Concept of Health & Illness

CONCEPT OF
ILLNESS
Health is a fundamental
right of every human
being.
Health Illness Continuum Model
State of Homeostasis
Illness Wellness
 Health is a dynamic state that fluctuates

as a person adapts to changes in internal
and external environments to maintain a
state of physical, emotional, intellectual,
social, developmental and spiritual well-
being.
Health Illness Continuum Model
 Health is a state of complete physical,
mental, and social well-being and not
merely the absence of disease or
infirmity.(WHO)
 Wellness is well-being. It involves

engaging in attitudes and behaviors
that enhance quality of life and
maximize personal potentials
 Illness is a state in which a person’s
physical, emotional, intellectual,
social, developmental or spiritual
functioning is diminished or impaired
compared with previous experience.
 Disease is a disturbance of structure

or function of the body or its parts.
Disease could be described as:
 Acute
 Chronic
 Communicable
 Congenital
 Degenerative
 Malignant
COMMON CAUSES OF DISEASE
 Biologic agents
 Inherited genetic defects
 Developmental defects
 Physical agents
 Chemical agents
 Tissue response to irritation/injury
 Faulty chemical/metabolic process
 Emotional/physical reaction to stress
STAGES OF ILLNESS
 1. Symptom experience
*transition phase
*person believes something is wrong
*3 aspects
a. Physical
b. Cognitive
c. Emotional
 2. Assumption of the Sick Role

*acceptance of illness
*seeks advise, support for decision to give up
some activities
 3. Medical Care Contact
*seeks advise of health professionals for the ff.
reasons:
a. validation of real illness
b. explanation of symptoms
c. reassurance or prediction of outcome
LEVELS OF PREVENTION
1. Primary Prevention
 involves health promotion activities that provide
protection.
2. Secondary Prevention
 refers to health behavior that promotes the early
detection and treatment of disease and
limitation of disability.
3.Tertiary Prevention
 directed towards rehabilitation after a disease or
condition already exists to minimize and help
the client learn to live productively with
limitations.
Activities to Promote Health and
Prevent Illness
1. Regular physical examination
2. For woman:
regular pap smear, Regular BSE
3. For men: regular TSE
4. Annual dental exam and prophylaxis
5. Regular eye examination ( 1 to 2 yrs)
6. Exercise regularly
7. Do not smoke
8. Reduce fat and increase fiber in diet
9. Avoid alcohol and recreational drugs
10. Sleep regularly at least 7-8 hrs per night
11. Eat regular meals with few snacks
12. Maintain ideal bodyweight
Nursing as a discipline…
 Is primarily concerned with the patient and
his experience of illness, not merely in
pathology.
 SCOPE of PRACTICE…
 Focuson human response rather that health
problem itself
 GOAL of PRACTICE…
 To treat response to actual/potential problem
in health and illness
Human Response
 Physiologic
 Psychologic
 Social
 Review on Temperature regulation
 What is the temperature regulating system of
the body?
 Temperature regulation mechanism
 2 kinds of body temperature
 Factor affecting body temperature
 Mechanism of heat loss
 Fever and stages of fever
 Types of fever
 Causes of fever and fever Management
 Conversion
Homeostasis, Stress &
Adaptation
 Homeostasis – state of balance within the
body
 Stress- state produced by a change in the
environment that is challenging,
threatening or damaging to a person’s
dynamic balance/equilibrium.
 Adaptation – adjustment to the change to
maintain a state of equilibrium– through
coping.
Types of stress
 Physical stress
 Physiologic stress
 Psychosocial stress
GAS (General Adaptation
Syndrome)
3 Phases
Alarm
Resistance
Exhaustion
Adaptation at the Cellular Level
 Hypertrophy- the increase in the size,
structure and function of cells
 Hyperplasia- the increase in the number
of cells in a body part that results from an
increased rate of cellular division.
 Atrophy- wasting, or a decrease in the
size of a body part bec. of disease or other
influences.
Cellular Response to
Injury/Stress: Inflammation
 Advantages:
 Acts to neutralize or destroy offending agents
 Restricts tissue damage to the smallest
possible area
 Alerts individual to impending threat of tissue
injury
 Prepares injured area for healing
Classification of Inflammation:
 According to the duration of reaction
 Acute
 Chronic
 According to structure affected

 Suffix “itis” denotes inflammation of a
structure
 According to nature of exudates
 Serous,fibrinous, mucinous, hemorrhagic,
suppurative
 According to the etiologic agent
Inflammation
 Mobilizes WBC’s to engulf and destroy
bacteria and other foreign substances.
 5 local clinical signs of inflammation
 Calor
 Dolor
 Rubor
 Tumor
 Functio laesa
Inflammatory Chemical
Mediators
 Histamine/serotonin
 Dilation
of arterioles and enhances
permeability of capillaries and artery
 Plasma proteases
 Consist of kinins, complement system and
clotting factors
 Stimulates the release of histamine from mast
cells
 Prostaglandins
Phases of Inflammation
 Vascular Response
 aka hemodynamic response
 Cellular Response
 Marked by movement of WBC (leukocytes)
into area of injury
2 Type of WBC
 Granulocytes/PMNs
3 types
 Basophils
 Eosinophils
 Neutrophils – first to arrive
 Agranulocytes
2 types
 Lymphocytes – 2nd order to arrive
 Monocytes/macrophage
Immune Response
 Body’s Defense Mechanism
 Nonspecific Defense mechanism
 Specific Immune response

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Concept of Health & Illness

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CONCEPT OF

 Health is a dynamic state that fluctuates

 Wellness is well-being. It involves

 Disease is a disturbance of structure

 2. Assumption of the Sick Role

 According to structure affected

 Neutrophils – first to arrive

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