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Lesson 2. Concentration of Solutions
Lesson 2. Concentration of Solutions
Mixtures – a review
• Mixture: a combination of two or more
substances that do not combine
chemically, but remain the same
individual substances; can be separated
by physical means.
• Two types:
– Heterogeneous
– Homogeneous
Heterogeneous Mixture
• “Hetero” means “different”
• Example:
Homogeneous Mixture
• “Homo” means the same
• has the same uniform appearance and
composition throughout; maintain one phase
(solid, liquid, gas)
• Commonly referred to as solutions
• Example:
Salt Water
IDENTIFY WHAT TYPE OF MIXTURE
Heterogeneous or Homogeneous
filtering Magnetic
separation
distillation
chromatography
Solution
• Solution: a mixture of two or more substances
that is identical throughout (homogeneous)
• can be physically separated Salt water is
• composed of solutes and solvents considered a
solution. How can it
be physically
separated?
the substance being dissolved
the substance that dissolves the solute
S O L V E N T
S O L U T E
Types of Solutions
•described as concentrated
if it has a high concentration
of solute dissolved
Concentration
•Unsaturated - has a less than the
maximum concentration of solute
dissolved
Chemistry-Borders
• The amount of solute in a
solution can be expressed in
several ways. These includes
percentage by mass, volume, or
mass- volume, mole fraction,
molality, molarity, and parts per
million, among others
PERCENT BY MASS, BY VOLUME, AND BY
MASS- VOLUME
Chemistry-Borders IPC-Solutions-Borders
Sample Problem 1:
If 28.5 g of calcium hydroxide Ca (OH)2 is
dissolved in enough water to make 185 g of
solution, what is the percent by mass of Ca
(OH)2 in the solution?
Solution:
Sample Problem 2:
If mass of solution = 25.0g
sugar + 100.0g water = 125.0
g, What is its percent by
mass?
Sample Problem 3:
A saline solution with a mass of 355 g has
36.5 g of NaCl dissolved in it. What is the
mass/mass percent concentration of the
solution?
We can substitute the quantities given in the
equation for mass/mass percent:
If the solution involves a solute and a
solvent that are both liquids, the
percent by volume (%v/v) is used
instead of by mass with the following
formula:
Sample problem#1
Chemistry-Borders IPC-Solutions-Borders
Sample Problem #2
% volume = 20 ml x 100
(20 ml + 300 ml)
Chemistry-Borders IPC-Solutions-Borders
MOLE FRACTION
mol of solute
m=
kg of solvent
mol of solute
M=
L of solution
4 moles = 4M
1 liter
Chemistry-Borders IPC-Solutions-Borders
Molarity
M = mol (solute)
L (solution)
4 moles = 2M
2 liter
Molarity Problems
What is the molarity of a solution of NaOH if
there are 2 moles of NaOH dissolved
water to make 6 liters of solution?
2 moles = .33 M
6 liters
Molarity Problems
What is the molarity of a solution of NaOH if
there are 2 moles of NaOH dissolved
water to make .5 liters of solution?
2 moles = 4M
.5 liters
Molarity Problems
What is the molarity of a solution of NaOH if
there are 40 grams of NaOH dissolved
water to make 1 liters of solution?
Na = 23 g/mol
O = 16 g/mol so 40 g = 1 mole
H= 1 g/mol
40 g/mole GFM
Molarity
M = mol (solute)
L (solution)
= 260 g NaCl
Molarity
M = mol (solute)
L (solution)
= .565 L
Solution Stoichiometry
reactants products
Chemistry-Borders IPC-Solutions-Borders
Solution Stoichiometry
• When we previously did stoichiometry
for a reaction to determine theoretical
yield, we only worked with GRAMS and
MOLES
• Ex/ How many MOLES of HCl are
required to react with 13 GRAMS of
zinc?
Zn + 2 HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
Solution Stoichiometry
• But we may be given something OTHER than
grams and moles
= 0.0331 L HCl
Solution Stoichiometry
• Ex/ How many grams of NaOH would be
required to react with 1.50 L of 3.75M
sulfuric acid?
H2SO4 + NaOH → Na2SO4 + H2O
= 450. g NaOH