STATE GEOLOGICAL COMMISSION

. 'Wrr,r,rerr
lfoneps MnNN, Cha'irman,
G ou ermor of Vit gi,ni'a.

X. A. Ar,nnBMAN,
Pres'id,cnt of the Uni,aersi,ty of Vi,rginia.

P. B. BennrNcpn,
Presid,ent of tlte Virgi;nia Polytechruic Insti'tute.

E. W. lVrcuor,s,
Buperintend,ent of the Vi,rgi'nia Military Insti,tute.

A. M. Bowurn,
Member of the House of Del'egates.

Trrorres Lnonnnn WersoN,

D'i,rector of the Bu"raey.
IV CONTENTS.

CONTENTS
P.a,en

ILLUSTRATToN ---...-- ..----.. ..,..-

IxrnoouctroN
PsnlrMrNlnv Gnxrne:,rrtns 7
Geographic position of Virginia..... 7
Surface features of the State---
The Coastal Plain province----.-...-....---.-..-- I
The Piedmont Plateau province-..-.-.--. 10
The Appalachian Mountains province.."-.-. 11
Effects of weathering antl erosion---.--.-"-.-...".-.:...----. 12
Diversity of resources-"- 72
Inorv Onos lrvo Prc fnorv-..-..----".-... l3
M-ErqeeNnsp Onns .------.....-. 23
Gor,o ervo Srr-vun---..-....-.. 27

Coppnn 3l

50
Brick clays 53
X'ire clays '15
Pottery clays --..--"..-...- 56
Kaolin -..-.....-. 56
Lrlrn .c.NoCrunrvr.".--.-.--, 59
Lime -.....-.--.-.- 60
Cement 63
S.nrvn -e.nn Gru.vnr,..-.-.-...-. 67

S.ENI-Lrun Bsrcx .--,...-.... 70

Srorvn ----....-.. 7L
Granite 72
lVlarble 77
Limestone 77
Sandstone 82
Slate ...--,.---,-, 85
Crushecl stone -...-....-..-- 88
Roarl materials -.--.---.,-----".--- 89
Ballast and concrete...
Furnace flux ...--...---....-. 90
 CONTENTS.

PAGE
Asna.srvn MATERTALS 9r
corundum 9l
Corundum
""d "-"t;-----..---.-.---..---...-..-.-----...:.:..-.-
91
Emery ---...--... 91
Millstones (buhrstones) 9l
Srr-rce --,.----.-. 93
Quartz ....---..-- 93
Chert ---.-........ 93
Diatomaceous earth -.---...-.-.. 93
MrcA ............. 91
X'nr,ospen 96
AsBEsTos 97
Ter,c eno Soepsrorvr...-.. 98
Benrrns 702
GYPSUM 105
Ser,r -.......-...... 1u6
Mrnorur, Plrwrs r07
M.rnr- ...---..-.... t07
Pvnrro .E rvo PvgnHorrlu...-..------------- 108
AnsnNrc 111
PHospu.e,tn LT2
Gn.Lpntrn 113

$urrr,n (TrrANruM) 113

Mnrrnl'r. Werrns 116
Pnncrous Sroxns 119
Iwopx ....-........ l2l
TLLUSTRATT.N
x'reunn Pleu
1. Sketch mir,p of Virginia showing physiographic provinces-.--...- -- 8
 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

Yrncrwrl Gnor.oerc-rr, Sunrrnv,

IJNrvnnsrtv oF VrRerNra,
Csanr-orrEsvrllE, October 20, 791L.

'l'o His Ercellency, Hon. Wm. Hod,ges Marun, Goaernor of Vi,rgini'a, and'
Chairm,an of the State Geologi,cul Com,m,iss'ion:
Srn:-I have the honor to transmit herewith for publication, as
Bulletin No. VI of tbe Virginia Geological Survey Series of Reports,
a Biennial Report on the Mineral Production of Virginia during the
Calendar Years 1909 and 1910, prepared by the Director of the Survey.
In this report is given full information descriptive of the mining
industry in Virginia during the calendar years 1909 and 1910.

Trrorvres L. Wersow,
Di'rector.
 INTRODUCTION
Virginia is possessed of an abundance and variety of mineral
materials. Many of these have been worked since early colonial days,
especiaily the coal, iron ores, and brick clays. About 40 materials
are now exploited, many of them on a large scale, which afford a basis
of important commercial enterprises, and give to the State prominence'
in a varied and extensive mining indust?y. Most of the materials now
produced. can be developed still further with an increased production
in f,uture years. Some of these have been developed within recent
vears, and others still have not yet been exploited.
This bulletin gives full inforrnation descriptive of the mining
industry in Virginia during the calendar years 1909 ancl 1910, includ-
ing a brief treatment of the distribution, occurrence, development, and
produetion of the mineral materials of the State. It has been prepared
with the hope that it will be of service to those now engaged in
exploitation o{ our resources, or otherwise interested in them, The
statistics of mineral production in Virginia for the calendar year 1909
were collected by the Federal Survey in coiiperation with the Bureau of
the Census and furnished by courtesy of the Federal Survey to the'
Virginia Geological Survey. The statistics for the calendar year 1910,
were collected by the Virginia Geological Survey in cod,peration with,
the llnitecl States Geological Survey. The total number of productive
operations is large, including a variety of subjects, as is indicated in
the tables of annual production below. The aggregate value of their
output in 1910, according to returns received at the State Survey office,.
amounted tn 822,7 55,1,67.
The statistics of production and. value of the mineral resources of
Virginia for 1909 and 1910 are given below in tabular form. The
figures are well above the totals of most of the materials recorded'iu
previous years. The increase in 1909 and 1910 over that of 1908 is
especially noticeable in the large industries and in many of the smaller
ones.
There are given in the tables below the production and value of
the various mineral materials in Virginia for the years 1906 to 1910,,
inclusive.
 MINXRAL PRODUCTION.OF VIRGINIA.

Product Unit of Measurement Quantity Yalue

Short tons $ 45,336

Short Ions 24,354
'Silir'i;;; 1,966,078
4,183,991
Short tons 3,611,659
Pounds l
Cubic feet
Short tons
! uoes,zea
)
Fine ounces t4,832
Long tons 1,579,817
Long tons a8,591,000
Short tons 382,083
Long tons 77,522
15,611
Gallons 418,908
500
Long tons 431,388
Short tons tzt,95l
Fine ounees 168
172,857
606,343
Short tons 590,800
Short tons t39,446
b990,432

Total value.

aEstimated.
,,
blncludes aebestoe, natural_
_cement,
poriland cement, gypsum, mica, ocher,
pottery,quartz (flint), salt, sand-lime brick, and titanium. ""'
 IN'IRODUCTION.

Product Unit of Measurernent Quantity Value

Barytes 9,254 $ 1,611,335

32,833
Clay products..............1
---boke .:..:..:.....::::::l
Coal 4,807,533
3,765,733
Ammonium sulphate ..1 I
Coal tar . .. .. . .l I

Gas, illuminating ......1 F 1,165,821

Gas, rvater I
Gas coke )
Coppei ...1............:::: 57,008 Ll,402
Glass sand L,246 4,DOO
Gold . 402 8,300
Iron ores 786,856 1,538,920
Iron, pig 478,77t 8,963,000
Lead . 82 8,692
f,ime . 115,155 447,307
Manganese ores .. 4,604 56,469
Mica . 1,014
Millstones 4,684
Mineral waters 43I,770
Precious stones . 520
Pyrite 372,586
Sand and gravel. 1r9,277
Silver . 100
Slate t73,670
Stone . 760,488
Tale and soapstone....,... 26,278 631,880
Zine 77L 90,978
Other products ... a774,809

Total value. $25,783,656

alnclucles natural and Portland cement, feldspar, gypsum, ocher, rutile, and
sand-lime brick.
 MINERAI PRODUCTION OF YIRGINIA.

M'ineral Prod,uct,ion of Vi,rgi,nia i,n 1908.

Product Unit of Measurement Quantity Value

Short tons 442 $ 3,250

products
Si,;;t';;;." :::::::::::
''idls,oit" " 1,536,907
3,868,524
Short tons L,t62,051 2,12L,980
Pounds
Gallons l
I
Cubic feet 1,180,744
Cubic feet F
Short tons '"di,iit" " )
Pounds 3,270
Fine ounces (Troy). ... 118 .5? 2,451
321,530
Long tons 1,465,691
Long tons 4,578,000
Short tons 3,200
cement. Barrels 775,660
280,542
Long tons .... 6,418 63,324
Pounds (sheet)
l
Millstones and sandstone..
t3,427
+o
';t,bb'e;6i4' ' ' '
I z,e+a
10,554
Mineral waters 207,1L5
Pyrite 116,340
S6,na ana gi;;;i. :::::: :. :: :
435,522
I 19,095
Sand-lime brick .. Thousands 6,181 36,934
Silver . Fine ounces 236 I25
Slate ....:.. . ::.::: :: : :::.: Squares .. 4t,678 194,356
Talc and soapstone. Short tons 19,616 458,252
Zine Short tons 705 66,315
Other products ... b143,135

Total value. $17,883.822

aExclusive_ of 119,672 gallons used for soft drinks.

Drncludes barJ.'tes, feldspar, gypsum, minerll paint,
and salt.
 INTRODUCTION.

M'ineral Prod'uction of Virgi'tt'i,a in 1909.

'lProduct Unit of Measurement Quantity

$ 1,957,367
4,752,217 4,25r,056
Coke . t,347,478 2,415,769
Copper 224,162 29,14r
2,500
Gems and precious stones.. 3,750
Gold (mines rePort) 488,250
Granite
fron ores . ... ;.. . Long tons 837,847 1,693,188
Iron, pig Long tons 391,134 5,550,000
Short tons 166,695 635,946
Limestone 342,656
4,600
40,922
Millstones and sandstone..
Mineral wateis Gallons .. 1,504,530 203,455
Long tons 174,176 423,283
Sand and gravel . Short tons 847,476 281,177
Fine ounces 4,825 2,509
Silver . 40,880 180,775
Slate . Squa,res
Talc and soapstone Short tons 26,5t1 523,942
Short tons o6 6,298
Zinc .... . .. 799,086
Other productsa ..
Total.
alncludes barytes, Portland cement, -feldspar., gypsum, manganese ore, manganif-
i:utile, salt, and sand-lime brick'
elrous ore, ocher,
 MINERAL PRODUCTION 01' VIRGINIA.

M,ineral Proci;uct,ion of Virgi,ni,a in 1g10,

Product Unit of Measurement Quantity

products 'Sh;;t'i;;d $ 1,841,731

6,507,997 5,877,486
Short tons 1,493,665 2,73r,348
Pouads 5,402 686
Fine ounces 42.96 888
508,106
Long tons 903,377 t,845,144
Long tons 444,976 6,150,000
Pounds ... 198,850 8,750
Short tons L4r,257 563,567
47r,903
long tons 1,758 t7,892
5,273
Gallons 2,44t,923 301,523
Long tons 140,106 525,437
Short tons 764,321 215,4t6
Fine ounces 128 69
Squares .. 31,787 148,72L
Short tons 25,908 510,781
Pounds 1,588,112 85,758
948,032
Total
$22,755,16r
aPxclusive of 48,282 gallons used in the manufacture of soft drinks.
Drncrudes barytes, Portla_nd cement, ferdspar, gypsum,
infusorial eari'h, manganif-
erous ore. ocher, rutile, sand-lime brick. and salt]"
 GEOGRAP}IIC POSITION OF..YI3GINIA.

PRELIMINARY GENIIRALITIES

GEOGRAPIIIC POSITION OF VIRGINIA.

The State of Yirginia is situated on the Atlantic slope of the

Appa,lachian Mountains, halfway between Maine and Florida' ft is
included between- the parallels 36o 31.' and 39" 27' nofih latitude, ancl
between the meridians ?5o 13'and 83o 37'west longitude, extending
from the sea-coast westward beyond, the Great Valley to the Alleghany
Front. The extreme length of the State from the Atlantic border to
Kerrtucky is 476 miles, and the greatest width from north to south is
192 miles 1 its area Is 42,450 square miles. Of this atea, 2,325 square
miles are covered with water, giving 40,725 square miles of land
sur{ace. Its principal inland waters are the Chesapeake and Mobjack
bays, Hampton Roads, and lake Drummond. Except in the eastern
section, no navigable streams traverse the State, and transportation is
necessarily limited to railwaYs.

SUR,FACE FEATUR,ES OF THE STATE.A

Considered with rederence to its sur{ace features Virginia is dividecl

into three major provinces: (1) An eastern plain region usually
designated the coastal Plain or Tidewater region; (2) a central or
plateau region designated the Piedmont Plateau; and (3) a western
or mountain region, designated the Appalachian Mountains province.
The boundaries of these provinces are indicated on map, f.gure 1.,
page 8.
The three major provinces of the state differ markedly in the
nature and origin of surface features, and in the age and kinds of
rocks. They are intimatelv related to the geologic structure, and hence
haver an important bearing upon the mineral resources of the State.
These are considered very briefly in order below'
aA fuller discussion of this subject is eontainecl in Bull. No. I-A of the state
Geological SurveY, 1909.
 PEATE

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 TIIE COASTAL PLAIN PROVINCE.

The Coastal Plain Province.

The Virginia Coastal Plain province, the most easterly of the three
larger physiographic provinces, and comprising approximately one-
forrlth of the total arca of the State, is separated from the higher-
lying Pieclmont Plateau province on the west and the deep Atiantic
Ocean basin on the east. The boundary of the Coastal Plain to the
eastward is marked by the steep slope of the continental shelf, which
lies from 30 to 50 miles east of the present shore-line. The western
Iimit of the coastal Plain is defined by the belt of metamorphic
crystalline rocks known as the Piedmont Plateau province. The
Virginia Coastal Plain region is more thau 100 miles wide, and includes
approximately 9,500 square miies of teHitory, or about one-fourth the
total area of the State.
Because of marked geologic differences in the two provinces, the
larger streams, and many of the smaller ones, are charactefized, by
fal1s or rapids where they cross the western margin of the coastal
Plain, and they always show a marked decre,ase in the velocity of their
currents from this point eastward. For this reasoll, the name "fa11-
line,, has been given to this boundary, the position of which is marked
on the accompanying map, figure 1, page 8.
The Coastal Plain region, characterized- by broad, level-topped
stretches of country of low relief, gradually declines in slope from
the Piedmc-,nt border to the shore-line. The deposits consist chiefly
of unconsolidated beds of sand, gtavel, clay and marl, which may be
locally indura.ted. by a cement either of iron oxide or carbonate of
Iime. These indurated ledges in the vicinity of Aquia creek and, in
places, southward. along the western margin representing the oldest
formation of the Coastal Plain series, have afiorded sandstone suitable
for buililing purposes. The beds strike in general from north to south,
although some variation occurs, with a low but variable easterly dip.
In age, the Coastal Plain beds range {rom lower Cretaceous to
Quaternary.
The ohes4peake Bay afiords unparalleled transportation facilities,
and its principal tributaries, the Potomae, Rappahannock: York, ancl
James rivers, give access to vessels as far westward as the Piedmont
(cfall-line.t'
bord,er-the
10 MINTBAI PRODUCTION OT' VIRGINIA.

rhe piec,mo", J::,:'ff,:":,::3J#;" coasta, p,ain and

the Appalachian Mountains. rt extends from the eastern slope of the
Blue Ridge eastward to the western margin of the coastal plain, and
it widens southward (map, figure 1, page g). rts wiclth increases
from about 40 miles in the northern portion along the potomac River
to nearly 1?5 miles along the Yirginia-carolina boundary. The sedi-
rnents of the Coastal Plain lie across the bevelled edges of the crystalline
rocks of the Piedmont, presenting such marked stratigraphic and
i.ithologic contrast that the geoiogic boundary between the two provinces
is sharply defined. The transition on the west is less sudd.en and well
rnarked.
The Piedmont province contains a greater variety of mi^eral
resources.than either of the other two provinces. rn general, the
surface of the Plateau has a gentle southeastward slope from an average
altitude of 1,000 feet along the western margin to from 200 to 400
feet on the east, where the plateau rocks pass beneath the coastal plain
sediments. The topography of the plateau is that of a more or less
smooth, broadly rolling or undulating upland of moderate elevation,
into which the streams have rather deeply sunk their channels.
The drainage of the region is to the southeast into the Atlantic
waters, and the major streams which traverse the plateau are the
Potomac, Rappahannock, James, and Roanoke rivers.
The rocks of the Piedmont region are the oldest in the state and,
excepting the areas of rriassic rocks, they are all crystaline. They
comprise both sedimentary and igneous masses usually greatly altered
from metamorphism.. The region is made up of a complex of schists,
gneisses, and granites, with, in places, areas of"slate, quartzite, and.
limestone. This complex is intersected by intrusions of basic eruptive
rocks belonging to several different types. over parts of the eastern
and central portions of the region are areas of altered volcano-sedimen-
tary rocks which extend southwestward into North Carolina.
The age of the rocks of the region, excepting the areas of rriassic
rocks, ranges from probable Archean to early Paleozoic.
 TIIE APPALACI{IAN MOUNTAINS PNOVINCE. 11

The Appalachian Mountains province.

The Appalachian Mountains province embraces the western portion
of the State. fts eastgrn boundary is the southeastern slope of the
Blue Ridge ancl its western iimits are artificially drawn in the western
bound.ary of the State. This province, like the Piedmont Plateau and
Coastal Plain, extends northeast and southwest far beyond the limits
of Virginia
The topography of the Appalachian province is varied and
picturesque. Three subdivisions of the province are recognized which,
named from east to west, are: (1) The Blue Ridge; (2) the Great
Valley; and (3) the Alleghany Ridges. The limits of these subdivi-
sions are indicated on the map, fgure 1, page 8.
The Blue Ridge, which forms the easterrr boundary of the Appala-
chian province, maintains an uneven and knobby crest entirely across
the State, in a northeast-southwest direction, and has an average
elevation of not less than 2,000 feet above tide-level. The Blue Ridge
is composed iargely of pre-Cambrian rocks, represented in part, at least,
by various igneous types, but sandstones and shales of Cambrian age
are exposed along the western slope. It is a natural dividing line
between the Paleozoic sediments comprising sandstones, limestones, ancl
shales on the west, and the pre-Paleozoic and other rocks on the east.
'Ihe two most westerly sub-provinces, the Valley and the Alleghany
Ridges, bounded by the two principal ranges, the Blue Ridge and the
Alleghany Front, on the southeast and northwest, respectively, are
here treated together under the Greater Yaliey region. considered
broatlly, the Greater valley region is composed o{ narrow valleys and
linear ridges arranged in more oi less complex relations. rt is composed
throughout of Paleozoic sediments, rrhich range in age from cambrian
to c)arboniferous. The principal rock-types include limestone, shale,
and sandstone.
The rocks composing the Greater Valley region have been folcled
and faulted and subsequently greatly eroded. As a result of the fold.-
ing and subsequent erosion, the edges of the {ormation form linear
ridges and valleys, developing the well-known Appalachian type of
topography.

2
72 MINERAL PRODUCTION ON' VIRGINIA.

EFFECTS OF WEATI{ERING AND EROSION.

The surface rocks over all parts of Virginia show 'some efiects
from atmospheric action. of the three major provinces of the state
described above, the Coastal Plain, on account of its very recent
geologic history, has sufiered the least. The remaining two provinces,
Piedmont Plateau and Appalachian Mountains, bear striking evid,erice
over all their parts of profound decay and erosion, which have resulted
in the removal of vast quantities of rock material. Just how much of
their surface has been lowered, or what vertical thickness of material
has been remorred from these land, areas and carried seaward, would.
probably be very difficult to say, but that it has been large can not be
doubted. Because of its greater geologic age and the vast length of
time it has been a land area, the Piedmont Plateau has probably
suffered the removal of the greatest thickness of material. ,

Through this process of weathering a mantle of varying thickness

of decayed rock material overlies the still fresh or sound rock, except
where the erosive action has not been too excessive and the slopes too
steep for its accumulation. This residual material is loose and porous
or incoherent, consisting usually of clay, sand. and gravel, and on the
immediate surface forms soil. On depth it passes by impe'rceptible
gradation into the hard and fresh unaltered rock. The thickness of
residual material varies from a few inches to, in extreme cases, 100
Jeet. Over many parts of the State, exposures of the hard rock are
rare, except along the stream courses where the mantle has been cut
through by erosion.
This process of rock decay is of very great economic importance.
workable ore deposits have been formed. by it from sparsely dissemi-
nated and non-workable mineral matter in the original rocks. This is
best illustrated in the manganese deposits, irt a part of the iron and
zinc deposits, and in other ore d.eposits of the State.
DIVERSITY OF RESOURCES.
There is probably no state in the Union, of the same area as
Virginia, that can show a greater diversity in geologic resources. This
is confirmed- by the actual exploitation thus {ar made, and it might
be naturally inferred from the position which the State occupies with
 IBON CTRXS AND PIG IRON. L3

reference to disturbed and undisturbed areas as described above. As

indicated above and from an examination of the geologic map, the
State stretches from the Atlantic coast westward nearly entirely across
the Appalachian Mountain system. W'ithin this area are found rocks
ranging in age from pre-Cambrian to Recent, and representing all the
principal divisions of geologic time. Bqually as great a variety of
rock-types, both sedimentary and igneous, of structure which char-
acterizes both profoundly clisturbed and undisturbed rock masses, and
of topography, is shown.
'Ihe mineral productsa that have been mined and quarried in
Virginia are discussed in this bulletin in the following order: Iron
ores, manganese ores, gold and sil.r.'er, copper, Iead ancl zinc, tin, nickel
and eobalt, coal and coke, clay and clay products, lime and cement,
sand and gravel, sand-lime brick, stone (granite, marble, limestone,
sandstone, slate, crushed stone, and furnace flux), abrasive rnaterials
(corundum, emery, and millstones), silica (qaartz, chert, and diato,
macc'ous earth), mica, feldspar, asbestos, talc and soapstone, barytes,
gypsum, salt, mineral paints, marl, pyrite and pyrrhotite, arsenic,
phosphate, graphite, rutile (titanium), mineral waters, and precious
stones (quartz, garnet, allanite, kyanite, fluorite, feldspar, microlite,
apatite, beryl, columbite, and helvite).

IRON ORES AND PIG IRON.

The present commercial deposits of iron ore in Virginia are con-
fined to the Piedmont and Appalachian regions. The iron ores of the
Piedmont region occur in metamorphic crystalline rocks of unknown
age, probably pre-Cambrian in large part; those of the Appalachian
region occur in sedimentary rocks of Paleozoic age, or the residual
material derived from them.
The iron minerals used as ores of the metal in the State are,
chemically, oxides, of which there are three important types, limonite
(brown hematite), red hematite, and magnetite. Of these, the brown
hematite has been and is the principal source of the metal, as indicated

.- u4 ryup^.of_Virgirit showing loc-ation _of miles and quarries was publishecl by

the State Geological Survey in 1909 and partly distributed with BiU. No. I-4.
Scale of map, 12 miles equals I inch.
t+ MINEBAT PBODUCTION O:F VIRGINIA.

in the table on page 21; The sulphicles and carbonate, especially the
former, oecur in many places, but they do not form as yet an important
source of the metal.
The iron ores of Virginia may be classified as follows:a
Prnolroxr Rporon:
1. Hematite. Specular hematite associatetl with magnetite in the James River
valleY.
2. Brown ore. Gossan ore forming a capping of pyrrhotite tleposits in south-
western Yirginia, ancl pyrite deposits in northern and central Virginia.
3. Magnetite. Associated with gneisses, schists, ancl crystalline limestones, in
central and southwestern Virginia, ancl with basic intrusions in the Blue
Ridge.
Alrlr,ecnten RsctoN:
t. Hematite.
(a) Siliceous specular hematite interbedded with lower Cambrian shale
and quartzite in the Blue Ritlge.
(b) 3'ossil (red) hematite interbeclded rvith shale anil santlstone of Clinton
(Rockwood) formation in western antl southwestern Virginia.
2. Brown ore.
(a) 'oMountain" ores of the Blue Ritlge antl the Nerm River district, asso-
cia.ted with lower Cambrian quartzite and with residual material
above it derivetl from the quartzite ancl from the overlying forma-
tions.
(b) "Valley" ores associated with residual material of the Shady lime'
stone in the New River district. A few tleposits of this nature
occur with other limestones of the Shenandbah group along the
BIue Ridge.
(c) Oriskany ores replacing the Lewistown limestone directly under the
"Monterey" (Oriskany) sandstone in the western part of the
Appalachian region.
3. Magnefite. Magnetite and hematite associated with limonite and iron
carbonate in the upper part of the Shenandoah group locally in south-
western Virginia.
4. Iron carbonate. Iron carbonate occurring with limestone magnetite in the
upper part of the Shenandoah. group locally in southwestern Virginia,
and as ironstone coneretions in the Martinsburg and Romney shales.

fn recent years, the iron ores of the Piedmont region have con-
tributed only a very minor part of the total production of the ores in
the State, though small quantities of magnetite and limonite (brown
ore) are produced annually from this region.
Magnetite deposits, usuaily having the form of lenticular beds
or elongated pods and interlaminated with gneisses, schists and, in
places, limestones, are widely distributed through the Piedmont region,

aHariler, E. C. Bulletin 380, U. S, Geological Survey, !909, pp' 216'217, The

suluhide tvnes of iron ores are omitted from the scheme of classiffcation, as they
hav'e not y6t contributerl to the production of metal. in virginia, but are utilizetl
in acid making, and are treated under Pyrite and Pyrrhotite on pages 108-IlI.
 IRON ORES AND PICT IRON. 15

They occur in Albemarle, Amherst, Appomattox, Buckingham,

Fluvanna, Franklin, Grayson, Louisa, Nelson, Patrick Ilenry, and
Pittsylvania counties. The James River valley area below L;rrchburg
was a principal iron-producing district in the State about a hundred
years ago, and was exploited again about 1880. fn recent years, the
magnetite ore at Pittsville in Pittsylvania County has been the most
extensively mined in the Piedmont region. The ore body has a thick-
ness of 72 feet and occurs between crystalline limestone and mica
schist. Magnetite has been mined near Rocky Mount, in Franklin
Countv, and west of Goblintown Creek in Patrick County. The
magnetite deposits vary in thickness up to 30 feet and more, and they
show much irregularity (pinching and swelling) on both the strike
and the dip. They vary greatly in composition, from bodies containing
practically all iron ore to those made up largely of gangue minerals
with but little ore. They include both non-titaniferous and titaniferous
types.
Brown (gossan) ore, resulting from the oxidation of pyrite and
pyrrhotite above groundwater level, has wide distribution through the
Piedmont region. It occurs capping the pyrite bodies in metamorphic
crystalline schists of unknown age, of Buckingham, Louisa, Prince
William, Spottsylvania, and Stafford counties, and formed the basis
for the f.rst iron industry in \rirginia; but it has not been mined in
recent yearc. Similar ore occurs in Carroll, Floyd, Franklin, aud
Gravson counties, forming the capping of pyrrhotite deposits in
metamorphic crystalline schists.
The '(Great Gossan Lead)' of Carroll-Floyd-Grayson counties is the
most extensive one qf the gossan leads. It is quite variable in width,
rancing from a few feet up to more than 150 feet. The gossan consists
of light brown or yellow limonite, which extends to a depth of from
10 to 60 feet, and has been mined in many places.
The brown iron ores of the Appalachian region, which include the
('mountainr"
valley or limestone, and Oriskany ores, aie commercially
the most important ores in Yirginia. The specular hematites of the
Blue Ridge are second in importance, the Clinton fossil ores thircl, antl
the remaining types are of minor importance. These types of ores are
bricfl.y described below.
16 MINXRAL PRODUCTION OF VIRGINIA.

Specular hematite occurs in workable quantity along the Blue Ridge

in Beclford, Botetourt, and Roanoke counties. It occurs interbedded
with lower Cambrian quartzite and shale, and is believed to be sedi-
mentary in origin. The ore bed is of variable thickness and has been
worked at eight localities, as follows:u "The Arcadia and Wood mines,
about 4 miles southeast of Buchanan I the Ironville and Dewey mines,
near Montvale I the Lemon, Grubb-Specular and Edith mines, about
3 miles northwest of Blue Ridge Springs; and the Griffin-Specular
mipc, about 5 miles south of Roanoke. Of these, the Arcadia, W-ood,
Dewey, and Eclith mines are af, present in operation." The ore is a
very siliceous dark-red hematite, in which the iron content ranges from
less than 35 per cent to 45 per cent, and the siiica content from 30 to
40 per e,ent.b
Fossil hematite. interbedded with shale and sandstone of the
Clinton (Rockwooil) formation of the Silurian system, occurs in work-
able cluantity in Alleghany, Lee, and Wise counties. In Alleghany
Courrty, fossil ore has been mined on the southeast slope of llorse
Mountain, 3 miles southeast of Lowmoor,. and in the bluff northeast
of Jackson River at Iron Gate. Only one workable becl of ore is know:r,
which averages less than two feet in thickness. The ore mined is of
the soft variety from which the calcium carbonate has been removed by
surface waters, and it carries 46 to 57 per cent of metallic iron.
According to Hayes,c nearly 90,000 tons of fossil ore were shipped in
1907 from mines in the Alleghany County district.
fn the Lee-Wise counties district of southwest Virginia, fossil
hematite ore is mined south of Big Stone Gap on'Wallen Ridge, and in
Powell Yalley, and southwest of Pennington Gap along Poor Valle;v
ridge. The Yeary, .Irondale, Keystone, and Oreton mines have been
opened south of Big Stone Gap, and the Pennington, Lavine, Ben IIur,
Truro, Noes Siding, Grabill, Boones Path, and Ewing mines are
opened along Poor Yalley ridge. In the southwest Virginia district
there are three ore beds which have been mined, ranging in thickness
aHariler, E. C. Bulletin 380, U. S. Geological Survey, 1909, p. 225,
blbid., pp. 227 and,228.
cHayes, C. W. Bulletin 394, U. S. Geological Survey, 1909, p. 88.
 IRON ORES AND PIG IRON. Lt

frorn 6 inches to 2.5 feet. The ores mined are chiefly of the soft
vari,ety, and are of lower grade than those of the Alleghany County
district.
The "mountain" brown ores, so called because of their occurrence
along the flanks or at the base of a sandstone or quartzite ridge, extend
along the west slope of the Blue Bidge from near Front Royaf in
Warren County, to a point south of Roanoke, and along the east side
of the New River-Cripple Creek district, in Pulaski County, and along
and near to the Wythe-Carroll counties bound.ary. The ore deposits are
associated with Cambrian quartzite or its residual material, usually
the latter, show great variation in for"rn and texture, and range in iron
content from 35 to 50 per cent and in silica content from 10 to 30
per cent, with usually high manganese and phosphorus. They are of
lower grade than the valley or limestone brown ores, and are regarded
as concentrations by meteoric water, the iron having been derivedl
ldrrgely if not entirely from the overlying shale and limestone
formations.
The val1ey or limestone brown ores are distributed at intervals
throughout the Valley region west of the Blue Ridge, in association
witli the residual clays derived from the limestone by processes of
decay. The principa^l occurrence of these ores is in the New River-
'Wythe
Cripple Creek district of and Pulaski counties, in residual clays
deriyed from the Shady (lower mernber of the Shenandoah group)
limestone. A large number of mines have been operated in this district.
fn the northern and central Yalley region the limestone brolvn ores.
are not so abundant, there being less than a doze r deposits t,hat have
been worked. between Roanoke, and the Maryiand boundary. The
ores of this region, called the Blue Ridge belt, occur in residual clays
ilerived from the Natural Bridge limestone.
The ore is disseminated" through the residual clay in varying con-
centrations ranging from large porous masses down to pellets the size'
of a pea. The proportion of clay to ore in the workable deposits varies.
considerably, usually from 5 to 1 to 25 to L.a The ores are usually
rieher than the t'mountain" ores ranging in iron content from 40 to 55r,
aHarder, E. C. Bulletin 380, U. S, Geological Survey, 1909, p.244.
18 MINERAL PRODUOTION Or. I'IBGINIA.

per cent, and in silica content from 5 to 20 per cent, with usually
less than 1 per cent of manganese and enough phosphorus to be classed
as a non-Bessemer ore.
The valley or limestone brown ores are residual deposits, the iron
of which was originally disseminated through the rocks and, under
favorable conditions, has been concentrated during the process ot'
weathering and erosion.
The Oriskany brown ores are the most important of the iron ores
mined at present in Virginia. The principal district of Oriskany ores
includes the counties of Alieghany, Botetourt, and Craig, from which
nearly all the ore mined.of this type is produced. Minor deposits occur
on Draper Mountain, in Pulaski and Wythe counties I on Peters
Mountain, Giles County; in the Buffalo Gap area, Augusta County;
in Massanutten Mountain, Shenandoah County; and on North
Mountain, in Shenandoah and Frederick counties.a
These ores are limited to a defnite horizon, in the Lewistown
(Helderbergian) limestone, immediately below the Monterey (Oris-
kany) sandstone. They represent replacements of the upper portion of
the limestone. The ore was derived from the overlying l)evonian
black shales by meteoric waters. Where the shales were of sufficient
thickness and the underlying Monterey sandstone sufficientiy thin and
fractured, the iron-bearing solutions penetrated into the underlying
limestone and, under favorable conditions, replaced the' calcium
carbonate by iron dxide, forming the ore bodies.
The ore deposits are continuous for considerable distances along
the strike with great variations in thickness of the ore bodies shown.
ranging up to 75 feet with a probable average of 15 to 25 feei. The
ore, usually fairly solid but frequently porous with the eavities con-
taining clay, ranges between 35 and 50 per cent of metallic iron. They
are usually high in silica and manganese, resembling in this particular
the "mountain" ores.
The principal Oriskany brown ore minesb in the State are Liberty
and Yan Buren Furnace mines, in Shenandoah County; the Buffalo
Gap and Ferrol mines, in Augusta County; the Victoria and Long-
dale rnines, north of Longdale, Alleghany Count.y; the Dolly Ann,
- ,Harder, Er C. Ibid., p. 246.
bop. cit., p. 248.
 IRON ORES AND .PIG IRON. 1.9

fron Mountain, and Stack mines, near Covington, Alleghany County I

the Lowmoor and Rich Patch mines, near Lowmoor, Alleghany
County; the Jordan mines, on Potts Creek, Alleghany County; the
Callie, Wilton and Circle mines, near GIen Wilton, Botetourt County;
the Oriskany and Fenv'ick mines, in Botetourt and Craig counties,
near Oriskany I the Gala mines, :neav Dagger Spring, Botetourt
County; the Clayton and Peak Knob mines, near Pulaski, Pulaski
County; and the Locust HilI mine, near Max Meadows, Wythe County.
'Ihe rernaining types of Appalachian iron ores in Virginia, in-
cluding the limestone magnetite and iron carbonate ores) are of minor
importance. The principal deposits of the limestone masrretite ores.
so far known, occur near Big Sandy Junction, in Giles County, and
near Abingdon, in \Mashington County, with smaller deposits else-
where in southwest Virginia. Iron carbonate is reported in minable
quantity from only one locality, namely, near Abingdon, in Wash-
ington County, in association with limestone magnetite ore'
The iron ores of the State are under investigation by the Virginia
Geological Survey, after the eompletion of which a detailed report will
be published.
The iron ore mining industry in Virginia showed a decided increase
in 1909, the figures of production being 837,8+7 long tons, valued at
$1,693,188, as against 692,223 long tons, valued at $1,465,691 in
1908. This was an increase over the 1908 procluction, of 745,624long
tons or 21.03 per cent in quantity, and$227,497 or 15.52 per cent in
value. The average priee per tone of ore in 1909 was 82'02'
The production of iron ores in virginia during 1910 amounted to
903,371 long tons, valued at $1,845,144. These figures represent an
increase over the production for 1909, of 65,530 long tons or 7.82 per
cent in quantity, and $151,956 or 8.97 per cent in value. The average
price per ton of the iron ore mined. in Yirginia during 1910 was 82.0+.
The 1910 production of iron ores in ths State represented" the output
of forty-nine mines disiributed among fourteen producers operating in
the same number of counties (14). 'Ihe counties producing iron ore
20 },IINTRAL -PRODUCTION OF VIRGINIA.

in the State during 1910 were as follows: Alleghany, Augusta, Bed-

ford. Botetourt, Carrol1, Craig, Lee, Pittsylvania, Pulaski, Roanoke,
Rockbridge, Smyth, Washington, and Wythe.
There is given in the table below the total production of iron ore
in Virginia by varieties, from 1g00 to 1910, inclusive. It will be
observed that brown hematite is vastly the most important, producing
at present 00.89+ per cent of the total. The next in order of im-
portance is red hematite, which contributed, in 1g10, a little over 9
per cent of the total production, while magnetite for ihe same year
amounted to less than a half of c.rne per cent.

Prod,uct'i,on of lron, Ore ,in lri,rgi,nia, by Vari,eti,es, 1g00-1g10, in

lono tons.

Broryn Red Total Total

hematite hematite Magnetite quantity value

1900a .. 918,157 3,664 92L,82L $1,489,318

1901a .. 9t0,2L4 13,156 2,024 925,394 1,466,423
I902a.. 953,128 31,677 3,153 987,958 1,667,456
1903a .. 764,948 31,609 4,604 801,161 1,432,624
L904a.. 528,853 r7,952 3,448 550,253 95t,478
1905 ... 704,470 .ro,oo / 518 740,345 L,256,428
1906 ... 735,204 92,257 620 828,081 r,579,8t7
1907 ... 696,518 89,867 47t 786,856 1,538,920
1908 ... 626,910 64,323 990 692,223 1,465,691
1909 ... 762,937 72,955 1,955 837,847 1,693,199
1910 821,131 8r,647 599 903,377 r,845,144

arncludes west virginia, but practically the total production was from virginia.

A good idea of the distribution of the different varieties of irori

ore producecl in Yirginia in 1910 may be gained from the tabre below,
in which the total production is classified by varie,ties and counties.
Brown hematite, which constitutes at present the chief ore, comes
mostly from the Appalachian counties west of the Brue RidEe. with
only a minor production from the counties in the crystalliie area.
The same is true for the production of hematite, which now stand.s next
in importance to brown hematite. Deposits of magnetite are widely
distributed through the crystalline area, which form imporranr.
reserves of iron ore, but the production of magnetite in the state has
been very small and of minor importance.
 IRON ORES AND PIG IRON. 2T

prod,uction of Iron ore 'i,n vi,rgi,nia, by counti,es and varieti'es, 7910,

in long tons.

Brown hematite Recl hematite Value

County Value Long tons
long tons

234,772 $ 582,068

t47,298 272,768

168,148 398,928

r27,185 202,W9

14,001 31,216
130,326b 2r5,939

821,730 $1,703,018 81,647 $142,L26

alncluded under total in order to avoid disclosing individual production.

blncludes 599 tons of magnetite.

The average price, per long ton of the difierent varieties of iron
ore produced in virginia during 1910 foilows: Brown hematite 82.07,
red hematite $1.?4, and magnetite $1.50. These prices represent the
value of the ore at the mouth of the mine, and are taken directly from
the replies of the producers.
The production of pig iron in virgiiiia during 1909 amounted to
391,134 long tons, valued. at $5,550,000, as compared with 320,458
long tons, valued at $4,5?8,000 in 1908, an increase in quantity of
70,676long tons or 22.05 per cent, and in value of $9?2'000 ot 2L'27
per cent. The 1910 production of pig iron in virginia amounted to
444,976long tons, valued at $61150,000, an increase over the production
of the preceding year of 53,842long tons in cluantity, and $600,000 in
value.
There is given in the table below the production of pig iron in Yir-
ginia for the years 1905 to 1910, inclusive.
 99 MINERAI, PRODUCT]ON OI' VIRGINIA.

Prod,uct,ion of Pi,g lron,in Vi,rgini,a, by years, 1g0S-1910.

Quantity Value
Year Long tons Value per f,on

1905 510,210 $7,540,000a $14.78

1906 483,525 8,591,000a 17.77
1907 478,77L 8,963,000 t8.72
1908 320,458b 4,578,000 L4.29
1909 39r,134b 5,550,000 t4.19
1910 444,976b 6,150,000 13. 82
aEstimated.
bBirkinbine, J. Personal communication.

LISI OX' IRON ORE OPERATORS

OPERATOIT OX'FICE MINE
Barr Ore & Iron Corporation.... ..pittsville ....pittsville.
Bentonville l\{inlng Co. . .philadelphia, I,a . .. ..Bentonvi[e
Black, II. A and J. L..,... ......Stauuton ....Stuarts Drafr
Bland Iron & Coal Co. ., .Wythevilte . ..Blanal County
Boone's Peth Iron Co. ... . ... ... .Batflmore, Mal . .. ....Rose IJill Station
Botetourt Mineral & Mlning Co. ,., ..... . .Fincasfle
Buena Vista fron Co., Inc...... ...Johnstown, pa .......Buena Vista
Catawba Mining & Manufacturing Co. .. . . .Roanoke
Coots,Graham ..BasicCity ...Staunton
Crescent trron Ore Co..... ....,.Newyork, N. y.......Stanley aird Stanleyton
Crowder, Delaney & MiUer. . .. .. .Covington . .. ....,...Ciifton n'orge
Duiotts Knob Coal & Iron Co..,: . .Buffato Gap . ..
Eureka Manganese Co. ...Stanleyton ,,.Stanleyton
n'ranklin, G. H. .. .. . . . .Brights .. .. ..Brights
Goshen -Ir,on Co., Lessee, Chapman lron,
Coal & Coke Co. ... ... .. ..,, ..Goshen . . ....Clifton !'orge
Graham lfeirs, Part Owners of virginia
Iron, Coal & Coke Co. . ... ,. ...Graham Iforse .,......
flalser, Ira F...... ....Troutvule ...Troutville
Hatcher & Sheatrer, ... ..Pulaski ..... ,peak Knob anal putaski
Iforneck Construction Co. ,... ....Cumberl'al Gap, Tenn..Ben Hur and Jonesville
Indian Canp Minilg Co. ... .. .,l\[ax Meadows .Iyanhoe
fAbingdon
Ivanboe ['urnace co.... . ,pittsburg, pa..........{ $Xf","t""trt"
I Ivanhoe
Keystone Coal & Iron Co. .. ,, . ., . .philaalelphia, pa . .. , ..Oreton
Laing, J. B....., ....,..Lewisburg, W. Va,, or
Newcastle.
Ltttle,J.F.,.... .....,.Newcasile .....,.....Waitsvllle
Lobdell Car Whe.el Co. . ..Wiimington, Del . ,. . ,.Whtte Rock F.urnace
Longdale Iron Co. ... ....Longdale . .. .... .....Australia
Lowmoor Iron Co. of Yirginia. ....Lowmoor ..,.Backbone, Covlngton,
Lowmoor, and Nes'-
Mclean, James G. ......pittsburg, pa........,"ffttj:
Manganese Iron & Coal Co.... . ..,Newcasile ....Newcasile
Oriskany Ore & fron Corporation, Lessees
Alleghany Ore & Iron Co.,,., ..Iron Gate ...Liqnite ancl Vesuvlus
 MANGANESE ORES. 2:t

OPERAlTOR OX'FICE MINN

Persinger, J. w... .:..... .BuenaYista 'Rich Patch

Pittsville MiningCo. ....Pittsviue ""Pittsville
Poplar Camp Minlng Co. .Max Meailows 'IYanhoe and luax Mea'l-

Princess Furnace co..... ........GIen wilton " .' " "'Glen Wllton
Pulaskl Iron Co..... ....Pulaski """Alilsonia' Buchanan'
CriPPIe Creek, Foster
Fa[s. antt Pu]aski
Sanalers & St. Clair. '.....Troutville '"""" "'Iroutville
Scherr, A. C. antl others . . Charleston, W' Va " " ' Grottoes

Seibel, H. ,.J. .. . .Elappy Creek 'Happy Creek

Spoor,w.M...,..". .....Abingdon ""Adwolf
Thrush.EI.H... ........frrontRoyal . 'Limeton
Union lron & Steel Co., L. O' Pettit, Re-
ceiver. ..'..'.BigStone Gap........Ewing
Utah-Virginia l\{ining Corporation. ', .. .. ..Salt Lake City, Utah. .Troutville
Yesuvius Mining Co. ....Baltimore, Md .......Greenville
Virglnia Clay & Materlal Co. ... ..Farmville . . ..Farmvllle
fAllisonia
lBaker Iuines
I Barren Springs
I Blue Ridge Springs
lCtark Summit
I Cotooaxi
I Crtpple Creek
i F oster Falls
Virginia Iron, Coal & Coke Co. . ...Roanoke I Granam
I Interior
l\{ax Meadows
MontYale
I Osden
I Raed rsland
Roanoke
LSpeedwell
Virginia Iron & Lumber Co..... ..Philadelphia' Pa '"''
Virginia Ore & Iron Co...'. .....Baltimore, M'l """'BerryYille
Watts, Sterling .\{ax Meaalows " " " 'Austinville
X/est End !'urnace Co. . ... . .. ....Roanoke . '. ' '... '. ...Allisonia
Wilttams & Son, John T' '.,.. . -..Bristol, Va'-Tenn " "Bonsacks
WiUis&Nutson. .......tlamakertown.
Wissler Mining Co. ..., . . .Laf,'ollette, Tenn ' " "Ivanhoe
zinns Iron Mining Co. r..Washington, P4...'" 'Vesuvlus

MANGANESE ORES.
Virginia has more known deposits o{ manganese, they extend over
a larger territory, a larger number of localities have been wolke_dt
and more manganese has been produced than in any other state in the
LTnion. Manganese ores oceur in each of the three major geologic
provinees of the State, namely, the Coastal Piain or Tidewater belt,
the Piedmont prorrince or crystalline area, and the Appalachian
Mountajns province or Paleozoic area. Of these the Mountain (Valley)
province has yielderl the principal production, with extensive opera-
iioos uod a large total procluction from the Piedmont province. Only
 MINERAI, PRODUCTION OF VIRGINIA.

a slight production has come from the eastern or Coastal plain

province.
Manganese occurs natively in a variety of mineral combinations
but only the oxides of the metal are of commercial importance in
Virginia. Of these, pyrolusite and psilomelane greatly pred.ominate
rvith, in places, much of the earthy oxide, wad. These different oxides
often occur admixed in varying proportions. Tho ore is frequently
partially or entirely crystalline, of a dark steel-blue.color, and the
nodular (kidney) type, which usually prevails, often displays the
complete or partially layered structure of concre ionary masses.
The manganese ores are usually found imbedded in the residual
clays which overlie the rocks, from which the clays have been derived
by the usual processes of decay. The underlying rock yieiding the
ore-bearing clays may be of sedimentary or igneous origin, and mav be
the usual consolidated sediments, or a metamorphic crystalline type.
The ore is distributed 'through the clays in an irregular manner
in the form of pocke'ts or lenticular masses, rarely as distinct beds;
as veinlets and stringers cutting the clays in all directions; as single
nodules and masses, ranging in r,veight up to b00 pounds, assembled in
the clays; as small disseminated grains scattered through the clays; as
breccia ore in large masses I and as probable replacement and cavity
fillings in sandstone or sandy blay. rn places, both in the piedmont
and valley regions, the ore distribution conforms in a ge,nerar way to
the bedding of the inclosing clays; frequently, however, this is ob-
seured and the ore bodies indiscriminately cut the clays in all
directions.
Tn the Piedmont region where the residual clays have been derived
from the decay of crystalline schists, and the original schistosity of
the rocks preserved in the clays, the ore frequently conforms with the
foliation and is disposed in thin stringers and sheets much after the
manner of interleaving. The pockets show much variation in size and
ntrmber, ransing from small nests to bodies ;'ieldinE many tons of ore.
They are rarely composed of solid ore free from clay, but the ore forms
thickly-stuclded nodules in the clays. The pockets may be closely
spaced or they may occur at wide intervals, usually not oonnected,
 MANGANESE ORES. 25

although at times stringers or irregular nodules may lead from one

pocket to another.
The principal productive manganese deposits in Virginia are
(1) those of the Piedmont region, occurring chiefly in Campbell and
Nelson counties, northeast and south of Lynchburg; and (2) those of
the Yalley region occurring along the west slope of the Blue Ridge.
Numerous mines have been worked in the Piedmont region'
rn the valley region the principal manganiferous ore belt lies
along the west slope of the Blue Ridge. workable deposits of manga-
r".*1"., have been found in each county borderi.g on the western slope
of the Blue Ridge. The Blue Ridge iron ore mines occur along this
be1t, many of which contain some manganese in the {orm of man-
ganiferous iron ore, and similarly many of the manganese deposits
contain some iron. The manganese ores are usually found embedded
in residual clays derived from cambrian ferriferous shales, which
oyerlie the Cambrian quartzite. In other places over the Valley region,
manganese ores occur similarly embedded in residual clays clerived
from limestone of Cambro-Ordovician age. The famous Crimora
mine in Augusta County has procluced more manganese ore than all
other mines in the Unitetl States combined.
'been the principal producer of manganese
Yirginia has always
ores in the United States. The figures of production in 1909 were
1)g34a long tons, valued at $74,275, as compared' with 6,144 long tons,
valued at $62,776 in 1908. 'This represents a loss of 4,810 long tons,
or ?8.3 per cent, in quantity, and $48,501 , ot 77'25 per cent, in value'
There wete 2 pro'ducers of mangianese ores in 1909, operating in 2
counties. The production for 1910 was as follows : 21059" long tons,
valued at s18,509. These fgures represent an increase, over the 1909
proclnction, of 725}ong tons in quantity, and, $4,234 in value' There
we"" fou" prod.ucers of manganese ore in 1910, and one of manga-
niferous ore. The prod,uction came from the following four counties:
Augusta, campbell, Rockingham, and warren. In aclclition to the
figo"e, given above , 21085 long tons of manganese ore were reported' as
stock on hand at the close of 1910.
There are given in the table below the figures of production and
value of mangarlese ores in Yirginia from 1903-1910, inclusive.
alncludes small production of manganiferous ore'
26 ITTNERAL pRoDUCTToN oF yrRGrNrA.
Prod,uction and, Value of Manganese Ores in Vi,rgi,ni,a, 1g0g_1g10.

Year Quantity Value Average value

Long tons per ton

1903 1,801 $ 19,611 $10.89

1904 3,054 28,406 9.30
1905 3,947a 35,209 8.92
1906 6,028 77,522 12.86
1907 4,604 56,469 12.27
1908 6,L44b 62,776 10.22
1909 . 1,334c 14,725 10. 70
1910 2.059c 18.509 8.98
aln addition, 453 tons of tailings,_ valuecl at $406, were shipped.
b_In 274 totts of manganiferous iron ore were sold.
-addition,
clncludes small production of manganiferous ore.
LIST OF' ]\IANAANESE ORE OPERATORS

... .Crimora
.. .Evington
....Comnton
..Compton
'. D. No. 2..Ivanhoe
' .Mt. Athos
.
. . . Stanleyton
. . ..Evington

Y. ......Stuarts Draft
., Troutville
. . .Marion
. .' IIt. Athos
 GOID AND SIMR. 2l

GOLD AND SII,VER.

The Yirginia Mining Company of New York, operating between
the years 1831 and 1834 the Grasty tract of land in Orange County,
was the first gold mining company incorporated in Virginia. In 1836,
there was considerable activity in golcl mining in the State, and the
production was reasonably steady from the rediscovery in 1831 to 1850,
the annual value being given between $50,000 and $100,000. In-
creased activity in gold mining in the State was manifested in the early
fifties, but the Civil War almost completely stopped mining operations
in Virginia and in the South generally. Considerable activity was
again manifested in the Yirginia gold fields after the close of the
Civil 'War, and milling and reduction plants were erected at various
points. Many of these attempts met with only small success and in
most cases were abandoned, not because of the lack of, ore, but because
largely of bad mangement and inexperienced mining, together with a
change from Jree milling to pyrite ores.
The principal gold-bearing areas are arrarrged in a belt which
begins in Montgomery County, Maryland, and extends across Virginia
in a southwestward direction to the North Carolina line. The belt
varies in wiclth from 15 to 25 miles, and is 200 miles 1ong, with its best
developed portion in Fauquier, Stafford, Culpeper, Orange, Spottsyl-
vania, Louisa, Fluvanna, Goochland, and Buckingham counties. Gold
is also found in Appomattox, Prince Edward, Charlotte, Ilalifax, and
Pittsylvania counties, which mark the southwest extensipn of the
principal belt. Excepting llalifax, which has been a producer for
several years, no developments have been made in the last-named
counties.
A smaller belt occurs on the west side of the Blue Ridge in
I\{ontgomer;, Floyd., and Grayson counties, but is und.eveloped and has
proved of little economic imponance.
Many of the mines in the principal belt have produced. large
quantities of gold, as shown in the United States mint returns, and
have been rather extensively worked. Preparations are in progress for
the resumption of mining at a number of the mines in the principal
belt. I)uring 1910 considerable interest was manifested" at many
3
28 I\IINNRAI, PRODUCTION OI' VIRGINIA.

places within the belt in exploiting old and new properties. The
principal gold belt is crossed by innumerable streams bordered by
placers, many of which have been worked over several times.
The principal rocks of the gold belt are micaceous schists and
gneisses, often garnetiferous and chloritic, and in places hornblendic.
They include both altered sediments and igneous masses. The pre-
vailing strike is l[. 20o 8., and the dip is toward the east and southeast
at varying angles, frequently steep, and in many cases nearly vertical.
Granite masses and basic igneous rocks occur in the region, sometimes
sheared from dynamic causes.
The gold-bearing veins are chiefly qaartz, which vary in texture
from large crystalline masses to ver;r fine saccharoidal grains. fn
structure, they vary from massive to thin platy or schistose bodies;
both usually penetrated. by closely spaced irregular fractures. The
principal metallic content is auriferous pyrite, which at times is
copper-bearing and contains more or less admixed chalcopyrite.
Within the weathered. zone, extending from the surface down to local
rvaterlevel and of varying depth, tbe quafiz is more or less porous and-
discolored or stained with iron oxide from the oxidation of the sulphide
minerals, and the liberation of free or elementary gold. Below the
local water-level the veins are fresh, the sulphides are rlnaltered, and
elementary gold is less frequent in occurrence. The early operations
were confinecl largely to the oxidized portions of the veins which yieldecl
a free-milling ore that was easy of treatment. Since then, operations
chiefly. include the mining of sulphurets or the sulphicle bodies, which
require a different metaliurgical treatment of the ores in order to
extvact and recover the gold.
The golcl-bearing veins conform in the main to the structure, strike
and dip of the inclosing rocks, a fact which has caused various explana-
tions to be advanced for their origin by tlifferent observers. Although
the veins conform in the main to the dip and strike of the inclosing
rocks, the correspondence is far from being exact, {or they frequently
cut the schists at small angles both in dip and strike.
Excepting quafiz and pyrite, the gangue minerals in the gold veins
of Virginia comprise the following species: Chalcopyrite, native
copper, galena, mispickel (arsenopyrite), pyromorphite, tetrahedrite,
 GOLD AND SILVER, 29

toulmaline, vanadinite, sphalerite, pyrrhotite, and siderite. So far

as the gangue minerals are concerned, the Virginia gold ores are
entirely typical in.character. The ores are quartzose deposits in which
pyrite is usually present, chalcopyrite -common, and mispickel and
sphalerite are not rare.
fn 1904, the production of gold and silver in Virginia was con-
tributed to by eleven counties. From the United States mint returns
for 1905, the gold production in Virginia increased in value, over 1904,
$1,182; and silver decreased S3,779. fn 1905, seven mines were
reported producing, three of which were placer mines. According to
Lindgren, the four deep mines yielded an estimated tonnage of 800,
with an average value of $5.35 per ton in golcl and silver. The pro-
duction in 1906 showed an increase over that of 1905 of $9,850 in
gold ancl $61 in silver. There were 9,565 short tones of siliceous ores
raised which yielded an ayerage extraction of $4.17 per ton. There
was no reported production for the year from placer mines. fn 1907,
the total production of gokl was valued at $8,288 and of silver $146,
a decrease f,rom that of 1906. According to McOaskey, seven mines
reported a production, six of which were deep mines, yielding 26,89,i9
short tons of ore. Of this, 1,128 short tons were siliceous ores which
yieided an average extraction of $7.33 per ton in gold and silverl
25,044 short tons were siliceous and cupriferous sulploide ores, giving
an extraction of $0.002 per ton in the precious metals; and the re-
mainder were lead ores which yieldecl no golcl or silver.
Four placers and four d.eep mines reported a production in 1908.
According to McOaskey, the deep mines reported 12,877 tons of ore,
230 tons of which were siliceous gold ores, with an average value in
precious metals of $7.135 per ton, and 1,896 tons were copper ores
yielding $0.05 in precious metals and" 72.4 pound.s of copper per ton.
Fight hunclreil (800) tons of lead. ores yielcled gokl ancl silver valued
at $0.28 and.95.2 pounds of lead per ton.
Virginia produced, in 1908, 118.57 fne ounces of golcl valued at
$2,451, and 236 fine ounces of silver valued at S125. This shows a
decrease from the production of 1907 in golcl of. 283.43 fine ounces
in quantity, and of $5,849 in value, and a decrease in silver of $21
in value, but an increase of 15 fine ounces in quantity. fn 1909, the
80 MINEBAIJ PRODUCtION OF VIRGINIA.

total production of gold was 181.41 fine ounces valued at $3,?50, and
of silver 4,825 fine ounces valued atr 82,509, an increase.in value over
that of 1908 of $1,299 of gold ancl $2,384 of silver. Eight mines
contributed to the production, five of which were placers and three
deep mines. According to McOaskey, the deep mines yielded J4,075
tons of ore, 250 tons of which were siliceous gold ore of an average
value of $2.09 per ton, and 73,825 tons were copper ores and pyrite
cinder yielding 35 cents in precious metals and 16.2 pounds of copper
per ton.
. In 1910, the production of golcl anrl silver in Virginia showed a
marked decrease over that of 1909. The total production of gold was
42.96 fine ounces valued at $888, and of silver 128 fine ounces valued
at liti9.
There is given in the table below, compiled from the production
reports of the United States Mint and Mineral Resources of the Unitecl
States, the production of gold and silver in Virginia by years.

Product'i,on of Gold, and, Silaer i,n Vi,rgi,ni,a by years.

Year Value Value

1799-1879...... $3,091,700 1895. . . $ 6,325

1880.. . 11,500 1896.. . 4,466
1881. . .
1882. . .
. 15,000
10,000 1897..
1898. .
.
.
Not given.
4,500
1883.. . 7,000 1899. . . 7,t60
1884. .. 2,500 1900. . . 3,200
1885. .. 3,500 1901. . . 5,720
1886. .. 4,000 1902. .. 6,227
1887. .. 14,600 1903. .. 18,630
1888. .. 7,500 1904. .. 7,686
1889. .. 4,tr1 1905. .. 5,122
1890. .. 6,496 1906. .. 15,000
1891. .. 6,699 tgw... 8,434
1892. .. 5,402 1908.. . 2,576
1893.. . 6,190 1909. . . 6,259
1894.. . 7,643 1910. . . 957

In the subjoined table are given the quantity and value of gold and
silver produced in Virginia for the years 1906,7907,1908, 1909,
and 1910.
 COPPER. 8t

Prod,uct'i,on of Gold, and, S'i,laer in Vi,rgi,ni,a by years, 1906-1910.

Gold Silver

Year
Quantity in Quantity in
fine ozs. Yalue flne ozs. Value

7r7 .50 $14,832 $168

400 .93 8,288 146
118.57 2,45t I25
181 .41 3,750 2,509
42.56 888 69

COPPER.
Copper ores are found in many counties of the State and in a
varietv of occurrences. They are confined to the crystalline rocks of
the Piedmont Plateau and the Blue Ridge Mountains, and to the
Triassic red beds, which form numerous small areas in the Piedmont
province:
The known geographic areas of these ores in the State are:
I. Trrn PrsnuoNr Roctow:
(1) The Virgilina district, which includes Halifax and Charlotte counfies
in VirEinia. and Person and Granville counties in North Carolina.
(2) The deposits on or near Southwest Mountain in Albemarle County, and
those near New Canton, Arvonia, and Dillwyn, in Buckingham County.
(3) The pyrite boclies in Louisa, Stafford, and Prince William counties,
mined principally for their sulphur content, but carry at times
sufficient copper to warrant saving.
II. Tnn NoB,rHnnN Br,un Rrocn Rucrom:
Includes those deposits from near Front Royal southward, embracing parts
of Warren, n'auquier, Rappahannock, Madison, Page, antl Greene counties.
UI. Trrn Sourrrwpsr VrnerNr.l Rnerorv:
Includes the "Gossan lreads" of the I'loyd-Carroll-Grayson counties plateau.

IV. THu Inressrc Anues:

Includes deposits chiefly in Loudoun, Culpeper, ancl Orange counties.

Geologically, the copper ores are confined to the crystalline rocks,

either the schists or gneisses or the massive igneous rocks of the Pied-
mont and Blue Ridee provinces, and to the red shale-sandstone series
32 MINERAL PRODUCTION OF VIRGINIA.

of the Triassic areas. fn the Virgilina district, the ores occur in

quartz-fissure veins which intersect or lie in an altered andesite and
associated tuffs of probable pre-Cambrian age. The ores of the
northern Blue Ridge region are segregated in and disseminated
through basaltic flows o{ pre-Cambrian age) rocks designatecl by Keith
as Catoctin schist. The "Great Gossan Lead" of the Floyd-Caruoll-
Grayson counties plateau, in southwest Virginia, is a mineralized
faulted zone in schists of doubtful age, probably pre-Cambrian in part.
The rocks are'in part altered sediments and in part altered igneous
masses of basic and acid types, principally the former.
The Virginia copper deposits may be grouped into f.ve types:
(I) Pyrite masses in schistose rocks worked chiefly for their sulphur content, but
containing enough copper in places to be saved. 'Ihe well-knorvn ancl exten-
sively workeil pyrite bodies near Mineral, in Louisa County, anrl near Dum-
fries, in Prince William County, are the best representatives of this type.
(2) Pyrrhotite veins containing chalcopyrite antl some pyrite in schistose rocks
referred to usuall;r as the Ducktown, Tennessee, type; the most productive
copper district in the South, The best representative of this type in Virginia
is the "Great Gossan Lead" in Carroll County.
(3) The Virgilina typ" it Yirginia and North Carolina which represents quartz-
ffssure veins carryingchalcocite (copper glance) and bornite (horseflesh ore),
with little or no pyrite and chalcopyrite, in voleanic rocks of intermecliate
character and their associatetl tuffs.
(4) The northern Blue Ridge or Catoctin type, the ores of which are chiefly native
' copper and cuprite with small amounts of the carbonates, azurite anil
malachite, and very ra,rely copper sulphides associated with epidote and
quartz in a basic volcanic rock, and as grains disseminated through the rock.
(6) The Triassic type, carbonate, representing sparsely disseminated. copper ores,
chiefly sulphide, and phosphate of copper, in sandstones and shales of
Triassic age.

In acldition to these f.ve types, copper in the form of the mineral

chalcopyrite is a frequent associate with golct in the gold--bearing
quartz-pyrite veins in the principal gold belt of the Piedmont province'
Copper has not been observed, however, at arry locality within the
State in this mode of occurrence to be regarded as of commercial value.
Mining operations for copper in the State have been confined prin-
cipally to three districts; namely, the Yirgilina district, the northern
Blue Ridge district, and the "Great Gossan Lead" district. Isolated
deposits, which do not properly fall within either of these three
districts, have been exploited in a number of localities, confined almost
e,xclusivelv to the Piedmont counties.
 COPPER. 33

The Yirgilina copper district is, commercially, the most important

district in Yirginia, and the systematic study and detailed mapping
on a large scale of the district has been completed by the state survey,
and the report is nearly ready for the press. It is located 4? miles
east of l)anville on the Atlantic and Danville division of the Southern
Railway, and includes a part of Halifax, Charlotte, and Mecklenburg
counties.
The principai developments in the district, which include a large
number of mines, are confined to an approximate north-south distance
of eighteen miles, and an average width of from two to three miles.
The present productive portion of the district has about equal extension
in the two states, Yirginia and North Carolina. The country rock is
schist, derived principally from intermediate and acid volcanic rocks
and their associated tuffs. The schistosity of the rock strikes
N. 10" to 20o E. and dips eastward from ?0o to 80". The quartz
veins, of which there are manJr, are usually more or less parallel, and
strike N. 5o to 10o 8., with considerable variations from this direction
in places. Mining developments show that copper occurs in most of
the veins in greater or less quantity. The veins are lenticular boclies
of quartz which, in some cases, show very uniform continuous out-
croppings at the surface. The workable ores comprise chalcocite or
glance (copper sulphide) and bornite (copper-iron sulphide) in a
siliceous gangue. small masses of calcite and feldspar are occasionally
noted as gangue minerals. Cuprite (copper oxide), malachite and.
azarite (green and blue carbonates of copper) occur as alterations of
the original suiphides. Some native copper is noted. in places. Chal-
copyrite end pyrite are almost entirely absent. The worked ores are
free.from arsenic and antimony, but carry values in both silver and
gold, particularly the former.
The "Great Gossan Lead" of F1oyd, Carrol1, and Grayson counties
is a vein traceable for some eighteen miles. Tt is composed chiefly of
pyrrhotite with admixed quartz and schist, and carries streaks and
patches of chalcopyrite and pyrite. The vein fills a fault fraeture
in crystalline schis.ts, varies in width from a few feet to one hundred
{eet, shows a somewhat variable but average dip of about 4bo, and has
in general an approximate northeast trend. The region was actively
34 MINERAIJ PRODUCNON OI' VIRGINIA.

prospected in the early fifties, and the rich secondary copper ores
found beneath the gossan were boxed and shipped to Baltimore. Dur
ing 1854-5, there were eight producing mines on the "Gossan Lead" I
the aggregate amount of ore shipped {or the six months from January,
1855, to July, 1855, being 1,454,363 pounds. The ore averaged about
25 per cent copper. The copper content of the sulphide masses is too
iow (averaging less than 1 per cent metallic copper) to work for copper
alone, but the vein is mined on Chestnut Ridge and the ore treated at
Pulaski for sulphur, so that the residue is availabie for copper.
The northern Biue Ridge region, which extends from near Front
Royal southward, embracing parts of six counties, has been extensir.ely
prospected, and many mines have been developed, but as yet wiih little
production of the metal. The ores of the Blue Ridge region consisi
chiefly of cuprite and native copper, small amounts of green and blue
carbonates, and less of the sulphides, bornite and chalcopyrite. The
native copper often occurs as nucleal masses surrounded by cuprite.
Bornite is in excess of chalcopyrite. The ore occurs along crevices and
joints in small, irregular shaped lenses of qaartz, and as disseminated
grains through the more epidotized portions of the basalt. It occurs
mostl,v where the rocks are fractured and epidotized. When ore-
bearing, the rocks are yellowish green in color, due largeJy to the for-
n:ration of epidote and, in part, of chlorite.
I)uring the early part of the iast century, attempts were made to
mine the sparsely disserninated copper ores in the red sandstones and
shales of Triassic age over parts of Loudoun, Culpeper, and Orange
counties. While considerable work was clone, the ores appear to be too
generally diffused in the rocks to be of commercial value. No veins
have been found and no well-defined horizons are known, the ores
occurring for the most part as films or thin coatings of malachite on the
joint surfaces, and as disseminated grains of the sulphide and phos-
phate of coppe through the rocks. Rich specimens of copper glance
and copper phosphate are sometimes obtained, but they are by no
means abundant.
The production of copper in Virginia during 1909 was 22+,162
pounds, valued at $29,747, as compared with 24,775 pounds in 1908,
 LOAD AND ZINC. 35

valned at $3,270, an increase of 199,387 pounds in quantity and $25,-

871 in value. The production in 1910 showed a marked decrease over
that of 1909, amounting in total to 5,402 pounds in quantity, valued
at $686'
f,EAD aND zrNc.
Lead mining in Virginia dates back more than 150 years, and the
old lpad mines at Austinville on New River, in Wythe County, were
the first to be worked. For many years after the Virginia mines were
operated, mining was confined exclusively to the lead ores. Zinc ores
were first discovered at Bertha near Austinville, in Wythe County,"
dnring the year 18?6. Mining of zinc ores in Virginia dates from the
opeuing of the mine at Bertha in 1879, when a small shipment of ore
was made to Providence, Rhode Island. The metal obtained from these
ores proved to be of such rare purity that attention was directed at
once to them, and a smelting plant was built at Pulaski, which r,vas
later remodeled and enlarged, and is owned and operated at present by
the Bertha Mineral Company. The "Bertha" spelter is of exceptional
purity, and has a world-wide reputation.
Excepting the single deposit in the extreme southwestern part o{
Albemarle County, the known deposits of lead a:rd zinc in Yirginia are
lirn-ited to the Yaliey province west of the Blue Ridge. A11 mining and
prospecting for lead and, zirc ores in this province have been confined
to the western half, extending from and including Roanoke County on
the east to and including Scott County on the southwest. Ores of lead
and zinc are known to occur either sparingly or in quantity in the
following counties: Roanoke, Montgomery, Pulaski, Wythe, Smyth,
Biand, Tazewell, Russell, Scott, and Albemarle. Of this number, only
one county, Wythe, has shovn as yet producing mines. More or less
prospeeting has be€n attempted in the majority of the counties named
above, and small amounts of the ore have been mined in a number ot
thcm.
Geologically, thc' occurrence of lead and zinc ores in southwest
Yirginia is limited to the mag:resian limestone of Cambro-Ordovician
age, known as the Shenandoah or \ralley limestone. The known com-
mercial deposits of these ores occur near the eastern side of the Valley,
though several promising prospects are opened near the western side.
DO NIINNRAI PRODUCTION Otr' VIRGINIA.

The ores include (1) the original sulphide forms sphalerite

(sulphide of zinc), galenite (sulphide of lead). pyrite (sulphide of
iron), and in several plaees chalcopyrite (the double sulphide of iron
and copper) ; and (2) the secondary'or oxidized forms which havr:
been derived from the original sulphides and occur in the residual
clays derived by weathering from the limestone. These include cala-
mine (hydrous silicate of zinc), smithsonite (carbonate of zinc), and
cerussite (carbonate of lead). Named in the order of their importance,
dolomite, calcite, barite, fluorite, and quartz are the associated non-
metallic minerals.
The bulk of the sulphide ores belong to the disseminated replace-
ment breccia type. Little or no replacement of the limestone by the
ore is indicated in some places. The zones of breccia ore are asso-
ciated with faultfng and folding. Not all parts of the breccia zones
are mineralized, but the ore is distributed at inegular intervals. Thc"
oxidized ores usually show much richness, and are often concentrated
in massive form as large, irregular masses and layers, principally
at and near the bottom of the residual c1ays, closely hugging the
irregular weathered surface of the limestone. until recently only the
oxidized or secondary ores have been mined. These have been
practically exhausted and attention is now directed to mining the
original sulphide ores in the fresh limestone.
The ores are shipped to Pulaski, and smelted at the zinc sme ting
plant of the Bertha Mineral Company. Three grades of spelter are
made, branded according to purity: "Bertha Pure Spelter,,, ,,OId
Dominion," and'(Souther:r."
The single deposit of lead and zinc ores in Albemarle County is
the only type of its kincl known in the South. The mine is owned by
ihe Albemarle Zinc and Lead Company, and is located two miles
slightly north of east from Faber. The associated rocks meta-
^re The
morphic crystailine schists, cut by dikes o,f diorite and diabase.
metalliferous vein, traced for a distance of several miles, averages about
four feet in width, strikes N.45o E., and dips 80. to 85o northwest.
'Whe.e
opened, the vein is of the lenticular type, composed of bulbous
bodies of fluorspar and some quarlz through which the ore, brende and
 TIN. OI

galena, is distributed. The ore is treated in an 80-ton mill erected at

the mine.
The production of lead in Virginia. in 1908 was 76,190 pounds,
valued at $3,200. There was no produption of lead or z,inc reported,
from the Virginia mines in 1909. The production of zinc reported
is to be credited to the reworking of olcl dumps. The 1910 production
of lead amounted to 198,850 pounds, valued at $8,?50.
The production of spelter in Yirginia in 1906 was 1,143 short tons,
valued" at $139,446; in 190?, ??1 short tons, valued at S90,9?8; in
1908, 910 short tons, valued at $85,540; in 1909, 58 short tons, valuetl
at $6,298; and in 1910, ?94+ short tons, valued at $85,758'

TIN.
Though not existence of tin ore in the
a producer of tin, the
Irish Creek,area of Rockbridge County has been known for many years'
and in 1883 and later the deposits were opened in several places. The
frish Creek area is about 4 miles long in a northeast-southwest
direction and 3 miles wide, embracing a total atea of 12 square miles'
The immecliate rocks of the area are of granitic composition, composed-
principally of a coarse aggregate of qtartz and feldspar (orthoclase
uoa uiUitu;, with hornblende, and in places some epidote' Dikes of
fine-grained altered diabase cut the granitic rocks in all directions,
and apparently are frequently associated with the tin-bearing veins.
The tin ore (cassiterite) occurs principally in greisen veins, which.
traverse the granite in all directions and have steep though
varying
dips.Theveinsareusuallyllarrow,notexceedingafootandless'
though a greater thickness is frequent and some of the veins measure
several feet across. The cassiterite is disseminated in small
crystals'

and. fine grains indistinguishable to the naked eye' The associated

pyrite, ancl
minerals comprise wolframite, mispickel (arsenopyrite),
.beryl.fnaclditiontothese,siderite,limonite,chlorite'muscovite'
d.amourite, and fluorspar have been reported'
The mispickel is re-
ported by McOreath to contain both gold and sih'er'
 38 MINERAL PRODUCTION OF VIRGINIA.

NICKEI, AND COBALT.

The existence of nickel in virginia has beein reported from a
number of localities in the Piedmont region, especially in association
with the extensive pyrrhotite bodies of the Ftoyd-carroll-Grayson
counties prateau in southwest virginia, and in Amherst county east of
Lprchburg. More recently nickel in association with peridotite masses
has been reported from near Broadrun station in Fauquier county.
fn addition to the abov€ occurrences, cobalt is found in association
with some of the impure earthy manganese deposits of the varley
region, especially along the western base of the Blue Ridge.
Protrably the most encouraging locality in the state ?'rom which
nickel has been reported is in the northern part of Floyd county,
where considerable exploratory rvork on Flat Rrin and r,ick l.ork has
been carried on. The Lick Fork opeaings are the principar ones in
the area, and the ore is chiefly py*hotite with some lhalcolvrite. At
the tirne of my visit in IIay, 1g0?, a large amount of ore on the dump
'was reported to average by
actual assays not less than 7.7 5 per cent of
nickel and a fraction of 1 per cent of copper. As much as 0.4 per cent
of cobalt was reported, but the average is considerably less. Assays
of the pyrite from other openings in the area are reported to yieltl from
3 to 4 per cent of nickel.
The rocks immediately associated wiih the ore are, without
exception, of igneous origin, and comprise pyroxene syenite, diabase,
and gabbro. These are intruded into the country schists and gneisses.
The gabbro and diabase penetrate the pyroxene syenite in dike-like
forms and are accordingly younger in age. The mica-gabbro is the
ore-bearing rock. rn some parts of the gabbro, the zulphides are
sparingly present, in others they make up 50 per cent arrd more of the
total rock mass, with all gradations between.

COAL.
The first coal mined in the united states was in the Richmond
basin, where mines were opened and worked on the James River, near
Richmond, as early as 1750. The production {rom the Richmond basin
increased until 1832 (the production in 1g2g being 100,2g0 tons),
when it began to decline. rn 1908, redevelopme,nt of the mines at
 COAL. 39

Gayton by the Old Dominion Developmert Company was begun, and

in 1910 a good production was reported by the company'
The construction of the Norfolk and. Western Railway through
southwest virginia in 1882, opened up the famous Pocahontas coal
d"istrict, whieh lies partly in virginia. likewise, the building of the
clinch \Ialley division of the Norfolk and western Railway, nine
years later, marked the beginning of the development of the Wise
County coal district. The developments in these two fields in south-
rvest Virginia, Tazewell County in 1883 and Wise County in 1891'
restored, Virginia to importance as a coal producer'
coal was mined in the Montgomery-Pulaski counties area prior to
'war, but not in an extensive rray. For a period of 30 years
the civil
after the civil war, the only mining carried on in this field. was to
supply a limited local market. within recent years larger d.evel,op-
ments have been made, and until the beginning of the financial panic
inthelatterpartof:-:g0T,theproductionwascorrespondingly
increased.
coal is mined in two of the three major provinces of the state,
namely, the Mountain province and the Pierlmont province. Recent
clevelopments in the Piedmont province (Richmond. coal basin)
will
undoubtedly restore this area again to the rank of an impor{ant
prod.ucer.
The Yirginia areas which have produced or are producing coal are
as follows:

I. The coal deposits of the Piedmont province. Includes the' Richmoncl Coal Basil,
-;h; r"i'r.*t"g
which covers p;#" ;f-u"J-emala., five counties: Henrico, chesterfielcl'
powhatan, gooofriu"a, "thi.
-
is the only a.rea,of free-burning
coal in the easteri'pirii;; ;i;h; United States that-is locatetl ,immetliately
-rut*uille
adiacent to tia"#'i"t.'-fit" area' rn'hich covers parts of Prince
btiward. Cumberland, ancl Buckingham counties'
Il.ThecoaldepositsoftheMo.untainprovince,.whichinclutleanumberofseparate
u.ro." the state in a southwesterly clirection from x'rederick
areas extentting-north
C;ilt; the to the Tennessee bounclary cin the south'
(r)Thex'reclerickCounty.Area...IncludingtheMountairlFalls.distrietin
the southw";st"r" p"iti"" the county" and near the west virginia line.
"r
(2)TheAugustaCountyArea..IncludestheNorthRiver'clistrictinthe
oorttwe*tloin.t o'i errg"tt" County ancl the contiguous part of Rock-
ingham CountY.
 40 MTNERAL pRoDucrroN _oF vrRerNrA.

(3) The Botetourt county Area. rncrudes the southwest corner of Botetourt
County.
(+) tle.Montgoyery-pulaski counties Area. rncludes price and
Brush moun-
. tains in Mortgomery counfy, and cloyd
in pulaski County. ""* rittii-lnliiei mountains
'(5) The
Bland-wyt]re^ counties Area. rneludes smal area in the soufhern
part of Brand county and in the northernap;",;i'w;th" ---
co,rrty.
(6) Tlg Soutiwest.Virginie. A1ga. X'orms the southeastern portion
Kanawha basin, ind comprises the_ pocahoni;;-;;-i,iri_C;p of the
Big stone.Gap coa!-fierds or tne totto*i"g-"""trii".t i#"*irr, an. the
Scott, Buchanln, Wise, and Lee. Russell,

Geologically, the virginia coar deposits are grouped as (1) those

of Triassic age, including the Richmond coal basin, ancl (2) those
of carboniferous age, which includes all coar deposits founcl west of
the Blue Ridge. of the carboniferous coal deposits, those of the
Mountain Falls district, in Frederiek countl, the North River
area
of Aug'sta county, the North Mountain area ofBotetourt county,
the
Montgomery-Pulaski counties area, and. the Brand-wythe
counties area
are Mississippian (Lower carbonife,rous) in age. The
virginia por.
tion of the Appalaehian coal fierd, which ineludes the extrete south-
west counties along the border of 'west virginia and Kentucky,
and to
which the state owes its rank as a coal, producer, is pennsylvanian
(Upper Carboniferous) in age.
The southwest virginia coal field forms .the southwestern part of
the r(anawha basin and comprises the following counties: Buehan.an,
Dickenson, lee, Russell, Scott, Tazewell, and Wise. Of these, .Wise,
Tazewell, and Lee counties are the most important producers at present.
The other counties contain large reserves of coal, which in praces are
rapidiy undergoing development. This is especially true of Russell
county, whose coal production increased more than 100 per cent in
1909. Many of these reserves have been made accessible recently
through the construction of new lines of railroad, which means in-
creased activity in coal mining in the state and a grearer production
in the immediate future.
rt is due to the southwest virginia fiercrs that virginia is entitled
to rank among the principal coar-producing states. This area, the
virginia portion of the Appalachian coal fierd, is estimated to contain
 COAI,. +7

1,550 scluare .miles, with the original suppiy of coal placed at 22'-
b00,000;000 short tons. Campbell and Parker state that from this
there had- been produced, at the close of 1907, a total of 57,229,152
short tons, representing an exhaustion of 86,000,000 tons' "The pro-
duction in 190? was 4,?10,895 shoi"t tons, equivalent to an exhaustion
of little over ?,000,000 tons, so that the coal left in the ground in
\rirginia at the cl0se of 190? was 2,000 times the exhaustion repre-
sented. by the production of that yeat'"
The Pocahontas and Big stone Gap coal flelds are the most ex-
tensively deYeloped coal fields in the Yirginia portion of the Appala-
chian region.
A goodly number of coal beds are found within the total vertical
limits of t[" geological formations composing the Pocahontas field.
Some of these are thin, but at least six workable beds have beeri-opened
in places. Not all of these are workable, however, at any one locality,
uoi in places only one is worked. The superior quality of the
Pocahontas coal has long established it as the best steam coal in the
world. It produces an excellent coke, but, as a ru1e, the lump coal is
placed d.ireltly upon the market for general purposes, while {he slack
and fine coal'go direct to the ovens for coking'
The Big stoue Gap coal field in Yirginia embraces parts of Lee,
Scott, and Wise counties. Although opened' up nearly ten years after
the famous Pocahontas fielcl, it is much the largest producer of eoal
and coke, and wise county is the largest coal- and coke-producing
county in the State. Wise County contributes at present about 60
per cent of the State's total eoal production'
There are eight workable seams of coal in the district, ranging
in tlrickness from 3.5 to 72 fteet, includ.ed within a vertical distance
of about 1,200 feet. of these, the four highest have their greatest
development in the western part of the district'
The coal mining industry in virginia showed a marked. increase
during the years 1909 and. 1910 over that o{ previous years. virginia
was one of the few states whose production in 1909 exceedqd that of
1g0?, which was due to the increased. production in wise county and
to active d,evelopment in Russell County. The production in Wise
County increased from 2,558,8?4 short tons in 1908 to 2,847,448 tons
 42 MTNERAL pRoDUCTToN o-E yrRGrNrA.

in 1909. Russell count;r's production increased more than 100 ner

cent. The production in Tazewel county was 4,84g tons ress in tgos
than in 1908, and in r,ee county 7i,rrl tons less in 190g. 'r'he
totar
production in Virginia for 1g09 amounted to 4,752,2\?
short tons,
valued at $4,251,056, as compared with. 4,28g,042 short tons,
valued
at 93,868,524, in 7g08. This represents an increase in quantit;, of
493,775 short tons, or 11.b per cent, and in value of
$gg2,b02. The
average price per ton was 8g cents in 190g against 91 cents
in 190g and
$1.02 in 190?. The number of mining machines increased fr,m g5 in
1908 to 107 in 1909, and the machine-mined coar increased from
'J.,035,832
tons to I,BZB,IIL tons, nearly B0 per cent of the total
quantity of coal mined in 1g09. None of the virginia coal is washed.
before being sold or used.
virginia established a ner' record in her coal produetion in 1910.
The production in lee, Russell, Tazewell, and \yise counties showed
a marked increase in 1910 over that of the previous year, due to the
considerable development in progress, not so much in the way of new
companies, but in the expansion of properties arready developed. This
is particularly true of Russell county. The reason for the- increased.
production in 1910 over that of 190g was indirectly
the strike in the
coal mines of Illinois and the southwestern States.
The production in Tazewell county increasecl from 9?5,665 short
tons in 1909 to 7,787,74G short tons in 1g10; in wise county from
2,841,448 short tons in 190g to B,7B0,gg2 short tons in 1g10; and irr
lee county from 485,g60 short tons in 1909 to 792,76l short tons in
1910. The total production of coal in virginia during 1g10 amounted
to 6,507,997 short tons, valued at gB,8?I,4g6, representing an increase
over the 1909 production of I,Tbb,7B} short tons in quantity, and
$7,626,430 in value. This is the largest tonnage of eoal ever produced
in virginia during a single year. The average price per ton of coal
in the state during 1910 was 90 cents as against gg cents in 1g0g.
The nnmber of mining machines increased from 10? in 190g to l4z in
1-910, and the maehine-mined coal increased from 7,gz\,7rr short tons
to 2,290,435 short tons, more than 85 per cent of the total quantity of
coal mined in 1909.
 +o

The accompanying table gives the quantity and, value of coal pro-
duced in Virginia from 1890 to 1910, inclusive.

Qunnti,ty and, rsahre of Coal produced 'i,n Vi'rgini'a, 1890 to 1910,

'i,nclus'iae.

Year Quantity Value

(short tons)

1890. .. 784,0tL
1891.....:..... 736,399
L892... 675,205
1893. .. 820,339
1894. .. 1,299,083
1895. . . t,368,324
1896. . . t,254,723 $ 848,851
1897. .. r,528,302 1,021,918
1898. . . r,8t5,274 t,070,4L7
1899. .. 2,705,79L L,304,24L
1900. . . 2,393,754 2,123,222
1901. . . 2,725,873 2,353,989
1902. .. 3,182,993 2,543,595
1903. . . 3,45r,307 3,302,149
1904. . . 3,583,914 3,076,011
1905. . . 4,275,27r 3,777,325
1906. . . 4,254,879 4,183,991
1907. . . 4,710,895 4,807,533
1908 4,259,042 3,868,524
1909. . . 4,752,2t7 4,25t,056
1910. .. 6,507,997 5,877,486

in the table below the production o,f coal in Yirginia

There is given
from 1900 to
by eounties.
19J-0,
Coal Prod,uction of Virgi,ni,a, 1900-1910, by count'i,es,'i'n short tons.

County leo3 I *on

tt,r77 t2;786 20,288

776,568 723,753 840,195 87t,720
1,918,693 2,422,4r7 2,563,285 2,359,661
18,084 2,100
19,435
9,%5 177,133b

3,182,993 3,451,307 I $3,302,14e

a410,e14
$2,543,595 $3,302,149 |
I
44 MINERAL PRODUCTION OF VIRGINIA.

Coal Prod,uction of Virgini,a, 1900-1910, by counti,es, i,n short tons.-

Continued.

6,M2 (d)
980,014 1,187,146
2,558,874 3,730,992
"'"'iai'"'
249,67L . td)
(d)
464,261 797,096
200 792,763r

4,%9,042 4,752,2t7 6,507,997

$3,868,524 $4,251,056 $5,877,486

alncluiles Chesterffelal and Pulaski eounties.

blncludes Montgomery County,
cfncluiles Lee and Montgomery counties.
tllnclurlecl under "Small mines."
elncludes ]\4ontgomery, Pulaski, ancl Russell counties.
ffncludes Montgomery, Ilenrico, Pulaski, and Russell counties.
I,IST ON' COAI, OPERATORS
OPDRATOB OFTICtr MIND
American-Pocahontas Coal Co..... .Wa8hlngton, D. C. ... .American-Pocahontas
Barrowman Coal Co. .., ..Banner .. . ... ,Spruce Pitre
Beacham Coel Co. .......Chrtstlansburg .... .. Beacham
Belle llampton Coal Mining Co.........,.Binghempton, N. Y... .Belle Ffampton
Btg Yeln Pocahontas Coal Co. ,. .. .Baltlmore, Md .,..,,.Big Vein Nos. 1 & 2
Black Mountaln Collleries Co., Inc. , Pennlngton Gap . . . . . . Black Mountaln No. 1
Black Mountain Mining Co..,.. ,.,Blg Stone Gap........Black Mountain
Blackwood Coal & Coke Co..... ...Blackwootl .,.Blackwootl and'Roaring
F ork
Bontl Coal Co..... ...,...Tacoma .;...........Gresno
Bontlurant Coal & Coke Co. ... . . ..Pennington Gap . ,....Bonalurant
Browning, James S. .. , ., .Pocahontas . .. , ,. . ,. .Brownlng
Bruce Coal & Coke Co. .. . .Tacoma . . .. ,Bruce
Buchana.n Coal & Coke Co..... ...Rlchmond .,..Prospect
CatawbaMiniug&Mfg. Co. ..,,...Roanoke .....
Chesterfleltl Coal Co. .....Winterpock ..Clover Elill
Cllncbfieltl Coal Corporation...,. antl Johnson Cranes Nest
' ..Dante City, Tenn.
Clinch Rlver Coal Co. ... .Richlauals ., . .Cllnch Rlver
Cllnch Valley Lumber Co,,.. . .... .St. Paul . .
Colonial Coal & Coke Co.,.., .,...Dorchester .....,.....Dorchester
Darby Coal & Coke Co. .,. ,Cincinnati, Ohto ......Darby
Dickenson, W.x},, ....,..Coeburn ;............
DlxieCoal&CokeCo. ,...Raven .......,Dixie
Domestic Coal Co. .,....Raven ........Domestlc
Dominion Coal Co, .......Pennlngton Gap. ..,...Blanche, Darly, Mabel
a nd susie
$3""f""'
Emplre Coal lrantl Corporation.......,....Alfredton ............Seabodrtl
Esser CoaI & Coke Co. .. . .Esserville .'..,Esserville
 COAL. 45

OPDRATO} oF,Frcxl MINA

Fleming & Co., Robert. . . .Norton .. . ....Banner

Gootlloe Bros. Co., Inc. ... ' .. . ... .Blc Stone Gap. .. . ....Pin Eloot
Elale, J.D...... .Wise.
Iluettel Coal & Coke Co..... ....,Norton .'.....Huettel
gyDalman Coal & Coke Co. .. . . .. 'Norton .. . ....Carlson
Imbotlen Coal & Coke Co...., ....Imboden ......Imbotlen
Intermont Coal & Iron Co. (Kelly & Irvlne).Big Stone Gsp. .. , .. ' .Josephlne
James Rlver Coal Corporation. .. . .. . ... ..Mitllothlan . .. ' '... '. .Miallothian
Jewell Rtttge CoaI Co, ..;..'......Iazewell ......JewellRidge
Keokee Consolitlatecl Coke Co. .. ' '. . .. ' '. .New York, N.. Y. .. .. '.Imbotlen' Keokee
Klnzer & Son. .. . .. '.. '.Ylcar Switch . .Stroubles Creek
Lee Coal Co..... .....'..Mttltllesboro,Ky.'...l.Lee
Llck Branch Anthracite Coal Co. . . ChrlstiansburC . . . . . . .
Lltz, J, L,.... .. ... .....Coeburn .....
Monarch Coal Co,, Inc. .. . . .. . .. .Cincinnatl, Ohio . '. . ..Leona
Nortotr Coal Co. .. . . . . ,. .Norton . . ....Norton, Nos. 1, 2, anal 3
OItl Dominion Development Co' .. . .. . .. . ..Richmontl '.. . .. . ... 'Carbon Hill
Pennington Coal Co., Inc..,. . .. '.Pennlngton Gap ... '..Penningtou
pocahontas Consolitlatetl Collleries Co. ....Pocahontas .. .Boissevaln and PocA-
hontas
Pocahontas Mlning Corporation. " . ., . " ' .Iazewell . ... '.Big Creek
Pountl Rlver Coal Corporation. .. '.., . . ' ..wise .Pound River
PriceBros ......Cambrla ...".Blacksburg Mng' &
Mfg. Co.
Prlce Mountaln Coal Co. (Bandy, warren
& Ifawssr) . ...Roanoke ... ...Myers
Pulaskl Anthracite Coal Co. ......New York' N. Y..... '.Parrott
Raven Collieries Co,. ...RaYen .Coal Creek
Raven X'uel Co. .... .....RaYen .Red Ash
Raven Retl Ash Coal Co..... ,...,Recl Ash ... ..Real Ash
Richlantls Coal Co......,, ...'..R,ichlands ........-...Richlanels
St. Paul Coal & Coke Co'.... .'.St' Paul ......S1. PauI
Scott County Mineral Co. .. . . .. ' .Bristol' Tenn . .. . . '..
Slusser & Co,, M. C. ......Blacksburg ....'.....Brush MouDtah
Smith&Co., H. P. .......Blacksburg .......-...SnitlerHlll
Southern Anthracite Coal Co. . .. .Roanoke ... .. .Clear Alr
Southern Pocahontas Coal Co."...:....'.Ribhlanals .'...Sater
Stonega Coke & Co81. Co..,.. ...'BigStoneClep .Arno' Nos..1 aqtl-2;
f; ""ftij,01""",f ' *.9385"'
Stonegap Colliery Co. .. . . .. ' ... .Cllamorgen . '. .Glamorgan
Sutherlenal Coal & Coke Co. .... . 'Dorchester ; ... . '.... .Sutherlanfl
Tacoma Coal & Coke Co. .. ' . ... ..Tacoma .. . '. .Tacoma
Town Iltll Coal Co., W. R. Williams. .. ....Bramwell, W. Ya. . '...Town Hlll
Tr.igg & Kent... ..Bristol, Tenn.........T. & K.
Virginta Anthracite Coal Co. . . '..Rlchmond .....Merrimac
Vlrginia City Collieries Co..... ..'Vlrginia Clty ........Vtrgtnia City
Virginla lron, Coal & Coke Co. . .. .Roanoke . '. ...Co_epu1n, InEan, Le-e,
-
Llnrlen, Looney Creek,
Merion, PlDe Run,
Swanse&, Sexton, and
Thelma
Virginla Lee Co., Inc. .. . . .Pennlngton Gap . ....St. Charles sntl Ylrghla

Virginla-Tennessee Coel Co..,.. ..Knoxville, Tenn ......Co41 Creek

Wlse Coal & Coke Co. .. 'Dorchester '. . .Wlse
Yellow Creek Coal & Coke Co., Inc' .Wise . . .. ' .. .Yellow Creek
46 MINENAL PRODUCTION OF VIRGINIA.

COKE.

The coking coals of Yirginia are confined to a few counties in

the extreme southwestern portion of the State. The rapid development
of the coking-coal fields in this portion of the State during the last
few years has given Yirginia rank as one of the four principal coke-
producing states. Prior to 1895, there were only two coke-making
estabiishments in Virginia, with a production of less than 200,000
tons per year. The number of establishments increased to seven in
1901, and the total number of eoke ovens increased from 882 in 18g6,
to 2,775 in 1901, with a total production of more than 900,000 short
tons. Construction and d.evelopment work progressed rapidly during
79A2, lhe number of establishments was doubled, and, at the close of
the year, 2,974 ovens were built and 1,208 were building, with the
production increased. 1,724,572 short tons,
fn 1903, two more establishments were added, making the total
number 16, with a total of 4,257 ovens, ancl the production further
increased to 71176,439 short tons. In 1904, there was an increaso of
94 completed ovens, the number of establishments renaining the same
as in 1903, while the production declined to 1,101,716 short tons.
Two establishments having a total of 107 oyens were reported idle
during the year 1904. One of these was the Newton-Ohambers ovens
at Pocahontas in Tazewell County.
The production of coke in 1905 amounted to 7,499,48L short tons,
valued at $2,869,452, as compared with 1,101r?16 short tons, valued.
at $117721777 in L904, an increase of 36.1 per cent in quantity, and
62 per cent in value. The number of ovens increased from 4,34b ia
1904 to 4,549 in 1905, an increase of 204.
There were 18 establishments in 1906, an increase o{ two over
1905, and the total number of ovens increased from 41549 to 41647 in
1906. The production increased from 7,499,481short tons in 1905,
valued at, $21869,452, to L,577,659 short tons, valued at $3,611,659.
'Ihe value of coke at the ovens incieased from 91.91 per ton to 82,29.
In 190?, the production of coke decreased. from 1,577,659 short
tons in 1906, to 1,545,280, a loss of. 32,379 tons, or 2.1 per cent.
Owing, however, to better prices which prevailed in 190?, the value
of the coke prod,uced increased from $3,611,659 in 1906 to 83,765,733
 4l

in 190?, an increase of $154,074, or 4.3 per cent. There were 19

establishments in 190?, an increase of one oyer 1906, and thc number
of ovens increased from 4,641to 5,333 in 1907.
The monetary troubles in the latter part of 190? r'ery seriously
effected the coke industry in the State during 1908. There was a
decrease in the amount of coke froxn I,5451280 short tons in 1907 to
I,762,05! tons in 1908, a loss of 383,229 tons, or 24.8 per centl
and, in value, a decrease from $3,765,733 In 1907 to $2,121,980 in
1908, a loss of 8!,643,753, or 43.65 per cent. The value of coke
at the ovens d.ecreased from $2.44 per ton in 1907 to S1.83 in 1908.
The number of establishments (19) remained the same as for 1907,
but there was a decrease in ovens from 5,333 to 4,853 in 1908.
The production of coke in Virginia during 1909 was 7,347,+78
short tons, valued at $2,475,769, which represented an increase over
the production for the previous year, of 785,427 tons in quantity and
$293,?89 in value. The number of ovens reported in existence was
5,469; number building, 100. The value of coke per ton was $1.?9
as compared with $1.83, the value per ton in 1908.
The production of coke in Virginia during 1910 was 7,493,655
short tons, valued at $2,73I,348, which represented an increase oYer
the production for 1909 of 746,777 tons, or 10.9 per cent, and
$315,5?9, or 13.1 per cent, in value. The number of establishments
was reduced from'19 to 18 and the number of ovens from 5,469 to
5,389. There were 100 beehive ovens in course of construction at the
close of 1910. The value of coke per ton increased from S1.?9 in
1909 to $1.83 in 1910.
The principal part of the coke production in Virginia duriug the
last few years has been from the development of the coal fields in
Wise County, on the Clinch Valley division of the Norfolk ancl
'Western
Railway. During 1906 and 1907 extensive developments
were made in the Black Mountain fielcl in Lee County following the
construction of the Black Mountain railroad. The first ovens in Lee
County were reported under construction in 1907, with an output in
1908 of 50,000 tons, which was.increased to over.100,000 tons in 1909,
but decreased to 86,000 tons in 1910. The production in other districts
increased during 1910, and the total output for the State showed an
48 MINSRAL PRODUCTION OF VIBGINIA.

increase of 146,777 tons, or 10.9 per cent, and in value of $315,5?9,

or 13.1 per cent. The average price per ton advanced from $1".?9
in 1909 to $1.83 in 1910. The coal for the plant at Lowmoor and
the one at Covington is drawn from the mines in the New River
district of West Virginia, and that for the ovens at Pocahontas in
Tazewell County is obtained from mines extending across the State
'West
boundary into Virginia.
Of the 1910 production of coke in Virginia, 1,025,144 short tons
of the total tonnage (114931655) came from Wise Oounty. The value
of the production from 'Wise County was 91,888,844. fn order to
avoid disolosing inclividual figures, it is not possibie to publish the pro-
duction of the other counties producing in 1g10. These counties,
however, listecl in order of productions were: Roanoke, Tazewell, and
Alleghany.
In
the subjoined table are shown the statistics of the manufacture
of in Yirginia in 1883, when the first operations were begun. in
coke
1890, 1900, and from 1903 to 1910, inclusive.

Btatisti,cs of the manufacture of Coka in Virgini,a, 18|g-1g10.

I urruo Ovens
I cou, o..u Coke
produced
Total value
Year lish- of coke at
I menf,s
I

tsnorttons)j (short
iildt"s_ tons) ovens

;l
1883
1890
I,
2
200
bbu
0
250
I

39,000
251,683
25,340
165,847
$ 44,345
278,724
1900 7 a2,33L 300 r,083,827 685,156 t,464,556
1903 16 a4,251 142 1,860,225 L,176,439 2,724,047
1904 16 a4,345 68 1,636,905 1,101,716 1,772,7L7
1905 16 a4,549 0 2,t84,369 r,499,48t 2,869,452
1906 18 a4,641 695 2,296,227 1,577,659 3,611,659
1907 19 a5,333 50 2,264,72A 1,545,280 3,765,733
1908 t9 4,853 158 t,785,28t 1,162,051 2,L2L,980
1909 19 5,469 100 2,060,518 1,347,478 2,415,769
1910 18 a5,389 100 2,3L0,742 1,493,655 2,73I,349

alncludes 56 Newton-Chambers by-products ovens.

All the coal used in coke-making in Virginia up to 18g5 was un-

washed. Washing of slack coal began in 18g6, and in 1898 the amount
of washed slack coal used amounted to 210,000 short tons. AlI the coal
 COKD. 49

used in the manufabture of coke in the state during the years 1909 and
1910 was unwashed. Of the 2,3L0,742 short tons of coal made into
coke during 7gLO, 7,554,?84 tons were run-of-mine and 755,958 tons
were slack.
The character of the coal used. in coke-making in virginia during
1gg0, 1900, and" from 1903 to 1910, inclusive, is shown in the table
below.

Character of Coat used,'i,n ntanufacture of Coke i'n Vi'rgi'rui'a,

th,e
1890-1910,'i'n short torn.

Run-of-Mine Slack
Total
Unwashed Washed Unwashed Washed

1890 . ....... . 98,215 0 153,468 0 251,683

1900 ......... 620,207 0 463,620 0 1,083,827
1903 ......... 857,332 0 1,002,893 0 1,860,225
1904 . ... .. ... t,2t3,226 44,222 379,457 0 1,636,905
1905 . .. ..... . 1,096,656 0 1,087,713 0 2,184,369
1906 . .. ... .. . 1,0t4,299 228,347 1,053,581 0 2,296,227
1907 ......... 1,27t,518 0 993,202 0 2,264,724
1,785,281
1908......... t,438,754 0 346,527 0
2,060,518
1909 ... . .. .. . 1,405,111 0 655,407 0
1910 ...... .. . t,554,784 0 755,958 0 .2,3L0,742

I,IST O[' COKE OPDRATORS

OPERAfOR ON'!'ICD MIN$
Blackwoott Coal & Coke Co. ..Blackwoocl
.. . . . ...Blackwoo'l
6"j,iniai'coaiE cole co. .Dorcbester ".''alfredton
'Dorchester
6i.iiit"e-Coailana-corporation'.... ..... . .Alfre{lto-n'
ffi;;i:6;1 i. c;k; c;.'.... .qsservllle .....Norton
ft iid.-ai'coui a-cok6-coco.
idn-Ja"il-c6ii-t c ote .
iii:"iil*i -couf d ir,jn -co
i<-*iiee-ci,"si,iidateo cote
.
i;::::::::.::..\iw Yort, N.-Y. '. . '. 'rmbotlen antl Keokee
i;ffi;";"*d;;*d6.*oi-vi"gtn6: ':.'......r,6wmoor " ' "c-ovington and r'owmoor
.''''''''''Norton
N6itori Coar Co...'......:........ ......Norton :.'
i;Jcii6niis-conioiieateaboniertesco......Pocahonta's
'sid'i"e*f 6"ri-& C;al'Lro...:::...:....'..st$ne.qa'"r3fff1"p".'"u"Pocahontas-
rmbto'len,a osake' aott

StonesaD Colllerv Co. .. . . ... . '. .GlaB-orgar' "'" ' " ' 'G-Iamorgan
Bii*b;?td"db-;;i"& c;i; a;: .::........."Dorchesler ..' ' '' ' '' ' 'Mannils
Tireri,ial"o",-Coai & core c;: :.:::::: ....Roan-oke "!omq creek and rnmau
'"....Dorchester
'fo1'".?'6;";i^6'c;i"-co........::':.''....'Dorchester
OU MINERAL PRODUCTION OF VIRGINIA.

CI,AYS AND CLAY PRODUCTS.

virginia contains a variety of clays widely distributecl and occur-
ring at various geological horizons. They are found abundantly dis-
tributed throughout the coastal Plain, crystailine, and .Mountain
provinces of the Stato, and are adapted to a wide range of uses. Many
of the deposits remain undeveloped, because they have not yet been
investigated, and little is known regarding them. The only ones which
have been systematically studied are those of the coastar plain or
Tidewater region.
The clays of Yirginia are suitable for many, economic purposes,
and can be divided into two groups, namely, residual and sedimentary.
The residual clays have been formed by the weathering of rocks, in-
volving processes of disintegration and decomposition. As a result of
this, u.'e find the residual clays overlying the parent rocks from which
they were derived, forming deposits of variable thickness, depending
partly on the depth to which the rocks have been changed, and partly
on the amount of erosion they have suffered since their formation.
Residual clays predominate in the belt (pieclmont region) underlain
by the crystalline .rocks, such as granites, gneisses, *"hirt*, etc., and
have wide distribution west of the Blue Ridge. They are usually
quite ferruginous and, therefore, red-burning. Their main use is for
the manufacture of brick and drain tile, and some of the smoother
deposits have been employed for making smoking pipes, notably thoso
of Powhatan County.
The decomposition of pegmatite dikes in many o{ the piedmont
counties has yielded clays of high grade, free from iron, and. sometimes
sufficiently white to be used for the manufacture of white,ware
products. Deposits of this type, known as kaolin, have been found in
Amherst, Campbell, Ilanover, Ifenry, Mecklenburg, Nelson, patnick,
and other counties in the Piedmont region.
The sedimentary clays represent deposits which have been raid
down under water, one layer on another, the materials composing them
consisting of the products of rock decay, which have been removed. by
erosion from the land surface, and washed down into the lakes or seas,
where they have finally settled. These are abundant in both the
 Ctr,'{YS AND CI,AY PRODUCTS. 51

Coastai Plain province, where they are usually of unconsolidated char-

acter, and west of the Rlue Ridge, in which region they are largely
of a hard and shaly nature. They have wide distribution both
geologicaily and geographically.
The Coastal Plain clays that have proved to be of marked value
to the clay worker, occur in Eocene and Miocene beds of the Tertiary,
and the Pleistocene of the Quaternary. The Eocene clays are best
developed in the region south of Stafford Courthouse, where they form
promising outcrops, but have not yet been developed. The Miocene
clays are best known south of Richmond, in the vicinity of Curle's
Neck, and Bermuda Hundred. This same formation also carries ex-
iensive beds of diatomaceous earth or clay, which is well exposed at
Richmond and along the Rappahannock River. The Pleistocene clays
occur as more or less basin-shaped deposits, widely scattered over the
Coastal Plain region, and rest on top of the other formations.
Nearly all of the clay deposits noted in the coastal Plain region,
whatever their geological age, are of lenticular or lens-shaped char-
acter. The majority of them are red-burning, while only a few are
bufi-burning. No white-burning clays have thus far been found.; but
even though they lack in variety, so far as their color-burning qualities
are concerned, it is probable that their possible uses are mol.e
numerous than is now supposed. Physical tests and chemical analyses
of the clays in Tidewater virginia are given in Bulletin I-A of the
Yirginia Geological SurveY.
west of the Blue Ridge, in the Mountain province, shales probably
suitabie for brick-making have wide distribution, ranging in age from
Cambro-Ordovician to Carboniferous. Many of these shale deposits
will doubtless prove available for the manufacture of vitrifiecl brick.
The abundant deposits of virginia clays ale only partially
utilized at present, but, after their thorough investigatiorr by the State
Geological Survey and their uses better made known, they wiil be
muchtore extensively employed and the industry greatly enlarged or
expanded.
In 1g09, the total value o{ all clay products manufactured in
virginia, including the value of kaolin, poitery prod.ucts, fire clay,
ancl miscellaneous clay mined and sold in the State, amounted to
 MINERJ"L PRODUCTION OF YIRGINIA.

$1,957,367. Compared with the value (S1,b40,1b?) of the 1908

procluction, there was an increase of $417 1210 or nearly 27 per cent.
fn 1910, the total value of aJI clay products manufactured in
Virginia was $1,841,73L, a decrease from that of 1g09 of g11b,686.
The following table gives the statistics of clay products in Virginia
from 1905 to 1910, inclusive, and is of interest to those who desire
to know something of the growth of the industry in the State. The
item "Miscellaneous" in the table includes all products not otherwise
specified (fire brick, sewer pipe, drain tile, fancy or ornamental brick,
kaolin, and pottery products), and those which could not be publishecl
separately without disclosing individual returns.

Clay Products ,i,n Virgi,ni,o, from 1905 to 1g10, .i,nclus,i,tse.

Product 1905

Common-
Quantity 237,161,000 232,697,000 197,052,000
$1,51-2,442.00 $1,536,312.00 $1,285,374;00
Average per thousand. $6'63 $6.60 $6.52
Vitrifled-
Quantity (a)
Varue ....... ..: :... .:::::::::::::: h)
Average per thousand $10.00
Front-
Quantity
-1. 22,755,000 19,989,000
V;lue .. . .. ::: :: :: ::. :: ::: : :: :: :: $352,297.00 $290411.00
Average per thousand $ $ $14.53
Fancy or ornamental. Value. (a)
Fire. Value (a) $21 ,| (a)
Drain tile. Yalue. $4,500 $4 $6,250.00
Sewer pipe. Value .
Pottery:
Earthenware and stoneware. Valuc..
Porcelain electrical supBlies. Yalue. .
Miscellaneous. Yalue .

Total value $1,611,335.00

Number of operating firms reporting.. 87

afncluded in miscellaneous.
value of. po,ttery products for virginia from tg05 to lgl0,
.lncluoeo
,!1h: unoer mrseeuaneous.
inclusive, is
 CLAYS AND CLAY PRODUCTS. 53

Clay Products in Virginia fronr 1905 to 1910, i,nclusi,ae.-Continued".

Product
I '*' I '*, | *'o

Brick:
Common-
. Q_uantity .'.. .": .. 185,738,000 249,794,000 229,982,000
Value . $1,219,946.00 $1,540,648.00 $1,460,460.00
Average per thousand $6.57 $6.35
Yitrifled-
Quantity
Value .
Average per thousand..... .

24,717,000 20,813,000
$333,057.00 $294,348.00
$13.81 $13.48 $14.14
Fancy or ornamental. Yalue. (a) (a) (a)
Fire. Value (a) (a) (a)
Drain tile. Value. $6,298.00 $5,276.00
(a)
Sewer pipe. Yalue . (a)
Pottery:
Earthenware and stoneware. Yalue..
Porcelain electrical supplies. Yalue. . (b)
Miscellaneous. Yalue $77,364.00

Total value $1,540,157 $1,957,367.00 $1,841,731.00

Number of operating f.rms reporting.. 89

alncludecl in miscellaneous.
bThe value of pottery proclucts for Virginia from 1906 to 1910, inclusive, is
included under miscellaneous.

BRICK Cf,IIYS.
Clays suitable for the manufacture of common and front brick,
particnlarly the former, arg widely distributed throughout the State.
fn fact, nearly every county in Virginia contains clay suitable for the
manufacture of common brick, and, in most cases, the deposits are of
such character that common brick of the best quality can be made. The
brick-yards can be located usually near railroad transportation, and
fuel for burning the brick can be obtained, as a rule, at a minimum
priee. Virginia clays used in the manufacture of common brick are
of two types, residual and sedimentary, discussed on page 50.
The total number of common and front brick manufactured in
Virginia in 1909 was 274,571,000, valued at $1,8?3,?05, as against
203,596,000, valued at $1,466,569 in 1908, an increase of ?0,915,000
 54 MTNERAL pRoDuorroN oF vrRerNrA

in quantity and $407,136,000 in value. O{ the 1909 production,

2491794,000 'were common brick, valued $116401648, and 24,717,000
^t
front brick, valued at $333,057. Tho average value per thousand of
the 1909 prod'ction was: Common brick, $G.18, front brick, $18.4g.
During 1910, the total number of common and front brick manufac-
tured in Virginia was 250,795,000, valued at gl,7b4r80g, as againqt
274,577,000, vblued at 97,873,705 in 1g0g, a decrease of 28,776,000 in
quantity, and $118,89? in value. Of the 1g10 production,229,9g2,000
were common brick, valued at $1,4GA,460, and 20,818,000 front brick,
valued at 8294,348. The average value per thousand of the 1910 pro-
duction was: Common brick gG.Bb, front brick S14.14.
The total value of fancy or ornamental brick and of fire brick pro-
duced in Virginia in 1909 was g80,984, and in 1910, $24,1g6. The
quantity and value of the different varieties of brick manufactured
in Virginia during 1909 and 1910 are given in the tables below.
rn the tables below are given the total number and varue of common
and front brick manufactured in Yirginia in 190g and 1g10, by
counties.
Production of Com,mon and, Front..Bri,ck i,n Virgi,ni,a in 1g09, by
countl,es.

Common Brick Front Brick

County
Quantity Quantity
(Thousands) (Thousands)

75,874 $ 462,t37
1,r20 9,600
15,790 fiz,23r
9,t25 57,584
31,728 201,600
r6,692 97,7L8
15,019 94,687
2,650 17,500
81,796a 497,59ta

249,794 24,717 $333,057

ty,
u-harlotte, culpeper, Frederick,_Grayson, Gre_enesville, Halifax, Henry, rsle of wighl.
*llq_ 9"9t9", -Lancaster, Lee, T,unsn6ut*, Montgomery, Norfolk, Ndtloway, Oraige"
slgtsylvania, Prince George, P-rincess_A_nue,_Rockbridge, Russell, scott, slienandoi'h,
Spottsylvania, Sussex, Tazewell, and War#ick.
blncludes flalifax, I{enrico, and Rockingham.
 CI,AYS AND CIAY PRODUOTS. DO

Prod,uction of C omm,on urud, Front Bri'ck

countl,e8.

CommonBrick Front Brick

County Quantity Quantity

(Thousands) (Thousands)

Alexandria 65,484 $ 415.551

Augusta 925 7,300
Chesterfleld 9,115 60,644
Fairfax 7,595 60,100
Henrico 20,763 141,844
Nansemond t6,77r 99,545
Roanoke \ .... .. . 17,300 104,600
RockinEham I
Other Counties ... . ' . 92,029a 570,876

229,982 $1,460,460

afncludes Albemarle, Alleghany, Amherst, Brunswick, Campbell, Caroline' Carroll'

Charles City, Charlott", C"ip?p..lfurecleriek,'Grayson, llalifaf, Ilenry, Isle of Wight'
i;;r Citf, ri"g Georgel iancaster, Montgolre-ry, Norfolk, Iol!o*3{' orang-e'
pittsvlvani;. priicess e'"ti",-i;o*ftutin, Roei<britlle, Russell, Scott, Shenantloah,
Smytl, Spoitsylvania, Sussex, Tazewell, and Warwick.
--"bi;h;A;-;r""r"aiit, llrtifu", H"tt"i"o, James City, Pittsylvania, antl Powhatan'

I'IRE CLII'YS.

Refractory clays are known to occur in many localities of the

State, but they have not yet been investigated, and the production is
small and variable. It is highly probable that the clayey membels,
including shales o{ the Carboniferous system of rocks, occulring west
of the Biue Ridgo and having the most extensive development in south-
west Virginia, will prove of sufficient value for making vitrified wares.
The Triassie shales associated. with the coals of the Richmond basin
have not proved of any value for the manufacture of clay products.
clays of the refractory type occur in a number of the Piedmont
eounties, and have been worked at several localities in some of these.
The production of fire clay d.uring 1909 ancl 1910 was small ancl
is included under "Miseellaneous" in the table on page 53'
 ot) MINENAI] PRODUCTION OF VIRGINIA.

POTTEB,Y Cf,I\YS.
The pottery industry in virginia is a sman one. The total value
of pottery produets made in \rirginia in 190g amounted to g86,?46, as
against 837,777 in 1908. This represents a decrease of 91,081. The
value of, pottery products made in the state during 1g10 is included
under "Miscellaneous" in the table on page 53.

KAOI,IN.
The production of kaolin in virginia has been derived almost
entirely from the decofnposed pegmatite dikes, which intersect the
crystalline rocks of the Piedmont region. Deposits oi.inis type have
been worked in Amelia, Ilenry, and Nelson eounties, aird are known to
occur but not developed in many other of the piedmont counties. of
these, Ilenry is the principal producing county at present.
The production of kaolin in virginia is small, and is included
under t'Other products" in the tables on pages 5 and 6, showing the
mineral production in Virginia for the years 1909 and 1910.

I,IST ON' CI,AY OPER,ATOR,S

.:
BRIcK AND TII,E
OPOBAIOR O1'TICE WO'3KS...
Atlams Bros. Co., Inc. ....Bristol , ..'. ,,. .. . .. . ,tsristol
Adams- Bros.-Paynes Co.. Lynchburg Brick
Works, Props ....,...Lynchburg ,,.Deacon
Alleghany Brlck Co., Inc... . . ...,Covington ..,Covington
Altavlsta_ Brlck Co., Inc. (Formerly trra-
.zler Lbr..Co.).... .....:......Altavtsta ..,..Altavlsta
Baltimore Brlck Co. .. . .. , .. . ....Richmoncl . . ..Rocketts
Barr, D. M. .. .. . .winchester .. ,Wincheeter
Bell Bros . ... , ..Strasburg . .. . ... .....Strasburg
Btllhlmer, W. EI...,,;.... ......Elarrlsonburg.,......:llajrldouburg
Blackburn & Lohr. .. . .. . .Staunton . .,, ,.......Staunton
Bolltng, Thomas A..,,.. .['armville .,..Earmvllle
Booker Brlck Co....,.:...... .,.Newport News .......Morrlson
Boston Brick Co,.. ..
ton
Brlster, C. M. .. .petersburg . ..Ettrlcks (near)
Brooks & Son, A. M. .... .New River ,. .Radford
Bromllaw Brick Co. ..., .Alexandrl& . .. . ... .. . .I{unting Creek
Buck&Co.,LevinT. ..,:tyeems .......Weems
Burroughs & Mankin, Inc..... ....Richmonat ,...Manbur
Butler, Geo. W..,.. ..,,.Culpeper .....Culpeper
Capltal Brlck & Tlle Corporation. . .. .. , ...Washington, D. C,.. . .e.teiandrta
Champe, John A. .. .....t exiDgton . ,.. .. , .....Lexlngton
CharlottesvilleBrickCo. ...Charlottesville .......Charl;ttesville
 CIJAYS AND CI'AY PRODUCTS' DI

OPDTAIOR OF!'ICD WORKS

Cheatwood & Blunt ...,..Richmontl ....""""Brook Road

Clarke & Covington. .... '.Culpeper " " 'Elkwoo'l
Clark & Crupper. ,......fashington' D' C""'Arllngton
- Co.)
Cole & Son, W. C. (Formerly Galax Brick ^
. .......Galax "".''Galax
Cooley Bros., Smtth & Co..... ....Marion .. ""Marion
Copping, E. 8... .......Chase Cltv........"'Chase Citv
Corlon, w,H,..... .....Manchester'"'"'"'Manchester
- craik) Brick Co. lFormerly Isaac -
Covlngton
Coyner, J. M... .Bastc Clty .. 'Basic Clty
Croghan, Daniel . .......Staunton . '.. .. ' '.. "Staunton
- noin, PiopB. G., Lessee of If. V. Crous-
Croushorn,
Crowell W. FL. "..;......'....Rristol '.... 'Bristol
Cuthbert Land & Development Co. .. . .. . ..Wiehle . . ". 'Wiehle
Davls Brick Co,, Inc., W. BenJamln. .,.....Richmontl ....... " " 'Manchester
Dlckinson ftlre Brick Co..... ....Buena Vista .,..'.,..BuenaVlsta
Eureka Brick'Co...... ..Norfolk " " ' 'Lynnhaven
!'ace & Son, El. W... . ,,.Norfolk ......Norfolk
Fellers Stone Co., Inc. ..Roanoke . ' . '.Roanoke
X'itzgeralal, N. A. & T. J..,. .,., ..Danyille .... ,Danville
Eor(l & Wells . .Lynchburg .. .Lynchbufg
X.ranklin Brick Co. ......Orankltn ,. .. .Franklin
Frazier,W.R.., .......,Suffolk ......Sufrolk
n'retlericksburg Brlck Works. .,...Frealericksburg .......!'retlericksburg
n'ulton Brick Works.. ..'Richmontl ""Richmontl
Gardner, John W. ' .....N{t. Atry, N, C. .. . .. . '\Yootllawn
Gllmore, W. J.. . . . . .. ..Louisa ', ' .. .Lousia
Grlntler, S. M. ,. .. . .. . .Washington' D. C. . ' ' .Rosslyn
flatlen, George P, (Formerly B. D. Linney).Blackstone ...Blackstone
Hambrick, S. G... .... '.LebanoD ' . ...Barnett
Ilarrison Construction Co.,... .'.Petersburg ...Petersburg
flatcher & Gatthet .. . ' '.Orange ......Orange
Hlcks Brlck Co..... ....LawrenceYille ...'"''Lawrenceville
Eloffman, Geo. E. .,. '....Culpeper . ...........Culpeper
Iloltlaway, R. L. (frormerly W. D' Suth- --
erlantli' .....r.':.....'.;...".Major .......BrialleCreek
Iloshour& Son, John S...... .-..lYooalstock "'Wootlstock and n'ront
RoYal
Elosklns, D. W.. . ... ... 'South Boston ....... .South Boston
Ilufman & Son, J. S. .. . .. . . .. . ..Buena Vtsta . ........Buena Ylsta
Ilurley,S,R.,..:..... ..Grundy ..'..Gruntly
Hytlrauuc-PressBrlckCo. .Washington, D. C.....Waterloo
Johnson, W, C... .......Spencer .....'JohDson's Sitling
Jones, W. L...... ......WiUiamsburg .'......James Clty
Keeler & Son; G. B. .. ".,..Petersburg .... '.. '...Broatlwey
Kenbrlalge Brtck Co.. ....Kenbrldge ...Kenbrldge
Lawrencevllle Brlck & Tile Co., Inc... '....Norfo]k ......Lawrencevllle
Lsyfielal,
-t-CilC co.,F. G. (Formerly Oltlfleltl Brick ---- --
rnc.i.
Lemley& Sons, L. F....,. .......Strasburg ............Strasburg
Lunenburg Brick & Tile Co. ......Kenbritlge .......,...Kenbrldge
Mayo & Sons, W. R...... .Norfolk ..'....Sturgeon Point
Molstproof Pressett Brick Co. .. . . .Norfolk . . .. ..NorJolk
Montgomery Brtck Co. .. . .Christiansburg . . . . .. .Chrlstien8burg
Dtt MINERAL PRODUCTION OF VIRGINIA.

OPDRATON, ox'x,rcD worKs

Mulberry Islanal Briek Co.,... .;.Newport News ........Mulberry Island
Musser & Son, W. H....,. .......Abingdon .............E}mory
{r9rs, Jacob S..... .. ....... ..Ifa*isonburg
...tfa'rrlsonburg
Nalle, Orvllle ..Elkwoott ......Elkwooal
Nansemond River Brick & Ttle Co.........Norfolk,,.......,,...Reicl,s X.erry
New Washlngton Brick Co..... ....Washington, D. C.....Abingdon
Norton Brlck Co. ... . ,....Norton ...,. .Norton
Oyster Point Brlck Co. ...Oyster point . . . . .. . .Oyster point
Patuxent Brick Co. .. ... .Washington, D. C, ,. . .Alexandrla
Payne & SpiDtllef. . . ., . ..Drakes Branch . .. . .. .Drakes Branch
Phillips & Bro., C. H...... ........Elampton ... .tlampton
Plerpont Brick Works. ,..Satem .......pierpont Sidtng
Potomac Brick Co. ...,..Washington, D. C....,Adalison
Potomac Rlver Clay Works.. ..,,,Takoma park, D. C,...Alexanilria
Potts Dstate, E. II. .. . ,. . .Chase Clty . .. . .. . .. .Chase Clty
Powers Bros. & Maynartl. . .. .... .Richmond . ... .. . .. . ..Richmond
Poy/batanClayManufacturlngCo.,Richmond ..,.Clayville
Radfortl Brlck Co. ..... . .phlladelphta, pa . .. . ..ftptop
Rea, B. A. (l'ormerty Jno, TV. Legg), ... ,,stevensburl . .. . .. . ..Stevensburg
Reatly, W. J. ... ., ., . .. .Manchester . ., . .. . ...Ma+chester and EIen-
Redford, N. C,,.. .,.....Richmond ....,....,..Manchester
Reynolds, R. C. (Formerly T. c. Layfietd)..Otatfietd .. ....Olttffetd
Richardson & Son, R. II. , . ... .. ..Ifampton .. ..Diascontt
RichlandsBrick Corporation...,. .Norton ...,..Richlanals
Roanoke_Brl.t Co, (Adams, Payne & Gleaves,
Inc.. PIop.) ....Roanoke ..,..Roanoke
Roanoke Clay Maaufacturlng Co. .Roanoke .,...Webster
Rosslyo Brlck Co. ..s'ashlngton, D. C. .. . .Rosslyn
Rosslyn Clay Material Co., Inc. ....Rosslyn .,...Rosslyn
Saint Paul Normal & Intlustrial School....Lawrenceyille ..,.....Lawrencevllte
Seale & Co., C, M., .,,....Rose Hitl ... .Lennie
Shrum Bros .....Dayton .. .,,.Dayton a.nd Flarrtso!-
ourg
Souther-n Brick Co. (F.ormerly Geo, J,
r retenerj .......: . . . . . E retlericksburg , , , . . , F redericksburg
.
Southern Clay Manufacturing Co. .Chattenooga, Tenn . ...Chithowle
Southern State Hospttal . .Marion ..,,..Marion
Southside Brlck Co. ..... .Fredericksburg . .. . ...!'redericksburg
Stanalaral Brlck Co., Reetl Bros. & Co..
props . .,....'.portsmouth...,......sufrolk
Staunton Realty Corporation..., . .Staunton . , ..Staunton
Stonega Coke & Coal Co. (f,'ormerly Keo-
kee Coal & Coke Co.) , . ... .., ,.Keokee .. .. . .Keokee
Strlngfellow, S. P., Recvr., American Hy-
gienic trire Brich-Tlle X,ireproofng Co.,
Inc . ..
Sufolk Ctay Co..... .,...Suffolk ......,Laclysmith
Sweet Briar Instltute. ....Sweet Briar ....,. .,..Sweet Briar
Tallaferro, J. L,... ......Rlchmoaal ........,...Richmonal
Travis, Frank M. .,. .. ..New Lonalon .New London
Turner, Mrs. Agnes Ir. .. . .F,erguson's Wharf .... .Irerguson's Wharf
Turner,W.R....... ......petersburg.....,.....Ettrtck
Uptlike, EstoD . . .Charlottesville .... .,.Chartottesyille
Uptlike & Bro., R. L....., .Charlottesvllle ...,...Charlottesvllle
Virgtnia Brick Co. . .. . .. .Washington, D, C, .. . .Arllngton
YirgiDla Brlck Co. ......Seyen Mile F.ord. .. .,,.Seven Mile Ford
 LIME ilND CEMENT. 59

OPERATOA ox'r'rcu wonKs

Virginla Brick Co. ......Sutrolk .;............Suffolk
Virginia Brick Works. .. , ,Richmonal . . ..East F,ultoD
Virginla Clay & Material Co., Inc. ..Farmville or phlladel-
Pa phia' " ' 'Irawk
\/irginta Railway co. (F,ormerly Lantry
Ballast Co.) ,.Norfotk .,....pembroke
Vulcan Fire Brick Co.
Walker BrlckCo..... ...Washington, D. C,,.,,Arlington
WardBrickCo..... ..,..Galax ...,...calax
Waral & Cornett .Elk Creek ....Elk Creek
Washington Brick & Terra Cotta Co. ... ;..Washington, D. C. .. . .Rtversiale park
watsonBrickcorporation'JohnT........DanYi11e
Wayerly Brick Co., Inc. .. . . ... ...Petersburg . .. . .. ..,. .Waverly
West Bros. Brick Co, . . ,.Washington, D. C, .., .ArliDgton
WestDndBrlckCo. ......Sutrolk .,....Sufolk
Wetherell, Geo. W. .,....Blackstone.......,.,.Blackstone
Whttfield Bros .. .......Suffolk ...,...Sutrolk
Williamson, Chas. E. ....Petersburg ...petersburg
Williamson, Eedgecock & Fontaine, Inc....Martlnsville ........, .Fontalne
Wlne, J. W. .. . . . .. . ... .Mt. Sidney . . .Mt. Sidney
Wood & ['utrell. . ... . ...Dmporia . .. .. .Emporia
Young, Wm. J...... ....Manassas ....Manassas
Zirkle,W.II...... ...,..Broadway....,......,Broadway
POTTDRY
Adamant Porcelain Co., Ltd. . .,..Broadway ....Broailway and Ha.rri-
sonDurg
Akron Smoking Pipe Co. .Mogadore, Ohio ... , ..,Pamplin Clty
Bell Bros , .....Strasbur9 . ... .......Strasburg
Powhatan Pipe Co. ... ....Michaux . ,.. .........Michaux
RAw Cr,AY
Branch, John P. .Richmontl .. , ..City Point
Dickinson Eire Brick Co. .. ., ....Buena Vista . ... ... ..Buena Yista
Frazer Paint Co. ., , . . ..Bedforcl City . .,......Bedfortt City
McNlcol, John A., Recvr., Blue Ridge Kao-
lin Co.. . .. , .. .East Liverpool, Ohio...Oakolcvel, R. D, Edge-

Powhatan Clay Mfg, Co. .. , . , . ,,.Richmonal ,:. . .. , ... ..ClayviUe

Swlnefortl, Howard ......Richmontl ...,,.......Bermutla Iluntlred
Virginia Clay & Meterial Co. ... .,Farmville ,... .Elawk
Wa,rrell, N. J. & B.8..,... ......Sylvatus .....Sylvatus

LIME AND CEMENT.

Lime and cement are obtained from limestone, which is d.escribed
on pages 77 to 82, inclusive. Plants for their manufacture are
scattered widely over western Yirginia, where raw material, admirably
adapted to the manufacture of lime and cement, occurs in great abund-
ance. Plants for the burning of lime are found in most of the counties
vrest of the Blue Ridge, while the manufaeture of Portland cement is
limited at present to two mills, one in Augusta County, the other at
60 MTNIRAL pRoDucrroN oF vrRcrNra.

Norfolk. Mills for the manufacture of natural cement are limited to

Rockbridge and Botetourt counties. There was no reported production
of natural cement in the State for the years 1g09 and 1g10.

f,IME.
During recent years, lime-making in Virginia has been confined
to the counties west of the Blue Ridge; where there are numerous plants
engaged in the industry. There occur abundant limestones throughout
this region admirably adapted to the making of lime. These iange
from very pure limestones to those high in magnesia. The former
when burned or calcined yietd "high limes" oy "fat limes,', while the
latter produce ('Iean)' or magnesian limes. Most of the lime made in
Virginia be,longs to the first class, and is especially valued by the
builders and farmers.
The crystailine limestones of the Piedmont Plateau yield when
calcined a good grade of lime. Formerly, numerous small kilns were
operated within the limits of this region for the production of lime
to supply only immediate local demands. In recent years, however,
these have been abandoned, and at present no lime is burned from the
Piedmont limestones.
The shell marls of the Coastal Plain region are dug and used
locally, in the natural state, as fertilizer on the farming iands. These
marls frequently form extensive deposits of considerable purity, and
since they occur as loose incoherent material, and usually in a finely
comminuted state, they can be easily dug and readily applied in the
natural state to the soil.
The total prod.uction of lime in Virginia in 1909 was 166,695
short tons, valued at $635,946, as compared with 707,209 shorr rons,
valued at $4241374 in 1908. This represents an increase of approxi-
mately 55.5 per cent in quantity (59,486 short tons) and 49.8 per
cent in value ($217,572). The average price per ton in 1909 was
$3.87t/z as against S3.95 in 1908. This production was distributed
over twelve counties and forty-nine producers. The counties produc-
ing lime in 1909 were Augusta, Botetourt, Frederick, Giles, Loudoun,
Montgomery, Rockbriilge, Rockingham, Russell, Shenandoah, Tazewell,
and'Warren.
 I,IME. 61

The production of lime in Virginia during 1910 amounted to

t47r257 short tons, valued at $563,56?. Comparecl with the figures
for 1909, it will be seen that there was a decrease of 25,438 short
tons in quantity and $72,379 in value. There were forty-eight producers
of lime in the State during 1910, and the production was distributed
among the following 14 counties: Augusta, Botetourt, Frederic\
Giles, Loudoun, Montgomery, Norfolk, Roanoke, Rockbriclge, Rocking-
ham, Russell, Shenandoa\ Tazewell, and Warren.
There are given in the table below the production and value of
lime in Yirginia during 1909 and 1910, by counties.
Productiom and, aulue of Li,me i,n Ti,rgi,ni,a i,n 1909 and, 1910, by
coumties.

1909 1910

Production Value Production Value

Short tons Short tons

Augusta
Botetourb
3,035 $ 10,552 I,671 $ 5,795
30,521 115,069 25,137 95,0t2
Frederick 29,668 102,500 28,323 106,258
Montgomery 13,370 69,708 (a) (a)
Rockingham 4,652 16,258 4,548 16,829
Shcnandoah 32,L64 r3L,677 45,798 198,186
Other countiesa ....... 53,285 190.182 35,780 14L,437

llotal . 166,695 $635,r46 t41,257 $563,567

alncludes during 1909, Giles, Loudoun, Rockbridgg Russell, Tazewell, ancl Warren;
ancl during 1910 those of 1909 and the aclditional counties, Montgomery, Norfolk, and
Roanoke.
62 MINERAL PBODUOTION O3 VIRGINIA.

the table below is given the production of lime in Virginia in

fn
1909 and 1910, by uses.
Prod,ucti,on of Lime i,n in 1909 and, 7970, bg uses, i,n
Vi,rgi,ni,a,
short tons.

1910

Quantity Value Quantity Value

Building lime . 89,546 $361,896 76,361 $322,529

IJydrated lime . (a) (a)
Paper mills (b) (b) TB,714 45,2r5
Fertilizer 57,606 205,896 33,766 118,419
Gas works
Tanneries
'" " I,ii6'' 4,489 1,774
" " "6,0is"
Chemical works . (b) (b) 3,264 t2,64L
Dealers-uses not specifled.. 8,045 28,068 L2,378 58,750
Other purposes ... 22 115
Miscellaneousc ..... 10,300 35,482

llotal . 166,695 $635,e46 t41,257 $563,567

i

aOnly a small quantity of the lime produced in Virginia is hydrated.

bfncludecl under miscellaneous.
clncludes gas and chemical works.
LIST OT' LIMD OPER,ATORS
OPISAfOB OFFICD KIIJN
Alleghany Llme Co., Inc....,.....Christiansburg .......Elouchin StatloD
Andrews & Co., Inc., T. C. .. .. . . . .Norfolk ... ...Norfolk
Belnkampen Llme Co. .....Raalforal .....Realfortl
Blankenshlp, S. M. .. .... .Deerfleltl .....Deerfieltl
Brlstol Llme & Stone Co,, Ine. ...Brlstol, Va..-Tenr.....BeDbams
Church, D. W. . . .Staunton .. . ..Cralgsvllle
Conner, I. N... ..Vaucluse Station ..,..Vaucluse Statlo!
Cooper, I. C. ..... ,Elnton .......Etnton
Coverston, Eli antl Samuel. .......Pelton ..,....Seven ['ountailE
Crann, f. N. . . . .. .Brlalgewater ..Mossy Creek
Davis, C. W, .. . . .Blacksburg ...Blacksburg
Davlson, Louls tr. .Elarrisonburg .Harrlsonburg
Dlllon's Sons, E. .Indian Rock ..Inalian Bock
Eagle Rock Llme Co. ............Rlchmond ....Eagle Rock
Dureka Llme Co,,,., ..,.VicarSwltch. .Vicar Swltch
Evers, D. L. .. . .. .,.....Brlilegweter . ........Mossy Creek
X'ellsworth lJime Works. .:Staunton .....Steunton
Eox, J. Iil. .Ottobine .. . .. .Ottoblne
Grove Llme Co., M. J. . ... .Limeklln, Mat . . . . ....Stephens City
flaldeman, II. F... .....Churchvllle ..........Churchville
 CEMENT. 63

OPEBATOB OT'FICD I(II]N

Ifarris. J. A...... .Stuarts Draft ..,. ... .Stuarts Draft
' Elerbaugh, Robert L. .....ri......Zepp .......,.zepp
Iloag Co., Wllllam N......: .......Strasburg or New York,strasburg
Hogsheatt, Thos, K. .......Sangervllle ...........Sangerville
Elogsheeal, Charles A. .. . .. .. . .. , ..Mossy Creek . .Mossy Creek
Eluggins & Co., E.8...... ,.......Roanoke .... ,.Roanoke
Kirecofe, C. S. .. .Bridgewater ...Brltlgewater
Kirk, John Y. .. . .. . .., ..West Nortolk .,West Norfolk
Leesburg Lime Co., IDc..,. .......Leesburg .....,......Leesburg
Irimeton lrlme Co. ..[,lmeton .. . .. .Limetoo
Linville frlme Co. .,Ltnvllle ... .. .Linville
Luray Lime Co. .. . . ......Eiura . .Luray
Mcllwee,CD..,. ..zepp. .......Zepp
McKlmmy, A. G. ,, .Luckets
Michael, J. W. .. .Springcreek .. .Sangervllle
Mtller, E. X. .... .Bridgewater ..Bridgewatef,
MooreLimeCo..... ......Richmontl .,.........EagleRock
Netural Britlge Llme Co. .. . . ..... .Glasgow
New River Llme Co. . ......Ripplemeatl . .. . ... ...Rlpplemeail
Oak Rialge Lime X'lrm. . ... .Mt. Solon . . . .Mt. Solon
Orndorfr, M, M, . . .Oranda ., .... .Oralala
Oyler, George Y. ,. . .. . . . .winchester ...Winchester
PowhetenLlme Co. ...,...Strasburg ...........Strasburg
Putlins, A. C. . . . .,Mount Sidney . .. . ... .Mount Sltlney
Rawley, N. B. . . . . ,ChurchYtlle .. .Churchville
Riverton Llme Co. .., .. . .Riverton . .. . .Riverton
Roanoke Stone & Lime Co.' Inc. ..' .. . .'. .Roanoke . .. . .. . . . . .. .Lttbia
Rockbridge Irime & Stone Co. ... . ..Lexlngton .. . .l/exington
Rockalele Llme Co. ' .. . ..Toms Brook . . .l'oms Brook
Rusmlselle. J. A.-.. .......M1. Solon . ...Mt' Solon
Sanger, C. D. anal M. G.....' ...Sangerville ...Sangervllle
Senger, D. M. .. . . .Mt. Solon . . .. .Mt. Solon
Shenaniloah I,lme Co. . .. . .Strasburg Jct . .. . '. . .Strasburg Jct.
Shenantloah Lime & Stone Co. .. . . .Strasburg .. . . 'Strasburg
Shlnault, C, W. . . .Deerffeltl ... ...Deerfielcl
Shoop, Withers Co...... .Suffolk .......Sutrolk
Snarr. G. g. .. . .. . ... . ' .Wheatflelil . .. . ... .. ..Wheatfleltl -

Stuart Land & Cattle Co. ... . . .. .Etk Gartlen . ..Elk Garalen
Tazewell Whtte Lime Works' . . .. . .North Tazewell . .. . .. .North Tazewell
Thompson, T. W. .. .. .. . ..Elinton . . ... .Etntod
Wheelbarger-Rumsey IJime Cor. .. . .Brialgewater ..Brltlgew&ter
WhiteseU, D. 9... ........'......Stuarts Draft ........Stuarts Draft
Ivine & lMright, ..Sprtng Creek .........Sprin9 Creek
Wing&te & Mccbee' . .. . ..Roanoke ... ...Roenoke
Woodstock Ltme Co., Inc. .. . . . .. . .Wooatstock . .. . .. '... .wooilstock

CEMENT.
Although the cement industry may be said to be in its infancy in
Virginia, yet the manufacture of this important economic product has
been carried on for many years at one locality, and for a less timo
at another. Natural cement has been burned at Balcony Talls for over
64 MINERAIJ PRODUCTION OF VIRGINIA.

a half century. The demand for a cheap and trustworthy cement for
use in the construction of masonty, locks, and walls on the James River
canalr led to the discovery of the hydraulic properties of the rock
used at this plant. Since that time a natural cement has been manu-
factured at this locality almost continuously, the James River Cement
Company operating the plant at present. The rock used is a blue,
argillaceous limestone of Lower Cambrian age, with arl average thick-
ness of 12 fieet.
There are only two plants for the manufacture of Portland cement
in Virginia in ope,ration at present, namely, that of the Virginia
Portland Cement Company at Fordwick, Augusta County, and that of
the Norfolk Portland Cement Corporation at Norfo1k. The Forclwick
plant has a capacity of 1,250,000 barrels, and is selling the Old Dom-
inion cement in the North as well as in the South. The materials used
by this plant in the manufacture of OId Dominion cement are Lewis-
town iimestone and shale. The f\-orfolk plant is the first plant built
in the South to manufacture Portland cement from shell marl as the
principal calcareous material instead of the hard rock-limestone.
The marl and clay deposits used by this plant are located on branches
of James River near Smithfield and Chuckatuck.
Two additional plants of large, capacity have been granted charters
for the manufacture of Portland cement in Tidewater (Coastal Plain)
Vilginia. These are the Jamestown Portland Cement Company's
plant to be located at Yorkto'wn, and the Colonial Portland Cement
Company's plant to be located near Grove. The raw materials to bo
used by these plants for the manufacture of Portland cement will be
the Miocene marls and clays of the immediate area.
There being only two plants in Virginia producing Portland
cement in 1910, the flgures of production are combined with those of
another subject in order to avoid disclosing individual operations.
Virginia possesses an abundance of raw materials from which
cement can be made-an economic resource which will prove of great
value. The Appalachian Valley and the various mountains and valleys
westward, arl area of 350 or more miles long and averaging 50 rniles
in width, contains limestones and shales equal in value and abundance
to those of any other region. The State Geological Survey has issued a
 CEMENT. 65

valuable reporta on the Cement Materials west of the BIue Ridge.

This report is based on several seasons of careful investigations in the
field, and c.ontains an unusually large number of chemical analyses
made of the limestones and shales from all parts of the region.
Four prominent sources of cement material obtain in western
Yirginia. Named in geologic order, these are:
4. Greenbrier (Mississippian) Iimestone.
3. Lewistown (Helclerbergian) limestone.
2. Ordovician (Trenton, etc.) limestones and shales.
1. Cambrian-impure limestone and shale.

Of these, the limestones and shales of Ordovician age are the most
promising on account of their abundance, widespread distribution, and
usually favorable chemical composition. The lewistown limestone
is now used in the manufacture of Portland cement at Craigsville,
Augusta County, and the Greenbrier limestone will probably become
an important source of cement materiaL in southwestern Virginia.
The most important cement materials of western Virginia are
found in the pure and argillaceous limestones of Cambrian and Ordo-
vician age, arrd iu the calcareous and argillaceous phases of the
Ordovician shale,s. These shales and limestones have a wider distribu-
tion and are usually more accessible than other cement rock horizons
of the State, such as the Lewistown of Helderbergian age, and the
Mississippian or Subcarboniferous (Greenbrier) limestone. In gen-
eral the entire Valley of Virginia is underlain by the Cambrian and
Ordovician limestones, while the shales usually outcrop along the base
of the mountains bounding it. In a similar manner, many of the
valleys west of the Great Valley show these limestones and shales,
higher formations occurring on the separate ridges.
Three classes or groups of hydraulic cementsb are reeognized, and
materials for their manufacture occur in Virginia. Named in the
ord.er of their importance, these are : ( 1) Portland cement, (2)
Natural cement, and (3) Puzzolan cement.
aBassler, R. S., Virginia, Geological Survey, Bulletin No. II-A, 1909.
blbid., 1909, pp. 5-32.
Eckel, E. C., Cements, Limes, and Plasters: Their Materials, Manufacture, and
Properties. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1907.
66 rwrNDBArr pnoDncrroN oF vrRerNrA.

In the manufacture of Portland cement, a finely ground mixture

containing lime, silica, alumina, and iron oxide, in exactly determined
proportions, is burnt at a temperature approaching 8,000o F. This
burning produces a semi-fused mass called ,,clinker,, which, as a last
step in the process of manufacture, must be finely ground. The
theoretical mixture employed for buming consists of ?5 per ceut cal-
cium carbonale, 20 per cent iron, alumina, and silica, and b per cenr
allowed for magnesium carbonate and other substances. This ideal
composition is seldom realized in nature and, as a rule, an artificial
combination is made by mixing limestone or marl with clay or shale.
rn this case, one part of the ciayey materials is generally adcled to
three parts of pure limestone.
The raw material from which natural cememt is made is an
argillaceous limestoue carrying from 19 to 85 per cent of clayey
material, of which about 10 to 22 per cent is siiica, while alumina and
iron oxide together may vary from 4 to 16 per cent. unlike portland
cement rock, the percentage of magnesium carbonate may run high, the
reason for this being that in natural cements the magnesia and lime
are regarded as interchangeable. Tbe hydraulic properties do not
depend upon the percentage of lime but upon the clayey materials,
which are the imp'rtant factors to consider in the rock analysis.
Limestones having a composition within the rimits just indicated
are_moJe o1 less abundant at several horizons in western virginia, but
probably the only one which will meet all the requirements and prove
of economic irnportance is the argillaceous magnesian limestone of the
lower part of the shenandoah group. This rock, arthough often very
similar in lithologic characters to the dolomitic limestone found higher
in the shenandoah groupr can be recognized as containing argillaceous
matter by the clayey odor given forth when breathed upon.
These limestones (sherwood) and shales (Buena vista) form the
source of the rock used by the James River cement w'orks, near
Baleony Fa]ls, virginia, for making natural cement. These strata
are found at various points along the eastern side of the Appalachian
valley in virginia, so that a considerable supply of the necessary
rnaterials should be available.
 SAND AND GRAVEL.

The erection and operation of Portland cement plants, such as

are now proposed in Tidewater virginia, will have a stimulating
influence on the entire industrial activity of the State.

I,IST OF' CEMDNT OPERATORS

ru*.. nio.l'dffill"". .uof"ToT""uuu .uuilXTuuu"

Norfolk Portlend Cement Corporation. .. .. .philadelphla, pa . ., . .Norfolk
Virginia Portlanal Cement Co. .,...New york, N. y.......X'oralwick

SAND AND GRAVEL.

The production of sand and gravel in Virginia during 1909
amounted to 8471476 short tons, valued at 9287,171, as compared with
4491234 short tons, valued at S119,09b, in 1908, which represents an
increase of. 398,242 short tons, or 88.6? per cent, in quantity, "and
8162,(\82, or 73.47 per cent, in value. The 1910 production was
764,32L short tons, valued at g?l.b,4l6.
These figures do not represent the totai production of sand and gravel
in Yirginia, as large quantities are produced and utilized each year in
the manufacture of brick, and in railway, highway and sidewark con-
struction, etc., of which no record of the quantity used is kept ancl
no returns are made to the office of the State Survey. Much the
largest proportion of sand used iu the state, for which returns are
made, is for building and molding. In 1g0g, there were BB prod.ucers
of sand and gravel operating in 20 counties, and in 1g10, BB producers
operating in 19 counties. The production of sand. in virginia iluring
1910, by counti,es, was as follows: Elizabeth City,561272 short tons,
valued at $371229; Giles, 19,400 short tons, valued at g11,5g0;
Ilenrico, 29,39L short tons, valued $24,9L71 Roanoke, 6,b00 short
tons, valued at 92,625; Rockingham, ^t 51005
short tons, valued at
1 other countiesra 200,552 short tons, valued at gb4,8b8.
$21381
The following table shows the details of the industry, and the
comparative quantities and values from 1905 to 1910, inclusive.
alncludes Allegha.ny, Alexandria, Amhers! Carroll, Campbell, Charles City,
Norfolk, Princess Anne, Prince George, Pulaski, Scott, Shenanrloah, Washington,
and Wise.
68 MINERAI, PRODUCTION OF VTRGIN]A.

Prod,uction of San^d, and, Gruael i,n Virgi,niu, 1905-1910, by uses, in

short tons.

1906

Sand-
Glass .
Molding $ 37,899 26,654 $ 15,466
Building ...... 96,248 272,396 9r,265
Fire .. 405 1,000 500
nngine 3,580 4,370 L,970
Furnace 2,665 21,376 8,028
Other . 330 8,602 4,072
Grai'el 13,453 780 650

Total' 351,115 | $154,580 335,178 $121,951

Sand-
Glass . 700 $ 450
Molding 35,5t7 24,954
Building . ..... 25L,t70 88,340
Fire .. ""
Dngine 6,651 1,00d' 1,165
Furnace It,295 5,339 2,088
Othera 670 22,494 10,628
Gravel 242,988 447,201 87,79r
llotal . .... ..
alncludes for lgl0 polishing and filtration sand.
 SAND AND GRAVEL. 69

LIST OF' SAND AND GRAYEL OPERATORS

OPERATOR OFX'ICD BED OR PIT
Atlair, James ...Lurich .,.. ,..Lurich
American Locomotive Co. .... ....Rlchmond ....Rlchmond
Appomattox Iro[ Works. .Petersburg ..Petersburg
Bickforcl Sand & Gravel Co., Inc. ...Ifampton ....Elampton
Bolton, John T...... ...Norfolk ......Elampton
Botto Sand Co., J. L, .. . .Richmond ...Richmontl
Bromilew Brick Co. .. , .. .Alexantlria . .. . .. , .,.Alexautlria.
Calhoun & Bro., Ja.mes W. ., . . . .,.North River . ... ,, . ...North River
Carter, Mrs. M. E,.. ....Butlalle
Catawba Valley Ry. & Mng, Co. ...Salem ........S41em
Cavedo, W. L.., ........Richmond ,.. .Richmontl
Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Co... City
.Basic ...Baslc City
Cheshire & Sons, J. W... .Martinsyllle ..Martinsyille
Christlan, J. II. .. .., . ..,Proviclence n'orge . ... .Providence Eorge
Clinetllnst, Jno. S. , . . .. . .Edlnburgh . .. . ... .,, .Edinburgh
Columbia Grarite & Dretlging Co. ,, , .. . ...Washington, D. C. .. ..Potomac River
Cooper Glass & Siltca Co. .. , . ... .Salem ... .....Salem
Cowaralin,S.P.... .......Richmonal ......,..,.Richmond
Cualtly, W. T...... .......IJurich ,.....Lurlch
Curlis, II. C. ., , .. . ... ...lloldcroft . .. . ........Eloldcroft
Darst, Jno. C...... .....81uff City ... .Blutr Ctty
Derbyshire, Mrs. M. J. ,, , .. , . ,, ,,Richmond . ..... .... ,Richmond
DiIIs, M. C. ... .. ... .. ..Bluff City . . 'Pearisburg
Eanes, A. W...., ...,...Roanoke .............Roanoke
X'rench & Bro., J. 8..... . .....,.Curve .......Curve
!'rench, K. S... .Narrows .,.,,.Narrows
Ciibboney Santl Bar Co., Inc. . .. . . ..Berton .. . .. . .Berton
Gillr E, !'. .. . .. .ProYldence f,'orge . .. . .Provldence Eorge.
GiU & Bro., J, M. .. .. . ..Provitlence Forge . . ' . .Providence Forge
Gochenour, J, J. .. . , ... .Maurertown . .. . .. . ..Maurertown
Goddtn Supply Co., Inc. ,.Rlchmontl ....Richmond
Elarbaugh,Mrs. S.I. ..,..Rlchmonal (x'airmont).Ricbmond
Iloxall, L ,.....Provialence Forge .....l'rovidence Florge
Ilunter !'armers Erienal Plow Works, The
Charles E ..... .,. ' ...!'retlericksburg . ... ...Fredericksburg
International Santl & Materlal Co,, . . . .' . .'Nofolk' . ... .... .' . . . . Norfolk
Ivanhoe n'urnace Co..,.. .Ivanhoe .....Ivanhoe
Jackson. D. 8... .Galts MIII ...JamesRiver
Johnston, J. Raleigh. .....Blutr Citv .... '......Bluff Ctty
Laughon & Co,, B. ......Pulaski ...'...Laughon Siding
Llllie, Geo, W. .. . . . .. ...Richmontl . '.. ... .. . ..Bichmond
Llnkous, 4,. T. . ...,.'.Narrows.............Narrows
Lowmoor Iron Company of Virginia.......Lowmoor . '..Lowmoor
Maupin, R. W.. ' .waynesboro ..'waynesboro
Monger, Jtro. II.'t...: : ..:...:. .NorthRiver "Elarrisonburg
Myers, J ,............... ......'Roanoke ""' 'Roanoke
National Mfg. Co., Inc..... ......Lynchburg ......'"''Lyuchburg
Norfolk Rallway & Ltgbt Co... ' ' ..Norfolk " " "'Norfolk
Norfotk & Southern Rail#ay Co. .. . ... ... .Norfotk ' ' " ' 'Cape Elenry
Perkinson & !'inn. .......Petersburg'"'"'"''Petersburg
Port Republic n'ountlry. ...Port Republic " " " "Port Republie
ffames River
I Dutch Gap
Presque Gravel Co. .. .. ' .Nodolk . ' .' "-] Ocner
LPetersburg
 70 MTNERATT pnoDucrroN or yrnerNrA.

OPEBATOB OX'N'ICD BED OR PIIT

Pure Silex Co. ... , . ... ..Scottsyllle . ... ... ... .Scottsyille
Quarles, A. G. .. ..Richmoncl ,. , ..Richmond
Radfortl, Mrs. Eimma. .....Rlchmoual .,..,Rlchmonil
Richardson, R. D. .. .. . .provialence X'orge .....providence torge
Richmond, Erealerlcksburg & potomac Ruil-
waY Co. Rl"hmond
Klc' .,.. IBow-ling Green
rreoericksburg
Rodgers, James M,
a
... .. ..Iameg niyer .. .trames River
Rogers, O. .....Iyanhoe ......Ivanhoe
sellers, Dr. J' s'...,. ......weyers Cave .........weyers cave
Shepherd, Larkin . .. . .. . .Appalachta . ... .. ... .Appalachia
Slaughter & Grifrn. ... .. .Frealericksburg ..... ..Fre6ertctsnurg
Umstaaller, J. M. .. . .. . .. .Norfolk ... ., ..Norfolk
Water Works Supply Corporation. .. . ... ..,Norfolk ...,...Norfolk
WebbJ,II....., .......,Roanoke .... .,Glad Creek
Wtlls, T. L...... .......Lynchburg.........,.Lynchburg

SAND.f,IME BRICK.
The term sarld-lime brick is used ((to cover all brick made by mixinq
sand or gravel with a relatively small percentage of sraked lime,
pressing the mixture into formin a brick mold, and drying and hard.en-
ing the product either by sun heat or artificial methods.,,a
The manufacture of sand-lime brick in virginia commenced only
a few years ago. The total number of sand-Iime brick produced in
1908 was 6,181,000 brick, valued at gBG,g84, of which 6,128,000 were
common brick valued at 936,184. on account of there being only
two producers of sand.-lime brick in the state during 1909, the figures
are given under "Other products,, in the table on page B, in ord.er to
avoid disclosing indiviclual production. The 1910 production of sand-
lime brick in Yirginia is included under "other products" in the tabre
on page 6.
LIST O!' SAND.I,IME BRICK OPER,ATOR,S
OPSAAEOB OAFICD
Cape Elenry Granlte Brick Corporatlon East Raalfortt .East Raalforal
New Rlver gantlstone Brlck Co. ,,.East Badford .East Radforal
NortoD Slllca Brlck Co.
Old Domlnion Granite Brlek Co. ..Cape Charles .Cape Charles
Ytrgtnia Sand-Llme Brlck Co. ....Norfolk ...,..Norfolk
aEckel, E. C. Cements, Limes, anrl Plasters: Their Materials, Manufacture, and
Properties, John Wiley ancl Sons, New York, lg0?.
 STONE. ?1

STONE.

The production of stone has been an irnportant industry in the

State for many years, and the product of some varieties, especially
granite, has been used in many notable structures. The rocks of
Virginia include a large variety and abundance, of excellent stone
suitable for building, decorative, and other purposes. These have wide
distribution over the Crystalline and Mountain provinces, comprising
in the former, granite, gneiss, and schist, trappean rocks, in part known
to the trade as black granites, s1ate, quafizite and sandstone, limestone
and marble; and in the latter, sandstone, limestone, and marble.
The stone industry is the fourth in importance among those based
upon the mineral wealth of the State, being surpassed only by the coal,
clay products, and iron ores. The value of the annual production of
stone in Virginia from 1900 to 1910, inclusive, is given in the accom'
panying table.
Value of the annunl production of Stone i'n Vi'rgi'ni'a frorn 1900 to
1910, inclus'ioe.

Ciranite Santlstone Slate Limestone Total

Value Yalue Value Yalue Yalue
_
1900 . .. $211,080 $ 6,000 $190,211 $403,318 $ 810,609
1901 ... 275,70L 5,303 L78,979 986,L77 1,416,160
1902 . .. 2;U2,046 . 2,500 160,951 534,113 979,610
1903 . .. 299,335 4,47t 115,356 569,205 988,367
1904 . .. 510,788 13,522 130,208 442,978 1,097,496
1905 ... 452,390 2,000 t46,786 212,660 813,836
1906 ... 340,900 5,100 L72,857 260,34ti 779,200
1907 ... 398,426 (a) 173,670 362,062 935,158
1908 . .. 321,530 2,600 194,356 280,542 799,028
1909 . .:, 488,250 28,574 180,775 342,656 L,040,255
1910 ... 503,106 25,080 t48,72L 471,903 1,148,810

asmall value includecl with Wegt Yirginia.

The total value of the different kinds of stone quarried' for the
period of years for which statistics are given, shows that the quarrying
of limestone is the largest industry in stone, with granite next, and
slate third. For the past several years granite has been of first impor-
tance, although the difference in the an:rual value of its production
 ,12
MINERAIJ PRODUOTION OF VIRGINIA.

and that of limestone is very small. The variation in limestone

production is controlled in large part by the blast furnace conditions
where it is used as a flux. The production of sand.stone for the period
represented in the table is relatively unimportant.
The value of the total produetion of, stone in the state during
1909 was $7,040,255, while the value for 1g10 was $1,14g,g10.

GRANITE.
'
Granites, including the foliated type gneisses, have verJ, rvicle dis-
tribution throughout the virginia Pieclmont region, constitutins one
of the dominant rock types. The general excellence of the virginia
granites as a building and ornamental stone has long been established
in the commercial world. There is not a county within the limits of
the Piedmont region that does not contain some granite, but the quarry-
ing industry has thus far been limitecl to iess than half a d.ozen
counties. The principal producing areas of massive granites are d.is-
tributed along the eastern border of the Piedmont prateau. They
include (1) the Petersburg arca, (2) the Richmond area, ancl (B) the
Fredericksblrrg area. The priucipal counties composing these areas
are Dinwiddie, Chesterfield, Ifenrico, and Spottsylvania. A small
amount of granite has been quarried in a number of other counties
within the limits of the Piedmont to supply strictly a rocal demand.
The granites of the State are chiefly granular aggregates of the
minerals quartz, feldspar, and mica. rrornblencle and lpidote are
irnportant minerals in the granites of a few localities in the state, the
latter being conspicuous in the variety of granite known as unakite,
which is found in Madison, Page, and Grayson counties. Basecl then
on mineral composition, we have the following varieties of virginia
granite: (1) Biotite granite, under which vastly the majority of the
granites of the state belo'g; (2) muscovite granitel (B) hornblentie-
biotite granite; and (a) epiilote granite.
The chemical composition of the granites in the Richmond, peters-
burg, and Fredericksburg areas is shown in the table of analyses on page
,a
 GRANITE. 73

Arm,lyses of Virgini,a Gran'ites.

(WM. M. Trronwrow, Jn., AnatEst.)

Constitutents II III IV Y o'l vII VIII

Per Per Per Per Per'
-:-
Per Per
cent. cent. aent. cent. cent. cent.' cetut.
Silica (SiO,) . ........ 7t.5r 7L. 70. 69.4 69.29 68.45
Aiumini iAi,o"i...,....... t4 13. 14.01 L2, 13. f 14.07 10.00
Ferric oxide (Fe,O') 1 .16 1. t. 2. 2.59 5.71
Ferrous oxide (FeO) 0.97 1. 1. 1. 2.03 2.55
Masnesia (MgO) 0.70 0. 0. 0. 1.32 3.26
Lime (CaO) 1.56 1. 2.04 1. 2.76 6.20
Soda (Na,O) . .... 3. 3.64 a D. 2.89 1 .98
Potash (K,O) 5.00 4. 4. 4. 2.87 1 .18
'Water (II,O) . C....., 0.01 0.17 0. 04 0 0.06 0.18
Water (I{"O) -110"
+110' C. .... 0.25 0.31 0. 0. 0.37 0.62
Titanium oxide (TiO,).... 0.31 0. 0. 0.47 0.50 0.20
Manganese oxide (MnO,.... trace 0. 0. 0. 0.08 0.05
Carbon dioxide (CO,)... .. 0.2r L trace trace
Phosphoric acid (P,Oo)... 0. 0.34 0.26 0.25

Total . 00. 100. 99.4 100. 99.09 100.67

f. Medium-texturecl ancl medium gray, biotite granite. Westham granite quar-

ries, 4.5 miles west of Richmond, Chesterffeld County.
il. Medium-textured and medium gray, biotite granite. Lassiter and Peters-
burg Granite Co.'s quarries, Petersburg, Dinwiddie County.
III. X'ine-grained, tlark blue-gray, biotite granite, McGowan, Netherwood, and
Donald quarries, Chesterfield County, and Mitchell anil Copelancl lluarry,
Ilenrico County, near Richmontl.
IV. Medium coarse-textured and metlium gray, biotite granite. Netherwoocl,
State (Olil Dominion), Granite Development Co., Krimm and Middendorf
quarries, Chesferfielal County, near Richmond.
V. Fine-grainecl, dark blue-gray, biotite granite. Cartwright and Davis quarries,
near tr'redericksburg, Spottsylvania County.
'VI. Mbtlium-textured and medium gray, biotite granite. Mclntosh quarry, Ches'
terfield County, 5 miles west of Richmoncl.
VU. Medium coarse-textured, gray, biotite granite-gneiss. Middendorf (Belt
Line Railway) quarry,.near Manchester, Chesterfielcl County.
VIII. Medium coarse.textured, gray, biotite granite-gneiss. Cartwright ancl Davis
quarries, near Fredericksburg, Spottsylvania County.

The Richmond" area is the principal granite-producing area in the

State. Not less Ihan 20 quaffies have been worked within the limits
of the area, some of which are very extensive, being workecl to a depth of
nearly 200 feet. Two grades of granite are quarried, one a fine-
grained, dark blue-gray rock, extensively used as monument stock, the
14 MTNERATT pnoDucrroN oF vrncrNra

other a.coarser grained and righter corored gray rock admirably

suited
for building purposes. Both are hombgeneous eyen-granurar granites,
possessing good working qualities. The fine-grained,
dark biue-gray
granite is susceptible of a high and permanent polish, and is a superior
monumental stone.
urrder the general head of granite are included in the trade suah
crystalline rocks as syenite, diorite, gabbro, and diabase, and. the banded
rocks known as gneiss and schist.
The production of granite during 1g0g was valued at g4gg,2b0,
as against $321,530 in 1g08, a gain in value of g166,?20, or nearly
52 per cent. Twelve counties contributed to this production, namely,
Alexandria, Amherst, campbell, chesterfreld, Dinwiddie, Fairfax,
Goochland, Greenesville, rronrico, pittsylvania, prince Edward, and
stafford. The uses made of the stone and the value of each are given
in the table below. The 1g10 procluction of granite in virginia was
valued at $503,106.
There are given in the tables below the value and uses of the granite
and gneiss quarried in Yirginia during the years 1900 to 1g10,
inclusive.

Value of Grani,te produced in Vi,rgini,a, 1900-1910, by tnes.

Use 1901

$ 40,763 $ 21,158
8,300 12,500
n0 '" "2'8,8,10''
45,737
52,444 51,6L2
t7,253 t4,845
) 29,796
r 7,977

15,833 j
I
43,02s
26,2,5,5
L7,215
9,850 6,133
Crushed stone.....J Railroad ballast I 38,850 7,841 25,554
( Concrete ) 42,3t7 46,588
Other 1,000

Total $211,080 $275,701 $282,046

 ,TO
GRANITE.

Value of Grani,te prod,uced, i,n Vi,rginia, 1900-1910,by uses.-Continued.

1904 1905 1909 1910

$ 26,345 $ 33,613 $ 31,224 $ 18,158

15,804
$ 19,350 I 26,769
12,664
$ 24,965
1,966
$ 31,841
8,77L
13,440 17,320 10,415 8,039
"'ii,iirl' " 'il,iiz 28,950
200
t3,275
1,075
4,000
" "ii,ii5o' 2,375
14,750
43,845 55,608 37,180 16,936 9,787 29,803 9,449 6,300
28,034 30,966 19,2n 29,536 18,072 10,173 18,053 28,596
4,582 33,324 8,948 14,339 6,000 6,130 29,100 57,5t1
5,485
28,449
3,516
40,524
2,550
28,96L
r,216
28,477
"'i6,tto' t8,270
990
33,321
1,565
38,792
22,410 7,630 27,236 3r,790 28,852 16,336 1,386 6,989
31,785 t2,940 2L,t75 34,981 59,937 21,670 74,054 40,691
17,400 61,352 69,360 64,386 50,804 92,895 t25,704 111,811
60,820 165,043 166,364 85,077 167,960 8L,745 147,112 156,894
2,000 500 807 4,400 L,220

$299,335 $510,788 $452,390 $340,900 $398,426 $321,530 $488.250 $503,106

In the table below is given the number of granite paving blocks

prod.uced in Viiginia, by years, from 1904 to 1910, inclusive.
Number and, ualue of Grani,te Pauing Blocks prod,uced i,n Virgini'a,
190IF1910.

Average Value
Number per 1,000

1904 . .. 1,032,200 $30,966 $30.00

1905 .. . 913,440 t9,220 2r.05
1906 ... 1,385,000 29,536 2L.32
1907 ... 685,100 18,072 26.38
1908 . .. 252,9t0 , 10,173 40.22
1909 . .. 853,300 18,053 21.16
r9i0 . .. 680,602 28,596 42.02
,16
MINEBAIJ PRODUCTION OF VINGINIA.

T,IST OX' GBANITE OPERATOBS

OPERATOR OTFICE QI'ABBY
Amerlean Stone Co., Inc. .... ,. . .Richmond ... ..Boscobel
Analrews & Co,, J. W.,... ,PeterBburg ....Petersburg
Betlford, A. C... .Richmond .....Butterworth
Belmont Traprock Co., Inc. . . ... ,Belmont Park . .. . ,, .Belmont Park
Bretrnan Construction Co. (Gneiss) .Washington, D. C.....Chaln Brldge
Brown, J. Ilenry..,......Richmonil ....,.......Dunbarton Station
Butterworth, R...... ...Butterworth .......,,Pr141e
Cartwright & DavlB ....,f,'rederlcksburg,......Fretlericksburg
qasey, John 8...... .....Lynchburg...........Lynehburg
ColumbiaGranite&DreilgingCo..........Washington, D. C.....Washington, D. C.
Cousolldateal Quarry Co. .Washington, D. C,....Occoquan (near)
Cranfortl Pavinpi Co. (Gnetss) . . ..Washington, D. C. ....Washlngton, D. C.
Danvllle, Ctty of. .. . .. . ..Danville . ...Danville
Echols & Co,, J. M. ...: ... ... ...Lynchburg ...Lynchburg
Fortl, J. R, .. , .. . ., . .. ..fiynchburg . . . Lynchburg
Forge Granite & Lumb€r Co..... .F'almouth .....['almouth (near)
X'ountain Creek Granite Cd. . . . . ..Norfolk .. ...Flitchcock
Fretlericksburg Power Co. ... . ....Frealerlcksburg .... ...Eretlerlcksburg
tIaU,Wm..w.,... ......,Lynchburg......,.,..Lynchburg
Harris, EI. J...... ......Richmonal ............Boscobel (Flarrls Sld-

Elollan.l, tr. s... ........Richmontt ............e,ii3]o Stutroo

Island Granlte Co., Inc. ..Richmontl .. .,Richmond
James Rlver Granite Co...'.. ,....Richmontl ,...Riihmontl (Holland Sld-
ing)
Jones, Ifarvey ..Lynchburg ...Lynchburg
Lane Bros. Co. .. . . .. . ..Alta Vtsta .. .Alta Yista
Lee Stone Co. ,. . . ... .,.Lee ....... ,.Lee
Lennox, John .. ........RloVlsta.. ..Rlo Vlste
Logan, A ...-....L,ynchburg, R,F.D.No.S.Lynchburg
Lone Jack Stone Co. (Gnetss) . . .. .Lynchburg i ... ... ....Lynchburg
McCloy Granite Co,, John A..., .. . .., ....Richmonal .,. .Richmonal
Mccowan, John .. .......Rlchmonil .,.,...,..,.Manchester
Mccranighan,P..... ...Sranlte ......Granlte
Mclntosh, Ilugh (Chesterfleld Granite
works) ......Granite ...,..Granlte
Moncure, Pettttt & Moncure .,.,...East Falts Church (or
Alexantlrla C. E.) X'alls Church
Morris & Llpscomb. ......Roanoke .,...Goodview
Nelson Stone Co., Taylor Gleaves ....,...Lynchburg ........,,.F.aber
Netherwood, Albin . .. ...Richmonal ....Richmond
Norfolk County Roatl Boaral. . ... .Norfolk .. . ....Emporia
Occoquan Stone & Lumber Co... ... . ... ..Occoquan .. .. .. . .. . ..Occoquan
Old Dominion lron & Nail Works..,. .....Richmond . ... .. . ,. . ..Belle Isle
Petersburg Granlte Co..... .... ...Baltlmore, M(l , ..... . .petersburg
Bocknsh Ballast Co. ...,Baltimore, Mal .......,Rockfish
Slocombe, W, A.. .......Farmville..,,........Farmvllle
Slocombe & Halt. ... ....Irynchburg . .. . .. . ....Lynchburg
Smlth & Co., Inc., I. J. ,. . . . .. . .. .Richmond . .. .Richmond
Southern Quarry Co, ....Washington ..Rockffsh
Sunnysiale Granite Co., Inc. ,...,,.Richmond, n.F.D No. 2.Richmontl (Dunbarton
Statlon)
Ylrglnia Granlte Co. ... . ..Richmonal ,.. ,.Dunbarton Station
Virginia Quarrylng Corporation. ...Norfolk .......ilIanchester
Vlrginla State X'arm. ,...Lassiter .....Lassiter
Wakeffelal Granlte Quarries, ... ..Petersburg .,. . .. . ....Petersburg
Wray, A. J...... .......Rlchmontl . ... .. . .,. ..eranite
 MARBI,E. a.l

MARBLE.
Marbles are found in the Mountain province west of the Blue Riclge
and in the Piedmont province to the east, but there has been but slight
attempt to develop them, owing chiefly to a lack of definite'knowledge
of their extent and quality. Bands occur in some of the limestones
of the Mountain provincel especially in the Shenandoah ancl Chicka-
mauga formations, of a color and texture which adapt them to orna-
mental purposes. These show a yariety of color and texture. White,
gray, red, and black colors are found. These marbles have not received
the attention which they apparently merit in places, and the develop-
ments thus far are slight.
Onyx marbles are fairly abundant in the limestone caves and
caverns of the Yalley region, but it is probable that these will rank
as ttuniques" rather than objects of commercial value. Iarge deposits
of onyx marbles are found near Bridgewater in Rockingham County,
but they have not been investigated and very little is known of their
quality.
Marbles of excellent quality occur in the vicinity of Goose Creek,
Loudoun County. Samples of the white marble are not excelled for
purity of color, f.neness of grain, and general excellence, by that of
any other marble in the United States. At Goose Creek, the rnarble
bed is ahout 52 feet thick and has been worked to a considerable depth.
The varieties shown are chiefly white, but there occur, also, banded,
blue and white, serpentinized white and green, pink and white, and
green and white. These beds are pure, and thb stone is of great
beauty and takes a good polish. The lack of transporation facilities
has thus far prevented. extensive quarrying.
Undeveloped areas of marbles are known in Grayson, Campbell,
Nelson, and Pittsylvania counties. Openings were made in some of
these many years ago and the stone burned into lime.
There has been no production of marble in Virginia for several
Years'
rrMEsroNE
Limestone has its greatest distribution in the region west of the
Blue Ridge wherye it forms one of the dominant rock types. It has
hatl only a limitecl use for building purposes, but has been extensively
?8 MINENAL PBODUOTION OF VIRGINIA.

quarried for use as a furnace flux, for lime.making in building and

agriculture, for road metal and ballast, for concrete, and for the manu-
facture of Portland and natural cernents. Four prominent sources of
limestone obtain in this region, which, named- in geologia order, are:
4. Greenbrier (Mississipian) limestone.
3. Lewistown (Helderbergian) limestone.
2. Ordovician (Trenton, etc.) limestone.
l. Cambrian limestone.

Of four principal divisions of limestones, the Cambrian and

these
Ordovician limestones constitute the Shenaniloah (Yalley) limestone
group, which is the most persistent limestone group in the State. ft
is the underlying or basement rock of the Great Valley (Shenandoah)
of Virginia. The most important and only limestone which has been
used in buildings is the Shenandoah limestone of the Great Valley.
rn its normal deve,lopment, it is probably not less than 8,500 feet
thick and in places it is much thicker. ft has a wide range in com-
position and is clivisible into several difierent members. The most
important member of the shenandoah limestone {or building stone is
the Natural Bridge limestone, which is usually a heavy-bedded, dark
blue to gray magnesian limestone, frequently dolomitic. Quarries have
been opened in it, in rnany places through the Valley region, and the
stone used locally for building purposes.
The Lewistown and Greenbrier limestones have not been used for
building purposes, but each has been quarried in places, especially the
lewistown, and used for fluxing the iron'ores at the blast furnaces.
The value of limestone produced in the St'ate during 1g09 was
$342,656, as compared. with $280,542 in 1908. 'Ihis represents a gain
of $62J!4, or slightly over 22 per cent, in value. This increase in
production was due chiefly to an increased production of limestone for
use as railroad ballast and fluxing purpose,s. There were 32 producers
of limestone operating in fourteen counties of the State, as against
B0 producers in 1908. There is given below in tabular form the value
of limestone produced in Virginia in 1909, by counties.
 LIMESTONE. ?9

Value of L'i,mestone prod,uced, in V'irgi,ni,a in 1909,by count'i,es.

County
Augusta $ 5,081
Botetourt 59,695
Roanoke 13,511
Roekbridge 37,28L
Other countiesa .. 227,088

Total . $342,656

alnclurles Alleghany, Giles, Lee, Loudoun, Rockingham, Russell, Shenandoah,

Tazewell, Washington, and Wythe.

The production of limestone in Virginia during 1910 was valued

at $477,903, which represents an inc ease in value over the 1909 pro-
duction of $29,247.
There were 37 producers of limestone in the State during 1910,
operating in the foilowing 15 counties: Alleghany, Augusta, Botetourt,
Giles, Loudoun, Pulaski, Roanoke, Rockbridge, Shenandoah, Smyth,
Tazewe)I, Warren, Washington, Wise, and Wythe.
The production of limestone in Virginia from 1902 to 1910,
inclusive, and the uses for which it was quarried are given in the
table below:

Prod,uction of Iimestone in Vi,rgi,n'i,a from, 1909 to 7970, by uses.

1902

$41,3551 $ 5,325 $ 8,800 $ 3,448

360 1,680

275

168

300 2L0
7,875 16,205 32,37L
11,580 9,238 5,668
220,001 199,989
11,318 1,665 .. 1'.1::?
$569,205 $442.978 $212,660 | $260,343
 80 MINERAIJ PRODUOTION OF VIRGINIA.

Prod,uction of T,,i,mestone i,n Viruinia fnom 190P to 1910, by uses.-

L907

Rough building .... ...

Dres"sed nuiror-ns . : :::: . . : .. : : :. . :. : :
$ 3,170 $ 1,870 7L5 125
1,130 2,950 L29
Paving ......... 15 45
Curbing 79 750
Flagging 110 7
Rubble ......i... 3,000 3,188
Riprap 3,377 1,805
Crushed stone:
Road making .., 37,000 30,159 31,076 2U056
Railroad ballast L2,269 45,541 84,883 108,129
Concrete 32,326 26,6M 8,068 36,849
Flux . 275,5t7 L69,847 2t3,444 294,668
Unspeeifled 150 5 1,319 6,288
'Total $362,062 $280,542 $342,656 $471,903

T]IST OE I,IMESTONE OPERATORS

OPI]BATOA OFFICD QUASRI
Abingdon Construction Co..,,. .,Abingdon -...Abingdon
Alleghany Lime Co., Inc.... . ....Christiansburg . ,.... ,Houchltr StatioD
Anilrews & Co., Inc,, T. C... . . ...Norfolk .....Norfolk
Bel4kamper Lime Co. .,.Radforal .....Raatf,oral
Bertha Mineral Co., Inc. .. .. .. ..pulaskl ......,......Austinville
Bradley, Samuel A. ... . ,.. .,....Newport .....Nexrport
Brlstol Llme & Stone Co., Inc. . .. .Bristol, Va.-Tenn . .. . .Benhams (neer)
Bunn, J. Ei...... .......Big Stone Gap........Big Stone Gap
Burks, Jas. L. ...., .. . ..ComptoD Bridge . . . . . .Saltpetre Caye
Caf,penter & Boxley. ,.. .. .Boanoke . . ..pembroke
Carter,walterII...... .,Buchana,n ...Buchanan or lJlthia
Childress, J. S. .. . .. . .. .Christiansburg . .. . .. .Chrisfiansburg
Ch[es. C. M...... ...., .strasburc . ...... ....Strasburg
Churclr, E. W.. .StauntoD ...,Craigsvllle
Cllfton Forge, Clty of . ..Cltfton Eorge ......,.Clifton !'ofge
Compton, C. W. , .Roanoke . . ,. .Comptoa Brldge
ComptonBridgeStoneCorporation........IntllanRock,,........ComptonBridge
CoY€rtson, Eli and Samuel......., .Pelton . .,. .,Seven n'ountains
Crann, J. N...... .......Mossy Creek ......,.,Mossy Creek
Cregger, R. C. .. ,Wytheville ...Wytheville
Cross & M6ys. ., ,. . .. . ..Eagle Rock . .. . .. . ., ,8ae1e Rock
Culbert, W. F.. .Marion .......Maiton
Davidson, S. C.... .,....Max Meadows .... .. ..Wytheville
Davis, C. W. .. . . ....,..,Blacksburg ,... ..... .Blaeksburs
Dlllon's Sons, E, .Indtan Rock .Buchanan- and nbdian
Rock
Eagle Roek Lime Co. ....Richmontl . . ..Eagle Rock
Eureka. Llme Co. ,,., .....Vicar Switch .... ....Vicar Switch
F'ellers Stone Co. .. . . , ..Boanoke . . .. ,Roatroke
I'ellsworth IJime Works. .gtaunton . . ..Staunton
Fisher & Co., S, E. ...,.,Strasburg . .......... .Strasburg Jct.
Flickwir, David W. ......Roanoke .... .Roanoke
 I,IMESTONE. 8L

OPENATOB ON'X'ICE QUABAY

!'ox, J. W. . .. . ..Ottobine .., .. .Ottobine

X.ringer, C. f,.... .Buchanan ,..Buchara,n (or Lithta)
Gochenour, .I. J. .. . .. .. .Mauertown . .. . ... .. 'Maurertown
Goshen Iron Co..... .....Goshen .....'.BellsVelley analCralgis-
viUe
Grove Llme Co., M. .T, ... . .Limekiln, Mtt . '..... ..Stephens City
Ileldeman, II. x'.., .. . ...Churchviue . ........ .Churcbville
Elall,GeorgeB...... ....East Raaljord'......'Snowvllle
Earrli, J. A...... .. . ....Stuarts Draft . '... '. .Stuarts Draft
Herbaugh,RolrertL. ....Zepp ........Zepp
floas Co., William N...... ... ..."lt:Ys orNewYork, Strasburs
Eogsheait, Chartes A. .. ... .... . ..Mossy Creek .........Mossy Creek
Horneck Construction co. ... . ....Cumberlanal ......... 'Gate City,
Euggins & Co., I{. H. ... .. . . .... .Roanoke .......... . ' .Roanoke
Iyanhoe Furnace Co. . ... .Iyanhoe .. . '..Ivantroe
Keller, J. H... ... ... ....Fishers Hill .,..... ...Flshers Hiu
Kinzer & Vermillion. .,...fazewell ......Tazewell
Kirocofe, C. S... ..,....Bridgewater ..........Bridgewater
Kirk. John I. ... .. .. . .,West Norfolk . .... '.. 'W€st Norlolk
Kline, J. Elarvey. . . .. . . .Vaucluse Station . .. . ..Vaucluse StatioB
Larner & Co., Wllliam. ..Staunton .. ..Staunton
Leesburg Llme Co., Inc. .. . . ,., ..Leesburg ....Leesburg
Lexington, Town of .. . .Lexington ' . ..Lexington
Limeton Llme Co. . . ... ..Limeton .. '..Limeton
Llnville Lime Co. ....,..LinYille .....I-inville
f,owener, C. A... .....,.tfarrisonburg ..........Rockingham
Lone Jack Stooe Co. .., ...I"ynchburg ... ' ... ... .Lynchburg
LongdaleIronCo. ..,..,.Longdale ...........,Longdale
Lowmoor Iron Co. of Yirginia.. . ..Lowmoor ,.. ..l,owmoor
LurayLimeCo..... ....,Eura ........Luray
McCoy, G. W...........:. ......Springwootl .'........Springwootl
McGhee&Co., P. R...... ........Roanoke ........."'.Roanoke
Mcllwee,C.E.... ,...,.,Lepp ........Zepp
McKimmy, A. G... ... ...Luckets ... .. 'Luckets
Markley, C,...., .......Roanoke ., ,.. .,. . '...Ro&nokg
Mathews Curtis Co., Inc... . , .. . ..Clifton X'orge . ..... . .Clifton X'orge
May, A. J,.,.,. ...,....Tazewell .... '.......Iazewell
Miller, G. 8d..... .....Bridgewoter,...,.....Bridgerrater
Moore Llme Co..... ....Richnontl ....Eagle Rock
Myers & Neville. ., .... . . .Clifton X'orge ... '.,, .Cllfton Xrof,ge
Natural Briilge Lime Co..... .. . .Glasgow ... .. .Sherwood
New Riyer Ltme Co, . . . .Ripplemead . .Ripplemead
Oak Ritlge Llme Flrm. ...Mt. Solon . ..Mt. Solon
Oriskany Ore & Iron Corporation. .Iron Gate .. .Mt. Marble
Orntlortr, M. M........:.. .......Oranda ......Oranda
Oyler, Geo. V.,.... ......Winchester ...........wlnehester
Powhatan IJlme Co. .....Strasburg ..,,Strasburg
Pruyer, W, W..,.. .....FriendBhip ...........I1'rlendship
PulaskiIronCo.,.,.. ...Puleski .....,PattersoD and Ivanhoc
Pullins, A. C.., . . ... .. .Mount Sidney . .. . ... .Mount Sidney
Rawley, N. B. .. .Churehville ..Churchvllle
Rife Bros .....Timberyille .,........Timberville
Riverton Lime Co ......Riyerton ......Riverton
niverton Lime Quarry Co.,,. . .. .Leesburg . .,, ;. . ... ,.Leesburg
Roanoke Stone & Lime Co., Inc. .. , .. . ,.Roanoke . ....Litbia
82 MINERAI PRODUCTION OF VIRGINIA.

OPNBATOB Ox'x'ICE QUAIiBY

Rockbrlalge lJime & Stone Co.... . ..f,exington ...Lexington
Rockdele Llme Co. .......Toms Brook . .. . .. . ..Toms Brook
Rule, PenalletoD ,,.. r.....Abingalon .. ,.Ablngalon
Sanahldge,.W. P.. .......$oshenBrlilge ........Panther cap
Shenendoah Iron & Coal Co. ., . . .IJiberty Eurnace . .. . ..Liberty
Shenancloah Llme Co. .,, .Strasburg Jct . ... ... ,strasburg Jct.
Shenandos.h Lime & Stone Co. .... .Strasburg ., ..Strasburg
ShoopWlthersCo..... ...Suffolk ......Sutrolk
Snarr, G. H...... .,,...wheatfleltl ...........Wheatfieltl
Snytler, E. A...... ....,Buchanan ....Sprlngwooal
Staunton, City of. ..,...Staunton t........,..Staunton
Stickley & Omdorfl. ......Orantla ......Orantla
Stoutamine, Jacob . ....,Roanoke ....,Roanoke
Stuart l,anal & Cattle Co, ,. . , ,. . .Elk Gartlen . .Elk Garalen
Sutton, W. B.,,... .....Mentlota ....,Fugates II1U
Tazewell White Lime Works, . ....Nortb Ta.zewell ....,..North Tazewell
Thompson, T. W. ., .. ...tlinton . , . . . .I{arrisonburg
Valley Turnplke Co.,. ...Mt. Jackson .Mt. Jackson
Vaughan Construction Co. ,, .. ...Roanoke . . ...Roanoke
virglniarron, coal&cokeco. ....Bristol, Tenn....:....u?"i;l,fJdB"Jar"Po*o-
Webb, J. H...... .,.....Roanoke .....,,.....,RoaDoke
,wells&Ilanger. .Staunton .,,,Staunton
West Enal Eurnace Co..... ........Ro&noke .,. . ...... ...Buchanan
Wheelbarger-Rumsey Lime Corp. .. . .. . .. . .Britlgewater . .. . .. . ..Bridgewater
WhtteseU, D. 8.,. .,....StuartsDraft ......,.StuartsDraft
Wootlstock lJime Co., Inc. .,.. ....Woodstock ...Woodstock
WytheviueTownQuarry .Wytheville .......:...Wytheville

SANDSTONE.
Sandstones and quartzites occur in each of the three larger divi-
sions of the State, but quarrying
has been limited to only a few of
the more accessible arcas. There are large areas of these rocks not
yet developed. because chiefly of their remoteness from lines of railway
and large centers.
The principal sandstone and quartzite formations in the State
rnay be classified as follows:
Coesrer, Pletrv:
l. Cretaceous sandstones along the "fall-line."
Prnplrorr Pletpeu:
2. Older quartzites in crystalline area of unknown age.
3. Newark (Triassic) sandstones.
Arpe.r,ecurew Mourstetns :
4. Cambrian sandstones.
5. Silurian sanclstones.
6. Devonian sandstones.
7. Carboniferous sandstones
 SANDSTONE. 83

Excepting the areas of Triassic (Newark) sandstones, the

quartzites and sandstones found east of the BIue Ridge, in the
Crystalline area, aye of unknown age. There occur an abundance
and. variety of this type of rock within the limits of the Piedmont.
The rock has been quarried in many places, in years past, for use as
a general constructional stone, and quarries are operated at present
in a number of counties principally for crushed stone for road. con'
struction, ballast, and concreting. The stone ordinarily is flm, hard
and compact, highly siliceous, very durable, and, is admirably adaptecl
to the uses made of it.
The Cretaceous and Triassic sandstones are practically the oniy
ones which have been quarried. and the stone shippecl beyoncl the limits
of the State. Of these, the Cretaceous sandstone, which occurs along
the western margin of the Coastal Plain, was formerly extensively
quarried in the vicinity of Aquia creek and on the Rappahannock
Ri-rur ,r.u" Fredericksburg. The stone from these quarries was used
chiefly in the construction of many of the oliler public buildings in
'washington. These quarries were abandoned many yeals ago, largely,
it is saicl, because of the unfitness of the stone for exposed work.
There are seven areas of Triassic rocks, composed in part of sand"-
stone, distributed over the crystalline region east of the Blue Ridge.
These comprise parts of twenty counties, and are designated as follows:
_York-Yirginia
(1) New alea, (2) Richmoncl area, (3) Danville
area; (4) Farmville area, (5) scottsville area, (6) Barboursville area,
and (i) Taylorsville area. The Triassic sandstone has been quarried"
in the vicinity o{ Manassas, Prince William County, and in the
vicinity of Leesburg and Oatland's, Fauquier County' The Manassas
qua""ius have yielded. a stone that could be used with pleasing effects
in a variety of combinations, and in quality not inferior to that in
the more northern and eastern states.
The cambrian sandstolles are chiefly limiteil in distribution to
the western base of the Blue Ritlge and have been quarried locally,
especially east of Basic, Augusta County, for railroad balst' Sand-
stooes of silurian age have wicle distribution west of the Blue
Ridge,
but they vary much in color, texture, and structure. Although possess-

ing the essential properties in places requisite for a general construc-

84. MINERAL PBoDI]oTION oI' YIRGINIA.

tional stone, the silurian sandstones have not been quarried except for
immediate local needs. The oriskanv sandstone of Devonian age is
geterally too friable to make a good building stone.
The carboniferous comprises the greatest total thickness of sand-
s{ones of any single geologic system in the state. The rocks
beronging
t'o this systeur are limited in distribution to certain parts
of the region
west of the Blue Ridge, and. are in part Mississippian
and in part
Pennsylvanian in age. The Carboniie"ous sandstirres
porr"r, thor"
qualities in some localities which make them desirabie -for
brrilding
purposes, but as yet they have seld.om been quarqied.,
owing largely to
a lack of demand for the stone and ample transportatioi facilities.
They have been quarried in places in southwest virginia
for rocar use
as a building stone and for heavy masonry.
,The production of sandstone in the state is slight, and it varies
greatly aecording to the loeal demands. The value
of in" annual pro-
duetion of sandstone from 1900 to 1g10, inclusive, is
shown in the
accompanying table.

Virgini,a, 1900_1910.
_
Year Value
1900
1901. $ 6,000
5,303
1902
2,500
1903
4,471
1904 t3,522
1905
2,000
1906
5,100
1907 (a)
1908
2,600
1909
28,574
1910.
25,080

aSmall value included with West Virginia.

LIST ON' SANESTOND OPERATORS

OpERAToR OT,FICE eUABBI
Gaithers Construction Co. .. , . ....Manassas . ...Nokesville
Eell, Ir.M...... ........Wise .....,..Wtse
Mathews Curtis Co., fnc,... . .....Cuftou norge . ..,...,Baslc City
Peak Creek Sandstone Co. .. . . ....pulaskl
Portaer Browtr Stone Co....,
.. .. ..putaskl
....Manasgas ....Manassas
Warden&HaiUey. ......pulaski ......pulaskl
\vood, J. R.,,.., .......Lynchburg...........Lynchburs
 60

SLI\TE.
Slate suitable for rooiing and other pruposes has been found in
many localities within tlie limits o{ the State, and quarries have been
worked in Albemarle, Amherst, Buckingham, Fauquier, and Fluvanna
counties. There are five principal slate areas and. several minor belts
in Yirginia, which, named in the order of their present commercial
importance, are: (1) The Arvonia belt in Buckingham and Fluvanna
corrnties; (2) the Keswick-Esmont belt in Albemarie County; (3)
the Snowden belt in Amherst and Bedford counties; (a) the Warren-
ton belt in Fauquier and Culpeper counties; and (5) the Quantico
'William counties. These
belt in Spottsylvania, Sta,#ord, and Prince
areas are being studied and mapped by the State Geological Survev
when, upon the eompletion of the chemical and microscopical studies, a
volume will be published for distribution. of the slate areas worked,
the Arvonia and Keswick-Esmont belts are conunercially the most
important at present.
The slate produced in the Arvonia district is the most widely
known in the south. The quarries are distributed along }Iunts Creek,
for some distance north-northeast and south-southwest of Arvonia, a
station on the Buckingham Branch of the Chesapeake and Ohio Rail-
way, which is the shipping point. The quarries are vely extensive, the
largest averaging about 500 feet along the cleavage, 350 feet across,
and &50 feet deep. The bedding and cleavage of the slate are
identical, striking N. 33' to 37" E., and clipping ?0" to 90o southeast,
with a probable average of about 85o. The slate is very dark gray in
color, with a faint greenish hue I is of minutely granular crystalline
texture, and very lustrous surface. According to Dale, it is siightly
graphitic and magnetitic, does not effervesce in coid clilute hytlro-
chloric aeid., and is very sonor'ous. Dale gives the constituents of the
slate in order of their abundance as muscovite and sericite, quart'2,
biotite, carbonate, graphite (or carbonaceous matter), pyrite, chlorite,
magnetite, with accessory plagiocl ase, zircon, hematite, tourmaline,
and rutile.
Although Dale,s results on the microscopic stuily of the Arvonia
slate show the presence o{ some carbonate, an appreciable amount of
ferrous earbonate can not be present, for the use 6f these slates on
 86 MTNEB,AI pRoDUCTToN oF vrRcrNrA.

buildings in Rich-ond_ more than 60 years ago, and on buildings

near
the quarries for more than a century shows no discororation
whatever.
strength and durability would naturaily follow from the highly
crystal-
line character of this slate.
The Arvonia belt of slate extends for some distance northeastward
ac oss the James River into Fruvanna county, and has
been opened at
several places in the vicinity of Bremo, Fork union, and paimyra.
some recent prospectiug of the srate in the vicinity of i'ork
union and
Palmyra, by the OId Dominion Slate and Cement Company, gave
most
encouraging results as to quantity and quaiity of the-slaie,lnd
it is
expected that systematic quarrying by this company
wil be begun at
an early date.
About 20 miles west-northwest of the Arvonia bert is the Keswick-
Esmont slate belt. rt has been prospected. at severar places,
and
quarries producing an excellent grade of srate u"" opu"uiiog
in the
vicinity of Esmont.
The snowden slate belt occurs on the southeast side of the Blue
Ridge, in the vicinity of snowden station, in the southwesi part
of
Amherst county. The belt has been prospected in a number
of praces,
and the 'williams Bros. slate company has successfulry operated
a
quarry about three miles north-northwest of snowden. ihe slate
strikes N. 650 E., and has quartzite southeast of it which has
been
referred to the cambrian. The creavage strikes N. 45" E.
_ and crips
s' 60o E., and is cut by the original bedding pranes which are quite
stronglJz marked at an angle of 4b" and more. The srate
is very dark
gray, has a minutely granular texture, moderately smooth cleavage,
but
with little lustre. rt resembles the Arvonia slate in not efiervescing
with cold dilute hydrochloric acid and in being quite sonorous, but
differs from it in not being graphitic nor magnetitic. Arranged in
order of abund"ance, the chief eonstituents are, accorrring to Dale,
muscovite (sericite), qttartz, chlorite, kaolin, pyrite, ca"boite,
rutile,
and carbonaceous matter. rt is used exclusively for roofing and
is a
superior slate, though less crystalline thbn the Arvonia slatel
rn Fauquier and culpeper counties, slate outcrops are traceabre
to the north and south of the Rappahannock River in the vicinity
of
white sulphur spt'ings. The slate outcrops about one mile south of the
 SLATE. 8?

springs, and is traced northward. for a distance of two miles, with a

minimum width of half a mile. The strike of the cleavage over most of
the belt is N. 25o to 30o E., with a change in strike to an east-
westward direction about threequarters of a mile south of the springs.
The slate is black, of moderately fine texture, and has but little lustre.
ft is very carbonaceous, shows much pyrite in places, contains no
magnetite, does not efiervesce with colcl clilute hydrochloric acid, and
has an argillaceous odor. In the northeasterly opening, Dale gives the
chief constituents of the slate, arrangecl in the order of abundance, as
carbonaceous matter, qtartz, muscoviter feldspar, pyrite, and chlorite.
Investigations of this belt by the state Geological survey indicate
that pyrite is not present in harmful quantity in all parts of the belt,
but that important cornmercial slate is found', and was quarried- on a
small scale from a number of openings many years ago, and used
locally for rooffng purposes.
'William, Stafford, and" Spottsylvania counties is one
fn Prince
of the most extensive belts of slate in the state. This has been named
the Quantico belt by Darton, from the creek by that name. No develop-
ments have been made on this belt, and it is not known whether it
contains slate of commercial grade or not, but it is being carefully
investigated by ihe State Geological Survey.
The total production of slate in virginia during 1909 amounted to
40,880 squares, valued. at $180,?75, as against 41,678 squares, valued
at $194,356 in 1908, a decrease of ?98 squares in quantity and $13,581'
in value. The 1910 production amounted to 31,787 squares, valued. at
$748,72!. These figures when compared with the 1909 production
represent a decrease or o,ooa squares in quantity ancl $32,054 in value.
In 1910, there were seven producers of slate operating in two counties,
namely, Albemarle and Buckingham, with the principal part of the
productioo from Buckingham County. The amount and value of the
anoual production from 1903 to 1910, inclusive, are given in the
aecompanying table:
 88 MINERAL PRODUCTION Or' VIRGINIA.

Prod,uct,i,on of Blate i,n Vi,rgini,a, 1g0T-1g10.

Year Rooflng Slate Average Price

Number of Squares Value
Per Square

1903 29,646
1904 $115,356 $3.89
31,852 130,208 4.08
1905 36,102 t46,786
1906 4.07
39,068 172,857 4.42
1C07 37,172 L73,670 4.68
1908 4L,678 194,356 4.66
1909 40,880 180,775 4.42
1910 31,787 748,721 4.68

The number of squares, as given in the above table, includes both

frst and second qualities, and the average price per square does not
give a fair indication of the prices obtained for most of the stock.
I,IST OF' SI,ATE OPERATORS
OPDBATOB ox,nllcE QIIARSY
Arvonia Slate Co., Ine. ... . ... ...Lynchburg ......, ....Arvonia
Buckingham Slate Co., Inc... . . ..Richmond .. ..Arvonla
Carbolane Slate Co. .. . .. .Esmonc .. ... .Esmont
Fernclifr Slate Co. .. ....Rochester, N. y.......Arvonia
James River Slate Co. ,. .New llayen, Conn.....New ianton
Leseuer Slate Co., Inc..... ......Orebank .....Orebank
Oltl Domlnlon State & Cement Co. ... .. , ...palmyra .....palmyra
PenlanSlateCo..,.. ....penlen ...,,.penlan
Pttts, A, L...... .......Arvonla ....,Arvonla,
Richmoncl Slate Co,, Inc. . .. . .. . ,Richmond .. ,.Arvonla
Standlard Slate Corporation . .. . . .Esmont .. ....Elsmont
Victory Buckingham Slate Co. . . . . . ., . . . . . penlan . . . . . : . . . . . . . .penlan
Virgtnia Slate Co,, Inc. .,. . ... ...Arvonla. or F,armville. .Arvonia
Williams Bros, Slate Co..... ....,snowden ...,Snowden
Williams Slate Co. ,,..,.Arvonla .....Arvonla

CRUSHED STONE.
The state-wide interest in good roads construction and improve-
ment, and in the building of new lines of railway in virginia during
the past year, have greatly increased the demand for crushed stone.
This material is used exclusively for road.-making, railroad ballast, and
concrete. The value of the production of crushed stone in virginia in
1909 was $470,897 and in 1910, 841+,480, as compared with
$298,674 in 1908.
 CRUSIIED STONE. 89

Road Materials.-Tbe road-building materials of Virginia are

abundant and vary greatly in character. Nearly all varie'ties of stone
used in highway construction are found in quantity in many sections
of the State. The question of transportation is so important a factor
that usually the best materials for road" making can not be used in
areas far from the sources of supply.
rernoved.
fn Western Virginia-the Mountain province west of the Blue
Ridge-limestones, sandstones, and shales are the principal rocks. Of
these, limestone is the best suited for road. making. It is found in
quantity over most of the region, is easily worked, has good cementing
or binding quality, but does not possess the durability of the igneous
rocks when used as road metal.
In Midclle Yirginia-the crystalline atea or Piedmont Plateau-
the rocks are largely crystalline metamorphic igneous and sedimentary
types. These comprise granite, gneiss, schist, and the basic igneous
types commonly known as trap, with local areas of slates, limestones,
and qnartzites. Of these, and in fact of all rocks, the basic igneous
types, known as trap, make the best road metal. These rocks are tough
and difficult to work, possess a high cementing value, great r:esistance
to wear, and afford a valuable and permanent road. metal. These rocks
are widely distributed, occurring in practically every county in the
Piedmont region.
fn Eastern Virginia-the Ticlewater or Coastal Plain province-
the rocks are of comparatively recent geologic age (late Mesozoic and
Cenozoic), and consist chiefly of unconsolidatecl beds of sand, gravel,
clay, and marl, which may be locally indurated by a cement either of
iron oxide or carbonate of 1ime. The gravels and marls, when properly
used., are of value in road construction, but they afiord a less permanent
road metal than the igneous rocks. The oxide of iron and. carbonate
of lime act as the'cementing materials.
Ballast and, Comcrete.-With thq exception of the marls, the
materials used for railroad ballast and concrete are the same, as those
employed in road construction. The requirements are somewlat
different from those of good. road metal, since little or no binding
power is required in railroad ballast, and cementing material is addecl
in concrete.
 MINEAAIJ PBODUCTION OF VIRGINIA.

The value of crushed stone produced in Virginia from 1908 to

1910, by years, is given in the table below.

Value of Annual Prod,uction of Crush,ed, Stone in Vi,rginia, 1g0g-1g10.

Granite, Gneiss, Etc. Limestone

Road Concrete Concrete

1903 $31,785 $ 17,400 $60,820 300

1904
$16,205 $ 9,238 $135,748
12,940 61,352 165,043 2L0 32,37L 5,668 277,584
1905 2t,r75 69,360 166,364 5,254 9,333 11,187 282,673
1906 34,981 64,386 85,077 160 16,050 18,700 2L9,354
tgw 59,937 50,804 167,960 37,000 L2,269 32,326 360,296
1908 2I,670 92,895 8L,745 30.159 45,541 26,604 298,6L4
1909 74,054 t25,704 r47,Lt2 31,076 84,883 8,068 470,897
1910 40,691 111,811 156,894 20,056 108,129 36,849 474,430

FURNACE FLUX.
Limestone, used in smelting operations for flux, is quarried and
shipped to the numerous b ast furnaces in the state. The utilization
of limestone as flux constitutes the largest consumption of the virginia
stone. Each of the principal limestone horizons in western virginia
supplies some storre as flux to the iron furnaces, but the Cambro-
Ordovician and. Lewistown (ilfelderbergian) limestones a,re the
principal sources of stone for this purpose. of the total production of
limestone in the State in 7909, 62.29 per cent was sold as flux and
utilized in the blast furnaces, and in 1910, G2.44 per cent was sold for
the same purposes. Table on page 80 shows the total value of the
limestone production in virginia for all uses in 1909 to be g}4z,6b6,
of which $273,444 was the total value of limestone used as flux. The
1910 production of limestone was valued at g471rg03,.of which $294,668
worth was used as flux.
There are given in the table below the annual production and
value of limestone as furnace flux in Virginia from 1g02 to 1g10,
inclusive.
 ABRASIVE MATERIALS. 91

Quantity

1902 565,704 $ 220,001

1903. 499,108 lgg,ggg
1904 273,826 tt7,882
1905. a$,662 186,676
1906. 467,34t 2L9,707
1907. 541,610 275,5L7
1908 290,487 169,847
1909 388,746 213,444
1910 540,264 284,668

ABBASIVE MATSRIALS.
lJnder this head are included corundum, emery, and millstones,
but in 1909 ancl 1910 the only abrasive material produced was mill-
stones, which were quarried in Montgomery County.

Coruntlum antl Emery.

The occurrenee of corundum and emery has been noted in Virginia,
but neither has been produeed on a commercial scale.
Corund,um.-The principal occurrence of corundum is in Patrick
County, about two miles from Stuart, where it occurs on a knob of
Bull Mountain, in mica schists. ft is a grayish-white to white and
Pratt, is readily cleaned. Tests mad.e {or
colorless and, accord.ing to
the cleaned product at this locality show that the corundum is well
adapted to the manufacture of the vitrifiecl wheel.
EmerE.-Emery, a granular corundum of black or grayish-blarck
color and containing magnetite or hematite intimately mixed, is found
in considerable quantity a short distance west of 'Whittles in Pittsyl-
vania County. Two openings about 300 feet apart antl 20 feet deep
have been made on apparently parallel ttveins." Numerous smaller
openings have been made near by. The rocks inclosing the emery are
probably altered amphibolites or pyroxenites.

Millstones (Buhrstones)
Under this name is included a siliceous conglomerate of quite
variable structure, used in the form of flat-circular disks for grinding
purposes.

?
92 MINEBAI, PNODUCTION OF \NRGINIA.

. About five miles west of Blacksburg, in the vicinity of Prices

Fork, Montgomery County, a sandstone-conglomerate occurs in Brush
Mountain, in which quarries have been opened. for a distance of three
miies. The rock is somewhat variable in color, but is usually of some
light shade, white or gray. Likewise variation in the size of the pebble
is shown. The rock is made up of well-roundecl pebbles of qaaftz
compactly imbedcled in a fine siliceous sandstone matrix, the whole
forming an exceedingly tough and hard mass. This roek is known on
the market as "Brush Mountain" stone. Practically the same variation
in the sizes of stone made at the difierent quarries obtains. The sizes
of stone produced in 1910 as reported to the State Survey office were,
L2, -J.4, \6,20, 24,26,30, 36, 42, 48, and 54 inches.
The grindstones made from this rock are of excellent quality and
find a ready market. The geologic age of the ('Brush Mountain" stone
is Mississippian (Lower Carboniferous).
Similar siliceous conglomerates occur in other counties of the
State, especially in some of the counties of Jhe Mountain province,
but the Brush Mountain quaries, in Montgomery County, are the
only producing ones.
The production of millstones in Virginia during 1909 was valued
at $12,348, as against $7,05+ in 1908, an increase in value of $4,394,
or 55.5 per cent. The value of the millstone production for 1910
amoupted Lo $5,273, a decrease of $71075, or nearly 57.3 per cent in
comparison with the figures for 1909. The value of millstones pro-
duced in Virginia for the years 1902 to 1910, inclusive, follows below
in tabular form.
Value of Millstones Prod,uced, in Vi,rgi,ni,a, 1909 to 1910, inclus'i,ae.

Year
$ 11,435
9,8t2
4,759
8,186
15,611
4,684
7,954
t2,348
1910... 5,273
 SII,ICA. 93

IrIST OF ABRASIYE OPERATORS

OPIAATOR osr,rcs
Olinser. R. L,.. . . . .. . ..\
.. . .. . ..Prices Fork,
Prtcd, A._S..:,,:... ....Pricesf,'ort......... I Brush Mountaln, Dear
illSSfS";P:.i:::::..::.:.:::::::::::Eil'"?1fl,"""J':::::.::i-r"i"""-r"*
.....,Vicar Swltch
Millstone
Stantlarat Co..... .

SILICA.
Under this heading are included three forms of silica which have
rather wide distribution in the State. These are qnattz, chert, and
diatomaceous earth.
QUABTZ.
Quartz has wide distribution in the Stato. It occurs as an essen-
tial constituent in granite, gneiss, and mica schist of the crystalline
atea; as the dominant constituent in the sandstones, quartzites, and
conglomerates of the Piedmont and Valley regions; ard in the
form of sand. over parts of each of the larger geologic divisions of the
State. A principal occurrence of quartz in Virginia, that is of com-
mercial value, is in the form of pegmatite dikes and quartz veins
penetrating the older metamorphic rocks of the Piedmont region.
There was no reported production oL qaafiz in 1909 anil 1910.

CIIDRT.
Chert, known also as hornstone, a term appliecl to any impure flinty
roek, including the jaspers, is a chalcedonic variety of silica. Chert
has wide distribution in certain betls of the Shenandoah or Yalley
limmtone of the Valley region, in the form of irregular nod.ular
masses of light nearly white, red, brown, and black colors. No special
use has yet been made of the Virginia chert

, DIATOMAOEOUS EARTE.
Diatomaceous earth, known in the trade under the name of ttsilica,"
'(iufusorial earthr" or "tripoli," is composed of minute shells or tests
of microscopic plants known as diatoms. It was first reported from
the vicinity of Richmontl, Virginia, and for that reason received the
name of '(Richmond earlh." under which term it is sometimes referred
to in the literature. Because of its ocourrence at Bermuda llundred,
on the James River, it has also been called "Bennuda earth."
94 MINERAL PRODUCTION OF VIRGINIA.

The first becl of diatomaceous earth of any extent discovered" in

this couatry was in the Richmond area. It is known as the Richmond
beil, which extends from llerring Bay on the Chesapeake, Maryland,
to Petersburg, Virginia, and probably beyond. It is not less than B0
feet in thickness in places, though very impure at times. It is of
Miocene age, and is exposed along the numerous streams close to their
crossings from the crystalline roclis on to the sediments of the Coastal
Plain.
The diatomaceous earth has been dug from time to time in the
vicinity of Richmond. for commercial use. There has been no reported
production of this material in Yirginia for several years.

MICA.
Commercial mica, which includes the varieties known as museovite
and phlogopite, usually occurs in pegmatite dikes penetrating granites,
gneisses, and schists. The pegmatites usually consist of a coarse
crystallization of quartz and feldspar in varying proportions, with or
without mica, and other accessory minerals. They vary in thickness
from a few inches to several hundred feet, are often irregular in out-
line, and may be parallel to or break across the schistosity of the
inclosing rocks. fn small veins the mica is frequently too smal} in
size to have commercial value. Both the qaartz and the feldspar of
the pegmatites are of value, and are sometimes mined with the mica
and utiiized in the manufacture of pottery and for abrasives.
Pegmatites containing commercial mica are somewhat abundantiy
developed in many of the Virginia Piedmont counties, and many ex-
cellent surface indications for mica occur, but as yet prospecting and
mining have been confi.ned to only a few of them. Mica has been either
prospected. or mined irr the following counties in Virginia: 'Near
Amelia and Jetersville, Amelia County; near New London and at
Lowry, Bedford County; Goochland County; near Chatham, Pittsyl-
vania County; hear Axton and at Ridgeway, Ilenry County; near
Ilewlitts, Hanover County; near Farmville antl at Prospect, Prinee
Edwarcl County; Amherst and Charlotte counties. Indications of
noica occur also in Buckingham, Caroline, Cumberland, Fra:rklin,
Powhatan, antl Spottsylvania counties.
 95

The mica of the Amelia County district occurs in pegmatites

cutting a thinly foliated, biotite gneiss, which, in places, shows a
distinct "artgen" texture. The proportion of mica, quartz, and feid-
spar in the pegmatites is quite variable. The feldspar varieties include
orthoclase, microcline, and albite. A considerable number of accessory
rare minerals have been found in the Amelia pegmatites, and some of
them have beeu used for gems. More than a hal{ dozen mines have
been opened in the county, but the'Pinchbeck and Schlegal mines aro
the only ones that have been worked for mica in recent years.
The mines owned by the Hanover Mica Compauy, :near Hewlitt. in
Ilanover County, were the first mines worked for mica in Virginia.
These were first worked from 1867 to 18?0 by Barr, Johnson and
Oompany, of Erie, Pennsylvania, with a prod.uction of more than
60,000 pounds of clipped stove mica. Regular mining has not been
engaged in within recent ye'ars, although about 1,000 pounds of rough
mica of excellent grade and clear white color were worked from the
mines during the fall of 1907. Some of this was reported to be about
18 by 33 inches in size.
The Pittsburg Mica Company's mine at Ridgeway, Henry County,
was developed by an open cut about 100 feet long and 40 feet deep,
and much cross-cut work. The plant completed at the mine in 190?
was destroyecl by fire in 1908, which greatly curtailed the production
of mica by the company for that year.
The production of mica in Yirginia during 1909 was 7,833 pounds
of sheet mica and ?5 tons of scrap, with a total valuation of $4,600.
and was obtained. from three producers. There was no production of
micd reported in 1910.
I,IST OF' MICA OPERATOBS
oP$aAao4 ormcn uINtr
American Asbestos Co..,.. ..,...Terre Eaute, Inal...,,.Bedford Ctty
Cole, A. IJ.,..., .Chathae ... ..Chatham
Corson, X'. W..... ,,....W&ymart, Pa ......,..4.me11a
Corson Mlca Co., Inc. ,..n. Stroudsburg' Fa....A@slia
'rlaDover Mlca Co. ......,Elewlett ..........,..Hewlett
Eenry Mico Corporation. .Columbus, Ohto ......Mertinsville
Mecklenburg Mica & Mining Co.... .. . .....Petersburg .,.....,..Petersburg
Otto Eill Mica Miaes. ....Findlay, Ohlo ........Betlfortl Clty
Patterson, J. M. .. . ,. . ,. .Washlngton, D. C. . . . . Ahella County
Pinchbeck Mica Mines . . . Cbula . Amella Courthouse
Boanoke Mica Mining Co..... .. ..Erancisco, N. C. ,. . ... Roanoke
WattoB & Eontaine. .....Axton .....,. .Mertlnsvllle
96 MINERAI, PRODUCTION OF YIRGINIA.

FELDSPAN,.

The feldspar group includes a number of mineral species which

chemically are silicates of aluminum with varying amounts . of lime,
and the alkalies, potash and sod.a. Of the nine known species of
feldspar only a few are of oommercial value, the principal ones being
the potash varieties, orthoclase and microcline, and the soda variety,
albite. Orthoclase or microcline, or an intergrowth of these two, are
the species most commonly used by potters in this country. The potash
feldspars are frequently associated with small quantities of the soda
feldspar, albite, which occurs either as separate crystals or intergrown
with the orthoclase or microcline.
Com-ercial feldspar usualiy occurs associated with quartz and
mica as coarse crystallizations in pegmatite dikes, cutting granites,
gneisses, and crystalline schists. Pegm4tites are rocks usually of
extreme coarseness and of irregular texture ald composition. Dikes of
pegmatite containing feldspar as an important constituent are quite
widety distributed throughout the Virginia Piedmont region, hardly a
eounty within the region being without them. Notwithstanding the
abundance of these dikes in the Yirginia Piedmont province, many of
which contain commercial feldspar, the atternpts to mine the mineral
are comparatively few, and as yet the production is small and variable.
Feldspar has been mined in Amelia, Bedford, Ilanover, Ilenry, and
Prince Edwarcl counties. fn a majority of these counties feldspar has
been mined with the associated mica of the pegmatites.
In order to avoid disclosing individual figures, the production of
feldspar in Virginia for the years 1909 and 1910 is combined with
that of another subject.
I I,IST OI' F'EIJDSPAR, OPDRATONS
OPBRAIIOR OX'EICE ![INE
BetlfortlsparCo. .......Roanoke...'....'.'..Bells
Dominion State Mines Corporation' . . . . . . .['armville . . . . . . . . . . ..Prospect
Patterson, J. Murrell. .'..washlngton' D' C. .,...Amelia County
Pilchbeck, W. L.. ......Chula ........Amelia
Schlegal ..., '.JetersYllle ..;........JetersYllle
 ASBOSTOS. 97

ASBESTOS.

Prior to 1907, Virginia was a producer of asbestos for a number

of years. No production has been reported during the last four years'
The mineral has been noted in a number of the Piedmont counties,
and it has been mined in Amelia, Bedford, and Franklin, principally
the two latter. The mines have been inactive since 1906 and the mill
at Bedford City for fiberizing the asbestos is closed, though there, is a
probability that it will be in operation again in the near future.
In Bedforcl County, the mines of the American Asbestos Company
are located near Chestnutfork post-ofrce, . about 12 miles south of
Bedford City, on the Hubbard farms. According to Dillera, the
asbestos rock is of two types. The first type is like that of SalI
Mountain, Georgia, and is composed essentially of fibrous amphibole,
the fibers of which are arranged in groups or bundles lying in all
directions, and is derived from pyroxenite. The other type is a
peridotite composed chiefly of granular olivine, with numerous acicular
crystals and fibrous bundles of anthophyllite. Dillerb states that this
type is cut by a few small veins of cross-fi.ber anthophyllite, one-eighth
to three-quarbers of an inch in iength. The fiber is flexible, somewhat
elastic, has numerous cross fractures, and is relatively short and brittle.
'Ihe asbestos mined occurs as vein-like masses of slip fiber, lying parallen
to the plane of slipping, which cut the rock as occasional planes of
shearing. These masses are very irregular, locally 18 inches thick,
and along the strike have a length of about 30 feet.
In Franklin County, a small amount of asbestos was recently mined
from a 4O-foot shaft a short distance east of Rocky Mount. The
asbestos-bearing rock" is amphibolite, which locally contains some
olivine, and is much altered to chlorite and serpentine. The asbestos
is found i', a vein whicb lies parallel to the schistosity of the inolosing
amphibolite, with strike S. 50o E. and steep dip to the northeast. The
principal constituent is probably tremolite'
aDiller, J. S. Mineral Resources of the United States, Part II, Nonmetallic
Products, 1907, p. 718.
blbid., pp.7I8-719.
clbid., p. 719.
98 MINERAI PRODUCTION OF VIRGINIA.

LIST OF' ASBESTOS OPERATORS

OPDBATOR OX'FICD MINE
American Asbestos Co. .. . . ... . .. .Terre llaute, Ind. .. . ..Chestnutfork
Ifeermance, D. Yan Ness. ........Newyork, N. y.......Rocky trfount
Elubbard, L. x.. .. .... ...Body Camp . .foAy Camp
PineMountain.Mica&AsbestoSCo......'.Richmon.t
Smithers, W. C.., ...,..Rocky Mount ........,Rocky Mount

TAf,C AND SOAPSTONE.

virginia is by far the most important state in the unitecl states
in the production of soapstone, which has wide clistribution over the
Piedmont region. rt has been noted in the foilowing counties: Albe-
marle, Amelia, Amherst, Bedford, Buckingham, Campbel1, Carroll,
Charlotte, Fairfax, Fioyd, Fluvanna, Franklin, Grayson, Ifenry,
louisa, Nelson, Patrick, and stafiord. Many of the deposits are of
excellent grade, and the stone has been quarried on a commercial scale
in at least six of the above-named counties; but practically the entire
production in Yirginia at present comes from the Nelson-Albemarle
counties belt.
rn Fluvan:ra and Buckingham counties, soapstone was quarried
many years ago on a small scale near the mouth of rrardware creek.
and the product used locally for hearths, iambs, and other parts about
chimneys. rt has also been made use of further east in the southern
part of Fluvanna county, at Bremo, and a good grade of it occurs at
several localities in the vicinity of palmyra.
rn Albemarle county, a little west of Green Mountain, is a belt
of soapstone associated with quartzites and micaceous schists, which
is traced southwestward through Nelson into campbelr, Bedford, and
Franklin'counties. The belt widens in Nerson county and is associated
with some serpentine. rt passes thence as a narrow belt along the
western base of Buffalo Ridge, in Amherst county, crossing the James
River above Lynchburg, and is exposed about two miles west of the
city on the road leacling to Bedford city, and is exposed again two
and a half miles west of New London in Bedford county. continriing
in th,9, same direotion, the stone is seen again at the meadows of Goose
creek, where it has been quarried to some extent. continuinE still
further westward, it is exposed in several nearly parallel belts, of irni"r,
the most eastern makes its appearance near pig River in Franklin
 TALC AND SOAPSTOND.

County. A second belt occurs in the same vicinity near the eastern
base of Jack's Mountain; a third still further west about one mile
from Rocky lVlount I and a fourth yet more to the west on the eastern
slope of Grassy Hi1l. The stone has been quarried in a small way ilt
several places in Franklin County, near Rocky Mount, and used. strictly
for local purposes. Extensive quarrying operations are in force in the
Albemarle-Nelson counties' portion of the belt, which is <iescribed
below.
In Amelia County, south of Chula, and about four miles from
Amelia, soapstone of good quality was quarried quite extensively many
years ago. A second more extensive area of soapstone of excellent
quality occurs on the north side of Flat Creek, about four and a half
'Walnut
miles north of Jetersville. On the headwaters of Creek, a
tributary to Flat Creek, soapstone has been quarried to some extent.
Quarrying was begun in 1904, and during the summer of 1906
numerous other smaller openings were made nearby. This property is
controlled by the Tip Top Soapstone Company, and much preliminary
work was in progress during 1908 preparatory to systematic quarry-
ing in 1909.
In Louisa County, soapstone of good quality is reported to have
been quarried near Oakland a"nd Trevilians.
In Fairfax County, soapstone occurs two miles east of Annandale,
one mile east of Tenley, and east of Falls Church. fn each of these
locaiities, the soapstone occurs as lenticular bodies closely associated"
with basic eruptive rocks, and were probably derived from peridotite
and pyroxenite. All of these bodies have been worked to some extent,
and in the A:rnanilale area mueh stone has been quarried and sawed.
Tho stone is of good quality; even-grained, and of uniform light bluish-
green color, without seams and schistose planes developed in it. Small
quarries of soapstone are operated in Fairfax County, near Olifton
and Wiehle. At the {ormer, soapstone is ground, but at Wiehle it is
sold in the crude state just as it is taken from the quarry.
In llenry County, near Spencer's store, quarries of soapstone
were opened some years ago. The material was of excellent qualrty,
and blocks of any required dimensions were reported to have been
100 MINERAI PRODUCTION OF VIRGINIA.

quarried. These were sawn out and then finished by planing. They
were used in the foundations of houses and for other purposes.
' In Albemarle and Nelson counties, the soapsto"" U"ft is a short
distance west of Green Mountain, and, to the east, near and. approxi-
rnately parallel to, Hawkins, Finley, Ball, and Appleberry mountains.
rt has a general northeast-southwest direction, and is three to five miles
southeast of the main line of the southern. Railway, which it roughly
parallels. Quarries have been opened on the belt at numerous points
for a distance of nearly 30 miles. several of the most extensivery
worked quarries have reached depths of more than 120 feet. The
larger quarries are well equipped with all necessary modern machinery
for getting out the stone, including channeling machines for quarrying
the rock, and at each quany is a mill for sawing, dressing,, rubbing,
and polishing the stone, and other machines for grooving and clrilling
holes. The excellent quality of this stone adapts it to a wide lsnge of
uses, the prinoipai ones including laundry tubs, sanitary purposes'
electrical purposes, sinks, and. cooking utensils.
fn Stafford County, soapstone o,f good quality occurs near Garri-
sonville.
The production of talc and soapstone in Yirginia during 1909
showed a marked increase o''er that of 1g08. The figures were 26,b7L
short tons, valued at 9523,942, as ccimpared with 19,616 shorr tons,
valued at $458,252 in 1908, an increase in cluantity of 6,8gb tons,
and in value of $65,690, or 1"4.3 per cent. The 1g0g production was
obtained from 1l- producers, operating in five counties, namely, Nelson,.
Fairfax, Albemarle, Amelia, and Campbell. Only a small proportion
of the total quantity of talc and soapstone quarried in virginia is sord
in the crude state. The talc and. soapstone production is classifiecl in
the following four groups: Rough or crude, sawed into slabs, manu-
faetured articles, and ground.
The production of talc and soapstone in Virginia during 191O
amounted.to 25,908'short tons, valued at $b10,?81, as oompared with
26,5L1 short tons, valued at, $523,942 in 1909. These figures represent
a decrease in quantity of 603 tons, and in value of g18,161, or 2.b
per cent. The.1910 production was obtained from 9 producers operar*
ing in four counties, as against 11 producers operating io fio. counties
 TALC AND SOAPSTONE' 101

duringlg0g.Althoughtherewasadeclineinthetotalproduction,
practilaily half of the qua""ies operating increased in production.
fU" f Sfb production *u* fro* the four following counties: Aibe-
marle, CaJpbell, Fair{ax, and Nelson' Of the total production'
1'38&

tons were sold as crude talc, and' 21502 ions were sold
in the form of
manu-
slabs. More than 82 per cent of the production was sold, as
factured. products, chiefly as laundry tubs'
the following table are.given the quantity and value
In of talc
1909 and 1910'
and soapstone produced in Virginia during the years
accord.ins to the condition in which it was marketed'

Prod,uction of Talc and, Soapstone i'n Virgi'ni'a duri'ng 1909 and' 1910'
accor d,i'ng to u arieti,es.

1909

QuantitY QuantitY
Short tons Value Short tons Value

Roueh I $ 9,450 2,108 $ 8,364

Grofnda 1 """
2,150
53,859 2,502 47,542
Sawed into slabs. 2,868
21,298 454,875
460,633
Manufactured articlesb.. 21,493

' Total 26,5rr I $523,942 25,908 $510,781

mill stock.
Thereisgiveninthetablebelowtheyearlyprod'uctionoftalo
and soapston"io Vi"gioia from 1905 to 1910r'inclusi,ve:
U"#r;:"ff^:' Vi'rgi'noa, in
Prod,uction of .Tatc
"* .1e05-1e10'

Quantity Value

17,665 $425,090
1905. ..
590,800
1906. ..
23,624
26,278 631,880
1907. ..
458,252
19,616
1908. ..
523,942
.
26,511
1909. .
510,781
. 25,908
1910. .
 10? MINERAIT PEODUCTION OF VIRGINIA.

I]IST O!' TALC AND SOAPSTONE OPEIIATORS

BARYTES.
Barytes has been mined for many years in various parts
of the
state. rt occurs in many counties, u"1 tL" industry has been confined
to only a few of them. The eounties in which it is found are: (1)
those east of the Blue Ridge in the crystarline area, and. incrude
Amherst, Bedford, Buckingham, Campbel1, Fauquier, louisa.
Nelson,
orange, and Prince'william; and (2) those counties west of
the Btue
and comprise 3land, Botetourt, Frederick, Montgomery, Rock_
Iilgg
bridge, Russell, Scott, Smyth, Tazewell, Warren, Walhiogon, and
IV4nu. Of these, Bedford, Campbell, pittsylvania, u; prince
William counties, of the piedmont province, uod Ro**"il, Sm;rth, and
Tazewell cou:rties, of the Mountain province, have practically yielded
the entire production of the State.
Geologically, the barytes deposits found in the piedmont region
are associated either with the crystalline metamorphic rocks (lime-
stone, ohiefly) of probable cambrian age, or with the Triassic red
shale-sandstone series, and those of the Mountain region
are usually
associated with the shenandoah limestone of cambro-ordovician
agl
or its residual decay.
rn the Triassic area of prince william county, barytes mined
about four miles south of east from catlett is associated with recl
shale and impure limestone, usually filling fractures of variable
width
 BARYTES. 103

in the red shale, and in thin, tabular, cleavable masses in the lime-
stone. During 1908, deposits of barytes of gooil quality and in
quantity are reported to have been opened in the vicinity of Bealton,
Fauquier County.
In the crystalline area, the principal production of barytes has
been from Campbell, Bedford, Louisa, ancl Pittsylvania counties. The
Campbetl-Pittsyivania counties area is traeed for a distance of about
50 miles southwestward, beginning in the middle western portion of
Campbell County, several miles east of Evington, and about 15 miles
south of lyn'chburg to three or more miles south of Sandy level, in the
northwestern part of Pittsylvania Oounty. The most exteursively
worked deposits in this area ate grouped about two centers, Evington,
in Campbell County, at the northeast, and Toshes and Sandy Level, in
?ittsylvania County, at the southwest extremity of the area.
The barytes in the extreme northwest corner of Pittsylvania County
has been more extensively worked than in arry other part of the belt.
It has been developed by a large number of mines, grouped in two
nearly para1lel belts on either side of Pig River, just south of its
entrance into Roanoke River.
Numerous openings have been made at different points ou the belt
between the two centers mentioned above, many of which have been
extensively worked and have prod"uced large quantities of excellent ore.
The barytes occurs in the Campbell-Pittsylvania counties belt in
intimate association with the crystalline limestone as irregular len-
ticular bodies or pockets, which measure from 100 to 200 feet or more,
replacing the limestone. tr'or the depths thus far attained in mining,
there is immediately above and below the limestone, a variable thick-
ness of a nearly black clayey mass, usually preserving the foliation of
the original rock from which it was derived., and colored black from
manganese oxide. Through this black clayey mass are usually dis-
tributed, in inegular fashion, lumps and nodules of barytes of large
and srnall sizes.
Near Thaxton, in Betlford County, barytes occurs filtiog a fracture
in a foliated granite of coarso grain. About three miies south of east
from Linclsay, in Louisa County, barytes has been mined from a
number of test pits and several shafts. The barytes occurs in pockets
 104 MTNEBAL pRoDUCTtoN oF vrRerNrA.

having a thickness of about three feet where worked, and probably

represents a filling of an irregular fracture in the crystalline schists.
fn southwest Virginia, the barytes is found. in association with
the Shenandoah limestone or its residual decay. ft fills in part, at
least, fractures in the limestone, and in part it.replaces the limestone.
rn the clay derived from the weathering of the limestone, the barytes
is found in nodules of large and small size irregularly clistributeil
through the clay.
The proiluction of barytes for the years 190g and 1g10, respec-
tivelp can not be published separately without disclosing inclivicluar
figures, hence it is combined with another subject. There were two
active producers in virginia in 1910, and the production of refined
barytes was reportecl by one mill.
The following table gives the quantity, total value, and average
price per ton of the barytes produced in Virginia from Ig02 to 190g.

Prod^uction of Crude Barytes in Virgini,a, 1g0p-7908, ,in short tons.

_-
- Average price
Quantity Value per ton

12,400 $39,700 $3.20

5,700 20,400 3.58
tI,2t4 3r,452 2.84
6,468 27,838 4.30
1r.775 45,336 3.85
9,254 32,833 3.55
3,866 17,572 4.55
(a) (a)
(a) (a)

acombined with anothe-r s.ubjec-t in order to conceal figures of procruction, there

being only two producers tluring the years lg09 and 1910.-

LIST OI' BARYTES OPDRA'IORS

 GYPSUM. 105

GYPSUM.

commercial deposits of gypsum in virginia occur associated with

salt in Washington ancl Smyth. counties, in the valley of the North
Fork of the lloiston River. They are associated with rocks of
Mississippian (Lower oarboniferous) age. They are limited to the
rlarrow belt on the northwest side of the saltville fault, included
between the fault and the Carboniferous shales and sandstones of the
basal slopes of Pine and little Brushy mountains' So far as has
been made out, this narrow belt is composed of the Greenbriar lirne
stone (Lower Carboniferous), and the becls of salt and gJ(psum'
Gypsum of excellent quality has been mined at nume'rous points
in the Yalley between Plasterco and within three miles west of chat
ham Ilill. The mines of the United States Gypsum Company at
Plasterco, Washington County, and the Southern Gypsum Company,
three and a half miles northeast of Saltville, Smyth County, are the
most extensive in the valley and were the only ones that produced in
1910. The production of gypsum in Virginia in 1909 is included
under ,,Other products,' in table op page 5, in ord.er to avoid dis-
closing intlividual production, since there were only two producers'
tne igfO production of g)rysum is included under the same heading
in table on page 6.
An underground examination of the gypsum, in the openings at
Plasterco, indicates the occurrence of gypsum with much admixed
anhydrite in huge boulder masses' in gray and red clays' Both clays
are abundant, the red being softer than the gray and is utilized to
some extent in the manufaeture of plaster. The gypsum as mined.
is ground and calcinecl at the milling plant located at the mines, and
the product is used chiefly aS calcined and wall plasters, ancl as land
plaster.
The Southern Gypsum Company began prospecting on its property'
three and. a half miles northeast of saltville, in the summer of 1906.
A{ter nearly a yeat of drilliqg, the company demonstrated a large
supply o{ gypsum and erected a mill with the capacity of 400 tons
p""iuy. iL" p"od""t of this comparly is put upon the market chiefly
in the form of wall plaster and land plaster'
 106 MINERAI PRODUCTION OT' VIRGINIA.

LIST OI' GYPSUM OPERATORS

OPERATOA
Buchauan, D. r. & w. w. .. . . ... ."":lilT rriu ... ....."ofrTul
f,oulneln .GvlsuT c^o', rnc... ' . '..North Eotston ",,,
.North Elolston
,". . .: . .:. ...i;,'",i"*
aX'ormerly Buena Vista plaster and
Mining Co., plasterco.

SALT.
salt brines and rock salt occur in the Holston valley of southwest
Yirginia in association with gypsum. The salt aod gypso* deposits
are confined to a narrow northeast-southwest valley of tG North
Fork
of the rlolston River, extending from plasterco to within three miles
of chatham Hill, a distance of about 16 miles. The interbedded salt
and gypsnm shales with beds of rock salt and gypsum are regarded
as
of Mississippian (Lower Carboniferous) aqe.
A bhaft was sunk in 1g40 which i*It a bed of rock sart at a
depth of.210 feet. A large number of wers have been bored, ranging
in depth from 300 to 1,400 feet, the greatest depth reached being
2,380 feet. The first borings for salt in this varley were in the otd
swampy ]ake-covered area o'ear the present site of the town of salt-
ville. Mining of the rock salt has not been attempted, the entire sart
product being derived from the salt brines of the wells. The entire
salt industry at present is confined to the immediate vicinity of salt-
ville, and is controlled by the Mathieson Alkali 'W-orks.
rn the early history of operations and, indeed, until within recent
years, the product marketed was salt, which for many years amounted
to between a half million and a mi]lion bushels of sait per vear. The
Mathieson Alkali 'works stopped the making of salt in 1908, and
from that time until 1908 the brines were utilized exclusively for
the manufacture of sodium carbonate and caustic soda. The product
was of superior merit, from the start, and, because of this fact, a rarge
and growing trade has been acquired. The manuf acture of salt was
again resumed in 1g08 by the company, but, since there was only one
operato, the figures of value of the production had to be combined
with those of another subject, in order not to disclose private business.
The same conilition holds in respect to the procluction fo,r the years
1909 and 1910, hence the figures are combined with those of another
subject.
 MINERAI, PAINTS. 10?

MINERAI, PAINTS.
Ocher of more or less purity is found, and has been mined to some
extent in each of the principal geologic divi-oicns of the State, namely,
the Coastal Plain, the Pierlmont Plateau, and the Valley region. It
has been mined at the following iocalities in Virginia: In the extreme
eastern part of Chesterfield County, near Bermuda I{undred, on the
Appomattox River I in the little Catoctin Mountain, near teesburg,
in Loudoun County; near Bedforcl City, in Bed{ord County; neal'
Keezletown, in Rockingham County; from the western base of the
Southwest Massanutten Mountain, near Stanleyton, in Page County;
and near Shenandoah Station, in Page and Rockingham counties.
In adclition to these, ocher deposits are found. rather wiclely dis-
tributed over the Yalley and Piedmont provinces,'and to some extent
over the Coastal Plain, which have not been worked. fn the Vailey
and Piedmont provinces, the ocher deposits are frequently associated
with beds of iron ore. Deposits of ocher varying in color from red,
vellow, and brown, and which seem particularly promising but not
yet developed, are found in Campbell ancl Bedford counties I near Bon
Air, in Ch'esterfied County; near Fairfield, in Bockbridge County;
'Waynesboro, in Augusta County; and near Roaring Run, in
near
Craig County. The production of ocher in Virginia during 1909 anil
1910 is combined with another subject in order to avoid disclosing
incliviclual figures.
I,IST O!'MINDnAL PAINT OPEnATORS
OPDBATOR ox,x,rcE MINE
Bermuda Ocher Co. ......New York ..i,.,.....Bermtila Hudalred
Butterworth, R ....' ".Butterworth .......-.Pride
F*r'azer Paint Co.,,.. .,..Detroit, Mich .,,.....Bedfortl City
Stigleman, w. T. ,. .. . .. .Snowville ...... '....Snowville
Yirginia Ocher Corporatlon.a . .. .. Irwin, Pe , .,. .Stanleyton
an'ormerly Page Ocher Corporation, Stanleyton.

MAR,I,.
Calcareous and greensand marls are widely distributecl over the
Coastal Plain or Tidewater region of Virginia. Calcareous rnarls are
also found in places in the Valley region west of the Blue Ridge. They
have not been developed in Virginia, however, except for local use.
'Ihe greensand marl is Eocene in age, and is formed chiefly along
the ihner margiq or western portion of the Coastal Plaiq, where it is
108 MINEEAL. PRODUCTION OF VIRGINIA.

cxposed along the Potomac, Rappahannock, Pamunkey, and Jamm

i:ivers. It also occurs on the interstream areas, and has been traced
. southward from the James River almost to the State line. The green-

sand marls contain a small percentage of potash and frequently phos-

irhoric acid, the potash content varving according to the quantity of the
mineral glauconite present. Shells are usually present in the deposits
and supply lime in addition to potash and phosphoric acid. These
marls have value as a fertilizer, and have been worked at a number of
places on the James and Pamunkey rivers.
The calcareous (shell) marls are abundant oyer much of the
Coastal Plain region, being especially so in the Miocene and, in places,
hardly less abundant in the Eocene. The deposits are cluite extensive
in some localities, and contain as much as 80 to 97 per cent of calcium
carbonate in places. In addition to their agricultural value, many of
the beds are large enough and of sufficient quality to be used in the
.manufacture of .Portland cement. The State Geological Survey has
had under investigation these deposits with a view to their use in Port-
land cement manufacture, and a plant has been erected at l[orfolk by
the Norfolk Portland Cement Company for the manufacture of cement
fron,these marls. Charters have been granted the Jamestown Port-
land Cement Corporation and the Colonial Portland Cement Corpora-
don for the erection of plants and the manufacture of cernent from
marls and clays at Yorktown and near Grove Station. It is harclly
neeessary to call attention to the advantages afforded in this region to
water transportation.
There was no production of marls in Virginia during the years
1909 and 1910.
' PYRITE AND PYRR,IIOIITE.
The tabulation of prorluction and value of pyrite in Virginia by
years, given on page 111, includes both pyrite and pyrrhotite. Virginia
has loug held the position of first producer r:f pyrite among the pyrite-
producing states in the United States.
Commercial pyrite occurs in Louisa, Stafford, Spottsylvania, and
Prince William counties. Mines are opened in each of these counties,
but the production has been frorn Louisa and Prince
'William
counties.
The pyrite mines in these two counties are probably the largesd and
 PYRITE AND PYRREOTITE. 109

most extensiveXy developed ones in the llnited States, and the product
from them constitutes nearly 50 per cent of the total output of pyrite
in the Unitecl States.
The pyrite mines in Louisa County were worked at different timee
for iron, copper, and pyrite. They were first opened and worked for
iron in 1834, when the gossan overlying the pyrite for a depth of from
40 to 60 feet was mined for iron-making in the local furnaces. The
Prince'William Oounty mine, near Dumfries, was first opened in 188g,
but was not continuously operated until several years later.
The pyrite deposits in Louisa and Prince 'Williarn counties ocour
as lenticular bod.ies, usually of large size, lying conformable or nearly
so with the structure (foliation) of the inclosing rock. The lenses
foliow each other in the direction of strike, and may or may not be
connectecl by thin and, lean stringers of ore. The spacing between
the ends of lenses is variable. fn a few instances, partial overlap of
the lenses has been observed. The lenses vary much in size, those in
the Louisa County mines measuring several hundred feet long and as
rnuch as 60 to 80 feet in thickness.
As developecl by the extensive mining operations, the ore-bodies
are marked, in places, by rolls and swells and by pinching and narrow-
ing. The inclosing rocks. are metamorphic crystalline schists, chiefly
micaceous, with more or less of the minerals, hornbiende and garnet,
developed in places. The normal rock is a mica-quartz schist, but
mica schist without quartz, largely altered to chlorite, quartz-sericite
schist, talcose and chloritic schists, and hornblendic schist, occur.
Bands and stringers of more or less pure limestone are found in the
walls near the ore bodies. Associated with these, is a considerable
development of lime-bearing silicate minerals.
The ore consists of the massive-granular t;rye, which varies in
texture from very fine- to moderately coarse-grained. Some of it is
very hard and non-friable, but much of it is quite friable, and in
some mines practically all the ore is of the latter type. Much of the
ore is admixed with white granular calcite and some qtafiz. Chal-
copyrite, sphalerite, galenite, pyrrhotite, and magnetite are associated
with the pyrite in small quantity. Chalcopyrite is present in sufficient
quantity at some mines to warrant the saving of the copper from
110 IITNTBAL pnoDuotrroN oF wnctrNra.

time to time by precipitation of it from the mine wat'er, when it is

dried, screened, and barreled for mavket. Sufficient chalcopyrite is
encountered in the Cabin Branch pyrite mine near Dumfries, in'
Prince William County, to warrant the builcling recently o{ a srnall
smelter for the extraction of the copper.
The principal occurrence of pyrrhotite in Yirginia is that of the
ttGreat Gossan Lead" in Floyd, Carroll, and Grayson counties. This
"leadl'forms a well-clefined vein of pyrrhotite varying in width up to
100 feet, and strikes southwestward from Floytl County, through
earroll into Grayson County, a distance of more tban 20 miles.' It
is composed ehiefly of pyrrhotite with admixed qtartz and schist, and
carries streaks and patches of chalcopyrite,and pyrite. The vein
filis a fault fracture in crystalline sehists of unknown age, varies in
width from a few feet up to 100 feet, shows a somewhat variable but
average dip of about 45o, and has in,general an approximate northeast
trend. At present, pyrrhotite is mined by the Pulaski Mining Com-
pany'near Monarat, Carroll County, and the ore treated. at Pulaski
for sulphur.
The total production of pyrite, including pyrrhotite, in Virginia
during 1909, showed a decrease of 21164 long tons, or 1.86 per cent,
in quantity, and $72,239, or 2.81 per cent, in value, in comparison
with the figures for the previous year. The production in 1909 was
774,776long tons, valued at $4231283, as eompared with 116,340 long
tons, valued at $435,522 in 1908. The average price per ton of pfrite
in Virginia during 1909 was $3.71, as compared with $3.?4 in 1908.
The 1910 production of pyrite showed a considerable increase over
the 1909 production, the figures for 1910 being 140,106 long tons,
valued at $525,437. It wiII be seen from these.figures that there was
an increase over the production for 1909, of. 25r93A tons in quantity
and $102,154 in value. The average priee per ton advaneecl.from $3.71
in 19O9 to $3.75 per ton in 1910.
. There is given in the table below the production of pyrite in
Virginia from 1904 to 1910, inclusive.
 ABSENIC, 111

Prod,uct'i,on of Pym,te in Vi,rgi,nia, lgO+-lgtO, i,n long tons.

Average price
Quantity Value per ton

t20,67r $440,753 $3.65

123,183 426,008 3.46
r28,794 431,388 3.35
124,740 372,586 2.99
116,340 435,522 3.74
tt4,l76 4n;x33 3.7r
140,106 525,437 . 3.75

LIsr ox' PYRTTE

ops*Alon 'P'*AT.R* !drN!
Armlnius Chemlcal Co...... ......Mlneral ......Mlneral
Austltl Run Mtntng Co. .. .Phtlaalelphia, Pa. .. . ..Gorrisonvllle
Braun, Jobannes ..., ,. . ... .. .. . .Passalc, N, J. .., ., , ,.Gre€n Bay
Cabin Branch Mtning Co. .Baltimore, MiI .......Dumfries
Ilartly, W. N.'..... .......Church noad ........ron&
Louisa Mlnlng Co. .. . .. . .Cuckoo .. . . , . ,Mineral (near)
Puloskl Minlng Co,.... ...New York, N. Y.......llonarat
Spottsylvanla Sulphur Mlnes Co. ..flollattey .....Holl8alay
Sulphur 14i1tng & Batlro&d Co.....,.....,.Rlcbmontl .... .Mineral
U. S. ['ldeUty & Gueranty. .Baltimore, Mtt ... ....Mlneral
WiUlaB$ & SoD, John T..,... .,...Bristol. Va.-T€nn......Bonsactsa

ARSENIC.
Yirginia has not been a producer of arsenic for several years. In
1903, the United States Arsenic Mines Company, of Pittsburg, Penn-
sy.lvania, began the mining of arsenopyrite (mispickel) at Brinton, in
Floytl, Oounty. An extensive plant, erected for refining the product,
was started, iu 190r[, with the monthly capacity increased after
tranuary, 1905, to 90 tons of pure white arsenic. Operations were
temporarily abandoned several years ago, and owing to the low price of
white arsenic the Sloyd Couuty mines did nqt operete in 1909 and
1910. A company was organizetl in 1910 to manufactu:e ?aris green
from the whito arsenic nrade at the Floyd County arsenic mine, and a
plant was establishecl at Norfolk, Virginia.
The mines .are located 14 miles southeast of Christiansburg, at
Brinton, Floyd Oounty. The ore is arsenopyrite, a tlouble sulphitle
of arsenic and iron, associated with pyrite, and occurs in ((veindt
tLz MINERAL PRODUCTION OF VIRGINIA.

(lenses) in quart2-sericite schist, which is closely associated with a

variable biotite gneiss, but the relations of the two rock t;pes to each
other, and of the gneiss to the ore boclies, are unknown.

PgOSPHATE.
Three forms of phosphatic material occur in the State; namely,
(1) the marls of the Coastal Plain region, (2) pebble phosphate west
of the Blue Ridge near Clifton Forge, and (S) dikes of nelsonite*a.
rock eo'nposed normally of a mixture of the minerals ilmenite and
apatite ocdurring in Nelson and Roanoke counties.
The shell and greensand marls of the Ooastal Plain region fre-
quently carry a small but variable percentage of phosphoric acid.
These marls are not rich enough, however, in phosphorio acid to render
them of co-"rercial value as a source of phosphate.
West of the Blue Riclge, the occurrence of phosphatic nodules has
been observed at the base of Devonian black shale, at Olifton Forge,
but the extent of this material is yet unknown.
The nelsonite dikes in Nelson County are numerous and extend.
over a considerable area. Much variation is shown in the mineral
composition of the rock composing the dikes. Normally, the rock is a
granular mixture of the minerals white apatite and black'ilmenite in
variable proportion. Either mineral may predominate over the other
in quantity. Near Rose's Mill, the ilmenite of some of the dikes is
largely or entirely replaced by rutile giving at times a rock composed.
essentially of apatite and rutile with little or no ilmenite. In the
vicinity of Lovingston, some of the dikes are composed principally of
magnetite and biotite with a variable amount of apatite, whiie others
aro made up almost entirely of apatite. Chemical analyses of the
nelsonite, collected from dikes over different parts of the area, show the
calcium phosphate to range as high as 33 per cent.
The occurrence of the roek nelsonite in this county has been known
for many vears, and it has been prospected in a small way by open
pits, cuts, and shafts at a number of places, chiefly near Roseland,
Bryant, Rose's MiIl, and Lovingston. The development work in the
'lrelsonite dikes, near Rose's Mil], by the General Electric Company,
was for the minoral rutile and not for the phosphate mineral apatite.
 GRAPEITE. 113

The dikes of nelsonite in Nelson County represent the largest

concentration of phosphatic material yet known in the State. These
deposits have been studied and mapped in cletail by the Virginia
Geological Survey, and a bulletin setting forth the results at consider-
able length will shortly be published. Phosphatic tock, not uniike the
nelsonite of Nelson County, occurs about four miles east of Roanoke,
where considerable prospeeting was done about seven years ago.

GRAPHITE.
Graphite is rather widely tlistributed through the Piedmont region,
occurring chiefly in tbe schists and gneisses, but as yet no actual
production of the mineral has been reported. The occurrenco of
graphite has been noted in the following counties: Albemarle, Amelia,
Buckingham, Charlotte, loudoun, Louisa, Nelson, Orange, and
Powhatan.
Probably the most encouraging occurrence of the mineral is in the
northern part of Albemarle County, between Free Union and Boons-
ville, near Buck Mountain. The graphite occurs here in irregular
vein-like masses in gneisses and syenites and their residual decay. It
is of good quality, and blocks weighing several hundred pounds aro
easily extracted. The Naylor.Bruce Graphlls Company acquired the
property several years ago and made some developments on it, but
closed ilown within a short time without any production.

BUTILE (Titanium).
The only locality in the Atlantic States where rutile has been
mined in quantity is in the Tye River-Ilat Creek area of Nelson
County. The area is a large one, located in the foot-hills region of the
Blue Ritlge, and is distant about 7 miles northwest of the main line of
the Southenr Railway. A seaond area of commercial rutile was dis-
covered. recently in Goochland and llanover counties about 20 miles
west and northwest of Richmond.
Two tlistinct types of rutile are mined in the Nelson Counry area.
In the first type, designated. pegmatite rutile, the rutile occurs chiefly
as dissominated gtains of variable size in an igneous rock of very
coarse- to medium-grained crystallization of feldspars and blue
 rt4 MINXRAL PRODUOTION OT' VIRGINIA.

quartz with, in places, much hornblende. In the second type, desig-

nated nelsonite rutile, the rutile occurs in even-granular rocks, having
dike-like characters, and composed normally of ilmenite and apatite.
Near Rose's Mill, on Piney River, the ilmenite of the nelsonite is
almost or entirely replaced. at times by rutile, the rock ranging from
an ilmenite-apatite mixture, in which little or no rutile is present,
to a rutile-apatite mixture, containing but little ilmenite, with inter-
mediate gradations in the ratio of ilmenite to rutile.
The American Rutile Company began mining the pegmatite rutile
in 1901 from side-hill cuts along the east sid.e of Tye River, a short
distance below the entrance of Hat Creek, and, in 1902, a milling
plant was built for concentrating the rutile. The rutile is very pure,
of red to reddish brown color, and occurs chiefly as large and small
grains, disseminatecl principally through the feldspar, but also in the
blue quartz and the hornblende. The rutile is admixed in places with
some ilmenite.
In 1907, the General Electrical Company began mining operatiofs
for rutile in the nelsonite dikes near Rose's }Iill, about ? miles north-
west of Tye River post-offiee. After considerable prospecting had been
done the rutile content of the dikes was found to be so irregular that
work was abandoned in 1909. Iless repor[s that about 100 tons of
rutile ore, carrying 50 per cent TiOr, were shippetl which yielded 35
tons of concentrates. The nelsonite dikes in this locality carry large
percentages of rutile in places-the tlikes being composed almost
entirely of rutile and apatite, the former predominating, but have been
found to grade both lateraily and vertically into the normal ilmenite-
apatite rock.
The recently discovered (1909) cleposits of rutile in the eastern
portion of the Virginia Piedmont province, are grouped" about several
centers in the same general area in Goochiand and }lanover counties.
These are the Nuckols farm between Peers and Johnson's Springs and
the Brown farm at,IValdelock, Goochland County, and the Bowe farm
on the north side of the South Anna River, near Gouldin, Ilanover
. County. Some prospecting for rutile has been d.one on each of these
.farrns. The country rock is a gneiss of variant compositio::, peaetrated
'by pegmatite dikes,that closely conform to the structure sf the enclosiug
 'WATERS. 115
MINERAL

gneiss. Both the enclosing gneiss and the pegmatites are usually
deeply weathered. The pegmatite dikes show a somewhat marked
foliatecl st,ructure clue probably to pressure efiects chiefly. Rutile in
very large quantity, ranging from fine grains to masses weighing several
po,unds, is scattered loose over the surface and in the soil. Masses of
rutile weighing up to several hundreds pounds have been found on the'
Nuckols farm. More or less ilmenite is assoeiated with the rutile and
both occur as constitnents of the pegmatite.
The mtile deposits of Virginia have been studied in tletail by the
Virginia Geological Survey, and a volume setting forth the results at
considerable length will be publishecl shortly.
According to }Iess the total value of rutile concentrates produced
in 1909 in the Nelson County area was estimated at $101000. The
production of rutile in Virginia during 1910 was 556 short tons.
valued at $44.480.
LISI' OF' RU'III,N (TITANIUM) OPERATORS
OPERATOR OX'X'ICD MIND
Amerlcan Rutile Co. ....Washlngton, D. C".'.Roseland
General Electric Co. ... . .Schenectady, N. Y. ... .Bose's. Mill i

Myer, August
-A. ........ ..Richmontl '....Gouldln
l{lctrots, C... ...'...Peers ...'."'Peers

MINER,AL WATEBS.
'Ihe mineral waters of \rirginia are an important source of revenue
in the Stato. Virginia has a very large number of spring resorts, and
a great variety and abundance of well-known commercial waters-
Yirginia is second only to New York in the number of springs that:
are utilized commerciallX, md exceeds Nerr York in the number of'
reeorts.
All classes of mineral waters are found in the State, and some'
of these are among the most celebrated in ,the country. They
are
naturally clividecl into (1) those containing minoral salts in suc.h
proportion as to give them medicinal value, and (2) those approxi-
mately pure waters which are sold extensively for table or d.omestic uge-
The production of rnineral waters for 1909, exclusive of 83,?54
gallons used. in the manufacture of soft drinks, was 1,504,530 gallons,
valued at $203,455, these figures representing a decreage from the
 116 MINEBAII PBODUCTION O!' VIRGINIA.

production during the previous year, of EgE,084 gallons in quantity,

and $3,660 in value. rt wili be observed that, while there was such
a marked decrease in the quantity of mineral waters sold during 190g,
the value lacked only $3,660 of equalling that of the previous year.
This is due to an increase in the average price per gailon of the water
sold, the average price in 190g being 14 cents per galion as against
10 cents per gallon in 1908.
The production of mineral waters in virginia during 1910
amounted to 2,447,923 gallons, valued at gB01,b2B. These figures,
which are exclusive of 481252 gallons used in the manufacture of soft
drinks, represent an increase over the 1g09 production, of gg?,ggg
. sallons in quantity, and 998,068 in value. The average price per
gallon of the water sold during 1910 was 12 cents.
The following table gives the production and value of mineral
.rvaters in Yirginia from 1903 to 1910, inclusive.

lProd,uction and, Value of Mi,neral Waters i,n Vi,rgi,nia, 1g0g to j.910.

Year Springs reporting I Quantity sold

sales Gallons Value

1903 4T 2,56L,502 $ 477,410

il904 35 2,It7,420 281,998
QN
x905 2,340,287 589,102
{906 .. . 43 I,997,207 418,908
1907 .. . 44 2,442,075 43t,770
1908 .. . 46 2,099,614a 207,rt'
1909 .. . 49 1,504,530e 203,455
1910 .. . 40 2,441,923a 30t,523

aAmount used for soft d.rinks not included.

Of the 8203,455 worth of mineral waters sold in Virginia during

1909, $102,2Q6 worth was sold for medicinal purposes ancl 9101,159
'worth for table or d.omestic use. The total number of sprilgs reported
as producing in 1909 was 49, as against 46 in 1908. These were
.distributed 4mong the following 26 counties: Albemarle, Alexandria,
Amelia, Augusta, Bath, Botetourt, Campbell, Ohesterfieid, Culpeper,
Frederick, Ilenrico, fsle of Wight, Loudoun, Mecklenburg, trfont-
gomery, Norfolk, Nottoway, Prince Edward, Roanoke, Rockbridge,
 MINERAL WATEBS. 117

Rockingham, Surry, Sussex, Tazewell, Warwick, antl Wythe'

Several of the springs reported resorts, with total accommodations
for 3,518 people, ancl eight reported bathing establishments'
Of the 1910 production of mineral waters, valued at 830I,523,
$153,633 worth was sold for medicinal purposes ancl $147,890 worth
for table or domestic use. The total number of springs reported as
producing in 1910 was 40. These were distributed among the follow-
ing 23 counties: Alexandria, Amelia, Augusta, Bath, Botetourt,
ca-mpbell, chesterfield, culpeper, Franklin, Frederick, Isle of wight,
loudluo, Mecklenburg, Montgomery, Nottoway, Prince Edward,
Roanoke, Rockbridge, Rockingham, Surry, Sussex, Tazewell and
w'ythe. several of the springs (11) reported resorts, with total accom-
mod.ations for 21105 guests.
out of a total of 63 mineral springs credited to virginia, 40
reported sales during the year 1910. The list of springs follows, with
those p"odocing in 1910 marked by an asterisk (x)'
*Alexandria Well, Alexand'ria, Alexandria County'
*Alleghany Spring, Alleghany Springs, Montgomery County'
*Basic Spring, Basic City, Augusta County'
*Bath Alum Springs, McClung, Bath County'
*Bear Lithia Spring, near Elkton, Rockingham County'
*Beaufont Spring, Beaufont, Chesterfield County'
*Bellfont Lithia Spring, Manchester, Chesterfield County'
Berry Hill Mineral Spring, near Elkwood, Culpeper Oounty'
*BIue Ridge springs, Blue Ridge springs, Botetourt county.
Brugh's Spring, near Nace, Bptetourt Oounty'
*Buckhead Lithia springs, Buckheacl springs, ohesterfield county.
*Buffalo Lithia springs, Buffalo Lithia springs, Mecklenburg
CountY.
*Burnett's Mineral Spring, Iludson MilI, Oulpeper County'
"
*Ca"rnpfielil Lithia Spring, Ternples Station, Chesterfielcl Oounty.
*Carper lithia Springs, Radford, Montgomery County'
Como lithia Spring, East Richmond, Iilenrico County'
*Coppahaunk Lithia Springs, Waverly, Sussex County'
xcrockett Arsenic Lithia spring, crockett springs, Montgomery
CountY.
118 MINERAL PNODUCTTON OI' VIRGINIA.

*Days Point Artesian Lithia Spring, Smithfield,

fsle of Wigbt
County.
Diamond Spring, Diamond Springs Station, princess Anne Counry.
*Erup Mineral Spring Glenearlyn, Alexandria
County.
*Falling Springs, Falling Springs, Augusta
County.
Farmville Lithia Springs, Farmville, Prince Xdward County.
xFonticello Lithia Spring, near, Richmond,
Chesterfielcl County.
*If arris Anti-Dyspeptio Spring, Burkeville, Nottoway
Oounty.
*Holly Lithia springs, three miles east of Richmond,
chesterfielcl
County.
Ifouston Chlorateil Spring, Houston, Halifax County.
*fron-Lithia Spriugs, Tiptop, Tazewell
County.
*Jeffress Lithia Silica
Spring, Jeffress, Mecklenburg County.
xJordan White Sulphur Spring,
Jordan Springs, Frederick County.
*Kayser Lithia Springs, Staunton,
Augusta County.
*Lone Jack Spring, Lone
Jack Station, Oa;rnpbell Co,unty.
Magee's Chlorinated Lithia Spring, Clarksville, Mecklenburg
County.
Manganese sodium rodide spring, rrailsboro, chesterfield oounry.
Massanetta Spring, Ilarrisonburg, Rockingham County.
*Mecklenburg Mineral Springs,
Chase City, Mecklenburg County.
Mulberry fshnd Spriug, Mulberry Island, 'Warwick County.
(Name changed to Chloride Lithia Sp"*g).
"Nye trithia Springs, Wytheville, Wphe County.
O'Connell Lithia Spring; Stribling Springs, Augusta County.
Otterburn Lithia Spring, Amelia, Amelia Oounty.
*Paeonian Springs, Paonian
Springs, loudoun County.
Pantops Mountain spring, B miles east of charlottesville, Albe-
marle Countv.
Paradise Spring, Clifton Station, Fairfax County.
xPiokett Spring, Worsham, Prince Edward
County.
Powhatan Spring, Ballston, Alexandria County.
Roanoke Lithia Spring, two and one-half miles west of Il,oanoke,
Roanoke County.
*Rockbridge Alum springs, Rockbridge
Alum springs, Rockbridge
County.
 PRECIOUS gTONNg. 119

*Rocky Mount Lithia-Magnesian Spring, Rocky Mount, Franklin

County.
*Rubino Healing springs, Rubino Healing springs, Bath county.
*seawright Magnesian Lithia Spring, Staunton, Augusta County'
Shenandoah Alum Springs, Shenandoah Alum Springs, Shenan-
doah County.
Smithfieltl Artesian Well, Smithfi-eld, Isle of \Might County'
*stribling Springs, near Mount Solon, Augusta County'
*Tripho-Lithia Spring, Claremont, Surry County.
Trois Tontaine lithia Spring, South Ilill, Mecklenburg County'
*Yirginia Etna Springs, Yinton, Roanoke County.
Virginia Lithia Springs, Osceola, Chesterfield County'
*Virginia Magnesian Alkaline Spring, near Staunton, Augusta
CountY.
Virginia'White Rock Springs, Mount Solon, Augusta County'
*Wallawhatoola Springs' near Lillboro Spring, Bath County'
'Warren County'
Waterlick White Sulphur Spring, Waterlick,
White Oak Mineral Spring, Norfolk, Norfolk County'
*Wyrick Mineral Spring, uear Wytheviile, Wythe County'

PRECIOUS STONES.
A variety of minerals of gem grade has been found in the crystal-
line rocks of the Piedmont province of Virginia. Some counties in
this ar'ea, which seemingly ofier good possibilities for the occurrence
of gem material, have not yet been exploited' for this purpose' The
known counties which have either produced. gem materials, or contain
mi:rerals which might be of desirable gem grade, are Amelia, Amherst,
Sedford, Buckingham, Fairfax, Ilanover, Nelson, and Spottsylvania'
of these, Amelia county is the best known and has produced the largest
variety and quantity of gem material. This material has come from
the mica mines opened in the pegmatite dikes near Ameiia Oourthouse.
Those minerals lrrown to occur in Virginia which have been used,
or are probably capable of being used, for gem material are quafiz
including several varieties, garnet including soveral varieties, allanite,
kyanite, .fluorite (ohlorophane), feldspar including several speciee,
microlite, apatite, beryl, turquoise, columbite, and helvite. Although
120 MTNERAL pRoDucrroN oF vrncrNra.

these minerals occur in Yirginia not all of them have been found to be
of gem grade.
The value of the production of precious stones in virginia for
1g09
was $2,500. There was no reported production of prec-ioos
stones in
Virginia during the year 1910.
 INDEX
Abrasive materials, 91-93, Crusheil stone, 88-90.
Corunclum and emerY, 91. Ballast antl concrete, 89.
Corundum, 91. Road materials, 89.
Emery, 91. Value of procluction of, 91.
List of operators, 93. Diatomaceous earth, 93-94.
, 9l-92.
Millstones (buhrstones) Diversity of resources, 12-13.
Proiluction of, 92. Effects of weatheiing and erosion, 12.
Analvses. sranite, 73. Emery, 91.
eppdtacliiah Mountains province, The Erosion, weathering and, effects of, 12.
lr. Features. surface of, the State, 7-ll.
Arsenic. ltl-112. Feldspar, 96.
Asbesto;, 97-98. List of operators, 96.
List of operators, 98. Fire clays, 55'
Ballast and concrete, 89'
Barytes, 102-104. Flux, furnace, 90-9I'
List of onerators, 104. Production of, 91.
Prottuctio'n of, 104. Turnace flux, 90-91'
Brick clays, 53-55. Production of, 91.
Protluction of, 54-55. Golcl and silver, 27-30.
Brick. sand-lime, 70. Production of, 30-Bl.
I"ist of oPerators, 70. Granite, ,72-76.
Cement, 63-67. Analyses of, 73.
lime ancl, 59-67. f,ist of ooerators, 76.
List of opeiators, 67. Proiluctio:n of , 7 4-7 5.
Chert, 93. Graphite, 113.
Clav products, clavs and, 50-59. Gravel. sand and, 67 -70.
Clays'and clay Prbducts, 50-59. l, st of oPerators, 69-70.
Brick clays, 53-55. Production of, 68.
Production of. 54-55' "iist of 105-106.
Gvpsum.
X'ire clays, 55. operators, 106.
Kaolin. 56. Introduction,
--Tables, 1-6.
List of oPerators, 56-59. mineral production of Virginia,
Pottery clays, 56. 2-6.
Produ6tion of, 52, 53,54-55. Iron ores ano Pig iron, 13-23'
Clays, brick, 53-55. List of onerators, 22-23.
Production of. 54-55. Statistics'of production of . 20, 21, 22'
flre, 55. Kaolin. 56.
potterY, 56. Lead ancl zitc,35-37.
Coal,38-45. . Production of, 37.
List of operators. 44-45. l,ime, 60-63.
Statigtici of produetion of, 43-44. List of operators, 62-63.
Coastal Plain Province, The, 9. Production and value of, 6l-62.
Cobalt, nickel and, 38. Lime and cement, 59-67.
Coke, 46-49. Lime, 60-63'
List of operators, 49. List of operators, 62-63.
Statistics of manufacture of, 48, 49' Productioin antl value of, 61-62.
Concrete. ballast antl, 89. Cement, 63-67.
Copper, 3l-35. List of oPerators, 67.
Piocluction of, 34-35. Limestong 77-82.
Corunclum, 91. List of oPerators, 80-82.
Corunclum antl emerY, 91. Value an-d Production of' 79-80.
Corundum, 91. List of sprinls of mineral waters, 1I7-
Smery, 91. I 19.
 122 INDEX.

Manganese ores, 23-26. mineral, of Vireinia. 2-6.

List of operators. 26. mineral waters,- l16-1f 7.
Productioh and value of, 26. pig iron, 22.
Manufacture of coke, statistics of, 4g. pyrite and.pyrrhotite, 1ll.
Map,, physiographic provin"e. oi V, sandstone. 84.
grnla, u. . sand and gravel. 68.
Marble, 77. slate. 88. -
Marl, 107-108. talc and soapstone, l0l.
Mica, 94-95. Province, Coastal Plain. Thc. 9.
List of operators. 98. 4ppalachian Mountains, Tte, ll.
Production of. 9b. Piedmont Plateau, The, 10.
Millstones (buhistones), 9l-98. Pyrite and pyrrhotite, 108-lll.
List of operators. 98. List of operators, 1Il.
Productidn of.-107.
9d. Production of, Ill.
Mineral paints, Pyrrhotite, pyrite and, 108-lll.
List of operators. 107. Quartz, 93.
Mineral pro-duction, tables of, 2-6. Resources, diversity of, l2-l3.
Mineral waters. l16-119. Road materials. 89.
List of springs of, ll7-I19. Rutile (titanium), ll3*Il5.
__.P_roduction aid value of, 116. List of operators, ll5.
Nickel and cobalt. 88. Salt. 106.
Ores,iron, 13-23.- Sand and gravel, 67-70,
List of operators, 22-28. List of operators, 69-70.
Production of,26,21, 22. Production of. 68.
^
ures, manganese, 23-26. Sand-lime brick, 70.
List of 6perators. 26. List of operators, 70.
_-Production and value of, 26. Sandsfone, 82-84.
Phosphate, ll2-llg. List of operators, 84.
Piedmont Plateau provinee, The, 10. Produetioir of, 84.
-rlg tron, production of, 22. Silica. 93-94-
Position, geographic, oi' Virginia, 7. Chert. 93.
Pottery claysl S6. Diatomaceous earth, 93-g4.
Precious stones. llg. Quartz, 93.
Preliminary generalities. Z-lB. Silver, gold ar.d, 27-30,
Diversity of resources, 12-13. Production of, 30.
Efrects of weathering-and erosion, Slate. 85-88.
Geographic position of Virginia,'2. List of operators, 88.
Surface features of the Stad. Z-ll. Production of. 88.
Appalachian Mountains talc and, g8-f02,
Soapstone,
tl. List of operators, 102.
Coastal Plain province. g. Production of, l0l.
Piedmontr Plateau province, 10. Springs, mineral waters, list of, Il7-llg.
Production, barvtes. l0i!. Statistics of manufacture of eoke, 48, 49.
brick clays,
clays, b4-5d.
b4-85. Stone, 7l-91.
clays and cl
elays arrd clay products, 62, 69, 54, Crushed stone, 88-90,'
coal, 43-44. Ballast and conerete, 89.
coke, 48, 49. Road materials, 89.
copper, 34-35. Value of production of, 90.
furnace flux, 91. Furnace flux. 90-91.
granite, 74-75. Production of, 91.
gold and silver, 30-BI. Granite, 72-76.
iron ores, 20, 21, 22. Analyses of, 73.
lead and zinc,37. Ligt of operators, 76.
Iime, 6l-62. Statistics of production, 7 4-76"
limestone, 79-80. Limestone. 77-62.
manganese ores, 26. List of operators, 80-82.
mica, 95. Value and production of, 79-80.
millstones (buhrstones), 92. List of operators, 76, 80-8a 84, 88.