Stenotrophomonas Maltophilia: An Emerging Pathogen
Stenotrophomonas Maltophilia: An Emerging Pathogen
AN EMERGING PATHOGEN
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
DR.T.V.RAO MD
STENOTROPHOMONAS MALTOPHILIA
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an aerobic, nonfermentative, Gram-negative bacterium. It is an uncommon bacterium and human infection is difficult to treat. Initially classified as Pseudomonas maltophilia, S. maltophilia was also grouped in the genus Xanthomonas before eventually becoming the type species of the genus Stenotrophomonas in 1993
DR.T.V.RAO MD
STENOTROPHOMONAS MALTOPHILIA
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia bacteria, Coloured transmission electron micrograph (TEM). This aerobic Gram-negative bacterium, previously known as Pseudomonas maltophilia, can cause infections in humans and is resistant to many antibiotics. It thrives in wet and moist conditions, and mainly affects patients whose immune systems have been compromised by infection or weakness. A study published in 2008 identified this bacteria as having the capacity to rapidly develop into strains with increased drug resistance..
DR.T.V.RAO MD
DR.T.V.RAO MD
CHARACTERISTICS OF MALTOPHILIA
S. maltophilia are slightly smaller (0.71.8 0.4
0.7 micrometers) than other members of the genus. They are motile due to polar flagella and grow well on MacConkey agar producing pigmented colonies. S. maltophilia are catalase-positive, oxidase-negative (which distinguishes them from most other members of the genus) and have a positive reaction for extracellular DNase
DR.T.V.RAO MD
DR.T.V.RAO MD
COLONIES OF STENOTROPHOMONAS MALTOPHILIA ON MUELLER-HINTON AGAR. CULTIVATION 72 HOURS, AEROBIC ATMOSPHERE, 28C.
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BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS
BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS Oxidase negative Acidifies maltose in addition to glucose, lactose ,sucrose
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plants, including water, urine, or respiratory secretions; it has also been used in biotechnology applications. In immunocompromised patients, S. maltophilia can lead to nosocomial infections.
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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
S maltophilia has few pathogenic mechanisms and, for this reason, predominantly results in colonization rather than infection. If infection does occur, invasive medical devices are usually the vehicles through which the organism bypasses normal host defenses. Otherwise, the pathophysiology of this nonfermentative aerobic gramnegative bacillus does not differ from other nonfermentative aerobic organisms.
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MORTALITY/MORBIDITY
Mortality and morbidity relate to the inoculum of S maltophilia that is able to bypass normal host defense mechanisms. If an intravenous infusion contains large numbers of S maltophilia, then direct injection into the bloodstream may result in the signs and symptoms associated with gram-negative bacteremia. Similarly, in the urinary tract, if urological irrigation fluids that contain large numbers of S maltophilia are used during an invasive urological procedure, eg, cystoscopy, then gramnegative bacteremia may occur with its attendant mortality and morbidity, which depend on host factors.
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DR.T.V.RAO MD
RESISTANCE TO TMP-SXT
Several reports have shown that the prevalence of strains that are resistant to TMP SXT is increasing . The rate of resistance to TMP SXT ranges from 2% in Canada and Latin America to 10% in Europe
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia resistant to trimethoprim sulphamethoxazole: an increasing problem
Asma M Al-Jasser
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REFERENCES
1.Emerging Infectious diseases Volume 13, Number 4April 2007 2 American society of Microbiology 3 science photo library
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Created by Dr.T.V.Rao MD for e learning resources for Microbiologists and Health care Workers in Developing World
Email [email protected]
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