1)
2r
278,8283 ~ r
Tur do ta lha'y: Trong m o i tam giac nhon A B C , thi
Theo bat d i n g ihiJc Cosi, ta c6:
( S | + S 2 ) + (82 + 8 3 ) + (83 + 8 , ) f > ( 8 , + 8 2 ) + ( S 2 + S 3 ) + ( 8 3 + 8 , ) tanAtanBlanC = tanA + lanB + t a n C > 3 N / 3 ^ > 3 V 3 (6) ' -
(81+82) (82+83) (83+81) Nhu'da b i e l ta hay dung bat dang thiJc: Trong m o i tam g\ic nhon t M '
Do vay V T ( 1 ) > ^ - L — ^ + + ^ (2)
tanA + lanB + tanC > 3N/3 (7)
ffi'
Dau b^ng Irong (2) xay ra 8 , = 82 = 83 o A B C la tam giac deu. Vay (6) la mot k e l qua mjinh hOn (7).
Ta c6:
MrmiTTrm.
Ta c6: cosAcosB + cosBcosC + cosCcosA < j (cosA + cosB + cosC)l (3) 1. T a c 6 : i V t i l b + h | ^ ^ h ^ < 3 ^ (1)
c a b
3 2R sin B sin2RsinC
C + 2R sinCsin A- +, •2Rsin AsinC + 2Rsin AsinB
Theo bat dang thiirc liTdng giac cd ban thi cosA + cosB + cosC < - . (4) 2RsinA
2R sin A sin B + 2R sin B sin C < 3 V 3
Tir (3) (4) suy ra (2) dung => (1) dung => dpcm. + 2RsinB
2p +bang
Dau a 2p xay+ rab o 2pABC
+ c la tam giac deu.
7. Ta c6: b + c o (sinA + sinB) + (sinB + sinC) + (sinA + sinC) < 3^3
a+c , a+b (1)
2p(a- +a b)_^ +2 p(a-+b c) _^2p-c
(b + c) + (a + b) (a + c) + (b + c) o sinA + sinB + sinC < 3 ^ (2) ecu-
NhiTda biet bat dang thiJc Nesbit sau: Do (2) dung => dpcm. Da'u bang xay ra o ABC la tam giac deu.
V d i x > 0 , y > 0 , z > O l h i -±- + - ^ + -J—>-. ^hqnxet: Do h„ < h n < 4; h, < / ,
y+z z+x x+y 2 Vi the bat dang thii-c tren co the suy ra lii phan 1/ cua bai 1.
Tuy nhien each chiJng minh tren la each chi^ng minh triTc tiep.
2p-a 2p-b 2p-c 3 2 r^,.- • 2 A , B . 2C . A . B . C 7
Vi the tir (1) suy ra + + > -. laco: sin — h s i n — + sin — + sin—sm —sin — > - (1)
2 2 2 2 2 2- 8 ^ ^
2p + a 2p + b 2p + c 2 ^ 1-cosA 1-cosB , 1-cosC . A . B . C 7
Mat khac theo bat dang thtfc lifdng giac cd ban thi ^
cosA + cosB + cosC < — , , 1^ . A . B1 . C ^ . hsin—sin
A . B .—sin
C ^—>
7 —
2 2 2 1 + 4sin—sin—sin —
22 2 22j + sin—sin—sin —>—
2 22 2 2 2^ 8^ 8
Tir do c6: + + > cosA + cosB + cosC
2p + a 2p + b 2p + c ^ . A . B. C 1
sin—sin—sin— < - . (2)
=> dpcm. 2 2 2 8
Dau bang xayra <=> ABC la tam giac deu. ^1 (2) dung (1) dung => dpcm. Da'u b^ng xay ra <=> ABC la tam gidc deu.
3. Ta c6: sinA + sinB + sinC > sin2A + sin2B + sin2C (1) 3 cos^ A + cos" B + cos^ C
<=> — ; 7- ^ < 4
A B C c o s " A cos^ B cos^ C cos^ A cos^ B cos^ C
<=> 4cos — c o s ~ c o s — > 4.sin A sin BsinC
2 2 2 3
Ci> cos^ A + cos^ + B cos^ C > - 5
A B C ^ ^f . A . B . Cl A B C
<=> c o s — C O S — c o s — > f t sin — sin—sin — cos — COS — COS —
2 2 2 " 2 2 2 2 2 2 <^ sin" A + .sin'^B + s i n ' ^ C < - . (2) ' " 1
. A . B . C / 1
<=> sin — sin — s i n — < — (2) 4 ,
2 2 2 " 8
Thco bal dang thiJc lu-dng giac cd ban Irong lam giac thi (2) dung => (1) dung
A B C r 4:.:.
(chu y la cos —cos —cos— > 0) dpcm. Da'u bang Xciy ra o A B C la lam giac dcu.
^ ^ 2 2 2
V i (2) diing => (1) dung => dpcm
cos"^A+cos- B + c o s - ^ C < - + - ( c o s 3 A + cos3B + cos3C) (1)
Da'u bang xay ra A B C la lam giac dcu.
4. Ta c6: > h,hh + iihh, + h,h. (1) O cos"^ A + cos-^ B + cos-^ C ' "
9 1 /
o p ' > 4S'
ab be ca
< - + -(4cos"^ A - cos3A + 4cos^ B - cos3B + 4cos^ C - cos3C)
a be
e> abcp' > 4 pr( a + b + c) 3
' 4R
<=> cosA + cosB + co.sC < - (2)
c^R >2r
Vi (2) diing => (1) dung => dpcm.
„ . A . B . C
<=> R > SRsin — sin —Sin — Da'u bang xay ra A B C la lam giac deu.
2 2 2
Bai 3. Chiang minh rang Irong m p i tam giac A B C la c6:
. A . B . C 1
o sin — sin—sin— < - . (2) I ^ b'^ ^ c** ^fabcV6l
2 2 2 8
2 A 2C -
V I (2) dung => ( I ) dung => dpcm. Da'u bang xiiy ra <» A B C la lam giac dcu. cos cos"
. B
COS
3R I
6. Du'a bat dang ihiJc can dnJug minh vc dang lufttng dU'dng sau:
2 2 2
2 ' + » , 1
4 l a n ' A l a n ' B l a n ' C - 4 ( l a n ' A + tan'B + lan-C) - 8
l + 2,smA+4,sinAsinB 1 + 2 . s i n B + 4sinBsinC 1 + 2 s i n C + 4sinCsin A
< lan'Alan'Btan-^C + ( l a n ' A + tan^B + lanCi
. 3-4V3
+ 1 + l a n ' A l a n ' B + lan'Btan^C + tan^Clan'A
13
<r> 4 l a n ' A t a n ' B l a n ' C - 4 ( l a n ' A + lan"B + lan'C) - 8
< ( 1 + t a n ' A ) ( l + l a n ^ B ) ( l +tan'Ci coiA + colB + colC <
8sin A s i n B s i n C
1 1 1 1 1
4 -1 -4
cos"" A cos" B cos" C cos" A cos" B cos^ C
ca ab 4S
1
< 5. A B C ^ 9r" ^n^^-r AM-
cos^ Acos^ Bcos"'^ Ian — + tan — + i a n — < .
1 1 1 2 2 2 ~ 4S
•-4
cos" A COS"" Bcos" C cos" A cos" B cos" B cos" C cos^ C cos^ A dbsin — + bc.sin — + casin —>2SV3 .
2 2 2 ~
1
< . ^' 2 ^ + b + c > ^ r , sin A + ^r^, sin B + ^ r , sinC .
cos^ A c o s ^ B c o s ' ' •
Cty TISHH MTV DVVH Khang Vl^t
A . B . B . C . C . A ^ A , . B , . C
8. 2 sin — sin Thay (4) vao (1) va co:
h sin — sin — + sin — sin — < sin h sin h sin—.
2 2 2 2 2 2 " 2 2 2
Giai , hay T . M i : : / ! ^ ^ dpcm.
3(4 + 7 3 ) 13 ^
1. A p dung bat d i n g IhuTc Bunhiacopski, la c6:
Dau bang xay ra k h i va chi k h i A B C la lam giac deu.
a'^ b*^ c*^ ^ (a-^+bVc^)'
•+ - ^ + - ^ > 5 - ^ (1) 3. Ta co: < ,>
2A 2B 2 C - 2A, 2B, 2C
cos^ — cos'^ ' cos^ cos^ - + COS-" ^ + cos -
a^+b^+c^
2 2 2 2 2 2 • colA + colB + colC =
4S
Ro rang trong m p i tarn giac, la c6: •
_ 4R^(sin^ A + sin^ B + sin^ C) 4(sin^ A + s i n ' B + .sin" C)
a^+b^+c^>16S^-^^ (2) SR^sinAsinBsinC 8sin A s i n B s i n C
^ , . , 2A 2B 2C 3 + cosA + cosB + cosC 9 Theo ba't dang ihiJc lUcfng giac crt ban trong lam giac t h i
Ta l a i c6: cos^ — + cos'' — + cos'' — = < - (3
2 2 2 2 4
sin" A + sin" B + .sin^ C < - .
3 4
(do cosA + cosB + cosC - " ^' 9
Tijf d(3 la di den cosA + cosB + co.sC < — => dpcm
Tijr (1) (2) (3) suy ra dpcm. Da'u bang xay ra o A B C la lam giac deu. 8sinAsinBsinC
Nhan xet: Dau bc^ng xay ra khi va chi k h i A B C la lam giac deu.
1. Neu nhU b| > 0, hi > 0, b,, > G i h i ihco ba'l dang Ihtfc Bunhiacopski la c6: 4. Theo bat dang ihiJc Bunhiacopski, ta co:
ha , , h.^^(h,+h„+h,)^
be ca ab be + ca 4- ab
b| b, b-, "~ b| + b 2 +b3
Trong mpi tam giac ta co h , + h,, + h , > 9r, (2)
2. (2) chiJng minh nhiT sau:
ab + be + ca = 4R'(sinAsinB + sinBsinC + sinCsinA)
Theo bal dang IhiJc Cosi la c6: a"* + b"* + c'' > abc(a + b + c)
< 4 R ' ( s i n - A + sin"B + .sin'C). (3)
Ro rang Irong m o i lam giac la c6: abc > (b + c - a)(a + c - b)(a + b - c)
Lai iheo ba't dang thiJc lu^dng giac ccf ban trong tam giac thi
Tif do theo cong thijfc Heron: = p(p - a)(p - b)(p - c) suy ra (2)
2. Dat ve trai cua b a l dang ihuTc can chi^ng minh la T. K h i do theo bat dang s i r A + sin'B + sin'C < - . (4)
4
ihtfc Cosi, la co: y '
T [ ( l + 2sinA + 4sinAsinB) + (1 + 2sinB + 4 s i n B s i n C ) Thay ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) v a o ( l ) v a c o : i ^ + i ^ + - ! k > ^ ^ dpcm
+ (1 + 2sinC + 4sinCsinA)l 2 be ca ab 4S
Dau bang xay ra k h i va chi k h i A B C la tam giac deu.
=> T(3 + 2(sinA + sinB + sinC) + 4(sinAsinB + sinBsinC + sinCsinA)] > 9
^Hn xet:
Theo bat dang thuTc lu^dng giac c6 ban trong lam giac, la co:
3N/3 '• (2) chifng minh nhu'sau:
sinA + sinB + sinC < — ^ . (2) >9.
2 Taco: (h, + h h + h . h„ hK h,.
. ^ . ^ •^ • . ( s i n A + sinB + sinC)^ ^ 27
sinAsinB + sinBsinC + sinCsinA < < TT •
3 12 Matkhaclaico: -L + -L + J - . ^ + JL + A ^ ^ = i ^
h, \S 2S 2S 2pr r ' ' ' ' ;"•
Tir(2)(3)c6:
Tir do .suy ra (2) dung => dpcm.
3 + 2(sinA + sinB + sinC) + 4(sinAsinB + sinBsinC + sinCsinA) < 3(4 + >'
• L a i do h., = 2RsinBsinC, h^ = 2RsinCsinA, h , = 2RsinAsinB ' " ,
B6I du&ng hpc slnh gioi Lulping giic - man nuy lUtar Cty T/VtH nrVDWH KhangVlft
1 1 1
ngn + + — = sin B s i n C + s i n C s i n A + s i n A s i n B (2)
C A B
be ca ab cos COS cos
2 2 2
11 - -
A B C 2 2 2 2
o SR^sinAsinBsinC tan htan — + tan — <9R^
2 2 2j T i r (2) (3) ( 4 ) suy ra ( 1 ) d u n g z:> d p c m
D a u b a n g x a y ra <=> A B C la l a m g i a c d c u .
o 8sinAtan —sinBsinC + XsinBtan-sinCsinA + 8 s i n C t a n ^ s i n A s i n B < 9
2 2 2
7. ^ Va + b + c > ^ r , sin A + ^ r , , sin B + ^ r , s i n C (1)
<^ 4 s i n ^ — s i n B s i n C + 4 s i n ' — s i n C s i n A + 4 s i n ^ — s i n A s i n B < ^
2 2 2 4
o^72p>^ptany2sinyeosy+ y'ptan|2sin|cos| + ^plan|2sin|cos|
9
= s i n ^ C + s i n - B + sin^ A . • A . B . B . C C A . A , . B . C
s i n — s i n — h sin — s i n — h s i n — s i n —
Vay . 2 2 2 2 2 2 ~ 3 sin — +
2
s i n — + sin —
2 2
(1)
VI • A . B . C 3
(2) <=> 2 s i n B s i n C + 2 s i n C s i n A + 2 s i n A s i n B - ( s i n ' A + s i n ' B + s i n ' C ) < - (3) VI s i n y + s i n y + sin— < - , ncn t i T d ) c6:
Do la dpcm. Dau bang xay ra c:> A B C la lam giac dcii. cos + COS + C O S " > 2 4 s i n - s i n " sin dpcm.
B a i 2. ChiVng niinh rilng Irong nioi lam giac A B C , ta co: Da'u bang xay ra <=> A B C la lam giac dcu.
A-B B-C C - A ^ „ . A . B . C
1. cos —cos cos > »sm—sm—sin —. B a i 3. Chi'rng minh i\ing iron;: moi lam gi.ic la co ba't dilng ihifc sau.
2 2 : " 2 2 2
•, A , H , C A . B , C
,A-B , B - C ,C-A^^, . A B C cos — f c o s " T cos" sin — f s m — t sin —
2. c o s ' — + cos" 1- cos" > 24sm — s i n —sin —. 2 : T 7 •» -)
2 2 2 ~ 2 2 2
Giai Giiii
A B C . A . B C
1. Do c o s — c o s — c o s — > 0, n c n I a co: cos — + cos" - i cos" — > sin - t sm — + sin —
2 2 2 2 2 2 - " ) " ) - > (1)
Tir(3)(4)(5)suyra * , ( b + c - a ) ( b + c + a) = (a + c - b K a + b - c)
(b + c + a ) ( a + c ~ b ) - ( a t b-c)(b + c-a)
V P (2) < ; ^ l a n y ( s i n B + .sinC) + ^ t a n y ( s i n C + s i n A ) + i l a n ^ ( s i n A + s i n B )
( b + c + a)(a + b - c) = ( b + c - a)(a + c - b)
VP (2)
B . C + A C-A C . A + B A - B (b + c)- - a " a- (b - c)" a-=.b-+c^ A -: 9 0 '
A . B+ C B-C
< t a n — sin cos f-tan—sin cos f-lan—sin cos _ ,0
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(a + c ) - - b " - b ' - ( c - a ) - <=> b^ = c ' + a - o B = 9()
. B + C B-C C + A C - A , A + B A - B (a + b ) - - c- = c - -(a-b)- ,0
c = a" + b " C = 90
V P ( 2 ) < cos cos hcos cos hcos—-—cos
2 2 2 2 2 2
Do khong ihc w d o n g I h d i A = B = C = 9()", v a y i r o n g ( 5 ) k h o n g t h e c 6 d a u
=> V P ( 2 ) < - (cos B + c o s C ) + - ( c o s C + cos A ) + - ( c o s A + cos B )
2 2 2 bang S < ^ [ r ( r , , t i,^ -y r^.) + r,,r|, + r^r^ + i;r., ] . D o la d p c m .
VP( 2) < c o s A + c o s B + c o s C = V T (2).
Hal 5. ChiVng m i n h r ; l n g l r t ) n g m o i l a m g i a c la c 6 :
V a y (2) d i i n g (1) d i l n g => d p c m . D a u b a n g x a y ra o A B C la t a m g i a c dcu..
B a i 4. ChiYng n i i n h r h n g t r o n g m o i t a m g i t i c A B C , ta c 6 : 1
I. I t- 1, 1+
sin A sin B sinC v/3-
S < 7 r.. + fb + )+ + + ^J.
o
I i
Giai 1+ 1f
A C
T a c 6 : S = p r = ( p - a)ra = ( p - b)ri, = ( p - c)r, cos COS cos
rr„ + r , . r ^
, 1 , 1 f, 1 3
1 t - i + - 14 - 1+-
S=7(rr.)(r^r,)<^Y' (4> \ y / S
ti'fc la ta p l i a i c 6 h e s i u u 9 9 "v:"
. T h c o bat d a n g thi'rc C o si, t h i — + — + i > (2)
X y / x + y + / S
BOI duemg hpc sinh gSoi Lugng giUc - nan nuy isital Cty Timnnrv own lOtang V/ft
Taco: Vlf,;.:;
(4)
xy y/ /X ^(xy/)" , A . B . C ^ 1
sin — s n i — s i n — £ —j=-
1 1 1 27 2 2 V 2 3x/3
Tie (3) ( 4 ) suy ra — + — + — > — (?)
xy y/ /X S" . . A . . B , C ^ 1
<p> s i n " — s i n " — s i n — < — (2)
2 2 2 - 27
1 1 f. 1 •y 27 27
'rir(l)(2)('3)(5)c6: \-\- 1+ - > H-- - + - r + --r = 1+^ Ta c 6 :
X \ I /J sJ
A - B A f B . C 1 A - B . C] . C
s VT{2) = cos COS sin— — cos - sin — sin —
'5
D o la d p c m . D a u b a n g x a y ra o x = y = / = —. 2 4 2 2 2
B o d c difUc chiYng m i i i h A - B f A - B . C
D o cos > 0 cos sin — < 1 - sin —
1. D o s i n A > 0, s i n B > 0, s i n C > 0 va i h c o b a l d r i n g i h i f c iiTttng g i a c cc< b a n i r o n g 2 2J 21
lam giac i h i : . C . C
---> V T ( 2 ) < - - sin — sm — . (3)
3V3 4 1
sin A + sin B + sin C < .
A - B
D a u b a n g t r o n g ( 3 ) x a y ra <^ cos <> A = B .
A p d u n g b o d c suy ra
. A . B . C 1 D a u b a n g x a y ra o A B C la t a m g i a c c a n d i n h C vc'ii C = 2 a r c s i n ^ .
1. sin — sin — . s i n — — 1 = •
2 2 V 2 "~ 3 V 3
Ta c 6 :
^ a cos A + b c o s B + c c o s C ^ a + b + c
acosA + bcosB + ccosC = R(sin2A + sin2B + sin2C)
asin A + bsin B 4 c s i n C
= 4RsinAsinBsinC. (1)
A . B C , A B C
3. a Ian h b t a n — + c l a n — > 6 p l a n — Ian — t a n — . T h c o b a l d r i n g ihifc C o s i , t h i
2 2 2 - 2 2 2
; i s i n A + b s i n B + c s i n C > 3\/abcsin A sin B s i n C
BAiaua-a i r y c a f c * gkU Uiyng gUc - Flum Huy Khml C<y Trmn ItTVown Khang V/fit
T h c o bal dang ihtfc lUitng giac ctt ban Irong lam giac i h i o sin- A + sin- B + sin" C > — ( s i n 2 A + sin 2B + .sin2C)
A . B . C ^ 1 - „
s m — s m — s i n — < - => 2r < R (3) o sin- A + sin- B + sin" C > 273 sin A s i n B s i n C .
2 2 2 8 (2)
A B C Thco bat dang thu^c Cosi, i h i
T i r ( 2 ) (3) d i den abc lan — l a n y l a n — > 8r' (4)
sin- A + sin- B + s i n " C > 3^sin A s i n B s i n C
A B C
Tif(i)(4)suyra a l a n — f b t a n - f clan — > 6r (5) => sin^ A + sin^ B + s i n - C > |^i2A^i^£±£. (3)
Vsin A s i n B s i n C
A B C , , . A B C A B C
Do p l a n — l a n — t a n — = 4Rcos —cos —cos— lan — l a n —lan —
' 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Ta lai co: T ^ ^ i n X ; ! ; ^ ! ; ; ! ; ^ < ^ + » + ' ^ ^ ^ < ^ (4)
3 2.3
A B C
= 4Rsin — sin — s i n — = r, ncn thay vao (5) c6: T i r ( 3 ) ( 4 ) suy ra
2 2 2
A B C^, A B C ^'n- A + sin- B + s i n ' C > - ^ s i n A s i n B s i n C < 2N/3 sin A s i n B s i n C
a l a n — | - b lan — + clan — > 6 p l a n — l a n —lan —.
2 2 2 2 2 2
^ay ( 2 ) d u n g = > ( l ) d u n g => dpcm.
Do la dpcm. Dau bilng xiiy ra <=> A B C la lam giac d c u .
C)a'u biSng xiiy ra A B C la tam giac d c u .
4. Thco dinh ly ham so' sin, Ihi
* ' 7. ChuTng minh riing trong moi lam giac A B C , la c 6 :
2sinAsinBsinC _ 2absinC _ vS
( s i n A + sinB + sinC)- (a + b + c)" p"
• C+ /:+/' < + n; + r ; •
B«}/ duong hpc sinh gjol LUpng giac - rhan lluy Hhal _ Cly Trsini MTV own Khang Vift
(•iiii
ni,. Ml
1. T a c o :
1 T T 1 l a n. -A— + l a i r. —
B , . ICA (>iai
+ lan (1)^
r ; + rb + r, = p ,Ta c o :
2RsinA
^ 2Rsin B 2RsinC
D o l a . r - + l a r r | + U i n - | > l a n | l a n | f l a n | l a n | + l a n | l a n ^ = 1. i . - — 1 1
lii, 2KsinBsinC 2RsinCsinA 2RsinAsinB'
ir'VAK
(I)
b + c^ < 1 v a 7 ( p - b ) ( p - e ) < - ! _ J = /b
pa abe abe
(3)
T i r d o l h a y v a o ( 4 ) va e o : l.^x.^ < ^ ...
'^''"'^ 2beeos^ 2aeeos2abeos
7 9 0
(6)
L a p l u a n liTcing l i / c o : /|,r|, < —- b + c a+ c a 4- b
abe(a + b ) ( b + e)(e + a) (a + b ) ( b + e)(e + a )
(7) (2)
8 ( a b e ) - c o s ^ cos ^ cos ^ Habeeos ^ cos ^ cos ^
C o n g t i r n g v e ( 3 ) ( 6 ) ( 7 ) e o : /,r, + /,,r|, + /,r, < p " ctpcm.
2 2 2 2 2 2'
AnP d u n g ba't d a n g thiJc C o s i la c o :
Da'u b a n g x a y ra <=> A B C la l a m g i a c d c u .
+ b) > 2y7b, ( b + c) -> 2bc, (e + a) > l^^c
Bai 8, ChuTng m i n h r h n g I r o n g m o i l a m g i a c la eo
: ' £ + b ) ( b + e)(c + a ) ^
• 1
1. iL + J L _ , J ^ > 2 V 3 . 2 . ± , J l + ^>2V^.
h.. h, k /b K
Giai
Cjoi v e trai ciia ba'l d;1ng IhuTc c a n c h t f n g m i n h la T . k h i d o t h c o ba't d ^ n g thi?c
T h c o b a l dang ihi^c liTUng giac c(< han t r o n g tam giac thl
I (3) Co si, ta c6:
1
>
cos cos COS V.^i T> ; (1)
2 2 I -) '
^(m, + m , , - m . r t m , + m , --mhr(mh + m , - m j
Kinh luan: Chii y: (2) di/a vao kct qua sau •<
D o m,, > /., > h,,; nii, > > hh; m^ > I, > h, nC-n Trong m o i tam giac A B C thi abc > (b 4- c - a)(a + c - b)(a 4- b - c) (*)
a b c ^ a b b a b c (*) du'cic churng minh nhiT sau:
K ^ K ^K ' i.i 'h C '"i> '"c Dat X = b 4- c - a > 0; Y = a 4- c - b > 0, Z = a 4- b - c > 0.
V i the thirc chat ta c h i can chiirng minh phan 4/ la suy ra phan 1/. phiin 2/ Khi do thco bat dang thuTc Cosi, i h i -. •« • '<
T i i y n h i c n d day chiing l o i miion di/a ra each chiirng minh triTc l i c p cht) li""" (X + Y ) ( Y + Z ) ( Z + X ) > 8 X Y Z ;(n/i)-
bat diing thufc i r c n . Tdf do suy ra dung. t
B a i 9. Churng minh ri'.ng trong m o i tam giac, ta co: "^^i 10. ChuTng minh rang trong m o i tam giac A B C , ta c6: , >) f) .1 '
1 1
1
^ i D h m , > Sp > IM- > h..hhh,.
(m, f m „ - m , r ^(m, + m^-m„r ( m „ + m,, - m , r
hJhA (2KsinBsinC)(2RsinCsi„A)(2RsinAsinB)
Ta c6: 4in^ ^ 2b' + 2c- - a' > ( b f c)" - a" -- ^ ^ R " M n A s i n B s i n C - ) ( 4 R s i n A s i n B s i n C )
=> 4m^ > (b + c f a)(b f c a) - > m.-; > p(p - a); :S.4R.ScosA,„,|,,,£,,„A^i^B^__^C '
-iJ• ''^ t5 C ~A B r
A p dung cac cong Ihi'fc S = ——; p 4R cos —cos—cos—, l i r ( 4 ) c 6 : A li (• M^-'" ^ sin sin cos cos " cos ^
' • ^ " 4R 2 2 2
. A . B . C ' ' ' A ~ B ~ C (2)
SSpsm sin sin 2 sin sin sin
, , , _ ' 2 2 2
'a'b'c C-A N ! i a i i l i r n g \ i - ( l i ( 2 ) , s i i y la
COS cos COS
A H C , A B C
2 2 2 i sill -
c t ) l - - f - a ) l - + c o l - , > j ^ c o l -Ac o l -Bc o l -C (3)
sill — f sin —
2 "> T 9 .-.2 2
R6 rang Irong moi tarn giac A B C , la c6 (tlico bai 2 phan 1/)
Thco bai dilng tliii-c Cosi lai c6
A - B B-C C-A ^ . A . B . C
COS COS COS > 8sin — sin—sin — .
1 -- • A B B e r A
~ l a n - - i a n - + i a n - i a n ^ + tan^lan|:>3^^, , A
2 2 2 2 2 2 B C
TCr do Ihco (5) suy ra IJi^l, < Sp tan —tan —tan —
2 2 2J
Do la dpcm. Dau bang xay ra o A B C la lam giac dcu.
J,;
tan^iani^ian^ . '
Nhdn xet: Ro rang Itl' biii i r c n suy ra: Trong moi lam giac la c6
2 2 2 3^3
hah^h, < S p . (6) - . A B C n-
^ w i — c o l - c o l - > 3x/3 .
Tuy nhicn (6) c6 ihc chiVng minh IriCc l i c p nhii" sau: 2 2 2. , .. ^ (4)
Ro rang
(3) (4) suy ra dpcm. Dau b^ng xay ra « A B C la lam giac d^u.
CtyTntm l*trv OVVn Khang Vlft
B a i 12. Churng minh n i n g Irong m o i lam giac la c6:
A . B B . C . C . A ( A . B . B . C . C \
2. sinA + sinB + sinC > sin — sin — + sin — sm — + sin — sin — • s IM — s 1 n - - 4 s I n — s I n — -f s 1 n - > i n - (4)
2 2 2 2 2 2, I 2 2 2 2 2 2
_0_a- + ^ h- + — > 2V3S, d day p, q, r la ba so difcJng tiiy y . Ro rang ( s i n A f s i n B t s i n O " ^ 3(sin A s i n B + sin BsinC-f sinCsin A ) (5)
q + r r+ p p+ q Tiir(4) ( 5 ) suy ra:
-, f A B B C C A
(sin A + sin B f s i n C ) ' I 2 s i n — s i n — f-sin—sin — + siii —sin -- (6)
1. Dc diing lha'y rang ' 2 2 2 2 2 2
lan^ A ^ ^^^^^ B ^ | > ,an^ ^ I a n ^ | + tan^ | Ian^ | + tan^ |tan"^ A („ Do ca hai vc ciia (6) dcu diAJnu ncn ta c6:
2 - -, -> (x + y + z) 1 1
tHaiccon: nhicn
(x la
+ yco:
+ /)(x'
x^ + y+' y+' z'
+ /> ' ) > ( x ' + y ' + =z V
r + p • + p•( q
- • (3) •+• (p + q + r ) > - ( a + b + c)^
q+r
Tir ( 2 ) (3) suy ra x ' + y ' + z' > j- (4) pa" qb rc~ 1 1 T 1 •>
+ \- (a- + b- + c-) > - ( a + b + c)^
q + r r + p p + q 2
( 1 ) ( 4 ) d i den dpcm. Dau bang xay ra o A B C la tarn giac d e u .
P
2. A p dung ba't diing thiirc Bunhiacopski wfi hai day -a- + - ^ b - + —^c' >-j(a + b + c)--2(a- + b-+c')|(l).
r r+ p pn + u
q 2 ^
A B B C C, A
tan — t a n — , , tan —tan —, tan — I a n — , 1
2 2 \ 2 V 2 2 Ta sc chiyng minh: - (a + b + c ) - - 2 ( a ' + b" + c^)] > 2^/3S . (2)
That vay
- s i n A s i n B , J-sinBsinC, J-sinCsinA,
4 V4 V4 (2) 2ab + 2bc + 2ca - a" - b" - c^ > 4N/3S
ta c6: 1 1
o 4S > 4 V 3 S + 4 S ( c o t A + cot B + c o l C )
A B B C C A s i n A • +sinB
— + •
sinC
tan—tan — + tan—tan— + tan—tan— - s i n A s i n B + - s i n B s i n C + -sinCsinA
2 2 2 2 2 2JU 4 4
1
7 1
<=> - cot A + -cotB + -cotC
A B . B . C . C . A sinA sinB sinC
> sin—sin — + s m — s i n — I - s i n — s i n
2 2 2 2 2 2 A B C /-
o tan — + tan — + tan — > V3 . (3)
2 2 2 -
BAI auaHg a{n sim giai lUjiag giac - man nuy nnnr Cty Timn IVTVDVVH Khang Vl^t
V i (3) diing => (2) dung. TO (1) (2) suy ra dpcm. p^i 14. ChiJng minh rang trong moi tam giac A B C ta c6:
Daii bang xay ra <=> A B C la tam giac dcu. . A . B . B . C . C . A
sm sm sm sm sm sm
B a i 13. Chi'rng minh rang Irong moi tam giac ta c6: __2 2| 2 2| 2 ^ 2 ^ 1
1. h , + h , + h , <pV3. B
•1 )
sm sm sm tan^^4-tan''^4-lan^^ '
b c R73 2 2 2J
2. -+- Giai
hh + h , h , + h , h„+h, 2r
Ta CO menh de phii trd sau:
(]iai .
n £ d | i Neu a,, a2, a, la cac so diTcfng thi h .t H i
1. Ta CO:
(a, + a 2 + a 3 )
\ h|, I h^. - ^ 2 R ( s i n A s i n B + sinBsinC + s i n C s i n A ) . (1) >
aj+a, a^+a, a,+a2 2(af+a^+a^)'
R6 rang ta c6:
A p diing bd de vc'ifi:
, (sinA + sinB + sinC)^
sin A sin B 4 sin BsinC + sin Csin A < (2) . A B B C C A
3 a | = l a n — t a n — ; a, = tan — t a n — ; a, = tan —tan —
2 2 " 2 2 ' 2 2
M a t khac ihco bat dang thiJc liMng giac cd ban trong tam giac thi Ro rang ai + a: + a, = 1, khi do ta c6:
(3) A B C B . C A
sinA + sinB + sinC < . tan tan Ian
tan -
2 2 4-- 2 2 tan - tan —
Tirn)(2)(3)c6: 2 2
A B B C ' C A
1 - tan tan l-tan^tan 1 - t a n tan
h,,+ 1 h^. < V 3 R ( s i n A + sinB + sinC) = pV3 2 2 2 2 2 2
Do la dpcm. Dau bang .xay ra <=> A B C la tam giac dcu. 1
> (1)
2, Do v . i i tro ciJa a, b, c la nhiT nhaii, ncn khong giiim tdng quiit c6 the cho la 2A 1 B , B 9 C
t a n ' ^ tan" 4-lan^ , tan^ ^tan^^lan^^
a <b <c (1) 2 2 2
h., > hh > h , Mat khac lai c6:
A . B . B . C . C . A 5 r
2. Ta C O k c t qua tiTdng tiT sau: Trong lam'giac nhon i h i sm — s m — + sm — s m — h s i n —sm— < - H (I)
2 2 2 2 2 2 S 4R
cot A cot B c o l B cot C col C col A
• ^ . > - ^ ^ = (2.
sin A sin B f sinAsinB (sin A + sin Br VT(2) < - .
8
2
Vay (2) dung ^ (1) dung =^ dpcm. Da'u biing xay ra o A B C la tam giiic dcu.
Ta lai c6:
o T A+ B A - B ^ C A - B ^ , C
^- Phi/(/nK phsip siir dung phep bicn doi \\iifnn jjiac
sm A H-sinB = 2sin cos = 2cos—cos < 2cos— (3)
2 2 2 2 - 2 Trong miic nay cong cii chii yen dc chifng minh cac bat dang thifc lif(.<ng giac
T i r ( l ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) s u y ra
Irong tam giac la si'r dung chii y c u cac phcp bicn ddi lildng giac Sii cap, ma it
- ^ + 4->-^^
sin^ A Mn^ B ^
(4) dung den ciic cong c i i manh hi<n.
1. Chufng minh rang irong m o i lam giac, ta co:
2
Da'u bhng trong (4) xay ra <=> A = B . 1 > A + s i n B + sinC ^ cos S cos ^ + cos ^
<2. 2 ^ ^ ^<2
T i T d n g l i r c o : -X^ + - ^ > ^ . (5) c o s A + cosB + cosC . A . B . C
sin^B sin^C sm +sin +sin
2 2 2
Giai
Tift^ng 111* cc): cosBcosC < sin" — , (2)
1. Trong m o i tam giac ta c6: 2
A + B A-B
>0. ci)sCcos A < sin" — .
cosA + cosB = 2 cos 2 cos 2
V i sinC < 1 sinC(cosA + cosB) < cos A + cosB. {1) Da'u bang trong (2), (3) xiiy ra liMng u"ng khi B = C; C = A .
Dau bang trong ( ! ) xay ra o C = 90". Do A B C la tam giac nhon nen cosA > 0. cosB > 0, cosC > 0; vl the nhan tCrns.'
L a p luan tiTctng lif c6: sinA(cosB + cosC) < cosB + cosC, (2) A B C
ve (1) (2) (3) va c6: cosAcosBcosC < sin — sin —sin — .
sinB(cosC + COHA) < cosC + cosA. (3) I l l
" " ~ ifftfl* <}•
D a u bang trong (2), (3) tUdng iJng xiiy ra khi A = 9()"; B = 90". - Do la dpcm, Da'u bang xay ra A B C la tam giac deu
Cong lifng vc (1) (2) (3) va dc y rang khong the ddng thtJi c6 da'u bang ironu jV//flH xet: Ta cho mot minh hoa hnih hoc dep mat cho bai loan Iren. '*'
(1)(2)(3), ncnco: Gia siir A B C la lam giac nhon.
(sinCcosA + sinAcosC) + (sinCcosB + sinBcosC) + (sinAcosB + sinBcosA) DT nhien theo bai iren ta eo: .s;
< 2(cosA + cosB + cosC) cosAcosBcosC sin — sin—sm —.
sin(C + A ) + sin(C + B) + sin( A + B)
-<2
cos A + cos B + cos C Khi do neu goi r la ban kinh difiing Iron noi liep A A B C , i h i :
A B C . A . B . C
r - 41<sin — sin — sin — .
do cos A + cosB + cosC 1 + 4 sin—sin—sin — > 1 7 1 1
2 2 2
sin A + s i n B + sinC i1 day R la ban kinh difi~<iig iron ngoai liep A A B C
dpcm.
cos A + cos B + cosC Ba chieu cao ke liY A . B, C ciia / \ A B C
374
2. V i a' + b" + c" = 4S(colA + cotB + colC), ncn
R = liLljJzi+J^ll+lb- + c- - a-) + (a- + h- +
R ) _ a- + b" + ^~
a^ + b- + c- ant-
< A B C
(1)
cotA+CDlB + colCj
lan
">
tan
7
tan
9 Vay S < ^ f (a + b + c) - i i - ± i L ± ^
2 9
2. 2 2
<=> 64S' < bB
c (2)i S<
3 - a - J ) - + ( b - i r + ( c - 1)-
Aa C•
tan ^ lan ^ lan ^
2 4bcsm . .
B (>iai
• — ^ = 4bcsm —cos— = 4S
A A 2 2 Hrhco dinh li ham so cosin vii dinh li ham so' sin, la c6:
lan lan-
^•1 A b" t c" - a" sin"Bsin"C-sin"A £
^•|)sA = =
2 be sin B sin C
4S. (3)1
lan
>4S.
2 cos A sin B sin C + S{ sin A + cos B + cos C) < — (1)
L a p liian lifdng lif c6; 4
B
tan
o sin- B 4 sin^ C - .sin^ A + 73(sin A + c.s B \) < 12
4S. (5)
o 2 - cos- B - cos- C .sin- A + ^3 .sin A + V3 cosB + ^3 cosC < -
lan
" 4
Nhan liTng vc (3) (4) (5) suy ra (2) dung =>( 1) dung ^ dpcm. cosC- 4-^ V3
+ sin A
cosB- - >0. (2)
Dau bring xiiy ra <=> A B C la lam giac dcu.
3. D i l l S la vc trai ciia bat dang thiVc can chifng minh. Ta c6: Vi ( 2 ) diing ( i ) diing :=> dpcm
.S = (cosA + cosB + cosC) + |(b + c)cosA + (c + a)cosB + (a + b)cosC|
cosC=r
(abcosC + bccosA + cacosB)- 2
D a l P = cosA + cosB + cosC B = C = 30"
Dau bang xay ni
Q = (b + c)cosA + (c + a)cosB + (a + b)cosC a o 0
A = 120"
R = abcosC + bccosA + cacosB.
sin A =
K h i d o S = P + Q - R. (1)
T h c o bat dang Ihilrc li/dng giiic C(f ban Irong lam giac i h i ^ 2' ^ A B C la lam giac can dinh A \i g6c ('< dinh = 120".
4. Churng minh rfing irong m o i tarn giac la c6:
Ta c6:
B
Q = 2R(sinC + sinA)cosB + 2R(sinA + sinB)cosC + 2R(sinB + sinC)cosA 1 + c o s - + lan — 1 - i c o s - ^ + lan-C p(R + r ) + R(4R + r)
= 2Rsin( A + B ) + 2Rsin(B + C) + 2Rsin(C + A ) = a + b + c. ^
2 J 2 2
J +COS-
2j
> pR
(;iai L a p luan li/cJiig ur, la co:
Difa bat dAng ihiTc can clu'riig miiili vc dang lifdng difdng sau B C
cosB + cosC - cos(B ~ C) > 1 - 4sin—sin— , (4)
A B , C-1 A B . C 2 2 . . i -.'.^i^; Vr
lan h l a n — ^ - l a n — + sin— ( sin — - f - s i n —
') 7 2 "> 2 2 cosC + cosA - cos(C - A ) > I - 4sin—sin — . (5)
Thci) cac bai iron h i c n nhicn la c6: 2 2 Sr; i:.
• Da'ii bilng irong (4), (5) Uhing rfng xay ra c:> B = C; C = A . ^ I ' ^ i ' . >'
A B C (2)
sin f- sin — f sin — > cosA + cosB + cosC. T i r ( 3 ) (4) (5) suy ra
2 2 2 A . B . B . C C A
A ' B C V T ( 2 ) > 3 - 4 ^ ' " ^ ^ ' " T + ' ^ ' " ~ ^ ' n — + sin—sin —
Lai CO cosAcosBcosC I + 4Rsin—sin—sin — (6)'
2 2 2 2 . 2 2 22
2 2 2
. A . B . C Dau bang Irong (6) xay ra o A B C la lam giac dcu
«4Rsin sin sin
• ' 2 2 2 Thco phan 2/ PhiftJng phap sir dung bai dang thifc kinh dicn (bai 15) la co:
= I+
R . A . B . B . C C A
sin —sin — + s i n - s i n — + sin —sin — < cos A f cosB + cosC < ^ ( 7 ) .
A . B . C _ I- 2 2 2 2 9 T
sin—sin —sin— ' I I —
2 2 2 ~ R Tir (6) ( 7 ) suy ra V T (2) > 0. V a y (2) dung ( I ) di'ing => dpcm.
Thco phan dring tJiiTc tiong lam giac, ta c6: Dau bilng xay ra c:> A B C la lam giac dcu.
A . B . C 4R 4 I
sin — sin—sin— = Bai 6. Chijfng m i n h rang Irong moi lam giac A B C va v d i m o i so x, y, z > 0, la co:
2 2 2 p - c o s A + - c o s B + -cosC 1: h^^H .
V a y (1) dung ^ dpcm. Daii biuig xay ra <=> A B C la lam giac d c u . X y /. 2y/. 2/x 2xy yi
B a i 5. Chiirng minh rhng Irong m o i lam giac la c6: Ciiai
3(cosA + cosB + cosC) > 2(sinAsinB + sinBsinC + sinCsinA).
Ta c(): i c o s A + - c o s B t - c o s C < — + ^ + - ^ (1)
Ciiiii X y / 2y/ 2/.X 2xy
Ta co: <=> X" + y" + / " - 2y/.cosA - 2x/cosB - 2xycosC > 0
3(cosA + cosB + cosC) > 2(sinAsinB + sinBsinC + sinCsinA) (I) o X"(C()S-'B + sin"B) + y'(cos-'A + sin'A)
<=> 3{cosA + cosB + cosC)
+ /,•' - 2yzcosA - 2xzcosB + 2xycos(A + B) > 0
> cos(A - B ) - cos(A + B) + cos(B - C) - cos(B + C) + cos(C - A ) - cos(C + o ( x ' c o s ' B + y ' c o s ' A + 2xycosAcosB) + / ' - 2/(ycosA + xcosB)
o 2(cosA + cosB + cosC) > cos(A - B ) + cos(B - C ) + cos(C - A )
+ (x"sin"B + y ' s i n ' A - 2xysinAsinB) > 0
<=> |(cosA + cosB - cos(A - B ) | + [cosB + cosC - cos(B - C ) | o (xcosB + ycos.A)-' + /•"' - 2/(xcosB + ycosA) + (xsinB - y s i n A ) ' > 0
+ IcosC + cosA - cos(C - A ) | > 0. (2)
o (xcosB + ycosA - / )' + (xsinB - ysinA)" > 0. (2)
T i f d n g 11/ b, c c i m g l i i c i i c n g h i c m c i i a (2)
^R'y Ciic v e e l d c,, e , , e , n h i f h i n h v e v i i c o d o d a i l i i I , tiVc e, = 1, V i = 1, 2, 3
D o v a y i i p d u n g d i n h U V i c l V(1fi ( 2 ) , la c 6 :
T i r ( 3 ) ( 4 ) suy ra a^ + b " + c" > p ' + r" + 4 R r • > 3 + 2cos(c|,i;2) + 2eos(e|,C;,) + 2 e o s ( c 2 . e , ) >0
D o l i i d p c m . Dii'u b a n g x i i y ra o A B C Ux l a m g i i i c d c u .
^ 3 - 2cosB - 2eosA - 2eosC > 0 -f
Nhqit xet: T a c 6 a ' + b ' + c ' = (a + b + c ) ' - 2 ( a b + be + ea)
^ cosA + eosB + eosC < -
= 4 p ' - 2 ( p - + r ' + 4Rr) (lhco(3))
2 •
= 2p' - 2r' - 8Rr dpcm.
B61 du6ng bpc sinh gidl LUpng glAc - Fhan Huy Khal
Giai
T a c o : (OA + O B + Ocf >()
1. DiTa ba'l dang ihuTc can chi'rng minh ve dang ti/ctng di/dng .sau:
3 R ' + 2 R ^ ( t m ( o A , O B ) + eos(oA,Oc) + cos(oB,Oc)) > 0
b^
( p - a ) ( p - b ) ( p - c)
o 3 R ' + 2R'(cos2C + cos2B + cos2A) > 0 p-a • +p - b - + •p - c j < ( p - a + p - b + p - c f R2(I).
<x> 5R^ + 2R^ [ 7 3 COS2C - ^ 3 cos2A - CO.S2B] > 0 = y-(co.s'2C - 1) + z-(cos^2B - 1) + 2yzcos2Ccos2B - lyicoslA
= - y l s i n ' 2 C - z'sin2B + 2yz(cos2Ccos2B - cos2A)
<=> N / 3 ( C O S 2 A - C O S 2 C ) + COS2B<-.
= - y ' s i n 2 C - z:sin2B + 2yz|cos2Ccos2B - cos(2B + 2C)1
2
= - y ' s i n 2 C - /'sin2B + 2yzsin2Bsin2C
Do la dpcm. De phat hien ra khi nao da'u bang xay ra dung bo de sau day:
= - ( y s i n 2 C - zsin2B)- < 0 .
Bd^de: D i e u k i e n can va du de O la tam difdng Iron ngoai liep A A B C la:
T'heo dinh l i ve da'u tam thuTc bile hai suy ra (3) dung =i> dpcm
OA sin 2 A + O B sin 2 B + O sin 2C = 0
•^au bang xay ra o A B C l i i lam giac d c u . ' ''
(chiyng minh xem Irong cac tai lieu hwih hoc lOchifrtng vectri) I ^hu-ng minh lifdng liT nhi/phan 1/.
X e t AA|B,C| CO A , = 15"; B, = 60"; C, = 105".
4. Cho tam giac A B C v d i A > B > C. Gpi d la khoang c^ch giffa tam diTctng
K h i do s i n 2 A , = - ; s i n 2 B , = — ; .sin2C| = s i n 2 1 0 " = - - ^^'n ngoai tiep va npi tie'p ciia tam giac. Chi?ng minh r^ng:
' 2 ' 2 ' 2
^•^tosA < R - d < 2RcosB < R + d < 2RcosC. •' '
B 6 I d u a n g hpc sinhgldlLupnggl^c -rhan Huy Khal
A B C B C f7T_ A
do cos A - f cosB + c o s C = 1 + 4 s i n —sin —sin — => tan — + t a n — > 2lan
2 2 2J 4 ' 4 j
B+C B-C , . 3A . A ]
= 2 R ' 2cos cos 2sin—sin — . A B C A fTT__ A
2 2 2 2, tan - + tan - + tan - > tan — + 2 tan (1)
^ 2 2 2 4 4,
A
= 4R~ sin—cos B cos c - 2 Dau bang trong (1) xay ra c> B = C.
1
IT C „ C Xcl ham so ("(x) = tan - + 2 tan TT X V 2-n ^
Vi A > B > C < ^ B < - 9 4 ~4i
2 2 2 2 I
TT ii ^ B TT 71 X 2X
< <C < - - COS -
Taco: l ' ( x ) - _ — ! _ _ _ 4 4,
2 2 2 2 2
TT X •TT_X'
2cos' ^ 2cos^ 2cos^ '^cos^
cos X); cos|C-- >0 4 4, 2 4 4,
->
2TT
Vay r(2Rct)sA) > 0. ^ a y K x ) la ham dong bicn ircn
Ti/dng lir l(2RcosC) > 0; r(2RcosB)< 0.
T'u'do suy ra: '
Tit l"(2RcosB) < 0, ncn ihco dinh l i vc dau cua tarn lhi?c bac hai ta c6:
. A '7T_A [27:]
R - d < 2RcosB < R + d. lan— + 2 tan = l(A)>f
I J
2 4 4, = l a n ^ + 2 l a n ~ - = 4-V3 (2)
Do A > C => cosA < cosC => 2RcosA < 2RcosC 3
Do A > B > C T t f ( l ) { 2 ) s u y radpcm.
=> 2RcosA < 2RcosB < 2RcosC ma l U R c o s A ) > 0; r(2RcosC) > 0, ncn
l^au bring xay ra « A = B =C . ^ o A B C la lam giac can dinh A v d i
theo djnh l i vc dau lam ihiJc bac hai la c6:
2RcosA < R - d < 2RcosB < R + d < 2RcosC ^'>c d dinh b a n g . ^
Do la dpcm.
B a i 6. Chu-ng minh rang trong m o i lam giac, la c 6 : <=> 2 + 2(cosAcosB + cosBcosC + cosCcosA) - 2cosAcosBcosC
1 , 1 , 1
colA + colB + colC + < 2 < — (cosA + cosB + cosC). (1)
sin A sinB sinCj 6 ^
Giai ' Theo he thtfc lufdng giac cd ban trong tam giac, la c6:
cos'A + cos'B + cos^C = 3 - (sin^ + sin^B + sin^C)
colA + colB + colC + < 2 (1)
sin A sinB sinC I = 3 - (2 + 2cosAcosBcosC) = 1 - 2cosAcosBcosC
Vay
2 ] <-3V3 (2)
eolC--
+
col A - • colB--
sin A sinBJ sinC j (!)<=> cos^A + cos^B + cos^C + 2(cosAcosB + cosBcosC + cosCcosA) + 1
i
1
f(x) cosA + cosB + cosC < —
2
1(A) = col A _ 2 < V i the tir (3) xet ham so l(x) = x + - vdi 1 < x < -
sin A X 2 ;
TCr biing bicn ihicn ta c6: 1(8) = cot B - 2 <- T a c o : l-'(x) = l — L = ^ > 0 Vx 6 ,;1
sinB
X X 2
r(C) = c o l C - 2 <. -41. • f ( x ) la ham dong bie'n Iren
sinC
i ( 4 cos-^ A - 3 cos A + 4 cos-^ B - 3 cos B ) - ^ { 2 cos^ A - 1 + 2 cos" B - 1) § 2 . BAT D A N G THLTC LUONG GIAC C 6 DIEU KIEN
+ cosA + cosB > Trong muc nay xet cac ba'l dang thiJc lifdng giac trong tam giac c6 dieu
kien (no cung giong nhu" trong muc xet cac dang thuTc iu-dng giac c6 dieu
<=> — cos"* A - c o s ^ A + -cos-^B-cos^B > kien).
3 l3 " 6 \ Dieu kien cho dif('/i dang he thufc dai so'hoac lif</ng giac ; ,
<=>f(A) + l " ( B ) > - - , (I) A B
6 IJai 1-Cho lam giac ABC thoa man dieu kien tan—htan — = 1.
2 2
4 3 3 C
a day f(x) = -x-^ - x ' vdi 0 < x < 1. Chiang minh: - < t a n ^ < 1.
1 1
tan + tan
r(x)
A B A B
(do Ian —tan — = 1 va tan — > 0, tan — > 0 ) .
2 2 2 2
Tir do suy ra r(A) > - r ( B ) > - Mat khac Iheo bat dang thiJc Cosi, ta c6: ,
^ai 2. Cho tam giac ABC thoa man dieu kien a < - ( b + c). *•«'«'.•,'.•;>.• '
*
sin A < sin (2) cosA + cosB + cosC
sinA + sinB + sinC - (1)
V i a < - ( b + c), nen a khong phai la canh Idn nhaft i=> A khong phai la g6c 3
2 V i cosA + cosB + cosC < ^ , nen tuf (1) cd:
2. Dao l a i gia suT A < - (B + C). V d i a > 0 (sc chon sau) Khong g i a m tong quat cd the cho la max {A; B; C ) = A .
2TY
D a t A - 60" -a;C = 30" + a; B = 90", k h i do A < - ( B + C). Khi do tijf (3) suy ra ^ < A < ^
2
=> sinA > a . (2) Bai 4. Cho tam giac A B C cd ^ > -y. ChiJng minh:
2 - 2 sin A 5 ,. B n
=> lanB + lanC > — t a n A => tanB + tanC > — 2sm
3 3cosA 4
2 2
sin(B + C) ^ - 2 s i n A Tir ( i ) ( 2 ) di den 4(a + b) < 5c dpcm.
cosBcosC ~ 3cosA (2A + 3B=:Tr
Dau bilng xay ra <;> . B 1 • hi A u.
Do sm(B C) = smA > 0, ncn ttf (2) c6 — ^ >^ - sm — = —
2 4
Do cosBcosC > 0, cosA < 0, ncn ta c6:
o B = 2arcsin-; A = - - 3arcsin-; C = - + a r c s i n - .
-3cosA > 2cosBcosC 4 2 4 2 4
=> -3COS'A < 2cosAcosBcosC (do cosA < 0) yqn xet: Dicii ngiTclc lai chufa chac dung. That vay xcl chang han lam giac can
=> -3COS-A < 1 - (COS'A + cos^B + cos'C)
ABC dinh C CO a = b = - c .
=> 1 > cos-B + cos^C - 2COS'A => dpcm.
8
cos(B-C) = l
« B = C, A = ^ Ro riing la co: 4(a + b) 5c
Dau bing xay ra o 2TT
A =— J (itfc la Ihoa man 4(a + b) < 5c).
3
K c C H l A B o cosA = AH— _= 4
o ABC la lam giac can dinh A, vdi goc d dinh A = — AC " 5 •
VI A = B =i> 2A + 3B = 5A.
Bai 5. Cho lam giac ABC c6 2A + 3B = n.
V5-lf x/5 + 1 • '.i : •
Churng minh 4(a + b) < 5c. Taco: c o s - = 1 - 2 s i n ' — = I - 2
10
Giai
Bai6. Giai
1. Cho lam giac ABC ihoa man dieu kien: colA + colC = 2cotB. fXa c6: lanA + lanC = 2tanB
Churng minh B < 60". sin(A+C)_ sinB ;
2. Cho lam giac ABC ihoa man dicu kien: colA - 2(colB + colC). cos A cos C cosB
2
• 2COSACOSC = cosB (do sin(A + C) = sinB > 0)
Chtfng minh: cotB + colC > - . . ',i .
• cos(A + C) + cos(A - C) = cosB
o Giai
. cos(A - C) = 2cosB (1)
1. Ta c6: colA + colB = 2colB
( b ^ + c ^ - a ^ ) + (a^ + b ^ - c ^ ) _ . 2 ( a ^ + c ^ - h ^ ) ' Ta CO: cos A + cosC = 2 cos ^ ^ - ^ cos
^ 4S 4S
- . B /l + c o s ( A - C ) r- B /
z=>a- + c' = 2b' (1)
= ^ - = V 2 s m - V l + 2cosB
Thco dinh l i ham so cosin, ta c6 (ket hdp vdi (1))
„ ' a^+c^-b^ ^ b^ 1 Nhu" vay (co.sA + cosC)' = 2sin^ ^ ( I + 2cosB)
cos B = = > —z r- = —
2ac 2ac a^+c^ 2 = ^ ( 2 - 2 c o s B ) ( l + 2cosB). (2)
B < 60" ^ dpcm.
Ap dung bat dang thtfc Cosi, ihi
Da'u bang xay ra <=> ABC la tarn giac dcu
2. TiTdng tirnhiTphan i/lac6:
(cosA + cosC)^ < - ( 2 - 2 c o s B ) + (l + 2cosB)
cotA = 2(colB + cotC) 2
b- + c- = 5 a l (2)
hay (cosA + cosC)^ < -
Tijr (2) suy ra A la goc nhon, nen cosA > 0. ~ 8
Van tir (2) co: 3^
• cosA + cosC <
4a^ = b^ + c^-a^
=> 4a^ = b' + c^ - (b^ + c' - 2bccosA) Do la dpcm. Dau bang xiiy ra khi va chi khi he sau thoa man
=> cos AA = 2a2 => cos A A
>^ ^ ^ = 4-
be b^+c^ 5 tanA + tanC = 2tanB f ' ^ " A + tanC = 2tanB (3)
i 25 ~ 3
otanA-
1 - tan A Ian B
= 2tanB
2
<=> tan" A - 2 A / r 5 i a n A + l = 0
V i cotA = 2(cotB + colC) => cotB + cotC ^ - => ^pcm.
(sau khi lhay lanB = >/l5 )
Bai 7. Cho tarn giac ABC thoa man dieu kien tanA + tanC = 2tanB.
lanA = A/[5+ >/r4
3N/2
lanA = V l 5 - ^ / l 4
ChiJng minh: cosA + co.sC < ^ .
B6i au6ng hpc sinh ghH L u ^ n g giac - Fban Huy lUial wBj^ MiiMMMM i-MM w—K^r WMM ngiany Wi^g
2 2
tan B =:
tanA = %/l5-714 cosA + cosC < 1 => dpcm.
Da'u bang xay ra o ABC la tarn giac deu.
lanC = VTS + VM. :)
^ Ap dung cong thtJc R = — va r = ta co:
Bai 8. Cho lam giac ABC ihoa man he ihufc sinA + sinC = 2.sinB. b- > 6Rr 4S p (1)
A C^2V3 3ac
2 ^ , abc S a+ c ^ dob = a + cl
1. ChuTng mmh l a n y + Ian—> — ^ . o b > 6- ci> >a+ c +a+ c
2. Chilng minh cosA + cosC < 1. a + c ^ 2ac
o —— >4S p <^ (a2 + c)^ ~ > 4ac
3. Chiirng minh b' > 6Rr. Giai 2 a+ c
Of
o (a - c)- > 0. (2)
1. Tii sinA + sinC = 2sinB
A C 1 VI (2) dung => (1) dung => dpcm
tan —Ian—= - (U
2 2 3 Dau bang xay ra <=> a = c va b = a + c
(xcm phan dang ihifc liTdng giac c6 dicu t:icn)
A C^1 A C (2) <=> a = b = c
Thco bat dang thiJc Cosi, ta co: tanytan— < - tan hlan — o ABC la lam giiic dcu.
A C Hal 9. Cho lam gaicl ABC thoa man sinA + sinC = 3sinB.
Tif(l)(2) suy ra tan—h 2
Ian — > 1
2 3 2 2 ru: • L 2A
• . 2C 2
A A
C ^ 2 V 3 dotan—>(), C Lhu'ng mmh sin 1- sin — > - .
tan — > 0
=^ tan—t-tan—> 2 2 2 2-3
A C 1 Giai
2 2" 3 tan —tan —= -
Do la dpcm. Dau bang xay ra khi va chi khi 2 2 3 Tir sinA + sinC = 3sinB
A C
tan — = tan — a^-(b-c)^
2 2 => a + c = 3b => a + b + c = 4b => p = 2b
o ABC la lam giac dcu 2 2 2 4bc
1 _
_ (p-b)(p-c)_ b.(2b-c)_2b-c
3b
2. Tir sinA + sin2C = 2sinB =>a + b = 2 b ^ p = Taco , i „ 2 A ^ l - c o4 sbeA ^ 2bc
be
Tuangtirco: s i n 2 - = ^ ^ .
, 2 B 1 + cosB 1 + 2ac (a + c ) ^ - b ^ )
2 2 4ac 2 a
l a c o : cos —2 = = 3b b (1)
Dodo ,-in'~ + sm'->^
- P(p-b) ^ 2 2 ^ ^ 2b-c , 2 b - a ^ 2 ^ ^
\ 2- o 3bva2 ~+ c)3 > 4ac
,
c a 3
<=> (a + c)" > 4ac K e l hop (2), (6) va c6 S = ^ a h , < ~ => dpcm.
<r> (a - cf > 0. (2)
V i (2) dung => ( I ) dung => dpcm. l^Jhgn xet:
s i n A + sinC = 3sinB M e n h dc dao noi chung khong dung. T h a i vay x e l lam giac can A B C dinh A
Dafu b^ng xay ra <=> o a = c = —b.
a= c 2
C O a = B C = c h i c u cao A H = 2. K h i do la c6: '•'
2
Nhdnxet: '
1. V i sinA + sinC = 3sinB <i> a + c = 3b, nen Idp tarn giac nay V'Mc rong. Thai S = iBC.AH = i < : / i .
2 2 3
vay x e l Idp tarn giac vuong A i Cap cd a = 5, c = 4, b = 3.
Tuy nhicn la c6:/, = A H = 2 => max(/, , / , , / , } > / = 2 > 1.
2. Ta C O bai loan long q u a l sau ( v 6 i Idi giai hoan loan Wdng liT)
Cho lam giac A B C ihoa man he thiJc sin A + sinC = IcsinB Bai 1 1 . Chu-ng m i n h rang Irong lam giac A B C , la co:
2 A . 2 C ^ k-1 , A > 2 B o a ' > b ( b + c).
Chiang m i n h : sin — + sin — > — — •
^ Giai
Uii fiuii xin clanh cho ban doc. DoA>2Bc:>A-B>B (1)
l i a i 10. Cho lam giac A B C ihoa man d i c u k i c n max{/^, } < 1 • Chi C O hai kha nang xay ra:
Giai Do n - A + B > B va cii hai ve deu la goc nhon, nen sin{7t - A + B) > sinB.
T o m lai ta luon c6:
Do vai n o binh d;ing ncn c6 the gia siir a < b < c.
sin(A-B)>.sinB
TCrdo la c6: - > - > - . (D o sinCsin(A - B) > sinCsinB (do sinC > 0)
a b c
o sin(A + B)sin(A - B) > sinCsinB
TCr max {/.,, /,,,/,.} < 1 va do h,, < /„
cos2B - cos2A . „
nen ro rang hj, < 1. (2) o >smCsmB
A 2
2bccos' 2bccos 1 - cos 2 A 1-COS2B
A p dung cong ihuTc = -, nen < 1 <1 <=i> >smCsmB '
b + c b + c
2 2 ~
A 1(1 ll O sin"A - sin'B > sinCsinB
(3)
cos—< + -
2 2ib c <=> a" - b ' > be J-
A 1 O a ^ > b ( b + c) )
T i r ( l ) (2) suy ra c o s — < - . (4)
2 a Nhir vay A > 2B <=> a ' > b(b + c). Do la dpcm.
Do a < b < c => A < B < C, vay A la goc nho nhal Irong lam giac ncn A ^ ^ •^ai 12. Cho lam giac A B C c6 A > 3 8 .
Chiirng m i n h : (a - b)"^(a + b) > be'.
A^V3 M e n h de dao c6 dung khong? '••
cos — > — (5)
2 " 2 Giai
, 1 V3 2 Xet lam giac A B C C O A > 3B.
T i r (3) (4) di den - > — a < -7= . (6)
a 2 N/3 C)o A > 3B, nen goi M la d i e m iren BC .sao cho C A M = B
=^ B A M = A-B>2B.
ggiz!^™;^^vgFm7ffli^i^
Ta c6: AAMC AABC, ncn c6
chu y do cos > 0 va tu- A > B + 2C ^ C nhon ncn cosC > 0).
AM AC be
a , „ , ,tanA - B
= ^ AM = —
iTa c6: - — - = . ^ „ (xcm phan dang thilTc lU"dng gi^c trong tam giac)
AB BC MC = a
a + b ^^„A + B ,.
MC _ AC A - B a - b A + B a - b
AC ~ BC ;=> tan—-— 2 = a + b- t a n — -2— =, , . , C—. (3) , ,.
.2 2 _ .2 (a + b)cot
Tirdo MB = B C - M C = a - ~ = - — . 2
( a - - h - ) - ^hc a (a + bar ( a - b r ^^bc^(a + b) rir(2)(3)suyr: ^ > ^ ^ o ^ > 1+cosC
Xet ABAM a' c6 BAM a c +> -2B,
a ) nen theo bai 11 c6: i a+b , , 2 C a + b , 1-cosC cosC
BM^>AM(AB
(a + b)(a - b)-> +AM)
bcl '"^'^
Do la dpcm. be] i 1 — tan 1
De xct xcm mcnh dc dao co dung khong, ta hay xet vi du sau: : 2 1 + cosC
a - b .^ 1 2a ^ 1 ^ a+h
Lay a = —;b = 2;c = 1. Ro rang c6 the lay a, b, c lam do dai ba canh cua
'=> h1> => > => cosC < => dpcm.
tam giac. a+b cosC a + b cosC 2a
256
Ta c6: (a + b)(a - b)' = ; bc^ = 2 Bai 14. Cho lam giac ABC khong phai tam giac vuong thoa man dicu kien
125
^ (a + b)(a - b)- > bc^ sin-A + sin-B + sin-C = col A + cot B + cotC.
Tuy nhicn a < b => A < B, vay khong the c6 A > 3B. ChiiTng minh: lanA > ^ .
Vay mcnh de dao noi chung khong diing.
Bai 13. Cho tam giac ABC c6 A > B + 2C. ChiJng minh: cosC < a + b
BH T a co: colA + colB + cotC^ = a^ + b-Giai+ c"^,
A
2a mm
Giai K sin^ A + sin^ B + sin^C =
» 4S
T i r A > B + 2C=^ A - - C > B + C. (1) sm. 2A. +,sm- 2 0B ,+ sin• C2r^= 4R-(sin-A + sin^B + sin-c)
Lap luan nhi/bai 12, tCf (1) suy ra sin(A - C) > .sin(B + C) 8R sin A.sinBsinC
sinAsinBsinC = - . (1)
=> sinAcosC - sinCcosA > sinBcosC + sinCcosB 2
=> cosC(sinA - sinB) > sinC(cosA + cosB) l^hi CO hai kha nang sau xay ra:
^ ^ A + B sm
=> 2cosCcos . A - B ^> ^2smCcos
. ^ A + B cosA - B
leu A < 90". Do 0 < sinBsinC < 1, nen tif (1) suy ra sinA > - .
^ . A -—B ^> smCcos
cosCsm . ^ A-B \Bdo cos
.C ^ ^ — sm — > 0 '^l hdp vdi A < 90", ta c6: 30" < A < 90" lanA > ^
6'u A > 90". Ta co:
tan A — B > t a n C . (2) nBsinC = ^[cos(B - C) - cos(B + C)] < ^ ( l + cos A).
U U i UUUIiy UjHJ mUMU yiUI M^uyiiy yuH." marr mry
B C B. D i e u l i i e n c h o diTc'/i d a n g h i n h h o c 1. - ;
tan tan tan — 4^3
ChiJng minh:
m.
2 + _ ^ > 3
B a i 1. Cho tam giac A B C thoa man dieu k i c n tren canh A B ton t a i d i e m D sao
m,j
cho C D - = D A . D B . ChiJng minh rang: sinAsinB < sin^ —.
Giai
TiT gia thiet ta c6: cosAcosBcosC > 0 => A B C la tam giac nhpn.
Giai
Ta c6: S = - -cos A cos B cosC . Gia siJ ton tai D e A B sao cho
C D ' = DA.DB. (1)
=> 2R^ sin A sin B sin C = cos A cos B cos C Thco dinh ly ham so' sin trong cac A A C D
va B C D CO:
3V3 CD DA
tan A tan B tan C = (1)
4R^ , a day C| = A C D ,
sin A sinC|
Do A B C la tam giac nhon, nen theo bat dang thiJc Co si, c6:
CD _ DB
, cf day C2 = B C D .
1 = cotAcotB + cotBcotC + cotCcotA > 3\/(cot A c o t B c o t C ) sinB sinC,
#
Do vai tro binh dang ta co the cho la A > B > C
rr—p,—r—-7- . sinC, H-sinC,
A B ^ C ,ysmC, s m C j < • > ,
tan — > t a n — > t a n —
V i A, B, C nhon nen tii do c6 2" 2 " 2
2C, C. . o C , - cl < s i n 2 £ L ± ^ = s i n 'C- (4)
m, <mb < m . sinCisinCi < sin
2
Cty Ttsnn nrv ownKhang Vlft
Tu" (3) (4) d i d e n s i n A s i n B < sin y => d p c m .
ai 2. Giii sii G la trong tam lam giac ABC. Bic'l rang A B l i e p xuc v d i du'dng
DC- = DA.DB iron ngojii tiep tam giac AGC. Chiang minh:
Dau b i n g xay ra khi va chi khi ta c6:
C| .sinCAG + s i n C B G <
2V3 ... :iv!:S„,M
3
K h i C| = C2, I h i C D la diTdng p h a n g i a c I r o n g c u a g o c C.
C
Giai
2abcos ~ Goi N, P tu-dng u-ng la Irung d i e m cija BC, AC.
Liic do CD = 2.
a+ b V i A B lii l i c p luyen vc'ii du'dng Iron ngoai
ac -m^.m, =-.b b =
Tu-tfng tir D B = m., (1)
a+ b
2 a
DC' = DA.DB 4abp(p-c) be ac ^mi,.mh =.-a a = m. (2)
Vay 7^
C^=C2 (a + b ) ' a + ba + b
A p dimg dinh l i ham so sin trong cac tam giac A N C va BPC, la co:
<=> 4p(p - c) = C
AN CN asinC
<=> (a + b + c)(a + b - c) = c' sinCAN = (3)
sinC sin C A N 2m,
<=> (a + b ) ' - c" = C BP CP bsinC
sinCBP = (4)
o a + b = CN/2 . sinC sinCBP 2mu
V a y dau bang xay ra o CD la phan giac cua goc C va a + b = c72 . asinC _ S bsinC _ S
A p diing cong thu^c
Nhqii xet: L6p cac tarn giac A B C thoa man dicu k i c n hinh hoc ncu tren la khac 2 " b' 2
rong. Do lhay mot Irong chiing la k'ip cac tam giac vuong. That vay lay D la Tijf (12) hien nhien dung => (8) diing => dpcm.
chan du'dng cao ke tCf dinh C cua tam giac. Tir (3) (4) ( 5 ) c 6 :
sinAsinB = .sin^ — Bay gid kct hdp (1), (2), (6) di den
2 . 2V3 1 1
la Ictp cac tam giac vuong can dinh C. s m C A G + sinCGB = — — + (7)
3 a" b^j
B 6 I du6ng bpc slnb gUI Lufng gUc - Fhan Huy Khal
2V3 yV^fl/i xet: V d i e a c h giai tU'dng tiT, ta c6 b^i toan tong quat sau:
Tuf (7) ta c6: s i n C A G + sinCBG < (8)
Cho tam g i a c nhpn A B C , v a triTc tam H c h i a diTdng c a o A E theo ty so:
1 1 AH
•= m
a^
• + -
b^j
< HE
K h i do t a n A > 2Vm + l (ke't qua trong bai 3/ iJng v d i m = 1).
a^+b^
(9)
2u2
a^b - 5 -
b^ + a^ = 2c' (10) Trong muc nay xet cac bat d i n g thtfc li/dng giac trong cac tam giac c6 cac
cau triic dac biet nhu" Idp tam giac vuong, tam giac nhpn va mpt so Idp tam
2c^
Tur (9), (10) suy ra ( 8 ) 0 (11) giac CO cdc cau true rieng...
a^b^-S'
A. BS't d a n g thiiTc lif(/ng g i a c t r o n g t a m g i a c v u 6 n g
Theo dinh l i ham so cosin, ta c6 tCf (10):
Bai 1. Cho A B C la tam giac vuong dinh A. ChuTng minh cac bat d i n g thtfc sau:
b^ + a^ = c^ + (b^ + a^ - 2abcosC) => c^ = 2abcosC.
1. 4(ac + b ^ ) < 5 a l
Vithe tiif(ll)c6:
4abcosC 1 4cosC ^ 2 2. ^>l + ^ .
(8) <=> — <=> < h,. - ''l'
aW S ab absinC
3-2N/2
<=> s i n 2 C < l . (12) 2. — 2^
5
V i (12) hien nhien dung => (8) dung => dpcm.
D a u bang xay ra <=> A B tiep xuc vdi du'dng tron ngoai tie'p A A G C va C = 45". 4. cos If > —, d day (p la gdc nhpn giiJa hai du'dng trung tuye'n ke tijf B va C.
Bai 3. Cho A B C la tam giac nhpn va trifc tam H chia d o i du'dng cao A E . Chiang
Giai
minh: tan A > 2^2 .
1. T a c 6 : 4 ( a c + b^)<5a^ (1)
Giai
o 4sinCsinA + 4sin^B < 5sin^A
EC
Ta c6: tanB = tan C H E = o 4sinC + 4sin^B < 5 (do sinA = s i n 9 0 " = 1)
HE
o 5 - 4sinC - 4sin^B > 0
AE
tanC = o 5 - 4sinC - 4(1 - cos^B) > 0
EC
O 4sin^C - 4sinC + 1 > 0 (do cosB = sinC)
V i A E = 2HE => tanBtanC = 2. (1)
0 ( 2 s i n C - 1)^>0. (2)
L a i C O tanA = - t a n ( B + C) =-^^^^^-^t-^^^ = tanB + tanC (2) V i (2) dung => (1) dung => dpcm.
tanBtanC-1
(dira v a o ( l ) ) 2
Dau bang xay ra <=>
Tir tanBtanC = 2 => tanB, tanC cung dau va do chung khong the cung am
C = ^
=> tanB > 0, tanC > 0. 6
Theo bat d i n g thufc Cosi, thi tanA = tanB + tanC > 2N/tanBtanC (3)
<^ A B C la nura tam giac deu A = : ^ ; B = ^ ; C = ^
Tuf (1), (3) CO tan A > 272 dpcm. 2 3 6
Cty rnf/t/f fl/TV DVVn lihang y/fit
4.
4. 'Gia su" B M va C N lii hai irung Uiycn va B M o C N = G N G B = cp.
2. - > 1 + V2 (1)
Ta c6: A N C = A B M + cp.
A
•.a ,z> l a n A N C = I a n ( A B M + i f ) H)
2 be 2bc
; A C 2b
a Ta c6; lan A N C = =— ,
AB C AN c
8R cos cos cos .2R r — A M b „ .
^ 2 2 2 > 1 + V2 (do a = 2R) lan A B M = = — , vay l u f ( l ) c 6 :
8R-sinBsinC AB 2c
4 b '2,.2
c C C
(1) (do a^ = b^ + c^). 2abcos T /T u 2a cos
373c
5a- (b + c + >/b^Tc^, a+ b " " 4 a+b 4a
T a c 6 : a - = b- + c - > 2 b c (2)
2a cos
b + c + V b ^ T ? > 2 7 b ^ + 7 2 t e = 7b^(2 + 72) (3) O ;''"'2 > ^Jl^ (J,, h = acosC; c = asinC)
a(l+cosC)~ 4
T i r ( l ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) s u y ra ^ 1 , 373 sin C
2^ > o 373sinCcos—<4
"ib+mc 10bcl(2 + 72)7bU 4 2~
cos
2 (72-lf 3-272
> ^ 673sin —cos^ — < 4 o 673sin — l - . s i n ^ ^ ^ < 4
" i h + m,' 5.2(72 + i f ^ ^ 2 2- 2
1
r(x)
f(x) A = ^
9 Da'u bang xay ra <=> 2 <=> ABC la tam giac vuong can dinh A.
'sin2B = l
Vay s o O < C < ^ = > 0 < s i n - < — , nentaco:
2 4. De thay CAE la tam giac can dinh C va BAF la tam giac can dinh B, nen c6
^ 2^/3 CE = b; BF = c. Tir do:
f . c]
f sm — < f EF = b + c - a .
2)
Vay(l)dung=>dpcm. Taco: S > ( ^ + i ) S A E F
Dau bang xay ra khi va chi khi
o - B C . A H > - ( V 2 + l).EF.AH
^ 2 2
A = - A = -
2 ^Ba> (N/2+l)(b + c - a ) ^
. C 1 C = arccos- o 1 > ( V 2 + 1 ) (sinB + sinC) - V 2 - 1
sm—= • cosC = ^
2 S o N/2(V2 + I ) > ( V 2 + l ) ( s i n B + sinC)
2. Lam liTcfng lif nhiTphan 1/ va c6:
O V 2 > sinB + cosB
^ A H I = 45" Do lanA > 0, lanB > 0, nen theo ba't dang thiJc Cosi, la co:
lanA + l a n B > 2 V l a n A l a n B . (4)
=> H I la phan giac A H B => I la l a m diTcIng Iron noi tiep A A B H .
r
Tifdng tif J la tam diTcIng noi tiep A A H C
Tif (1) (4) suy ra tan A Ian B > c o t y . (4)
D i e u do c6 nghTa la M = E; N = F.
Lai CO iCr (1) 2 V l a n A l a n B > 2 c o l —. (5)
TCr do la c6: A E = A F = A H = — .
2
V i the S > 2SAEF (1) Cong tu-ng ve (4) (5), di den (Vlan A + V t a n B ) ^ > 4 c o l —
2
« i b c > 2 . l A E . A F c . ^ > ^
2 2 => >ytan A + V t a n B > 2 c o l — . (6)
a"
<:> a' > 2bc <=> b ' + c' > 2bc Dau bang trong (6) xay ra <=> A = B .
o (b - c ) ' > 0 (2)
Lap luan tiTdng tu". co: V t a n A + VlanC > (7)
V i (2) dung b = c o A B C la lam giac vuong can dinh A .
se khong con dung niJa neu lam giac da cho khong co dac ihii la "nhon dang ihi'rc lii khong co nghTa! Vay gia Ihiet A B C la nhon trong ba't dang thu-c
hoac la l a m giac "co goc l i i " ircn la dieu k i e n triTdc hot de cac bieu thij-c co mat trong bat dang thiJc la co
B a i 1. ChuTng minh rang trong moi tam giac nhon, la co: nghTa.
- Do A , B, C nhon nen theo bat dang thi^c Cosi, la co:
1. Vlan A + Vlan B + Vlan C > ^cot y + ^ c o l y + ^ c o l y .
2cosAcosB= Vsin 2 A cot A sin 2 8 cot B < ^ ( s i n 2 A cot B + sin 2 B c o l A ) (1).
2. (cosA + cosB + cosC)' < sin'A + sin'B + sin-C.
3. sinA + sinB + sinC > cosA + cosB + cosC. Dau bhng trong (1) xay ra <=> sin'A = sin'B
Da'u bang trong (2), (3) tiTdng iJng x a y ra <=> B = C; C = A ' V a y v d i phan 21 ta c6 the mo rong chut it ka't qua nhu' sau:
Cong tCrng v c (1) (2) (3) va c6: Trong m o i tam giac khong c6 goc tii ta luon c6:
2(cosAcosB + cosBcosC + cosCcosA) (cosA + cosB + cosC)^ > sin^A + sin^B + sin^C
1 Da'u bang xay ra <=> A B C la tam giac deu hoac tam giac vuong can!
cot A (sin 2C + sin 2B) + cot B(sin 2 A + sin 2C) + cot C (sin 2 A + sin 2B)
< — (4
2 3, Ta c6:
De thay cotA(sin2C + sinB) = 2 ^ ^ ^ s i n ( C + B)cos(C - B) cosA + cosB + cosC - ^ [(cosA + cosB) + (cosB + cosC) + (cosC + cosA)J
sin A
= -2cos(B + C)cos(C - B) = -(cos2C + cos2B). . C A - B . A B-C . B C-A
- sm—cos hsm—cos hsm—cos (1)
V i vay bang lap luan tiTdng tu" suy ra
2 2 2 2 2 2
(4) o 2(cosAcosB + cosBcosC + cosCcosA) A —B C C
< - - (cos2C + cos2B + cos2A + cos2C + cos2A + cos2B Ta c6: cos < 1 va do C nhon nen 0 < — < 60" => 2cos— > 1
2 2 ' 2 2 / .
o 2(cosAcosB + cosBcosC + cosCcosA) A - B ^ C
• cos < 2cos—
< (sin-A - cos-A) + (sin'B - cos'B) + (sin^C - cosT C A - B . ^
2 2 (2)
o (cosA + cosB + cosC)' < sin'A + sin'B + sin'C. sm—cos <smC
2 2
Do la dpcni. Da'u bang xiiy ra o A B C la tarn giac d c u . A B —C
(3)
Nhan xet: X c t khi A B C khong phai lam giac nhpn I Lap luan tu'dng t i f c o : s i n y c o s — < s i n A
1. N c u A B C la tam giac vuong (chang han A = 90"), khi do
sm—cos < sin B (4)
(cosA + cosB + cosC)' = (sinB + sinC)' = sin^B + sin'C + 2sinBsinC 2 2
sin^A + sin'B + sin"C = 1 + sin'B + sin'C |Tir (2) (3) (4) suy ra dpcm.
V a y (cosA + cosB + cosC)' < sin'A + sin'B + sin'C ^hqn xet: X c t khi A B C khong phai la tam giac nhon
o 2sinBcosB < 1 Khi do cosA + cosB + cosC = sinB + sinC < sinA + sinB + sinC
o sin2B < 1 (*) Vay ba't dang thufc van dung khi A B C la tam giac vuong.
V i (*) dung, nen bat dang thu^c diing khi A B C la tam giac vuong va da'u baiiL \ Neu A B C la tam giac c6 goc tu
2. Do cosA > 0, cosB > 0, nen theo bat dang thiTc Cosi, ta c6: 1-C0S2C
=> cot2A + cot2B < -2cotC. (2)
cos' A . + cosB
_ ^ > .cos A +4 cos B ^ A + B4 , A - B „._C 2 A - B
2 cos cos sm—cos Lap luan tu'dng tir co:
2 2 . 2 2 cot2B + cot2C < -2cotA, (3)
I 1 2
cot2C+ cot2A<-2cotB. ' ' <: (4)
cosA + —
cosB^ > • ^C . (1)
sm Cong tirng ve (2) (3) (4) c6 ^
2
cotA + cotB + cotC + cot2A + cot2B + cot2C < 0
Lap luan tiTdng tiT c6: —^- \— > ^ . , (2)
Bo la dpcm. Dau bang xay ra o ABC la tam giac deu.
cosB cosC j.jjjA
2 '• Neu ABC la tam gxic vuong ching han A = 90" 2A = 180"
cty Train nrv ovvn Kbang vtjt
=> cot2A khong c6 nghTa. A B C
<=> 8sin^—sin^ —sin^ — > c o s A c o s B c o s C (3)
2. N e u A B C la lam giac c6 goc 111 2 2 2 -
L a y A A B C c6 A = 120"; B = C = 30" (do A B C la tam giac nhon nen cosAcosBcosC > 0) i
=> colA + C012A = cot 120" + cot24()" = - c o l 6 0 " + col60" = 0. * o (1 - c o s A ) ( l - cosB)(l - cosC) > cosAcosBcosC
L a i CO colB + colC + col2B + col2C = 2col30" + 2col60" > 0 <=> cosA + cosB + cosC + cosAcosB + cosBcosC + cosCcosA
=> c o l A + colB + colC + C012A + cot2B + col2C > 0. •' > 2cosAcosBcosC + 2(cosA + cosB + cosC) - 1. (4)
V a y gia thiel A B C la lam giac nhpn la thifc sif can ihie'l. B
TCr(3)c6: 4 sin—sin—sin — > V2cos A cos B cosC
B a i 4. ChuTng minh rang neu A B C la lam giac khong c6 goc t i i , thi 2 2 2 ~
sin A + s i n B + sinC ^ ^ ^ yfl Tur (4) (5) d i den cosA + cosB + cosC + cosAcosB + cosBcosC + cosCcosA
2.
COS A + cosB + cosC > 2cosAcosBcosC + 2V2cos A cosBcosC + 1
.2, => cosA + cosB + cosC + cosAcosB + cosBcosC + cosCcosA
3 . ( 1 + sin^A)( 1 + sin^B)( 1 + sin'C) > 4.
cos A cosB I cos B cosC cosCcos A > (l + \/2cosAcosBcoscf . (6)
4.
A B + B C + C A
cos -cos — Dau b i n g trong (6) xay ra A B C la lam giac deu
cos—cos cos - cos -
2 2 2 2 2 2
De dang lhay rang irong m p i tam giac A B C la c6:
A . B . B . C . C . A cosA + cosB + cosC + cosAcosB + cosBcosC + cosCcosA
< sm—sm—|-sm—sm—f-sm—sm —
2 2 2 2 2 2 +• = sinAsinB + sinBsinC + sinCsinA. (7)
Giai Thaivay
1. Do A B C la lam giac khong c6 goc lij nen xet hai kha nang sau: (7) o cosA + cosB + cosC + cos(A + B) + cos(B + C) + cos(C + A ) = 0
a. N e u A B C la l a m giac vuong (chang han A = 90") <=> cosA + cosB + cosC - cosC - cosA - cosB = 0 (8)
o sinB + sinC + sinBsinC > 1 TCr (7) (8) suy ra dpcm. Dau bang xay ra o A B C la lam giac deu
o sinB + cosB + sinBcosB > 1. (2) Nhqn xet: Gia i h i c l A B C la lam giac khong c6 goc tu la can thiet, v i neu chang
Ro rang la c6: sinB > sin'B han A > 90" ^ B < 90", C < 90" => cosAcosBcosC < 0
cosB > cos^B =::> bieu thiJc 72 cos A cosBcosC khong co nghTa!
=> V T (1) > 1 vay (2) dung va dau bang khong xay ra, luTc la (1) dung A B C
2. Do cosA + cosB + cosC = 1 + 4sin—sin—sin— > 0. nen
IrUdng hdp nay khong xiiy ra daiu bang. 2 2 2
b. N e u A B C lii lam giac nhon. K h i do de lha'y s i n A + s i n B + sinC ^ j ^ V2
^ A B C cos A + cos B + cos C ~ 2
lanA + lanB + tanC > col
2
h c o l — + cot —
2 2 o
4i
sinA + sinB + sinC > cosA + cosB + cosC + — ( c o s A + cosB + cosC)
A B C
<=> lanAlanBlanC > col —col—cot —
2 2 2
o (sinA - cosA) + (sinB - co.sB) + (sinC - cosC) > (cosA + cosB + cosC)
A B C 2
cot col - cot -
sin A s i n B s i n C ^ 2 2 2
<=> c o s A c o s B c o s C > . A . B . C
sm sm sm
\/2 sin A - ^
4
+ V2 sin 4
+ V2sin C - ^
4J
> (cosA + cosB + cosC)
2 2 2
B6i duOng hi^c s i n h c[idi L u y n g glic — Fban lluy Kbal
JS/hdn xet: G'\k Ihie't A B C la tam giac khong c6 goc tu thiTc suT la can thie't. That
<=> 2 sin + 2 sin + 2 sin > c o s A + cosB + cosC (1). vay x c t A A B C v d i A = 120"; B = C = 30". K h i do
4 4j 4
+ 1
D a t a = A - - ; P = B - ^ ; y = C - ^ . s i n A + sinB + sinC
4 4 4 cosA + cosB + cosC '2^3-1
Ta c6: '
(!)<=> 2(sina + sinp + siny) > - c o s ( B + C) - cos(C + A ) - cos(A + B) 3. Do A B C la tam giac khong c6 goc t u , nen c6
IT
— cos — cos a + cosAcosBcosC > 0
<=> 2(sina + sinP + siny) > - ccos
os p+ ^
[ 2) l 2j ^ 2J ==> sin^A + sin^B + sin^C = 2(1 + cosAcosBcosC) > 2
o 2(sina + sinP + siny) > sin(P + y) + sin(y + a ) + sin(a + p) => sin^A + sin^B > 2 - sin^C. (1)
o (sina + sinp) + (sinP + siny) + (siny + sina) Da'u bang trong ( 1 ) x a y ra <=> A B C la tam giac vuong.
> sinacosP + sinPcosa + sinPcosy + sinycosP + sinycosa + sinacosy Ta lai c6:
<:> (sina + sinP)(l - cosy) + (sinP + siny)(l - cosa)
sinAsinB > sinAsinB - cosAcosB (do cosAcosB > 0)
+ (siny + s i n a ) ( l - cosP) > 0 (2)
=> 'SinAsinB > - c o s * A + B) = cosC
A + B TT A-B
Ta c6: sina + s i n P = 2 s i n " " ' " ^ c o s - — - = 2sin cos- =?/sin^Asin^B > 1 - sin^C. (2)
2 2 2 4j
A = 90"
A-B Dau bang trong (2) xay ra o cosAcosB = 0 o
= 2 sin cos-
4 2) B = 90".
TY C -K I T i r (1) (2) CO (1 + sin^A)( 1 + sin^B) > 1 + 1 - sin^C + 2 - sin^C
Do A B C la tam giac khong c6 goc tu nen 0 < - - y < -
• (1 + sin^A)(l + sin^B) > 2(2 - sin^C) (3)
=> (sina + sinP)(l - cosy) > 0. (3)
A = 90"
i D a ' u bang trong (3) xay ra o
C = ^ B = 90".
2
D a u b ^ n g trong (3) xay ra o 4 2 O
T i r (3) suy ra (1 + sin^A)(l + sin^B)(l + sin^C) > 2(2 - sin^C)(l + sin'C)
cos^ = 1 C = ^
4 hay (1 + sin^A)(l + s i n ' B ) ( l + sin^C) > 2(2 + sin^C - sin'C) (4).
L a p luan tiTdng tiT c6: (sinP + siny)( 1 - cosa) > 0 (4) Do sin'C - sin''C = s i n ' C ( l - sin^C) > 0 va dau bang xay ra o C = 90"
IT nen tir (4) co: (1 + sin^A)(l + sin^B)(l + sin^C) > 4 (5).
2 Da'u bang trong (5) xay ra <=> dong thdi co da'u b ^ n g trong (3), (4)
Dau bang trong (4) xay ra o
-j;
A = 90"
•4
,0
(5) B = 90 (6)
(siny + s i n a ) ( l - cosP) > 0
IT C = 90"
2 V i (6) khong the xay ra ( v i trong tam giac khong the co qua 1 goc vuong)
Dau bang trong (5) xay ra <=>
IT
Vay trong (5) khong the co da'u bang, tufc la
4
(1 + sin-A)( 1 + sin'B)( 1 + sin^C) > 4. '
T i r (3) (4) (5) suy ra (2) dung dpcm.
Do la dpcm. *
Da'u bang xay ra o dong thdi c6 da'u bang trong (3), (4), (5)
Nhdn xet: Gia thiet A B C khong c6 g6c td la thvfc sir can thiet Giai
That vay xet A A B C CO A = 120"; B = C = J. Theo ba't d i n g thiJc Cosi, ta co:
f 31 { n 1, + 1 175 ,
l a n ' A + tan'B + tan^C > 3N/lan^ A t a n ^ Btan^ C .
K h i d6 (1 + s i n ' A ) ( l + sin^B)(l + sin^C) = 1 + - i + - - = <4. (I)
4
l 4J l 4J 64 Ta CO VI A B C khong phai la tam giac vuong •
4. V i A B C la tam giac khong co goc tu nen tanAlanBtanC = lanA + lanB + tanC. (2)
cosA > 0, cosB > 0, cosC > 0. Do A B C la l a m giac nhpn nen la co lanA > 0, tanB > 0, lanC > 0, vay lai theo
cos A cos B . f . A . B]
Taco: ^ = 4 sin — sin — o t A c o t B ) bat diing IhuTc Cosi, ta co:
A B 2 2)
cos —cos — lanA + lanB + lanC > 3%/tan A l a n B t a n C . (3)
2 2
Tilf (2) (3) CO lanAlanBlanC > 3%/lan A l a n B l a n C
TCr do theo bat dang thufc Cosi, ta co:
=> (lanAlanBlanC)'' > 27lanAlanBlanC.
— A sin ^ sin ^ + 7 3 col A cot B
cos A cos B^ ^ V3 2 2 = sin—sin — + — c o r A col B Do lanAlanBlanC > 0 nen suy ra tan^Atan^Blan^C > 27. (4) ,
A B >/3 2 2 2
i
Tif (1) (4) di den dpcm. Dau bang xay ra <=> A B C la tam giac deu.
cos ~ cos —
2 2 ^/j^/i xet: Gia I h i e l A B C la lam giac nhpn l i thufc sif can thiet v i
Nhir the b^ng lap luan lifrtng lif, di den t Neu A B C la lam giac vuong chang han A = 90" Ihi lanA khong CO nghla.
cos A cosB cos B cos C cos C cos A
. Neu A B C la lam giac co goc l u , xt3t chang han A A B C co A = 120"; B = C = 30".
B C + C A
i
A B
cos —cos — cos —cos — cos — cos —
2 2 2 2 2 2 Khi do tan'A + lan'B + tan^C = (-73^ + = 3+ -<9.
A B . B . C . C . A + 3
< sin Y ^ i ' i - + sin Y^'" Y sin y s i n y
2. Theo bal dang ihiJc Cosi la co (do tan'*A, tan'^B, tan'^C deu > 0 v i A , B, C nhpn)
+ : / i ( c o t A col B + col B cot C + cot C col A ) l a n ' A + lan'B + lan'^C > 3lanAlanBlanC \/lan^ A l a n ^ Blan^ C (1)
2 Theo phan 1/ co tan"*A + lan^B + tan'C > 27 (2)
Do c o t A c o t B + c o t B c o l C + c o t C c o l A = 1 dpcm
Tuf (1) (2) suy ra dpcm. Dau bang xay ra o A B C la lam giac deu.
D a u b^ng xay ra o A B C la lam giac deu.
Nhan x c l : Gia thiet A B C la lam giac nhpn la Ihifc sir can thiet v i tru'dc he't n6
Nhdn xet: D i e u k i c n A B C la lam giac khong co goc l i i la ihifc siJ can thiet vl
khong the la lam giac vuong, con ne'u A B C co mot goc l i i k h i do xet phan vi
nen c h l n g han A > 9()" => cos A < 0, cosB > 0. cosC > 0
du sau: L a y A = 120"; B = C = 30"
c o s A cosB cosCcos A
• cac bieu thufc va khong CO nghla!
C A 273
i {--I^f + 2 i s
A B .f!
cos —cos ~ cos -cos— t a n ' A + tan'^B + lan'C = = -9V3 +
2 2 2 2 27
Bai 5. Cho A B C la tam giac nhon. Chufng minh rang
1. tan^A + tan^B + tan^C > 0.
9lanAlanBlanC = -9(73) (7^ = -375.
3 I
2. tan^A + tan^B + lan'^C > 9tanAlanBtanC.
27^ .1 vii-^ ^
b c Do -973 + < -373 vay bat dang ihij-c khong diing.
3. —a -b - —c > 27abc.
cosB cosC , cosC cos A cos A cosB
a co:
^ tan^ A tan^ B tan^ C ^ , „
4. —-I — H ^>1H. b a
. A B . C —a •+ - -b -c >27abc (1)
sin sin cosB cosC cosC cos A [cos A cos B
sin —
2 2
*^«-_r MI1MMWW I'MM W M^V VMM WtMMSUig VM^T
sinB sinC sinC sin A . „ sin A sinB . 4, Ap dung bat dang thuTc Cosi, ta c6:
— sin A H sinB
cosB cosC cosC cosA cos A ^ cosB sinC
tan^ A tan^ B tan^ C (tan A + tanB + tanC)^
> 27sinAsinBsinc;
siny sin~ sin- s i n - + sin - + sin ^ ,^o.v;.,,i ,
sin A sinB sinC
-cosC-sinA -sinB — sinC
.cosAcosB
*
cosB cosCcosA Do A , B, C nhon nen tanA > 0, tanB > 0, tanC > 0, vay theo baft d i n g thtfc
> 27sinAsinBsinc Cosi co:
1-cosBcosC 1-cosCcosA 1-cosAcosB ^ tanA + tanB + tanC > 3^/tan A t a n B t a n C - 3^/tan A + tanB + tanC ;
<^ , . >ll (2)
cosBcosC cosCcosA cos A cos B tanA + tanB + tanC > 3. (2)
I
(do sinA > 0, sinB > 0, sinC > ()) L a i CO theo bat dang thufc liTdng giac cd ban trong tam giac
A B C . A . B . C 3 •• •
Dat X = t a n Y ^ y = t a n y , z = tan-^ • 0 < sin — + sin — + sin — < - (3) , ..
2 2 2 ~2 . M .
D o A , B, C la cac goc nhon nen 0 < x < 1, 0 < y < 1, 0 < z < 1 T v / r \ / i \ ^ T \A , tan^B , t a n ^ C ^ , „
T i r ( l ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) suy ra - - + — + pr->18.
A . B .
\ 1-y^ 1-z^ sin- sin- sin -
T a c 6 : cosA = cosB = cosC = 2 •
1 + x^ 1 + l + z 2 2 2
Do la dpcm. Dau bang xay ra o A B C la tam giac deu.
Vay
Nhqn xet: Gia thie't A B C la tam giac nhon la can thie't va triTdc het tanA, tanB,
, (i-x^)(i-y^) , (i-y^)(i-z^) , (i-z^)(i-x^)
lanC CO nghTa k h i A , B, C khong phai la goc vuong. N e u A B C la tam giac c6
( l + x ^ ) ( l + y^") " ( r + y ^ ) ( l + z^) ^ " ( r + z ^ ) ( l + x ^ ) ^ . .
(2)« goc t u , Chang han xet A A B C v d i A = 120", B = C = 30", ta c6:
(l-x^)(l-y^) • (l-y^)(l-z^) • (l-z^)(l-x^)
tanA = ->/3; tan B = tan C = —
( l + x ^ ) ( l + y^) ( l + y ^ ) ( l + z2) ( l + z ^ ) ( l + x^) 3
. . A 73 . B . C . , n V2-V3
l(.^W) 2(y^W) 2{z^W) isin—= — ; s i n — = s i n — = sinl5 .
(3)
(l-x^)(l-y^)'(l-y^)(l-z^)'(l-z^)(l-x^)" 2 2 2 2 2
Nhdn xet: Vao nam 1915 nha loan hoc F.Balilrand da chi ra rSng ba't dang thiJc tren
diing v d i m o i lam giac khong nhon va cung cho phan v i du no co the khong
1. R6 rang neu A B C la lam giac vuong chang han A = 90" thi lanA khong e6
diing neu A B C la tam giac co goc tii (lieu cac ban doc gia co t i m diTdc v i du
nghla, con neu A B C la lam giac co goc tu chang han A > 90" k h i do B, C la
nao hay khong?). V i le do bat dang thiJc nay co ten hai ngirdi:
goc nhon nen lanA < 0, lanB > 0, tanC > 0 con ro rang sinAsinBsinC > 0
Bat d i n g thu-c T.Ono va F.Balilrand".
27
=> P < 0 vay khong the co P > — . Bai 8. (Bat dang ihtfc A . W . W a l k e r )
O
2. Bat dang thi?c W.I.Gridasov difdc cong bo Ian dau l i e n tren tap chi Cho A B C la l a m giac khong co goc til. Chtfug minh rang:
" M a t e m a t y k a " (Wars/awa) N"32 - 1972 Irang 308 - 309 >2R^+8Rr + 3r^
3. Ta CO the viet lai bat dang thiJc W.I.Gridasov difdi dang sau: Giai
27 27
lanAtanBlanC > . ^ . hay tanA + lanB + lanC ^ . T a c o : p^ > 2R^ + 8Rr + 3r^
SsinAsmBsmC 8sinAsinBsinC
o p^ - 4Rr - r^ > 2R^ + 4Rr + 2r^
.^373
Ro rang trong m o i lam giac la co: 0 < sinAsinBsmC < _ p^ - 4 R r - r ^ ^ R^ + 2 R r + r^
2R2 R2
27
- > 3N/3 .
8sin A s i n B s i n C ^ P ^ - 4 R r - r ^ , fR + r^^
(1)
V a y bat dang thiJc W.I.Gridasov la tot hdn k e l qua quen biet sau: 2R2 R
Trong m o i l a m giac nhon, la co: lanA + tanB + tanC > 3A/3 . Theo bai loan phu trd (xem phan dang thtfc liTdng giac trong tam giac), ta co:
(!)<=> sin^A + sin'B + sin^C > (cos^A + cos^B + cos^C)^
B a i 7. (Bat d i n g ihiJc T.Ono va F.Balilrand)
<=> a' + b^ + c^ > (2RcosA +2RcosB + 2 R c o s C ) l (2)
Cho A B C la tam giac khong nhon, chi^ng minh rang:
Xet hai kha nang sau: /
27(b= + c^ - a^)^(a^ + c^ - b^)'(a^ + b= - c-)' <
Neu A B C la tam giac vuong l a i (tai A c h i n g han)
Giai
(2) o 2a^ > 4R^(cosB + cosC)^ ;
* X e t k h i A B C la tam giac nhon
<=> 2a^ > a^(cosB + sinB)^
A p dung dinh ly ham so cosin, la co:
<=> 2 > 1 + 2sinBcosB ,,
o •• ••• ' ^ ^
27(b= + c^ - a^Ka^ + c^ - b^)=(a^ + b^ - c^)^ < 4^5^^ (1)
<:> 27(2bccosA)^(2accosB)'(2abcosC)^ < 4'(2R^sinAsinBsinC)' <=>sin2B<l. (3)
« 64.27(abc)'cos'Acos'Bcos'C < 4 ' . 2 ' R ' ' s i n ' A s i n ' B s i n ' ' C (3) dung ncn (2) dung. Da'u bSng xay ra <=> B = 45" '
« 64.27.8'R'=sin^Asin'Bsin'Ccos=Acos'Bcos'C < 4 ' . 2 ' ' R ' ' s i n ' A s i n ' B s i n ' C ^ A B C la tam giac vuong ciin dinh A .
2. N e u A B C la tam giac nhon p a l 9. ChuTng m i n h r i n g trong m o i tam giac nhon ta co cac bat dang thiJc sau:
G o i H la irifc tam A A B C . Ta c6: H A = 2RcosA, H B = 2RcosB, H C = 2RcosC.
4S^
V a y (2) « a^ + + c^ > ( A H + B H + C H ) ^ (3)* 1 sinAsinB + sinBsinC + sinCsinA < ^ 2R2+4Rr + rV
2R^ 27R2 j
Ta c6: A H . A A ' = A C ' . A B = cbcosA = 4S
1 sin^ A + s i n ^ B + s i n ^ C < 2 + -.
27R
a^+c^-b^
TiTdng tir BH.BB' =
1 sin^ A + sin^B + s i n ^ C < — — 4 R 2' - 2 ^Rrr. -_2 0.2
r^ +
a^+b^-c^
^ 4R-V 27R2J
CH.CC' =
4S^
A (sinA + sinB)(sinB + sinC)(sinC + sinA) < — — (R + r ) ( 2 R + r ) +
a^+b^+c^ 27R'J
Vay A H . A A ' + BH.BB' + C H . C C =
4R 2 ^
5. J 1 < i 2 R ^ + 4 R r + r^ +
A'H B ' H , C'H , sinA sinB sinC S 27R^ j
Theo dinh l i X e V a , co: — + + ^ = 1
sinA + s i n B sinB + sinC sinC + s i n A 1 4S^
' A H ^ BH ^ CH 2 R ^ + R r + r2 +
(4), ^ •—
sinC 1 s i•—•
nA 1 sinB <
Rr 27R^
A'A B'B C'C
^S^
A P dung bat dang thuTc Bunhiacopski ket hdp v d i (4), ta c6: 7. cosAcosB + cosBcosC + cosCcosA <
2 2 2 27R^
• ( 3 ) dung dpcm.
^ - ± i L ± £ - . 2 > ( A H + B H + CH)^ 4S
I cos^ A + cos^B + c o s ^ C > l - •
Dau bilng xay ra <=> A B C la tam giac deu. 27R'
'y 2
'2. cot^ A + c o t ^ B + c o t ^ C < 2R^ + -2.
27R^j
V a y a ' + b' + c ' = ^ + y + y = 3 ^
9R'
'3- (tanA + tanB)(tanB + tanC)(tanC + tanA) >
T a c 6 : R = 0 A = A B = ^3 I 2S
V a y (2RcosA + 2RcosB + 2RcosC) 8R2_r2_16S
C 27R^
l l t a n 2 A + t a n 2 l + tan2^>
= 4R' _ i + : ^ + ^ f = ^ ( 2 V ^ - l f =^(13-4V^) 2
^ 2 - 2 • 2) 3 (2R + r)2+-lS' ' ^
27R^
Ro rang 13 - 4>/3 > 5 (VI o 2 > 73 ).
V a y ta co: a' + b ' + c^ < (2RcosA + 2RcosB + 2RcosC)' tufc la (2) khong du"^ '^•cot^A + e o t ^ B + e o t ^ C 1 .2
4R'-4Rr-r^
^r,_ .2 + 8S
Do do gia thiet A B C la tam giac khong co goc tii la thi/c sif can thiet. I 2 2 2 " 27R2J
BSI du6ng bpc attib gt6l LUftng glAc - Fhan Huy lUiat Cty TPfllllMTVDVVnKhang Vlft
1 ] 1 4R + r
•X A ^ B 1C ^ S 4S SO. — + — + — >
16. cot-' — + c o t ^ - + c o r - < — 2 R 2 - 8 R r + r^ + ra^b rbf, r,r. 2 , 8rS 2 "
z ^ r 27R^ r(2R + rr +
27R^
2 A . 2 B - 2 6 . 2 C , . 2 C . 2 A 1 .2 ,
17. s i n 2 - s i n 2 - + s i n 2 _ - s i n ^ - + sm - s i n - < - ^ lOR^ + 6 R r + r^ + 4S'
27R2 31. h , + h „ + h , < - 2RV4Rr+r^
27R^
8S^
18. cos2A + cos2B + cos2C > - l - 2 8S'
27R^ '
32. h , K + h h h , + h , h , < ^
(2R + rr + 27R'
19. sin — + sm — + sin — > — 4 R 2 - 4 R r - 2r^ 2 . 8S^
2 8R^ 27R^J 33. h . h b h , < (2R + r )
R 27R^j
1 1 1 ^ l + (4R + rr
20. - + ^ +
B - > x2 8Sa • 2R2+4Rr + r2+-^^
cos^y cos'" cos^y (2R + r ) ' + hahb h„h,, • h , h , 28^ 27R'
27R'
4S^
1 1
1 / 2 2 2 . 4S^ 2R^ +
21. -+ 5- + pT< — 2R^ - 2 R r + r ' + 27R^J
. 2A . 2B . 2^ r 27R^
sin — sin — sm —
2 2 2 Giai
1 1 1 8 R ( 4 R + r) Trirdc het chii y rang ba't dang thiJc W.l.Gridasov ( x c m bai 6) co the viet lai
22.
.A . B ^ 2B 2C"^ 2C 2 A
> a +. - ^8S ,2 • diTcifi dang sau: Trong m o i tam giac nhon, ta c6:
cos" cos cos'
i-OS
. COS--
cos :2 CC OO SS- ^cos-
COS
^ (2R + r) ---^
2'^ 21R'
2 2 p^-(2R + r ) ^ < ^ (*)
2S' 27R-
23. + <6R' +
9R' 27
That vay theo bai 6 ta co: tanAtanBtanC >
8sinAsinBsinC
8Rr^ (2R + r ^ ) + ' ^ 2pr 2S
27R- Do lanAtanBtanC - tanA + tanB + tanC =
24. I.M<
4S p 2 - ( 2 R + rr p'-(2R + rr
(R + r)(2R + r) +
27R^ sinAsinBsinC =
2R'
25. r A r , < r ( 2 R + r ) ' + | ^ .
I (theo bai toan phu trd - x c m phan dang ihtfc lifdng giac trong tam giac)
8rS^ iTirdotaco: — ^ > ^ ^ p ^ - ( 2 R + r)^<«^^
26. r , r , + r , r , + r , r , < ( 2 R + r ) ' + p ' - ( 2 R + r)' 4S 2•
27R^ 27R
sinAsinB + sinBsinC + sinCsinA = P + 4 R r + r Vi the ta lai c6: sin^ A + sin^ B + sin^ C < - . (2")
4
VI ABC la tam giac nhon nen theo bat dang thufc W.I.Gridasov, ta c6:
Nhirvay chu y rang: -^<2l:^<J_ '
" 27R'' " 9R^ " 4
p2<(2R + r ) ' + - ^ . (**)
27R^ Vi the' bat d i n g thiJc trong phan 21 la tot hctn bat ding thufc (2') va cang tot
Tiif (*), (**)c6: hcJn bat dang thtfc ( 2 " ) . Lu\ y rang bat dang thtfc ( 2 " ) la ra't thong dung. ^
3. Do do ta lha'y vice xet cac bat d i n g thtfc trong bai tren la hdp ly va ho^n
(2R + r ) ' + ^ + 4 R r + r2
k. toan C O y nghTa.
sinAsinB + sinBsinC + sinCsinA < ^^-'-^ hay
4R^ wk~ 9. ChiJng minh hoiin loan lu'dng tif.
4S2 Wt). Xet bat d i n g thiJc ., „ . •, • s... v . • ,
sinAsinB + sinBsinC + sinCsinA < 2R^ + 4 R r + r^ +
2R^ 27R^ j
cotA + cotB + cotC < - 2 R ^ + . 4 ^
S 27R'
(10)
Vay ( 1 ) diTrtc chiJng minh: Dau bang xay ra o ABC la tam giac deu.
2. Xet bat dang thu-c:
Theo biii toan phu tnl, ta c6: cot A + cotB + cotC = p ^ - r ^ - 4 R r . (*)
2S
sin^ A + sin^B + s i n - C < 2 + 7 (2)
Tir (*) va ba't ding thiJc W.I.Gridasov, suy ra
Theo bai toan phu trd, ta c6: sin^ A + sin^ B + sin^ C = ^^^^—(*) (2R + r ) + ^ ^ \ - 4 r R
2R2 coiA + cotB + colC < 27R^
-. hay
2S
Theo ba't d i n g thiJc W.I.Gridasov thi p^ < (2R + r)^ + . (**) .2 ^
27R^ colA + cotB + colC < - 2R^ +
(2R + r ) ' + - ^ - 4 R r - r 2
it.' s 27R^
Vay (1) du-dc chij-ng minh va dau bing xay ra « ABC la tam giac deu
Tiir (*) va (**) CO sin^ A + sin^ B + sin^ C < pl -1."^. ChiJng minh tu'iJng tiT.
4R^
14. Xet bat dang thiJc
hay sin^ A + sin^ B + sin^ C < 2 + . X
27R^ 8R^-r-'6^-
tan- A + tan" B + t a n ' C > 27R^ T
Vay (2) diTdc chiJng minh. Dau bang xay ra o ABC la tam giac deu. (14)
] 16Rr^p^
X Theo bai toan phu trd thi / , , / [ , ^ ~T (*)
-1 0 :
p- + 2Rr + r^
-
(2R4r)-+
4S-
8S^
27R^
, + r ( 2 R + r)
8Rr' (2R +
- hay A,/,/^, < •
, ' ) + i ^ i
(R4r)(2R + r ) +
27R'i
4S^
R ~ 2 R 27R- 27R^
r^ r V a y (24) dung dpcm. Dau bang xay ra <=> A B C ia lam giac deu.
hay 2-2
R- R ~ 4 ^•"^ 3.^. ChiJng minh lu'dng tU. ' '
-FbanHuyRbal
Nhdn xet:
14. sin — s i n ' ' — + s i n ' ^ — s i n ^ — + s i n ^ — s i n ^ — >
1. 35 ba't d i n g thiJc Iren d e u diTa v a o baft d i n g thtfc W . I . G r i d a s o v 2 2 2 2 2 2 - 16R2
^r. ^^^4R'+3R^-9R^r-4r-'
9. cos-' A + cos-' B + cos-' C < r .
2R^
r'rb fbr' r.^fa r(2RV8Rr+ 3r2)'
10. c o t A + c o t B + cotC>-^^^''^
28. h , + hb + h^. > - ( R 2 + 6Rr + 2v^).
R
2 A 2B 2C^12R^-4Rr-5r^
11. tan — + tan — + tan — < ^.
29. h , h b + h b h , + h , , h , > ^ ( 2 R 2 + 8 R r + 3r^).
2 2 2 2 R ^ + 8 R r + 3r^
R
T i f do suy ra (19) dung. Dau bang xay ra <=> A B C la tam giac deu (d day xet
hay a ' s i n 2 A + b 2 s i n 2 B + c 2 s i n 2 C < ^ ( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) s i n A s i n B s i n C "
trong Idtp cac tam giac nhpn).
Nhqn xet:
^ ( a 2 s i n 2 A + b^sin2B + c 2 s i n 2 c ) \
1. (5 day dong vai tro ndi bat la bat dang thiJc A . W . W a l k e r . Co the xem 29 b a i
4 . 4 R M s i n ^ A + sin^B + sin ^ c)sin A sin B sin C
dang thiJc t r c n la cac he qua triTc tiep cua bat dang thiJc nay.
<
2. Ban doc hay cho v i du de thay rSng cac gia thie't A B C la tam giac nhon hoac 3.4.2R^sinAsinBsinC
khong CO goc tu la can thiet. ^ ( a ^ s i n 2 A + b^ sin2B + sin2C) < ^ ( s i n ^ A + sin^ B + sin^ c) (4)
B a i 10. Cho A B C la tam giac khong c6 goc tii. ChuTng minh:
• Theo bat dang thiJc Ming giac cd ban trong tam giac, ta c6: '•''
a^cosA b^cosB . c^cosC ^3
<-.
be ab ~ 2 sin^ A + sin^B + s i n ^ C < - ^ . (5) .(.j
ca
Giai
I Tilf (4) (5) suy ra (1) dung. Da'u bkng xay ra o A B C la tam giac d i u
^ , a^cosA b^cosB c^cosC^3 Do la dpcm.
Ta co: 1 ^ 1 < -
be ca ab 2 Nhdn xet: Ban doc hay cho v i du de' thay r^ng gia thie't A B C la tam giac khong
o — ( a ^ s i n 2 A + b^sin2B + c ^ s i n 2 C ) < - (1) CO goc tu la can thiet.
4S 2
.:iA
B a i 11. Cho A B C la tam giac nhon. Chiang minh:
Do vai tro binh dang c6 the gia suT A > B > C => a^ > b^ > c l (2)
t a n A + t a n B + tanC + t a n - t a n - t a n -
Do A B C la tam giac khong c6 goc t u , nen B + C > ^ , ma B > C => B > ^ 2 2 2 - 9 •
Giai
Ta CO A > B ^ 2A > 2B
V i A B C la tam giac nhon, nen ta c6:
=>0<7t-2A<7i-2B<-
2 tan A + tan B + tan C > cot I + cot I + cot I (xem chtfng m i n h bai 1 ph^n nay)
=> sin(TC - 2 A ) < sin(7i - 2B) , . , A B C 1 1
, L a i CO tan — t a n — t a n — =
=> sin2A < sin2B. 2 2 2 A B C A B C
cot-cot-cot- cot- + cot- + cot- .
Chi CO hai kha nang sau xay ra: 2 2 2 2 2 2 ' ••
1. N eu C > - , Ihi do B > C 0 < 7t - 2B < 71 - 2C < - Vay
4 2
=> sin(7t - 2B) < sin(7t - 2C) Ian A + tanB + tanC + tan — t a n - t a n -
2 2 2
=> sin2B < sin2C.
A B C 1 Giai
> c o t - + cot- + cot- + ^ - . (I) A B C ,
cot
+cot +cot- D a t x = tan —, y = tan —, z = tan—, thi
2 2 2 2 . 2 2 , ,
A B C ( ) < x < l , 0 < y < l , 0 < z < 1.
R6 rang trong moi tam giac ta c6: cot — + col — + cot — > (2)
Hien nhien theo he thiJc lu'dng trong tam giac va ba't dang thiJc liTdng giac cd
Dau b^ng trong (2) xay ra <=> ABC la tam giac deu. ban, ta c6:
Xet ham so f(x) = x + - vdi x > V3 . xy + yz + zx = 1 (i)
A B C r .
x + y + z=tan h tan — + tan—> V3 (2)
Taco: f'(x) = 1 - - ^ > 0 khi x > Vs . 2 • 2 • 2
x^ Theo bat dang thuTc Cosi, ta c6:
Vay f(x) la ham dong bien khi x > 3>/3 . V i the tilf (2) c6:
(l-x)(l-y)(l-z)
(l-x)(l-y)(l-z)<
3
cot" hCOt hCOt —
2 2 2 3^/3 9 \
X + y+ z 7^]
A B C 1 ^28V3 r:>(l-X)(l-y)(l-z)< 1- < 1- (3)
=> cot— + cot— + cot— H T r- —> . (3)
2 2 2 A B C 9 (
c o t ~ + cot + c o t - <' :. Lai c6:
2 2 2
{1 - x ) ( l - y ) ( l - z) = 1 + (xy + yz + zx) - (x + y + z) - xyz
T i r ( l ) va (3) suy ra
= 2 - ( x + y + z + xyz).
T. ^ A B C^28V3
tan A + tan B + tan C + tan — tan—tan — > => dpcm. Tijrdo c6: X + y + z + xyz 2 - (1 - x)(l - y ) ( l - z). (4)
2 2 2 ~ 9
ir(3)(4)c6 x + y + z + x y z > 2 - fl
Nhan xet: R6 rang ABC khong the la tam giac vuong vi neu chang han A = 90" 3
thi tan A khong c6 nghia. 6 la dpcm. Dau bang xay ra khi va chi khi ABC la tam giac deu.
* X e t A A B C v d i A = 120";B = C = 30"
R \/3
Khi do tanA = - V 3 ; tanB = tanC = — => tanA + tanB + tanC = .
3 3
Lai CO tan — = 73;tan—= tan — = tanl5" = 2 - ^ / 3
2 2 2
=> tan — t a n - t a n - = V3 ( 2 - V s f = 7 3 ( 7 - 4 7 3 ) = 7 7 3 - 1 2
2 2 2
A B C 20^ ,^
=> tanA + tanB + tanC + tan—tan —tan — = 12<0.
2 2 2 3
Vay khong the c6 bat dang thiJc theo yeu cau.
Nhif vay gia thiet ABC la tam giac nhon la thiTc sir can thiet!
Bai 12. Cho ABC la tam giac khong c6 goc tu
^. . ^ A B C A B C^1073
ChuTng mmh: tan — h tan — + tan — h tan — tan—tan — > .
2 2 2 2 2 2 ^ 9
aoi auvny ujw, sum yim i^uyny y"- -
C . B a t dang thtfc Itfrfng giac trong tarn giac khong nhon Tiir bang bien Ihien suy ra: VP (3) = f {sm
• A
— < f = 41
Tam giac khong nhon la tarn giac co max {A, B, C} > 90". 2J
I 2 J
Trong muc nay ta se xet cac bat ding thiJc liTcfng giac trong lam giac khong Vay tir ( 2 ) (3) suy ra ( 2 ) diing => ( 1 ) dung => dpcm.
nhon. [B = C
Dafu bang xay ra <=> A V2 ^ ABC la tam giac vuong can.
Bai 1. (Bat dang thuTc A.Emmerich) '' ' "
sin—= —
Cho ABC la tam giac khong nhon. Chi?ng minh: R 2 2 ^
I
Ro rang ta co: sinA < 1 (3)
B-C ... ,, B-C ^ . , ^ A IT A ^ N/2
Dau bang trong (3) xay ra o cos - = 1 o B = C. Vi 0 < cos < con do — < — < — => cos— < —
I
2 4 ^ 2 2 2 ~ 2
^ A B-C
X c l ham so f(x) = -2x^ + 2x + 1 vdi — < x < 1 I cos — COS <4i. (4)
2 2
doA> — =>-< —<-=> — <sm—<1 I Tir (3) (4) suy ra ( 2 ) dung => dpcm. of!
~2 4 " 2 2 2 2 sin A = 1
Ta co: f'(x) = - 4 x + 2 va c6 bang bicn thicn sau: A 4i A = 90'
,0
cos— =
X Dau bang xay ra <=> B= C
1 ^ 2
B-C
2
,
2 2
cos =I
r(x) 0 i i ..h< f; . \
r(x) i \ : o ABC lii tam giac vuong can.
Cly TrniHnrVDVVntibang Vlft~
Nhdn xet: Gia I h i c l ABC la tarn g i a c k h o n g n h o n Ihifc sif c a n thie't 'fidn xet:Dicu kicn ABC la lam giac khong nhpn la thUc siT can thie't.
Neu ABC la l a m g i a c n h o n , g i a silr ABC la l a m g i a c d c u c a n h a, k h i d o Xcl vi du khi ABC la lam giac deu canh a. Luc dc5
p = ^ ; ( V ^ + l)R^(V^ + l ) ^ = ^ ^ a . 3a , .»J3 , a73 5aV3 " I'''" " ' " l
2 3 3 n= —;2R+r = 2 = . ^
Ta co: — > ' 2 3 6 6 - ,
2 3 Litu y battadang
3 5^/3 r ' •
Ro rang co: -thii'c
> ban dau(vicoodang
9 > p5V3
> 2R). + r!
c:>9> 2 ^ 6 + 2 ^ pai 4. (Ba't dang thuTc J.T.Groenman) <'
c ^ 8 1 > 4 2 + 8^18 (**) Neu ABC la tam2 giac6khong n h p n , hay chiJng minh:
39 > 8^/[8 .
Vi (**) dung nen (*) dung p > (N/2 + I)R, vay bat dang ihu-c ban dflail a'+b^+c^ ^8V2-4
ab + be + ca 7
khong dung trong IriTdng hdp nay.
Bai 3. Cho ABC la tarn giac khong nhon. ChiJng minh rang: p < 2R + r. 2. ab + b e + c a < 2 ( 4 7 2 - 5 ) p ^
Giai Uli giai cua bai loan n a y diTPc du^a ra Ian dau bdi tac gia J.T>Groenman tren
Gia surmax{A, B, C) = A => A > - tap chi "Nienm Arch Wisk" N " 64/5 I r a n g 256 - 259.
Ban d p e hay tiT chi^ng minh xem sao?
Tac6:p<2R + r (1) Bai 5. (Bat dang IhiJc O.Bottema)
A B C ^„ . A . B . C
<=> 4Rcos—cos—cos— < 2R + 4Rsin—sm —sm — Chiirng minh rang neu ABC la tam giac khong n h p n , ta co:
2 2 2" 2 2 2
p>(3 + 2N/2)r.
. A B C ^ . A . B . C^,
o 2cos—cos—cos 2sm —sm—sm — < 1 Giai
B+ C B-Cl . A B-C B + Cl Theo bai 4 (baft dang thii'c J.T.Groenman) co:
o cos- 2 cos 2 21-cos 2 2 2 cos- -cos- <1 la
— sm — 2
2 ab + be + c a < 2(4N/2-5)P'.
A . A A B - C . A B - C + sm- — < 1 Do ab + be + ea = p ' + r + 4Rr (bai loan phu trP), ta co:
2 2 ~
o c o s — s m — h cos—cos sm—cos p' + r- + 4Rr < 2 ( 4 ^ 2 - 5 ) p ^ ^
A . A A B-C . A B-C 2A
2 2 2 2 2 + 4Rr < ( 8 ^ 2 - l l ) p ^
:^:>r-
o cos—sm — + COS—cos sm — c o s — cos — < 0
A f . A A ' B - C [ . A :^i>p->—pi (4Rr + r-) Ail
cos 2— s m 2— - c o s2— — COS2 2 — - COS
sm 2 — <0 2
2I 2 2. 2 I 2 2) 8V2 - 1 1
i • A Al ( A B - C <0. (2) . 8N/2+11/ 2^
sm —- cos cos cos- ^>p^> (4Rr + r 2 j . (1)
I 2 2 Jl 2 Theo bai 1 (bat dang thiJc Emmerich) ihi R > ( > / 2 + l ) r , vay lir(l) co:
TT A T; . A A . A A 2^872+11
4rH^ + \) + r'
- < — < - => sm— > cos—
4~ 2 2 2" 2 >m CO
1
7
2 A B-C <0.
2
cos COS
, . , |B-C| A A ^ B-C
,0 2 2 => p - > ( l 7 + 12>/2)r2 p - > ( 3 + 2V2) r^
Lai CO
Dau bang xay ra o < — < — A =»= 90'
C O S — < cos
<=> ABC la tarn giac vuong can. =>p>-(3 + 2V2)r. >r':\.. . • .J^;
2 2 2B = C 2 2 D(') la dpcm. • '" .
Hoi dMiiS sum at^l LUpna St^c - man imjnaini
Nhdn xet: X e t tarn giac deu A B C canh a, ta c6: 2 A 2B, 2B 2C, 2C 2A 7 + 4N/2
5. cos —cos hcos — cos f-cos — cos — < ^ ^ ^ ^
_3a. 8
(3 + 2 j 2 ) r = < i i ^ ^ a . ! if,.
2 6 • . 4A , . 4B , . 4C^2-V2
16. sm y + sm y + sm - > _ _ _ .
Co the thay - < ^ ( v i c ^ 9 < 3>/3+2N/6 ) 17. R + r > V 2 S .
2 6
18. S < R r ( V 2 + l ) .
i z > p < {3 + 2^)r.
Vay gia thiet A B C la tam giac khong ohon la thiTc sir can thiet. 19. h , + h b + h , < R ( l + 2^/2).
B a i 6. Cho A B C la tam giac khong nhon. ChiJng minh cac ba't dang thiJc sau: 20. h . h h h , < 2 r 2 R ( l + V 2 f .
:"!
1. sinAsinB + sinBsinC + sinCsinA < ^ *. 21. h , h h + h | , h , + h , . h , < 2 R r ( l + N/2)^
2 ..<: f,'
2. X e t b a l d^ng ihurc: W
• Vay(l)c=>—>]
(sinA + sinB)(sinB + sinC)(sinC + s i n A ) < ^ ( l + V 2 f . „ (1)
2 R R ^ , .'in;
<=> —.— > 1 (2)
Thco bai loan phu Ird, i h i
P r
p{p^ + r ' + 2 R r ) R . n: . . R
(sinA + sinB)(sinB + sinC)(sinC + sinA) = —^ . _ j-^}; (2) Do — > \/2 - 1 va — > x/2 + 1, vay (2) dung => dpcm.
P r .'.•> •-»• —•
Tir (2) suy ra iS'u bang xay ra A B C la lam giac vuong can.
e l ba'l diing ihiJc
4R^ 2 A B C
->
an — + lan — + l a n — > 2 V ^ - I . (1)
2 2 2 ~
' 1 r 1 P_ r
« 14 P. + - < ^ ( l + V^f. (3) Thco bai loan phu irO, i h i
R R R 2 R, R 2
A B C 4R + r
T i f do ta c6: lan 1- Ian — h lan — > .
2 2 2~ p
VT(3)<i(7? + l)•Vi(V^ + l ) ( 7 ^ - l f + - ( ^ / ^ + l)(V^-l) '
4 4 2 Vay ( 1 ) » lMl>2V2-l
h , y V T , 3 , . ^ = | ( l + 7if.
^2R^(2R + r ) ^ ^ ^ _ ^ _ (2)
Va> (3) diing => dpcm. Dau bang xay ra o
3. X c l ba'l dang ihiJc:
A B C la lam giac vuong can
I Taco: — > ^ i — = 2 ( V 2 - l ) . (3)
P N/2-1
• ' ' >2(V2 + l ) . (1)
sin A sin B sin B sin C sin C sin A Dau bang trong (3) xay ra o A B C la lam giac vuong can.
Thco bai loan phu i r d , i h i
Thco ircn lai c6 2R + r > p, ttfc " > 1, (4)
P
sinAsinB sinBsinC sinCsinA r
Da'u bang irong (4) xay ra <=> A B C la lam giac vuong can
Do vay (1) o 2—>l{42 + \) Tu- (3) (3) suy ra (2) dung => dpcm
r
Da'u bang xay ra <=> A B C la lam giac vuong can.
o->42+\ (2) ^- Suy l i f bai 6 v d i nhan x c l :
r
Thco ba'l dang ihiJc Emmerich ihi (2) diing dpcm. » 2 A 2 B 0 C A B Cl
tan — h lan — + tan" — = lan — + l a n — + tan — -2.
Da'u bang xay ra <=> A B C la lam giac vuong can. 2 2 2 2 2 2
2R^ , A B] f B f C A) 4R
(colA + colB)(colB + colC)(colC + colA) = tan — + tan — tan — + tan — l a n — h lan —
I 2 2 I 2 2J I 2 2j
Pr
B3I duaan ma ^ai Uijtu^ guic - rban nuyToisr Cty Timtl MTV own Kbang Vlft
Dau b^ng xay ra « A B C la tam giac vuong can. V i the theo bat dang thtJc Emmerich thi suy ra dpcm.
10. X e t b a t d a n g t h i i f c flp. Da'u bang xay ra o A B C la tam giac vuong can
r- A B B C C A ^ R c - . / r N 15 - 16. Chu-ng minh lu-dng tu".
4 V 2 + 5 < C O t Y C O t Y + COt — c o t — + COt —COty < y l 3 + N/2j (1)
17. X e t bat dang thufc
Theo bai toan phu IrcJ, thi R = r>V2S (1)
A B B C C A 4 R +r Theo cac bai tren ta c6 2R + r > p
cot — cot — h c o t — c o t — h cot—cot — =
2 2 2 2 2 2 r => 4Rr + 2r^ > 2S (2) '
r 4 R + r ^ R ( 3 + N/2) Da'u bang trong (2) xay ra <=> A B C la tam giac vuong can *
yithe(l)o 4V2+5< <
Theo cac bai tren lai c6 R > (N/2 + l ) r • •*-
4R + r
Taco: 4 ^ 2 + 5 < <=> R - r > >/2r
1
O R ' - 2Rr + r- > 2r^
o 4 7 2 + 4 < 4 - o ( R + r)^>2r^ + 4Rr. (3)
o>/2 + I < - . (3) • D a u bang trong (3) xay ra <=> A B C la tam giac vuong can.
Theo bat dang thiJc Emmerich thi (3) dung f Tuf (2) (3) di den (R + r) > 2S hay R + r > V2S
Do la dpcm. D a u b3ng xay ra o A B C Ik tam giac vuong can.
T -.v,- 4R + r ^ R ( 3 + V2)
L a i thay < 18. Ta co:
r r S<Rr(/2+l) (1)
o 4R + r < 3R + V2R
Opr<Rr(V2+l)
o r < R(V2-I)
Op<R(V2+l) (2)
CO ( V 2 + l ) r < R . (4) Theo ciic bai tren thi (2) dung => dpcm
B6I dudng hyc sitdi glol Lupng gidc - Fhan Huy Khal
GAm^^j^ VAI UNC DUNG C O A LlTdNC GIAC
19. X e t bat dang thuTc
h , + hh + h , < R ( I + 2 V 2 ) (1)
•F1
TRONG VIEC GIAI CAC BAI TO AN SCl CAP
p2 +4Rr Trong chi/dng nay chung toi trinh bay mot so' ufng dung ciia lifdng giac trong
Theo b a i loan phu t r d , i h i + ht, + h^. =
2R viec giiii cac bai loan sd ca'p thuoc cac ITnh viTc khac - ng^di ta thu'dng goi la
phu'dng phap li/dng giac hoa do giai cac bai toan nay.
VWay(l)oP^±^tl^<R(l+2V^)
1 - 1 r § 1. P H U O N G P H A P L U O N G G I A C H 6 A T R O N G C A C B A I
+ 2 - < l + 2V2 . (1)
2
-1—
2 R R ^ JTOAN B A T D A N G THlTC V A T I M G I A T R I L 6 N N H A T , N H O
Theo cac bai i r c n t h i NHAT C U A H A M S O
Lu"(<ng giac hoa la mot trong nhUng phu'dng phap hay stir dung de chtfng minh
VT(1)<
i ( V 2 + l ) ' + ^ ( V 2 - l f + 2 ( V 2 - l ) = l + 2V2 bat dang thu'c vii tini gia tri IcKn nhift, nho nhat ciia ham so'.
Do la dpcm. D a u bSng xay ra <=> A B C la tarn giac vuong can. Biing phu'dng phap ddi bie'n krdng giac ta du'a b i c u thu'c va d i c u k i c n ciia bai
2 0 - 2 1 . Churng minh lifdng tiT. loan ve dang lu'dng giac. T i f do du'a vao phep tinh lu'dng giac ta se de dang
22. X e t bat dang thiJc k e p h(tn trong vice giai bai toan da cho.
ai 1. T i m gia t r i Idn nha't va nho nhat cua ham so:
r ( 4 > / 2 + 5 ) < r „ + r h + r,. < R ( 3 + V2) (1)
«r(V2+l<R) (3)
(i + x ' T ( l + tan^;p)
Theo bat dang thuTc Ennmerich thi (2) (3) diing => (1) dung => dpcm.
Dau bang xay ra o A B C la tarn giac vuong can. = 3cos''{p + 4sin^{pcos'{p + 3sin'*(p = 3 1 .sin 2u3 sin 2q)
1 ^
2 3 - 25. Churng minh tiTdng
= 3--sin'2
V
max F ( ^ ) = 3 - 0 = 3 sin" 2^ = 0.
I
TT IT Mat khac v i y > 0 nen ^ — - > 0. TiT (1) suy ra P < - .
Dat — = tan tp, v d i € . K h i do ta c6:
• 2y 2'2j (1 + yr 4
f
= m
Giai ;sin2f) + cos24: + 2
x y De tha'y (1) c:>(6 - m)sin2(p - (1 + m)cos2(p = 2m - 1
Dc thay P = (1) (2)
(1 + x ) ' (1 + y ) ' De (2) C O nghiem dieu kien can va du la (6 - m ) ' + (1 - m ) ' > (2m - 1)^
o 2m- - 3m - 9 < 0 <=> - 6 < m < 3
V I X > 0, y > 0, ncn dat x = lan'cp; y = tan^y v d i 0 < (p < - ; 0 < y < - • K h i do
Tif do suy ra maxP - 3 va minP = - 6 .
Bai 5 . T i m gia trj Idn nhat va nho nhat cua ham so'
P = '^""'^ , l i i i l ! l _ = tan^fcos%-tanScosS
(l + l a n ' ^ ) ' ( l + tan--t) r(x) = X + V4 - x^ vdi - 2 < X < 2. >''.,,
Giai
= —sm 2-f sm 2^ (2)
4 4 Do - 2 < X < 2, ncn dat x = 2sin(p v d i — ^ < f < ^
Giai
T a c 6 : X + ^ 4 — x^ = 2sincp + ^ 4 ( l - s i n ^ cp) = 2sin(p + 2c()S(p = 2N/2 cos
4, D o x > 0, y > 0 v a X + y = I , n c n dat x = sin'cp, y = cos'cp vc'Ji 0 < cp < —
2
( d o coscp > 0 khi < (p < ^ ) 1 1
Ta co: P = • 6 - +•
71 sm-cp + c o s % sin-cpcos^cp i _ ^ sin^ 2cp ^ s i n ^ 2cp ' ' " ^ '
^ , 37t 71 Tt 71
Taco: <(p — < — < cos <1
• 4 ^ 4 4 2
4 4
71
- 2 < 2^/2cos c p - - <2V2 4 - 3 s i n " 2cp s i n " 2cp
^^^^ '}' ii :
D a t t = sin-2cp. D o 0 < cp < - i=> 0 < l < 1
Vay max r(x) = 2%/2 <=> CO = — o X = xy2 , 371
ix|<2 4
4 v'.u^ ".v.^ 4 ^ H(2-l) K(-3t^ + 1 2 t - 8 ) .i
A c t h a m so i { t ) = + —= r- =5 r ' ( t ) -
m i n r ( x ) = ~2 <=>(p o x = -2 . (4t-3t^) •
4-3t I 4t-3t
y = ()
VayminP= min - r(V2) = V2 .
l<l<^/2 T i r d ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) CC): P < c o s ( A - B ) (4)
B a i 7. C h o x > 0, y > 0 va x + y = 1.
l D a u b a n g t r o n g ( 4 ) X i i y ra o d o n g lhc<i CO dau bang trong (2) (3)
Vicos(A- B)< 1 =>P< 1 (5)
T i m gia t r i n h o n h a t c i i a b i c u ihiJc P = — r - ! — - + — Dii'u b i i n g t r o n g ( 5 ) x i i y ra o A = B Vii dcing thcJi ihcni m i l n (*) v a (**) ,\ ,
x- + y xy
<=> X = y v i i dcing Ihcli thcki n i i i n (*) v i i ( * * )
457
Vai 11.C h o X, y , z > 0 vii x y + y / + zx = 1
"/. = 0; X =y =0
(6)
X = y = /. = 1 T i m g i a t r i n h o n h a t c i i a b i c u thiJc P =
1-x^ l-y2 l-z^
V a y m a x P = 1 <=> x , y , / t h o a m a n ( 6 )
1 1 1 ,
B a i 9. C h o x , y , /. > 0 v a + j + r =• Do X > 0, y > 0 , z > 0 v a x y + y z + z x = 1
1+ X 1 +y 1 +z
^ A B C
T i m g i a I r j n h o n h a l c u a b i c u ihuTc P = x y / . D a t X = t a n y , y = t a n ^ , z = t a n — v6i A , B , C G
2
Giai
A B B C C A
Tu" t a n — t a n — + tan — t a n — + tan — t a n — = 1 = > A + B + C = 7i
2 2 2 2 2 2
D a l X ' = l a n a , y " - l a n p , z ' = tany vc'^i a , (3, y e V 2J
2x 2y 2z
De t h a y P = ^ = - ( t a n A + tanB + tanC) (1)
^ . ^ — j - + — ! — J - - 1 <=> c o s ' a + c o s ' P + c o s ' y = 1 (1) u - x - ^ - y 2 ^ - z 2
Tit d o
1 + x^ 1 + y^ I+ z
71
T i r ( 1 ) siiy ra s i n ' a = c o s ' p = cos'y. V i i h c D o A . B, C e ();- t a n A > 0, t a n B > 0, tanC > 0 va thco b a t d 3 n g ihtfc
V 2
sin^ a > 2 ^ / c o s ^ c o s " y
C o s i , ta c 6 : l a n A + t a n B + tan C > 3N/tan A tan B t a n C
Giai
1 1
T i f d n g liT: 1 + y " = A B C ' ( ;
;,Dat X = t a n — , y = t a n — , z = t a n — => A , B , C e 0; -
cos cos 2 2 2 I :
1 1
A B B C C A , , „ ^
1& d o t a n — t a n — + t a n — t a n — + t a n — t a n — = 1 = > A + B + C = H .
V a y P = 2 c o s ' - - 2 c o s ' ^ + 3cos^ ^ = 1 + c o s a - (1 - c o s p ) + 3 c o s " - 2 2 2 2 2 2
•^ 2 2 2 2
B C
a +p a-P _ -.y tan tan tan-
= 2 cos ^cos ^ + 3cos-- Ta co: P = 2
2 2 2 B
1 + tan i+ tan' 1 + tan""
2
= - 3 s m - + 2sin-cos ^ + 3 =3 - 3 sm sm-cos
2 2 2 1 2 3 2 2 . A . B . C 3
= sin — + s i n — + s i n — < —
. y 1 g-py 1 2 «-P 2 2 2 2
= 3 - 3 sin cos —cos
j ( t h e o b a t d a n g thtfc l i f r t n g g i a c c d b a n t r o n g t a r n g i a c )
2 3 9 2
71
, 1 . t t - p J . y \P f'Ay m a x P = : - c : > A = B = C = -
= 3 +-cos 3 sin cos 2 "33
3 2 V 2 3 2
<=> X = y = z =
s
TiY do suy ra P < H)
3 - h u y r a n g ta co the g i a i b a n g e a c h k h a c sau d a y :
cos-a - P = 1 X X X
2 l a eo:
3 • 7 1 Vi + x' 7xy + yz + /X + x^ V(x + y ) ( x + z) vx+y vx+z
sin- = -
2 3 x X
iieo b a t d a n g IhiJc C o s i , ta c o :
460
X + y + X + z
Cty Tiyrill MTV DVVH Khang Vt^t
B6I du6ng hyc sinh glol Lupng gidc - Fhan Huy Khal
1 - cos
maxP = — c i . x = y = z = l. ^ 7t
Do t a n — = I " = 2 - V3, n c n tir (1) c 6 : 0 < lan(ai - a,) < t a n ^
12 1
9 y- + COS
2. G i a i lufdng t y nhiT p h a n 1/ va c 6 : m a x P = - <=> x = y = / = \/3 . '
lantt: - t a n t t : ^
B a i 15. Chijrng m i n h r a n g v d i m o i so ihiTc a, b, c la c 6 : :2-N/3
()<
— ^<2-^y3 ()<
l + b,b,
|a-c| ^ |a-b| ^ |b-c| 1 + lanttj l a n a j
V l + a ^ V l + c- ~ V l + a - V l + b ' s/l + b^ V l + c^
Giai ()< 2 - x/3 ^ 0 < < 2 - 73 =^ d p c m .
D a t a = l a n a , b - l a n p , c - tany. K h i do diTa ba't d a n g ihiJc c a n chu'ng m i n h vc
1 + 1 +
1V, n 1 + aj +aj +2aja|
1+
d a n g l i f d n g di/Ong sau:
tan a - l a n y tan a - t a n (3 Ian p - t a n y
a i 17. C h o a,, a2,... -An la 13 so thifc d o i m o t k h a c n h a u . C h i J n g m i n h t o n t a i h a i
Vl + tan^a^/l + tan-y Vl + tan^ a ^ l + lan^ P 7'+1^"" + ^^"^ Y a; - a :
so a„ ai ( i ?t j ) sao c h o 0 < — < 2 - N/3 .
<=> s i n ( a - y ) < | s i n ( a - p ) + s i n ( p - y ) . (1) l + aiaj
a^-aj
0<- •<2-V3 . N e u 0 < a^. I - ai < ^ v d i 1 < I < 12
1 + 3 ; + a j +2a|aj
4 4 4 4 4 4 Ta c6:
Co hai kha nang sau xay ra: 1 1 1
- (1-xyf-(x +y f _ 2z
1 + xyz x v ^ - y ^ ) ( l - z - ^ + y V ( l - z ^ ) ( i - x ^ ) + z ^ l - x 2 ) ( l - y ^ ) ..^^ J]
( l + x ^ ) ( l + y^) Giai
Giai
D o x , y , z > 0 va x " + y " + /~ + 2xyz = 1 ^ 0 < x < 1, 0 < y < 1, () < / < 1.
D a t X = tanA, y = tanB, z = lanC. K h i d o ta c 6 ( d o x , y , z d c u ^ 1)
0;^
A, B , C ^ - + k7t va A, B , C ^ -+k7i, k e Z V I t h e nC'u d a t X c o s a , y - c o s p , z = cosy t h i a , p , y d c u I h u o c
2.
2 4
Tit g i a i h i c l l a c 6 : c o s ' a + c o s ' p + c o s ' y + 2cosact)sPcosy = 1
TCf gia thiet ta c 6 :
_ 2 i + cos2P l + cos2y .
1 + tanA 1 + tanB 1 + tanC 1 + t a n A 1 + tanB 1 + t a n C o cos a + + ^ + c o s a [ c o s ( p + y) + c o s ( p - y ) ] = l
1-tanA 1-tanB 1-tanC 1 - tan A 1 - tanB 1 - tanC
« c o s ' a + c o s ( p + y ) c o s ( p - y) + c o s a c o s ( P + y) + c o s a c o s ( P - y ) = 0
<=> tan + tan ^ + B + lan = tan tan tan -+C
4 o cos(P + y)|cos(P - y) + c o s a | + cosa|cos(P - y) + c o s a ) = 0
4 ,4 4
/ |cos(P - y ) + c o s a l | c o s ( P + y) + c o s a ) = 0 "
^4-A ^ +B = 71 + kTC, k e Z a+p+y p + y - a a+P-y a + y - 3
V4 ,4 <=> cos
•OS cos- -cos- ' r- = 0
-COS- • - L/-'M-
(1)
c:>A + B + C = - + k7i, k e Z . (I)
4 P + y - a a + p-y n a + y - p 7t
D o a , p, y 6 0;^ < —; < —
1. T i r ( l ) s u y r a tan(A + B + C) = 1 2. 2 2
tan(A + B) + tanC P+ y - a a +p-y a + y-P
= 1 cos cos i—^cos ^—^7^0, ncn t i r ( l ) c6:
l - t a n C t a n ( A + B)
tan A tanB
tan(A + B)
+ tanC = l - l a n C cos ^^^±Pll.o = . 1 1 : ^ . 2 ^
1-tanAtanB ' " " 1-tanAtanB 2 2 2
• tanA + tanB + tanC - tanAtanBtanC = > a + p + y = 7r => c o s ( a + p + y) = - 1
= 1 - tanAtanB - tanBtanC - tanCtanA => c o s ( a + P)cosy - s i n ( a + P)siny = - 1
• X + y + z - x y z = 1 - x y - y z - z x => d p c m . => c o s a c o s P c o s y - s i n a s i n p c o s y - s i n a s i n y c o s p - s i n P s i n y c o s a = - 1
I3UM uuutty Jjyt, suui ynfa i^u^Mny y»a%^ ~ * J W I J MM*»J J E M W - fjty innn iTrvDWlTKHaiig Vlft
1 + cosacosPcosy = cosasinpsiny + cosPsinysina + cosysinasinp. (2") mChiiy: Tu'dng tu" ta co cac bai loan sau:
•1. Giai phi/dng trinh 8x' - 6x + 1 = 0.
Lai do a, p, y e 0;
V 2/ r., .71 .571 .771
:».J ! I Dan so: x, = sm—; x , = s i n — ; x, = -sm —
sin a = V l - c o s ^ a = Vl - x ^ ; sin p = \j\-y^: sin y = Vl - z ^ . ,^ * 18 ^ 18 - 18
8 ^ . Giai phU"dng trinh 8x^ - 6x - 1 = 0.
Vay tilf (2) c6:
27t 47t
Dap so: x, = cos—; Xj = - c o s — ; x, = - c o s — <,n o r b ef*
l + xyz=xV(i-y')(i-/.^) + y7(i-/-^)(i-x^) +W ( i - ^ ' ) ( i - y ' ) - ' 9 9 9
(X
1' ( 1'
= 4 y + - = 5 z +-
+ —
tBai 2. Giiii he phu'cJng trinh Vx; V •/.)
xy + yz + zx = 1
§ 3. P H U O N G P H A P L U p N G G I A C H 6 A T R O I N G C A C B A I
TOAIN G I A I P H U O N G T R I N H Viet lai he da cho du'di dang tu'dng dUtfng sau:
Bai 1. Cho phi/dng trinh x' - 3x + 1 = 0. xyz ^ 0 (1)
ChiJng minh rang phiTcfng trinh Iron c6 ba ngiiiem X | , X : , X3 thoa man dicu 2x 2y 2z
(2)
k i e n x 3 = 2 + X 2 (d day X | < X2 < X3). 3(x^ + l ) ~ 4 ( y 2 + l ) " 5 ( / 2 + i )
Giai xy + yz + zx = 1 (3)
Dat f(x) = - 3x + 1. Khi do la co phi/dng trinh
Tir (2) suy ra ncu (x„, y„. z„) la mot nghiem cua he ( I ) (2) (3) thi x„, y,,, z„
f(x) = x ' - 3 x + 1 - 0 . (1)
cung dau; ddng thdi (-x,„ -y„, - / „ ) cung la mot nghiem khac cua he da cho.
De thay l'(x) la ham lien tuc tren R, ngoai ra la c6:
Vi the trirdc het ta chi can tim nghiem du'dng cua he (1) (2) (3)
f(-2) < 0;!'(-1) > 0; !(1) < 0; f(2) > 0, nen iheo linh cha't cua ham so lien tuc
T ^ - cc P Y
f(x) suy ra (1) c6 ba nghicm X i , X2, X j sao cho Dat x = tan—;y = t a n - ; z = t a n - .
2 ^ 2 2
-2<X| <-l <X2< 1<xi<2 (2)
Do X > 0, y > 0, z > 0 nen a , p, y e (0; re)
Ttr (2) suy ra moi nghicm ciia (1) deu thoa man dicu kicn |xi| < 2, i = 1, 2, 3
TO (3) C O : t a n y t a n ^ + tan^tan^ ++titan.^tany = l =:>a + P + y = 7i.
Vi the vdi (1) c6 the dung phep ddi bien x = 2cos(j) (0 < cp < 180")
Khi do (1) o 8cos> - 6cos(p + 1 = 0 (2) a . p
2 tan 2 tan 2 tan
o 4cos'(p - 3cos(p =
Tilf (2) C O :
3 1 + tan" l + tan^P^ 1 + tan2 Y
o c o s 3 ( p = cosl20" 2) 2
sin a _ sinP _ siny
o 3 ( p = ±120" + k360" <=> (4)
3 4 5
« > ( p = ± 4 0 " + kl20".
Co the coi a, p, y la 3 goc ciia mot tam giac. Goi a, b, c la ba canh tfng vdi a,
Do 0 < (p < 180" (p = 40", (p = 160", (p = 80" la ba nghicm cua (2).
Dc y cosl60" < cos80" < cos40" nen (1) c6 ba nghicm la p, y. Theo dinh l i ham so sin tCr (4) co: - = - = - => + h" = i:'=>y = 90"
3 4 5
X | = 2cosl60"; X2 = 2cos80"; x.^ = 2cos40"
Ta co: x^ = 4cos^ 40 = 2(1 + cos80") = X2 + 2 Vay z = tan^ = tan45" = 1 .
=> dpcm. Ta co: •••
BSi diidng Ape sinh gitil LUjiHg gutc - rnammyTataT
271
V d i (0 = — + k — , la CO: m< — + k zn < —
n
3 . „ 4 a ll-cosa
4- = - • Tifcfng tif y = - 14 7 ' 14 7 2
s i n a = - ; s i n P = - => x = t a n — = 4 3 2
5 5 2 V l + cosa 1+ <o ( ) < 1 + 4 k < 7
<=> 0 < l + 4 k < '
<.-i<k<l
2 4 2
V a y he da cho c6 hai nghiem (x, y, z) =
o k = 0, i
V' 3 2 V a y phi/cfng trinh c6 4 nghicm tren (0; 1).
B a i 3. Phifc^ng trinh 8x(l - 2x')(8x'' - 8x^ + 1) = 1 c6 bao nhieu nghiem nam 2x + x ' y = y
trong khoang (0; 1). Bai 4. G i i i i he phi/dng trinh \ + y ' z = z .
Giai
2z + z"^x - x
V I xet trong (0; 1), nen dat x = sincp, v d i 0 < cp < - .
Giai
v6 i i )
Do 0 < (p < => coscp ^ 0, nen
2x
(2) <=> 8sin(pcos(pcos2(pcos4(p = coscp y = (4)
1-x-
71 ,271 >• •
8(p = —-2(p + kin (p = — + k — Vay(l)(2)(3)c^ (5)
n z=
<=> sin8(p - sin \ k e Z
71 , In 1-r
8(p = ^ + 2(p + k27t (0 = — + k —
14 7 z = (6)
71
Do 0 < (p < —, nen
2 Dat X = tana v d i < a < ^ . K h i do tu" (4) c6 y = tan2a, tu" (5) c6 z = tan4a.
71 , 271 , 7t , 271 71
- Vrti cp = — + k — , t a c o : 0 < — + k — < — tu" (6) CO X = tan8a.
18 9 18 9 2
V i the' ta c6: tan8a - tana
V>1
<=> ( ) < — + k - < - <=> 8 a = a + k;:
18 9 2
<=> 8 a = a + kTi
o 0 < 1 + 4k < 0
kTi
<=:> a = — , k e Z
« — < k < 2 7 , B 1
4
^ ^ 71 71 7t kTI 7t
<^k = 0; 1 Ta can CO — < a < —=> — < — < —
2 2 2 7 2
7 , 7
=> — < k < — 4 s i n V - 3sin(p = ^Jl - sin" cp =|coscpj = coscp do
2 2
=>k = - 3 ; - 2 ; - l ; ( ) ; 1;2;3
<=> -sin3(|> = coscp <=> cos — + 3(p - coscp
Vay phiTdng Irinh da cho c^c nghiem (x, y, z) = (tana; tan2a; tan4a) 2
— + kTl
f kTt 2k7t 4k7i^
tan — , tan , tan —+ 3cp = cp+ k27r cp =
7 7 7 , 4
(I)
V('nk = - 3 ; - l ; - 2 ; 0 ; 1;2.
+ 3cp = -cp + k2n cp - — + k —, k e /
32x^-40xVl()x-l=0 ^ 8 2
Bai 5. Chiang minh rSng he phifcing trinh CO nghiem.
16X^-12X + N/5-1=() Do |cp| < — nen tiT ( I ) , ta co:
Giai
3 X 7 1 , n • • 3
— < — +k7t<- — < k < - k=(),
16x^-2()xU5x=- (1) 2 4 2
32x'^-4()x^ + l ( ) x - l = ( ) 7t 71 , n 71 k = 0 hoac k = i
Ta c6: • — < — + k - < - 4 4
i6x^ -12X + N/5-I = 0
3x-4x = (2) 2 8 2 2
Vay (1) CC1 nghiem: 4 4
Dai X = sina vdi -— < a < —. Khi do ta co 3x - 4x' - sin3a, n x/2 . ( n.71 . 37r
2 2 X| = sin ; X-, = s i n — = - s i n — ; X, = s i n — .
4) 8 8
2 - I 87
16x'' - 2()x'^ + 5x = sin5a (xem bai 12, §1, chifdng 4).
Co the tinh diTc^-:
sin(5a„) = sm^ = ^
Vfiy ne'u lay a „ = — , thi •
30
sm(3a,,) = sui— =
^ "'^ 10 4
Vay cx,) thoa man he (3) (4). TCr do suy ra he da cho chac chin c6 nghiem (vi
Do 1x1 < 1 nen dal x = sincp < m < - . Khi do ta diTa phiTdng trinh vc
2 2
dang sau:
§4. PHUONG PHAP LUOING GIAC H6A Goi canh hinh vuong la a, khi do ED = HD (1)
QIAI CAC BAI TOAN HINH HOC sin HED 2sin75"
I I c/y'
Nhicu bai loan hinh hoc phang va hinh hoc khCmg gian nhicu sii' dung
(do HED = - AED = -= = 75" ]
phu'dng phap "kMng giac h o a " ma c6 Idi giai gon gang va trong sang. Sau Ta c6; CDK2= 75" =^ JD2 = CDcosCDK = acos75'
day la xcl va ihi dii minh hoa dicu ay. ".' a sin 150" asin30"
Bai 1. Cho lam giac vuong can ABC dinh A. Kco diii AC vc phia C cac doan Tirdo: KD = (2)
2 sin 75" 2 sin 75" 4sin75"
CM = MN = AC. Chu-ng minh BCA + B \ 1 A + 13NA = 9()" .
T i r ( l ) ( 2 ) c 6 : KD = - E D KD = KE
Giai k 2
Ta c6: B C A + B M A + B N A = 90" => CED la lam giac can dinh C => CE = CD
o B M A + BTJA = 45" . (I) Lap iuan lu'rtng liT, c6: BE = BA.
Dc lhay => BEC la lam giac dcu => dpcm.
Itan xet: Xcl each giai ihuiln tiiy hinh hoc nhif sau:
lan{B'MA + B'NA) Vc phia trong ciia hinh vuong diTng lam giac can CKD dinh K c6 gck d day
lanBMA + lanBNA cung bang 15" =^ AKCD = AEAD (g.c.g)
i => KD = ED
- t a n B M A lan B N A i Ta CO: EDK = 90" - (15" + 15") = 60"
6
TCf do suy la (I) dung => dpcm. => EKD la lam giac dcu
Nhqn xet: Xcl each giai Ihuan Uiy "hinh hoc phang sau EK - KD = ED
Di/ng hinh hinh hanh B M E A Do CKD = 150"; EKD = 60" EKC = 150"
Ta CO C E N la lam giac vuong
=> AEKC = ACKD (c.g.c)
can dinh E .
=>CE = CD
Dc ihii'y B A E N la U? giac noi
licp (lijf A va E nhin B N du'di Lap luan lu-dng lif c6: BE = BA => BEC la lam giac dcu.
Cling gc)c vuong) Bai 3. Cho ABC la tam giac can dinh A c6 goc c( day bang 50". Lay D, E tifdng
li-ng trcn BC, AC ssao cho BAD = 50", ABE = 30". Tinh BED .
=> B E A = B N A (ciing chan AB)
Giai
Lai c6: E A C = B M A (so Ic trong) Gia sii- AD n BE = O.
Tirdo B'MA + B N A = B'EA + E"AC (1) Ta CO: AOB = 180" - (.30" + 50") = 1OO"
Lai CO 45 = BCA = BEA + EAC (goc ngoai lam giac) BDA = 180" - (50" + 50") = 80"
=> BCA + BMA + BNA = 90" ^ dpcm. CBE = 50" - 30" = 20"
Bai 2. Cho hinh vuong ABCD. Trcn canh AD vc phia trong hinh vuong dung tam AEB = 50" + 20" = 70"
giiic can ADE dinh E c6 goc day bang 15". Chirng minh BCE la lam giac dcu. CAD = 180"-3.50" =30". „,
Giai Ap dung dinh li ham so sin trong tam giac ODB, ta c6:
Kc EH J_ AD va CK 1 ED.
B^I Au&ng hpc sink glolLuffnggiac - tnan nuy nnal Cty TISHH nrv DVVn Khang Vift
M i ^ / i xet:
OP _ s i n 2 0 "
Xet each giai Ihuan tuy b^ng
OB " sin 80"
hinh hoc phdng sau:
Tiftlng t i r t a c6: • ;
(day chinh la each giai ciia hoang
O D O D O B O A '
de Napoleon Bonaparte)
oli OB'OA OH f
Gia suT hai du'dng Iron ngoai tiep
_ s i n 2 0 " s i n 5 0 " sinVO" ^ 4 s i n 2 0 " cos20" cos40" _ s i n 8 0 " _ ^
cua hai tam giac A B C va A C B '
~ sin 80" ' sin 30" ' sin 30" ~ sin 80" sin 80"
cat nhau tai A va 1.
=> O D = OE. V a y E O D la lam giac can d'lnh O, ncn
— 180"-100" Do B C A I la tur giac n o i tiep ma B C ' A = 60"
E O D = A O B = 100" =^ B E D = O E D = = 40". ^ A I B - 120".
Nhdn xet: Cac ban hay lu" giai lai bang each ihuan tiiy siJ dung hinh hoc phang TiTdng tir A I C = 120" B I C = 120" .
B a i 4. ( B a i loan Napoleon Bonaparlc) V a y B I C A ' cung la lu" giac n o i tie'p.
Cho lam giac A B C . V c phia ngoai tam giac Iren ba canh diTng ba tam giac N o i khac d i ba during Iron ngoai
deu A B C , B C A ' , A C B ' . G o i O,, O2, O., Ian lifdt la l a m ciia ba tam giac dcii tiep 3 lam giac ABC, BCA',
ay. ChiJng m i n h O1O2O3 cung lii tam giac dcu. A C B ' d d n g quy l a i I .
Giai Theo linh chat cua du-dng Iron, ta co: O 1 O 3 1 A I , O 1 O 2 1 I B , O 2 O 3 1 IC.
Theo dinh ly ham so cosin, la c6: Do A I C = 120" ^ O J O p ^ =60"
020^ = CO^ + CO^ - 2CO2.CO3 cos Ti/cfng tir co: O^^f)-^ = O ^ O p , = 60" =^ O1O2O3 la tam giac deu.
ai 5. Cho lam giac A B C noi tiep trong du'dng iron tam O, ban kinh R. G o i I la
tam dudng iron n o i tiep ciia A A B C v d i ban kinh r. V e du'dng iron l a m d
tiep xuc v d i BC l a i D , A C l a i E va tiep xuc irong v d i diTdng iron (O; R).
ChiJng minh rang I la Irung d i e m cua D E .
Giai
G o i O i va p la l a m va ban kinh du'dng iron
tiep xuc v d i C B , C A va tiep xuc trong v d i
dirdng iron (O; R). K h i do C, I , O, t h i n g hang
V I chung cung nam Iren du'dng phan giac
trong cua goc C. Do do ta co:
r . „„ p
CI = C vaCO,= (*)
c•
sm sm
2 2
DSt 0 | C 0 = (p. Trong lam giac C O I theo dinh ly ham so'cosin, la co:
co^ + c i ^ - 0 1 ^ '=5
Tir (1) (2) c6: 0 , 0 . = O j O j = O2O3 coscp =
2CI.CO
=> O1O2O3 la tam giac deu
Theo cong IhuTc Euler ta co: 01^ = R(R - 2r), vay
dpcm.
B6t dudng hpc sinh gidl LUffng gJAc - Fhan Huy KliST Cty 77V//// m-y D VVn Hbang Vl^t
Giai
R2 + -R(R-2r)
sin" r^+2Rrsin^ r + 2Rsin" Dal A = 3a, B = 3p, C = 3y. Goi cac
2 2._ 2 (1) canh BC, CA, AB va du-dng kinh
coscp = , rR
2rRsin^ 2Rsin*^ du"c(ng Iron ngoai liep AABC la a, b,
' . C 2 2
sin c, d tu'dng iJng. Thco dinh ly ham so'
. 2
sin, trong tam giac CYA la c6:
Lai ap dung dinh ly ham so cosin Irong ACOO, la c6:
CY b
(1)
sina sin[18(y-a-y
FG = e = d I sin(60" + a ) =^ sin(6()" + a) = — ,
Vay ^ - sin^ - = => IO,.CO, = p' = 0 , D I
CO, 2 CO?
Trong lam giac vuong 0 | D C lai D, lai c6 lOi.COi = 0 , 0 ^ I E G = 1" = d|Sin(60" + p) =^ sin(60" + p) = X ^
til
Ma DE 1 0 | C => D, I . E lhang hang
Do CE va CD la hai liep tuycn xual phat tiT mot diem tdi diTdng Iron (Oi, p ' [ E F = g = disiny siny = — .
tCr do la CO I la trung diem ciia DE. Do la dpcm.
• Vtiy thay vao (4), la co:
Bai 6. (Bai loan Morley)
ivv2 ,^J2 • 2 • 2o + 1^ - 2 c f C 0 S y
Cho lam giac ABC. 6 moi goc cua tam giac ve hai du'dng chia goc do ra 1;' | X Y = 16d sm asm p -
•I „ V V
ba phan bang nhau. Cac diTdng ay cSt nhau lai X, Y, Z (xem hinh ve du'c'"
day). Chifng minh rang X Y Z la lam giac deu. = 16d'sin^asin^p\ 16d^ sin^ asin^ Psin^ y
= > 7 i = 72 ( v i |7| - 7 2 I < D i e u do c6 nghia la CP, C Q tao vcTi du^cfng phan
=> X Y = 4dsinasinPsin7.
Do vai tro binh dting, ta cung c6 X Z = Z Y = 4dsinasinPsin7 giac cua goc C cac goc bkng nhau => dpcm.
=> X Y = X Z = Z Y , vay X Y Z la tam giac deu. D o la dpcm. B a i 8. Cho tam giac A B C . T r e n tia do'i cua tia C A lay d i e m D sao cho C D = C B .
B a i 7. Cho tam giac A B C . P vii Q la hai d i e m nam trong A A B C . Biet rang Ap L a y E sao cho A E = A B , B A E = B C A va diTcfng t h i n g A B c^t doan t h i n g
va A Q tao v6\g phan giac ciia goc A cac goc bang nhau: BP, B Q curiu D E tai d i e m M nao do. ChiJng minh r i n g M la trung d i e m D E k h i va chi k h i
tao vcti dirdng phan giac ciia gck B cac goc bang nhau. ChuTng minh r i n g CP, ACB = 2BAC.
C Q cung lap thanh v d i di/cJng phan giac cua goc C c^c goc b i n g nhau. Giai
Giai
Dat B C = a, C A = b, A E = c, B A C = A , A C B = C.
Theo gia t h i e l , ta c6:
De dang thay rang M la trung d i e m cua D E => SAMD = SAME- ;
B A Q = PAC = a. Ttr do ta c6: D M = M E o AM.AdsinA = AM.AEsinC
A B P = QBC = p . o (a + b)sinA = csinC
o (sinA + sinB)sinA = sin^C (theo dinh l i h a m so sin)
Dat PCA = 7 , , Q C B = 7 . .
<=> sinAsinB + sin'A = sin^C
A p dung dinh ly ham so sin trong cac
o sinAsinB = (sinC + sinA)(sinC - sinA)
A A B P , A P C , BPC, A Q B , A C Q va BQC,
C+A C - A C+ A . C-A
ta c6: <=> sinAsinB = 2sin -cos- 2 cos -sm-
2 2
AP sinp CP sina
o sinAsinB = sin(C + A)sin(C - A )
BP sin(A - a ) AP siny,
o sinA = sin(C - A ) (1)
BP sin(C-7|) AQ sm(B-p)
(do sin(C + A ) = sinB > 0)
CP sin(B-p) ' BQ" sina
Do 0 < A < 71, 0 < C < 7:, nen tif (1) suy ra
CQ sin(A - a ) BQ sin 72
A = C - A c : > 2 A = C<=> A C B = 2 B A C
AQ sin(C-7-,) CQ sinp
Do la dpcm.
Tir cac dang thuTc Iren suy ra:
BPsinP = A p s i n ( A - a ) , (3)
B q s i n ( B - p ) = AQsina. (4)
B a i 9. Cho hinh chop O . A B C , trong do O A , O B , OC d o i m o t vuong goc v d i
T i r ( 3 ) va ( 4 ) suy ra
nhau va thoa man dieu k i e n OB + OC = O A . Chufng minh:
Bp.sin(B - p)BQsinP = Aqsin(A - a)AP.sina. (5)
O A B + O A C + B A C = 90"
Tur (1) (2) (5) ta c 6 : sin(C - 7,)sin72 = sin(C - 72)sin7i
Giai
=> sinCcos7|Sin7i - sin7isin72CosC = sinCcos72sin7i - sin72sin7|CosC
Dat O A B = a, O A C = p , B A C = 7
=> sinC(sin7iCos72 - sin72Cos7i) = 0
De thay a, p , 7 deu la goc nhon.
=> sinCsin(7, - 7:) = 0. (*)
Do C la goc ciia tam giac nen sinC > 0. V i the liT (*) suy ra sin(7i - 72) = 0 Theo dinh l i ham so cosin trong A B A C la c6:
Cty T/mif nrv DVVH Khang Vtft
AB" AC^ - B C ^ §5. PHUONG PHAP LUONQ GIAC H6A
cosy = 2AB.AC
TRONG CAC BAI TOAN KHAC
• cosy = OA^ +OB^ +OA^ +OC^ -(OB^ +OC^)
2AB.AC Trong muc nay chung toi gidi thieu cac bai loan sijf dung phtfdng phap lu'dng
OA^ OA(OB + OC) giac de giai cac bai toan trong hinh hoc to hdp va trong so' hoc.
AB.AC AB.AC Bai 1. (Phep lu'dng giac hoa trong hinh hoc to hdp)
OA OB OA OC Cho td giay ke 6 li. Chiang minh rSng khdng the ve mot tarn giac deu sao cho
AC A B ^ A B AC
= sinacosp + sinPcosa cac dinh ciia no la cac dinh cua cac 6 li vuong.
• cosy = sin(a + P) (1) Giai '
Gia thic't phan chiJug
Do a, p, y G 2 ton tai tarn giac deu B
ABC, sao cho cac dinh
nen tiif (1) suy ra a + p + y 9()". A, B, C la cac dinh cua
OAB + OAC + BAC = 9()" ^ dpcm. cac 6 li vuong.
Chii y: Lay A lam go'c toa do, A ja C B'
Xet each giai Mi tren b^ng phiTdng phap thuan tuy hinh hoc nhu" sau: ke true hoanh Ax la X
tan A + t a n B + t a n C + t a n D
• = c o t A + cot B + c o t C + cot D .
t a n A t a n B tan C t a n D 2 2 2 2
A C B D
Giai c o l — = t a n — cot — = tan —
2 2 2 2
X e t h a i k h a n a n g sau:
C A D B
1. A + B ^ 9 0 " ( h o a c A + B^ 2 7 0 " ) , k h i d o t a n ( A + B ) v a t a n ( C + D ) c 6 nghTa. col — = tan — cot — = tan —
2 2 2 2
V i ( A + B ) + (C + D) = 360", nen
T h a y v a o (1) va c 6 :
tan(A + B ) + tan(C + D) = 0
( A B C Dl
tanA + tanB tanC + tanD p= r tan htan—h tan—htan — (2)
o 1 = 0
1 2 2 2 2
1 - t a n A tan B 1-tanCtanD V i S = p r , n e n t i f (2) suy ra
O (tanA + t a n B ) ( l - tanCtanD) + (tanC + t a n D ) ( l - tanAtanB) = 0 A B C D )
S=P^ tan h tan — V tan — ( - t a n — dpcm.
<=> t a n A + t a n B + t a n C + t a n D 2 2 2 2
= tanAtanBlanC + tanAtanCtanD + tanBtanCtanD + tanAtanBtanD B a i 3. C h o A B C D la tu' g i a c n o i t i e p v d i A B = a, B C = b, C D = c, D A = d v a p la
tanA + tanB + tanC + tanD 1 1 1 , 1 mi'A c h u v i . C h u ' n g m i n h r S n g :
tan A l a n B t a n C t a n D lanD tanB tanA tanC
= c o l A + c o l B +• c o t C + c o t D A _ /(p-a)(p-d)
9 0 " < D < 1 8 0 " ( V I n e u D < 9 0 " => C > 1 8 0 " d o la d i e u k i c n m a u t h u a n veil A p d u n g d i n h l y h a m so' c o s i n t r o n g c a c
D o A + B = 9 0 " => 0 < A < 9 0 " =^ 9 0 " < A + D < 2 7 0 " B D ' = a' + d- - 2adcosA
B a i 2. (doA + C=180")
T u ' d o suy ra
C h o A B C D la tu" g i a c vijfa n o i t i e p , viTa n g o a i t i e p . G o i S v a p tu'dng uTng la
a^+d^-b^-c^
d i c n t i c h v a nuTa c h u v i c u a tu" g i a c . Chu'ng m i n h : cosA = (1)
2bc + 2ad
A B C D
S:.p^
T i r (1) d i d e n
tan h tan —h tan — I- tan —
2 2 2 G2i a i A _ ll-cosA _ b^ + c ^ + 2 b c + 2 a d - a - - d ^
G o i O l a t a m h i n h I r o n n o i t i e p c u a tu" g i a c va r la b a n k i n h c u a n o . 2 ~ V l + c o s A ~ V a ^ + d ^ - b ^ - c ^ + 2 b c + 2ad
B61 du6ng hpc ainh glol Lupng gidc - n a n tluy Khal
cty Tram MTV DVVH mtang Vl^t
(b + c ) ^ - ( a - d ) ^ |(b + c + a - d ) ( b + c + d - a ) 2 A+C
(2) - 16abcdcos
(a + d ) ' - ( b - c ) ' a + d + b-c)(a + d + c - b )
2 A+C
;p-a)(p-d; = [(a + dr - (b - c r ||(b + cY - (a - d)'] - 16abcdcos
Vi a + b + c + d = 2p, nen itr (2) ta c6: tan — = • dpcm. z
2 V( p - b ) ( p - c ) = (a + d + b - c)(a + d + c - b)(b + c + a - d)(b + c + d - a)
Bai 4. (Cong thiJc Herong cho dien tich ti? giac) 2 A+C
- 16abcdcos
Cho tur giac ABCD c6 AB = a; BC = b; CD = c; DA = d va p la nuTa chu vi iiJ
giac. Chufng minh: 2 A+ C
= (2p - 2c)(2p - 2b)(2p - 2d)(2p - 2a) - 16abcdcos (5)
B+ D
S = J ( p - a ) ( p - b ) ( p - c ) ( p - d ) - a b c d cos' A + C B + D 2B + D 2A+C . .
Vi \ 180" ^ cos^ = cos'' , nen tir (5) suy ra
d day S la dien tich tiJ giac. 2 2 2 2
•> B+D
Giai 5 ' = (p —a)(p —b)(p — c ) ( p - d ) —abcdcos^—^—
Ap dung dinh ly ham so cosin
trong cac tam giac ABD va CBD I 7 B+ D
=^ S = (p - a)(p - b)(p - c)(p - d) - abed cos' => dpcm.
ta c6:
BD' = a' + d^ - 2adcosA t^hdn xet:
= b^ + c' - 2bccosC 1. Ta biet r^ng vdi tam giac c6 cong thifc Herong quen biet dc tinh dien tich
(do (A + B) + (C + D) = 360" => sin(A + B) = -sin(C + D)) => sinA - sinC; sinB = sinD; cosA = -cosC; cosB = -cosD
Vi vay tir(2) suy ra:
Tijf (2) suy ra chi c6 hai kha nang:
cos A 1-cosA cosB 1-cosB
AD + BC = R R
1. Neu c o s A i ^ = 0 ^ s i n ( A + B ) = 2 s i n ^ i l ^ c o s ^ ^ =0 sinA + sinA UinB + sinB
2 2 2
1 1
Vay tir (3) CO cotA + cotB + cotC + cotD = 0 = R (3)
sinA sinB,
A-B C - D , , A-B C-D
2. Neu cos cos = 0 cos- • = cos- u" (1), (3) suy ra dpcm.
i 7. TiJ dien S.ABC c6 SA, SB, SC doi mot vuong goc voi nhau.
Khi do:
A-B C-D ia suf BAC = a; ABC = p; ACB = y; SA = a; SB = b; SC = c.
a. Neu => A - B = C - D
2 2 Chu'ng minh: a^tana = b^tanP = c'tany.
i> sinA = sinD; sinB = sinC Theo djnh li ham so' cotang trong tam
giac ABC, ta co:
1 1
^ -= 0 AB- + A C ' - B C -
sinAsinB sinCsinD cot (\ •
4S A B C
TCr (3) suy ra dpcm.
. . A-B C-D 4S A B C
tana = (1)
b. Neu = . AB^ + A C ^ - B C ^
2 2 heo djnh li Pitago, ta c6:
Lap luan nhxi phan a/ cung suy ra dpcm. A B ' + A C ' - BC' = a' + b' + a' + c' - b^ - c
Bai 6. Cho tuf giac ABCD noi tiep. Du'dng tron vcti tam tren canh AB tiep x
Ml aaOrig hpc slim yiut uuyiiy j
Thay (2) vao (1) va c6: Bai 9. Cho hinh chop tam giac dcu O.ABC c6 cac canh ben lao vdi day goc a.
tana = ^ ^ M ^ anana = 2SABC (3) M la diem Iren mcil phang day. Gia sij- OM Ian lu^dt Hio vdi cac canh OA,
OB, OC va du"dng cao OH cac goc a, b, c, p. ChiJng minh: . .. ^i,,. , u
Lap luan tiTdng ty di den b^tan|3 = c'tany = 2SABC . ' .: (4)
co.sa + cosb + cose = 3sinacosp. ^it ,:io 'jhj
1x1(3) (4) suy ra dpcm.
Giai
Bai 8. Cho ti? dien OABC c6 OA, OB, OC doi mot vuong g(k vdi nhau. Ve chieu
Ap dung djnh ly ham so cosin trong tam giac 0 A M , ta co: ' f
cao cua tiJ dien. Dat A = CAB; B = ABC; C = BCA; a = AOH; p = BOH;
A M ' = OA- + OM- - 20A.OMcosa
sin^ a sin^ 3
y = COH. Chtfng minh: OA^ + O M - - A M ^
sin 2 A sin2B sin2C •cosa = CD
Giai 2.0A.0M
Ke OH 1 (ABC) => H la iriTc lam lam giac ABC. Hoiin loan lU'dng lU", la c6:
O OB- + O M - B M -
A H n B C = A|,lhi AA| I B C cos b = (2)
Tir do OA, 1 BC (djnh li ba du-cing v 2.0B.0M
/(xf' \
Trong lam giac vuong AOA|, la c6: OC- + O M - - C M -
cos c = • (3)
OA- = AH.AA, (1) 2.0C.0M
AH^ Vi O A = O B = O C (do O . A B C la chop deu),
Ta c6: sin'a - (2)
OA^ •c nen la c6 sau khi cong tifng ve (1) (2) (3):
Thay(l)vao(2)vac6:
30A- + 3 0 M - - (MA- + MB- + MC"
AH cosa + cosb + cose = (4)
sm a = (3) 2.0A.OM
AA, B
Ap dung cong thiJc Lepnhit vdi lam giac ABC, la c6:
Ve dirdng iron ngoai liep lam giac ABC, va goi I la tarn di/dng Iron ngoai
M A - + MB- + M C ' = 3 M H ' + HA' + H B ' + HC', (5)
liep lam giac nay. Khi do H, 1, G thing hang, d day G la trong tam lam giac
(chu y (1 day H eung ehinh la trong tam lam giac ABC, do ABC la lam giac
(Iheo du^clng lhang Euler). Ta cung c6:
deu va O.ABC la chop deu nen dU'dng cao H chinh la lam cua day ABC).
HG = 2GI => A H = 2IM (M la Irung diem canh BC)
Vi HA- = H B ' = HC- = OA- - 0 H - ; M H ' = O M ' - OH', nen liT (5) co
Taco: A = CAB = BiM,
M A ' + MB' + MC' = 3 0 M ' - 3 0 H ' + 3 0 A ' - 3 0 H ' (6)
sin2A = 2sinAcosA = 2. sin BIMcosBIM
Thay (6) vao (4) va co:
_ BM IM BC AH BC.AH
(4) 20 H- OH OH
BI BI 2BI 2BI 2R^ cosa + cosb + cose = = 3
OA.OM OA OM
sin^ (V 2R'
Tir (3), (4) suy ra d day S = SABC-
sin2A BC.AA, = 3sinOAH.cosMOH
= 3sinacosP => dpcm.
sinj^_ sin^ ^ _
Tiiilng lu" CO: Bai 10.
sin2B " sin2C
sin^(3 sin^ ^ 1. Cho lu" dien ABCD co AB = a vii chan cac du'dng cao ke lif mot di'nh nam
sin^ <v
Vay dpcm.
sin2A sin2B sin2C ben trong mat doi dien. Goi Si, S; la dien lich hai mat ciia lu" dien co chung
canh a va a la goc nhi dien giffa hai mat ay.
Boi aamg npe snai gtai LU^uet ^lAt - yuan nuy miar
2S|S2 sincY B a i 11. Cho tuT dien A B C D . K i hieu a, b, c, d, e, 1" la do dai cac cSp canh d o i
Goi V la the tich cua tu" dicn. Chtfug minh: V -
3a dien cua no va a , p, y, 5, 6, co tUdng i^ng la cac goc nhi d i c n ci'ia cac csinh cua
2. Churng minh rang trong tiJ d i c n , tich cua cac cap d o i d i c n chia cho tich ciia tu'dien. Gia sij"
sin cac nhj d i c n cua tCfng cap canh do la bang nhau. a c b _ d e ^ f
Giai sincY s i n V sin-^ sini3 sinO sinuj
1. KeCHl(ADB)vaCKJ_AB(dinhlibadu'dngvu6ngg6c). Chi?ng minh rang A B C D la tiif dien gan deu (tiJc la tiir dien co cac canh d o i
TiT do suy ra C K H = a la goc ph^ng nhj dien canh A B . d i c n bang nhau).
Theo gia thic't ta co: Giai
Si — S A B C > S2 — S A B D . Gia sil A B = a, C D = c, BC = b, A D = d, A C = e, B D = f.
Theo thi du 5, ta co:
vay V = ^ C H . S j (1)
^ _ 2S|S2sin(Y_^ a 2S1S2
(1)
Ta CO : 3a sina 3V
CH =CK.sina 2S3S4
tiTdng tir CO — — = (2)
2S I . 2Si sina sm3 3V
' sma = — ! (2)
AB a d day S] = SCAB; S2 = S ^ A B ; S.? = S A C D ; S4 = SBCD
4S1S2S3S4 sincYsin^
De thay tijf do ta co: S | = S2 = S, = S4 a = c; b = d; e = i
9ac
Vay A B C D la tiJ dien gan deu => dpcm. " ' -
ac _ 4S1S2S3S4
(3) Bai 12. Cho A B C D E F la luc giac n o i tiep trong mot diTcJng tron va thoa man
sin c\n 3 9V'
dieu k i e n A B = B C ; C D = D E ; EF = FA. Chu'ng minh r^ng: S A C E ^ SBDI-
V i vc phai cua (3) la bieu thiJc hoan toan binh d i n g v d i cac canh va sin cua
n 0 • Giai -Lia.^iA
cac goc nhj dien tu'dng ij-ng, nen no la gia trj chung cho t i so cua tich cac cap
Gia s^ A B = BC = a, C D = ISE = p, EF = FA = 7, thi
canh d o i cua tiir dien voti cac sin cua cac nhj d i c n ciJa tijfng cap canh d o i do
=> dpcm. 2 a + 2P + 2Y = 360" a + P + y = 180",
B6I dudng hpc sinh gidl Lupng glAc - rhan Huy Khal
Tarn giac A C E c6 diTcJng Iron ngoai => S A B C D ^a'*cos^o:(H-sin(Y)^ ' ' (3)
tiep chinh la during tron ngoai l i c p luc V l c o s ' a ( l + s i n a ) ^ = ( l - s i n a ) ( l + sina)^ '^^^ " i
( 3 - 3 s i n ( v ) + ( l + s i n a ) + ( l + sin(Y) + ( l + sin(v) _ 3
(5)
^ 4 "2
Thay vao (4), (3) ta co:
ncnS3Qp=2R sin sin^ sin-
2 3a2V3
^ABCD - '^^ <=>
TD2
= 2R
»^
cos —cos—cos— 16 4
(2)
2 2 , 2 Da'u bang xay ra khi va chi khi dong thdi co dau bSng trong (2) va (5) lufc la
( d o a + p + y = 180").
khi va chi k h i h0 sau thoa man
V I the S A C H < SijDi.
3 = 90" \ 90"
<=> 2R"sinasinBsiny < 2R'cos—cos—cos— 3 —3sina = i + s i n a cv = 30"
2 2 2
. a . 3 . ^ 1 <=> A B C D la nijTa luc giac dcu canh a.
<=> sin—sin—sin — < — (3)
2 2 2 ~8 Bai 14. Cho nilTa du"(lng Iron ban kinh R . C la mot d i e m tiiy y tren niira duTtng
Nhirda bict trong § 3 , Ihi (3) diing => dpcm. tron. Trong hai hinh quat noi tiep hai du'dng tron. G o i M va N la hai tiep
Dii'u bang xay ra<=>a = P = y o A B C D E F la luc giac dcu. d i e m ciia hai dUdng tron vdi difdng kinh ciia nii'a difdng tron da cho. Chii'ng
Bai 13. Cho ti? giac A B C D c6 ba canh A B = BC = C D = a. Chu-ng minh: minhrang: M N > 2 R ( V 2 - I ) .
s^ A B C D ^<-^^'^ Giai
— •
Goi O i , O 2 la tam cua hai du'dng tron.
Giai 1^2]
Dat C O N = 2a 0 < (V < , 0 , M = R | , 0 2 N = R2
Dal B A C = a, A C D = p.
Khi do S A I K D = SAUC + (1)
T a c o : O j O N = a, 0,OM = --a,
K c B H 1 A C , ihi lir (1) c6:
IT
SABCI)= - A C . B H + -AC.CD.sinp vay M N = M O + O N = R|Cot (\ + Rjcota = R|tana + Rjcota.
2 2 [2
= > SAHCU < AH.BH + AH.CD (2) Trong A vuong O i M O co:
Dau b^ng Irong (2) xay ra o sinp = I c;. p = 90".
R, = 0 | O s i n (V = ( R - R,)cosa
Co the v i c l lai (2) diTdi dang sau 2
SAIKD S acosa.asina + a'cosa • R , ( l + cosa) = Rcosa
s i n h gldl Lupng g l i c — Fhan lluy lutal c i y innn m v uvvn nnang vi^i
R coscv Goi R la ban kinh du"clng lrc)n ngoai ticp AABC, ihi
R, =
1 + C()S(v SAUC = 2R'sinAsinBsinC
TiTclng lir R: = OO.^sina = (R - R:)sina => S = SR'sinAsinBsinC, <.
Rsina 'C^ day A, B< C la ba goc ciia tarn giac ABC.
=> RT = .
1 + sintt Thco dinh li ham set sin, la du'a bat dang ihuTc da cho vc dang tiTdng di/dng sau:
Rcos(\a Rsina cosa
Vay M N = . 1 .
l + c o s ( \v l + sincx sina 16R sin-Bsin'C 16RSin^ Csin^ A 16R\sin^ Asin^ B '
Rsin(\ coscv 9
l + cos(v I + sina < 64R*sin^ Asin^Bsin^C
sincv + cos<\ I
= R c:> s i n ^ A s i n ^ B s i n ^ C < - . ^
' l + sin(\)(l + cos(\
~4 „,„n
. (V (V
2 cos (\ sin + cos M O Thco bai dang thiJc cd ban Irong lam giac suy ra (1) dung, do la dpcm.
2
= R i 2 2
2 Dau bang xay ra trong (1) <=> ABC la lam giac deu.
. (\ ,.2"
sin + cos .2cos^ Vay da'u bang trong bat dang thiJc da cho xay ra <=> ABCD la tif dien deu.
1 1 2
1
= R
. (\
cos sin +COS
2 2 2
2R
sincv + coscv + 1
Giai
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