PHYSICS

British/Imperial – FPS, slug as unit of mass UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION

Metric system – MKS, CGS Angular speed w=2πf
Angular acceleration a= a/r
Power Watt (W) Centripetal acceleration= v^2/r
Charge Coulomb (C)
Potential Volt (V) III- WORK and ENERGY
Resistance Ohm If applied force is parallel to the displacement= F maximal
Magnetic field Tesla (T) work on obj
If applied force is perpendicular to surface = no work on obj
I- KINEMATICS If no displacement = no work
Speed (v) = d/t W= Fd cos θ
Velocity (v) = ∆d/∆t
Acceleration (a) = ∆v/∆t When negative work = lose energy
When positive work = gain energy
MOTION ALONG A STRAIGHT LINE
vf= vo + at Power = Fv cos θ
vf^2= vo^2 + 2ad
d= ½ (v+vo)t Mechanical energy
d=vot + ½ at^2 Kinetic energy= ½ mv^2
GPE (U)= mgh
FREEFALL EPE= ½ kx^2
v= √ 2 gh (freefall from 0 velocity) Total ME= KE + PE
h=√ h/5
t=1/2at^2 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
Conservation of ME= K2 + U2 = K1 + U1
MOTIONS IN TWO DIMENSIONS Work-Energy theorem =
Wnc (nonconservative work)= ∆K + ∆U + ∆E (internal
Maximum height = v^2 sin^2 θ / 2g energy due to friction)
Range = v^2 sin (2 θ) / g
Time to reach MH = v sin θ / g (times 2 if whole) IMPULSE and MOMENTUM
Linear momentum – vector that points on the same direction
II- DYNAMICS as the velocity
Newton’s Laws of motion p= mv
1st Law: Inertia
2nd Law: Acceleration (F=ma; W=mg) Impulse – vector hat points on the same direction as the
3rd Law: Interaction (tension force, equal magnitude but average force
different direction) ∆p= Ft

CONTACT FORCES – Normal force, Tension, Friction, Conservation of linear momentum states that if net external
Applied force force is zero, the sum of momenta is constant P2=P1
LONG RANGE FORCE- Weight, Gravitational force, EMF
Collision, vector sum of momenta b4 event is same after
Torque – tendency of force to rotate arounf an axis (t= Fl ; l event
is lever arm)
Perfect elastic collision – sum of translational KE is not
GRAVITATION changed
 Bodies do not stick together
Newton’s Law of gravitation states that even smallest pieces  Momentum and KE are conserved
of matter are attracted to each other (G= 6.67 x 10^-11 N Inelastic collision
m^2/kg^2)  Bodies stick
 KE not conserved
 Momentum conserved

IV- FLUIDS AND SOLIDS

Kepler’s Law of Planetary motion SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION AND SPRINGS
1st law: orbital paths are elliptical f= 1/T ; hertz
2nd law: nearer the object, faster movt Hooke’s law: F= -kx
3rd law: higher radius, higher period T 2= (4pie^2/GM) R^3
DENSITY AND ELASTICITY same way in all directions) B=3a (if volume)
Coefficient of volume B (beta)= ∆V/V∆T
Density= m/v expansion
SG= Density of substance/ Density of std
Stress= F/A; Pa= 1N/m^2 IDEAL GAS
Strain= ∆L/L (no unit because ratio)
Ideal Gas Law : PV= nRT (R= 8314 J/kmol
Young’s modulus (Y) = measure of stiffness Cool Boys And Girls Play Trumpo PaTi Valorant
 High = rigid (ex. Metal)
 Low = elastic (ex. Rubberband) STP
 Y= stress/strain  273.15 K = 0C
Y= F∆L/ AL  1atm= 1.013 x 10^5 Pa

Bulk modulus (B) = volume elasticity Dalton’s Law of PP

B= Vol of stress/ Vol of strain  PT= P1 + P2 + P3 + P4 ……

Shear modulus (S) = shape elasticity HEAT QUANTITIES

S= Shear stress/shear strain Q= mc∆T
S= F/A gamma c is specific heat

FLUIDS at REST CALORIMETRY

Pressure = F/A (perpendicular not parallel) “Sharing of thermal energy between 2 objects. Sum of heat
Std atm pressure = 1.01 x 10^5 Pa changes is zero, meaning there is no thermal energy lost in
1 atm = 1.013 x 10^5 Pa the system”
1 torr = 1mmHg = 133.32 Pa
TRANSFER OF ENERGY ( hot to cold)
Hydrostatic pressure = mgh  Conduction – direct contact
 Convection – liquid or gas, movt in same directio
 Archimedes Primciple = Buoyant force is upward force  Radiation – heat waves
Fbouyant= Density x Volume x Gravity
 Pascal's Principle = every point of the container 1. FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
F1/A1=F2/A2 ∆U= Q + W
 Venturi = Low P = Low A = High Speed = High KE  Isobaric – constant pressure (Isobaric > Isochoric)
 Bernouli = High speed = Low P = Low PE  Isochoric – contant volume
 Torriceli's theorem = 𝑣 = √ 2𝑔ℎ  Isothermal – contant temp
 Adiabatic – no heat transfer
Surface tension – pulls inward or shrink an area
Heat engine – efficiency (carnot cycle is the most efficient
FLUID DYNAMICS cycle)
Flow rate or discharge rate (Q) = Av ; m3/s Efficiency = Work output / Heat input
Poiseuille’s principle
 If the radius is doubled, the flow rate increases by a 2. SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMIC - entropy
factor of 16 ∆S= ∆Q/T
 Smooth and uniform flow is laminar or streamline flow
 If high flow, chaotic and irreg flow, it is turbulent flow VI- WAVES
Wave Medium Fastest
Viscosity is the shear stress of flow. It is a friction in water. in
Hight temp, low viscosity. Electromagnetic Transverse X Vacuum
Mechanical T and / Solid
Reynold number = turbulent flow if Nr is >2000 pipes or >10 Longi
obstacles

Continuity equation= A1v1=A2v2 (High area, low velocity)

V- HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS

Coefficient of linear A= ∆L/L ∆T
expansion
Coefficient of area Y (gamma) = ∆A/A∆T
expansion
Isotropic solids (expand Y=2a (if area) INTERFERENCE
a. Constructive interference
 In phase a. Current (I) – transport of net electric charge from one
 Amplitude = sum of amplitude of 2 waves point to another
b. Destructive interference I=q/t
 Out of phase b. Capacitance – store charge
 Amplitude = difference of amplitude of 2 waves C= q/V
c. Partially C or D  Series – additive reciprocal
 Displacement = sum of displacements of 2 waves  Parallel - additive
Dielectric – insulating material preventing 2 parallel
Resonance – increase in amplitude conductive plates from touching each other
F1- harmonics; >F1- overtone (F2 is the second harmonics Dielectric constant (k) – capacitance of capacitor compared
of first overtone) to air
 High k – better insulator
SOUND AND DOPPLER EFFECT
SOUND LIGHT c. Resistance Ω – potential difference (V) that must be
direction longitudinal transverse impressed in order for 1 Ampere of current to flow
medium Mechanical; solid Electromagnetic, through. (Ω Ohms)
vacuum  Series – additive
speed Vdryair at 0C= Vvacuum= 3X 10^8  Parallel – additive reciprocal
343m/s m/s
nature Wave Wave and particle Series Parallel
Has KE and PE Momentum Voltage (V) additive identical
Charge (Q) identical additive
Loudness – depends on amplitude Capacitance Additive recip additive
Pitch – depend on frequency Current identical additive
Quality/ Timbre – clarity/mixed Resistance additive Additive recip

Intensity = Energy/ Area and Time Electric power (watts) – energy transfer in an electric circuit
DOPPLER EFFECT  Electric generator: converts Mechanical energy to
electric energy
 Electric motor: converts EE to ME
P=IV

DC CIRCUIT
Ohms Law: V=IR
Kirchhoff’s Law – set of relations that allow analysis of a
circuit
Observer near source- High f; H pitch; low wavelength  Junction rule – sum of current entering node = sum of
Observer far from source – Low f; Low pitch; High current leaving the node
wavelength  Loop rule – the sum of potential changes is zero

VII- ELECTROSTATIC AND MAGNETISM IX- ELECTROMAGNETICS

Conductors – allow movement of charge
Insulator – impede movement of charge Force on a charge moving in a magnetic field (B)
Coulomb’s Law: F=qvBsinθ or F=qvxB

Magnetic Properties of matter

Diamagnetic: They are weakly repelled by magnetic fields
Paramagnetic: They are weakly attracted by magnetic fields.
Ferromagnetic: Strongly attracted by the magnetic field.
(permanent)
Antiferromagnetic: Net magnetic moment is zero.

ELECTRIC FIELD Notes

Battery – source of electrical energy
Electromotive force – if no internal energy loss, the PE is X- LIGHT AND GEOMETRICAL OPTICS
called Physical optics – wave behavior
 Diffraction – spread of light as it pass through a narrow
Geometric optics – ray description
VIII- ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
REFLECTION OF LIGHT
Total internal reflection – phenomenon when all incident ray
is reflected
 When light ray is more dense than medium
 > critical angle

MIRRORS
Plane mirror – Virtual, upright, same size (VUS)
Convex – VUR
Concave/converging
Position Image Orientation Size
F to lens Virtual Upright Enlarged
F to 2F Real Inverted Enlarged
At 2F “ “ same
>2F “ “ reduced
At F Image at Point in
infinity space
At infinity Image at F Point in
space

+ -
Focal Concave/converging Convex/
length (f) diverging
Image (di) real virtual
Orientation upright inverted
(hi)
size M>1 enlarge M=1 M<1 reduced
same

1 1 1
= +
f do di

hi −di
M= = Magnification + = upright; - = inverted
ho d o

REFRACTION OF LIGHT
Index of refraction:
speed of light in vacuum/speed of light in material (c/v)
Snell’s law:
n1sinθ1= n2sinθ2
PRISM
- Red refracted the least (longest WL)
- Blue refracted the most (short WL)

LENSES
Converging – positive (VUE at F to lens, RI the rest)
Diverging – negative (VUR)

PHOTONS
E=hf
H is planck constant = 6.63x10-34m2kg/s