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Legal Ethics | 1
holding property. (Petition for Authority to Continue Use of Qualifications for admission to the practice of law
the Firm Name “Sycip, Salazar, Feliciano, Hernandez &
Castillo, G.R. No. X92-1, July 30, 1979) Every applicant for admission to the practice of law must be:
Code: C-R-A-G-M-E
WHO MAY PRACTICE LAW, GENERALLY.
(a) A citizen of the Philippines.
Any person who has been duly licensed as a member of the bar (b) A resident of the Philippines.
in accordance with the statutory requirements and who is in good (c) At least 21 years of age.
and regular standing is entitled to practice law. (Rule 138, Sec. (d) A person of good moral character.
1, Rules of Court.) (e) Must show that no charges against him involving moral
turpitude, are filed or pending in court.
Law is a noble profession, and the privilege to practice it is (f) Possess the required educational qualifications.
bestowed only upon individuals who are competent
INTELLECTUALLY, ACADEMICALLY, and equally important, (Rule 138, Sec. 2, Rules of Court)
MORALLY. (Soriano vs. Dizon, A.C. No. 792, January 25,
2006) Note: An applicant must have pursued and
satisfactorily completed in an authorized and
recognized university, college or school
Persons entitled to practice law, generally: A four-year high school course
A course of study prescribed for a bachelor’s
(1) Those admitted to the bar. degree in arts or sciences
A four-year bachelor’s degree in law with
This requirement involves various phases consisting completed courses in civil law, commercial
of: law, remedial law, criminal law, public and
private international law, political law, labor
(a) Furnishing satisfactory proof of educational, moral and social legislation, medical jurisprudence,
and other qualification.(Rule 138, Secs. 2, 5 and taxation, and legal ethics.
6, Rules of Court)
(b) Passing the bar examinations. (Rule 138, Secs. An applicant who has not completed his pre-legal
8, 9, 10, 11 and 14) education or completed the same only after he began
(c) Taking the lawyer’s oath before the Supreme his study of law will not be qualified to take the bar
Court itself. (Rule 138, Sec. 17, Rules of Court) examinations, and if by concealment of that fact he is
(d) Signing the roll of attorneys and receiving from able to take and pass the bar examinations and
the clerk of court of the Supreme Court a thereafter is admitted to the bar, his passing the bar
certificate of the license to practice. (Rule 138, examinations will not validate his admission to practice,
Secs. 18 and 19, Rules of Court) taking the prescribed course of legal study in the
regular manner being as essential as the other
(2) Those who remain in good and regular standing. requirements for membership in the bar. (In the Matter
(Continuing requirement for the practice of law) of the Petition for Disbarment of Telesforo Diao vs.
Martinez, A.C. No. 244, March 29, 1963)
(a) Remain a member of the Integrated Bar of the
Philippines. (g) Pass the bar examinations.
(b) Regularly pay all IBP membership dues and other
lawful assessments as well as the annual Note: On September 3, 2013 the Supreme Court lifted
professional tax receipt. the so-called “five-strike rule” for bar examinees. The
(c) Faithfully observe the rules and ethics of the legal five-strike rule was first implemented in 2005 through
profession. Bar Matter No. 1161, a resolution which disqualifies
(d) Be continually subject to judicial disciplinary bar examinees who fail the bar five times from taking
control. the exams again.
Legal Ethics | 2
legislature may provide in the exercise of its legislative power. (In by law. (In re: Need that Law Student
the matter of the Petitions for Admission to the Bar of Practicing Under Rule 138-A Be Actually
Unsuccessful Candidates of 1946 to 1953; Albino Cunanan, Supervised During Trial, Bar Matter No. 730,
et. al G.R. No. L-6784. March 12, 1954) June 13, 1997)
EXCEPTIONS: (3) A party to the litigation before any other court. (Rule
138, Sec. 34, Rules of Court)
Non-lawyers who can practice law.
Note: In numbers 2 and 3 a law student before an
(1) A law student who has successfully completed third inferior court may appear as an agent or friend of
year of the regular four-year prescribed law curriculum a party without the supervision of a member of
and is enrolled in a recognized law school’s clinical the bar. (In re: Need that Law Student
legal education program approved by the Supreme Practicing Under Rule 138-A Be Actually
Court. (Rule 138-A, Sec. 1, Rules of Court) Supervised During Trial, Bar Matter No. 730,
June 13, 1997)
Note: Such law student may appear without
compensation in any civil, criminal or administrative (4) In criminal cases before the MTC and a duly licensed
case before any trial court, tribunal, board or officer, to member of the Bar is not available, the court may
represent indigent clients accepted by the legal clinic of appoint any person of good repute for probity and
the law school. (Rule 138-A, Sec. 1, Rules of Court) ability in the province to defend the accused. (Rule
116, Sec. 7, Rules of Court)
Note: The appearance of the law student shall be
under the DIRECT supervision and control of a (5) Non-lawyers may appear before the NLRC or any
member of the Integrated Bar of the Philippines. (Rule Labor Arbiter only:
138-A, Sec.2, Rules of Court) If they represent themselves; or
If they represent their organization or
The phrase “direct supervision and control” requires no members thereof.
less than the physical presence of the supervising (Art. 222, Labor Code of the Philippines, P.D.
lawyer during the hearing. This is in accordance with 442)
the threefold rationale behind the Law Student Practice
Rule, to wit: (6) Under the Cadastral Act, any person can represent
himself or a claimant before the Cadastral Court. (The
(a) To ensure that there will be no miscarriage of Cadastral Act, Act 2259, Sec. 9)
justice as a result of incompetence or
inexperience of law students, who not having as (7) Any person appointed to appear for the Government
yet passed the test of professional competence, of the Philippines in accordance with law (Rule 138,
are presumably not fully equipped to act as Sec. 33, Rules of Court)
counsels on their own;
(b) To provide a mechanism by which the accredited
law school clinic may be able to protect itself from Note: Three limitations should be observed in order that the
any potential vicarious liability arising from some appearance of a layman on behalf of another as authorized by
culpable action by their law students; and law may be reconciled with the rule that admission to the practice
(c) To ensure consistency with the fundamental is a judicial function and that the practice of law is a lawful activity
principle that no person is allowed to practice a for members of the bar only.
particular profession without possessing the
qualifications, particularly a license, as required
Legal Ethics | 3
The following are the limitations: (2) If the unauthorized practice on the part of a person
who assumes to be an attorney causes damage to a
(a) A layman should confine his work to non adversary party is liable for estafa.
contentions. He should not undertake purely legal work
(3) A government official forbidden to practice law may be
such as the examination or cross-examination of
witnesses or the presentation of evidence. (Philippine held criminally liable for violating Secs. 7(b) and 11
Association of Free Labor Unions vs. Binalbagan of Republic Act 6713 or the Code of Conduct and
Isabela Sugar Co., G.R. No. L-23959, November 29, Ethical Standards for Public Officials and Employees.
1971)
(b) The services should not be habitually rendered, Section 7. Prohibited Acts and Transactions
habituality being one of the characteristics of the
practice of law. (b) Outside employment and other activities related
(c) A layman should not charge or collect attorneys’ fees, thereto. - Public officials and employees during their
one of the requisites for payment thereof being the incumbency shall not:
relation of attorney and client which cannot exist
between a layman and a person in whose favor (1) Own, control, manage or accept employment as
representation is made. (Philippine Association of officer, employee, consultant, counsel, broker, agent,
Free Labor Unions vs. Binalbagan Isabela Sugar trustee or nominee in any private enterprise regulated,
Co., G.R. No. L-23959, November 29, 1971) supervised or licensed by their office unless expressly
allowed by law;
Note: A non-lawyer litigant allowed to appear by himself and (2) Engage in the private practice of their profession
conduct his own litigation is bound by the same rules of unless authorized by the Constitution or law, provided,
procedure and evidence as those applicable to a party appearing that such practice will not conflict or tend to conflict
through counsel. Moreover, he may not be heard to complain
with their official functions; or
later that he has been deprived of the right to the assistance of (3) Recommend any person to any position in a
counsel. (Agpalo, Legal and Judicial Ethics, 2009 p. 45)
private enterprise which has a regular or pending
official transaction with their office.
Note: The prohibition against the practice of law by a layman is
not in conflict with the right of an individual to defend or
Section 11. Penalties. - (a) Any public official or
prosecute a cause in which he is a party. An individual has long
employee, regardless of whether or not he holds office
been permitted to manage, prosecute and defend his own action,
or employment in a casual, temporary, holdover,
but his representation is not considered to be practice of law.
permanent or regular capacity, committing any
(Agpalo, Legal and Judicial Ethics, 2009 p. 45)
violation of this Act shall be punished with a fine not
exceeding the equivalent of six (6) months' salary or
Proceedings where lawyers are prohibited from
appearing suspension not exceeding one (1) year, or removal
depending on the gravity of the offense after due
notice and hearing by the appropriate body or agency.
(1) In all katarungan pambarangay proceedings. (R.A.
If the violation is punishable by a heavier penalty
7160, Sec. 415)
under another law, he shall be prosecuted under the
(2) Small Claims Cases (Rules of Procedure of Small
latter statute. Violations of Sections 7, 8 or 9 of this
Claims Cases)
Act shall be punishable with imprisonment not
exceeding five (5) years, or a fine not exceeding five
Sanctions for practice or appearance without authority thousand pesos (P5,000), or both, and, in the
discretion of the court of competent jurisdiction,
Code: C-E-C-A-D-S disqualification to hold public office.
(b) Any violation hereof proven in a proper
(1) A disbarred attorney until his re-admission or a administrative proceeding shall be sufficient cause for
suspended lawyer during his is prohibited from removal or dismissal of a public official or employee,
engaging in the practice of law; and any such person even if no criminal prosecution is instituted against
who assumes to be an attorney is liable for contempt him.
of court (punishable by fine or imprisonment or both
in the discretion of the court. (c) Private individuals who participate in conspiracy as
co-principals, accomplices or accessories, with public
Legal Ethics | 4
officials or employees, in violation of this Act, shall be Public Officials who cannot practice law (Absolute
subject to the same penal liabilities as the public Prohibition)
officials or employees and shall be tried jointly with
them. (1) Judges and other officials and employees of the
courts (Rule 138, Sec. 5, Rules of Court)
(d) The official or employee concerned may bring an (2) Officials or employees of the Solicitor General (Rule
action against any person who obtains or uses a 138, Sec. 5, Rules of Court)
report for any purpose prohibited by Section 8 (D) of (3) Government Prosecutors (People vs. Villanueva,
this Act. The Court in which such action is brought G.R. No. L-19450, May 27, 1965)
may assess against such person a penalty in any (4) President, Vice-President, and members of the
amount not to exceed twenty-five thousand pesos cabinet and their deputies and assistants (Art. VII,
(P25,000). If another sanction hereunder or under any Sec. 13, 1987 Constitution)
other law is heavier, the latter shall apply. (5) Members of Constitutional Commissions (Art. IX-A,
Sec. 2, 1987 Constitution)
(4) An officer or employee of the civil service, who as a (6) Ombudsman and his deputies (Art. IX, Sec. 8 (2),
lawyer, engages in the practice of law without a 1987 Constitution)
written permit from the department head concerned (7) Civil Service Officers or employees whose duties and
may be held administratively liable. responsibilities require that their entire time be at the
(5) Disbarment. disposal of the government (Ramos vs. Rada, A.M.
(6) Suspension. No. 202, July 22, 1975)
(8) All governors, city and municipal mayors. (Sec. 90(a),
R.A. No. 7160, Local Government Code)
PUBLIC OFFICIALS AND PRACTICE OF LAW (9) Those prohibited by special law.
Exceptions:
PUBLIC OFFICIALS
Public Officials who can practice law but with
Includes elective or appointive officials and employees,
permanent or temporary, whether in the career or non-career restrictions (Relative Prohibition)
service, including military and police personnel, whether or not
they receive compensation, regardless of amount. (Sec. 3(b), (1) A lawyer member of the Legislature is prohibited
R.A. No. 6713, Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for from appearing as counsel before any court of
Public Officials and Employees) justice or before the Electoral Tribunals, or quasi-
judicial and other administrative bodies. (Art. VI,
General Rule: The appointment or election of an attorney to a Sec. 14, 1987 Constitution)
government office disqualifies him from engaging in the private
practice of law. Note: What is prohibited is to “personally appear”
in court and other bodies. The word “appearance”
Reason: A public office is a public trust, and a public
includes not only arguing a case before any such
officer or employee is obliged not only to perform his
body but also filing a pleading on behalf of a client
duties with the highest degree of responsibility,
as “by simply filing a formal motion, plea, or
integrity, loyalty and efficiency but also with
answer.”
EXCLUSIVE FIDELITY.
(2) Members of the sanggunian may engage in the
The disqualification is intended to:
practice of law except in the following:
Preserve public trust in a public office
Avoid conflict of interests or a possibility
(a) They shall not appear as counsel before any
thereof
court in any civil case wherein a local
Assure the people of impartiality in the
government unit or any office, agency or
performance of public functions and thereby
instrumentality of the government is the
promote the public welfare.
adverse party.
Legal Ethics | 5
(b) They shall not appear as counsel in any Lawyers authorized to represent the government
criminal case wherein an officer or employee
The following are authorized to represent the government:
of the national or local government is
accused of an offense committed in relation
(1) The Office of the Solicitor General shall represent
to his office. the
(c) They shall not collect any fee for their Government of the Philippines,
appearance in administrative proceedings its agencies and instrumentalities and
involving the local government of which he is its officials and agents
an official in any litigation, proceeding, investigation or matter
requiring the services of lawyers. When authorized by the
(d) They shall not use the property and
President or head of the office concerned, it shall also
personnel of the Government except when represent government owned or controlled corporations.
the sanggunian member concerned is The Office of the Solicitor General shall discharge duties
defending the interest of the government. requiring the services of lawyers. (Sec. 35, Administrative
(Sec. 90(b), R.A. No. 7160, Local Code of 1987)
Government Code of the Philippines)
(2) Deputized provincial or city fiscal. (Sec. 35,
Administrative Code of 1987)
(3) A civil service officer or employee whose duty or
responsibility does not require his entire time to (3) Deputized legal officers of the government
be at the disposal of the Government may engage departments, bureaus, agencies, and offices to assist
in the private practice of law provided he can the Solicitor General in cases involving their
secure a written permit from the head of the respective offices. (Sec. 35, Administrative Code of
department concerned. (Sec. 12, Rule XVIII, 1987
Revised Civil Service Rules; Ramos vs. Rada,
(4) Any person appointed to appear for the Government
A.M. No. 202, July 22, 1975)
of the Philippines in accordance with law (Rule 138,
Sec. 33, Rules of Court)
(4) Retired judge or justice receiving pension from
the Government, cannot act as counsel in a civil
case in which the Government or any of its
subdivision or agencies is the adverse party or in Lawyer’s oath
a criminal case wherein an officer or employee of
I,________, do solemnly swear that I will maintain allegiance to
the Government is the accused of an offense in
the Republic of the Philippines, I will support the Constitution
relation to his office. (Sec. 1, R.A. No. 910)
and obey the laws as well as the legal orders of the duly
constituted authorities therein; I will do no falsehood, nor
(5) A former government attorney cannot, after consent to the doing of any in court; I will not wittingly or willingly
leaving government service, accept engagement promote or sue any groundless, false or unlawful suit, or give
or employment in connection with any matter in aid nor consent to the same; I will delay no man for money or
which he had intervened while in the said malice, and will conduct myself as a lawyer according to the
service. (Rule 6.03, Code of Professional best of my knowledge and discretion, with all good fidelity as
Responsibility) well to the courts as to my clients; and I impose upon myself
these voluntary obligations without any mental reservation or
purpose of evasion. So help me God.
Legal Ethics | 6
B. DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF A LAWYER Immoral conduct
Connotes conduct that shows indifference to the moral norms of
society and the opinion of good and respectable members of the
TO SOCIETY
community. For such conduct to warrant disciplinary action, the
Respect for law and legal processes (Canon 1) same must be “grossly immoral,” that is, it must be so corrupt
and false as to constitute a criminal act or so unprincipled as to
Efficient and convenient legal services (Canon 2)
be reprehensible to a high degree. (Ui vs. Bonifacio, A.C. No.
True, honest, fair, dignified and objective information on
3319, June 8, 2000)
legal services (Canon 3)
Participation in the improvement and reforms in the legal
system (Canon 4) That conduct which is willful, flagrant, or shameless, and which
shows a moral indifference to the opinion of the good and
Participation in the legal education program (Canon 5)
respectable members of the community. (Arciga vs.
Lawyers in Government Service (Canon 6)
Maniwang, A.M. No. 1608, August 14, 1981)
Legal Ethics | 7
processes and to abstain from activities aimed at defiance of the Evils spawned by ambulance chasing
law or at lessening confidence in the legal system. (Legal and
Judicial Ethics, Agpalo 2009, p. 74) (1) Fomenting of litigation with resulting burdens on the
courts and the public
No client corporate or individual, however, powerful nor any (2) Subordination of perjury
cause, civil or political, however important, is entitled to receive (3) Mulcting of innocent persons by judgments upon
nor should any lawyer render any service or advice involving manufactured causes of actions
disloyalty to the laws whose ministers we are, or disrespect of
(4) Defrauding of injured persons having proper causes of
the judicial office, which we are bound to uphold, or corruption of
any person or persons exercising a public office or private trust, action but ignorant of legal rights and court procedure
or deception or betrayal of the public. When rendering any such
improper service or advice, the lawyer invites and merits stern Ambulance Chaser – a lawyer who haunts the hospitals and
and just condemnation. Correspondingly, he advances the visits homes of the afflicted, officiously intruding their presence
honor of his profession and the best interests of his client when and persistently offering his service on the basis of a contingent
he renders service or gives advice tending to impress upon the fee. (Legal Ethics, Pineda 2009, p. 64)
client and his undertaking exact compliance with the strictest
principles of moral law. He must also observe and advice his
Barratry – It is the lawyer’s act of fomenting suits among
client to observe the statute law, though until a statute shall
individuals and offering his legal services to one of them for
have been construed and interpreted by competent adjudication
he is free and is entitled to advise as to its validity and as to monetary motives or purposes. (Legal Ethics, Pineda 2009, p.
what he conscientiously believes to be its just meaning and 64)
extent. But above all a lawyer will find his highest honor in a
deserved reputation for fidelity to private trust and to public duty, General Rule: It is unethical for a lawyer to volunteer legal
as an honest man and as a patriotic and loyal citizen. (Canon advice to bring lawsuit.
32, Canons of Professional Ethics)
Exception: Canon 28, Canons of Professional Ethics
Respect for law is gravely eroded when lawyers themselves
engage in unlawful practices and brush aside the rules of the Note: It is unprofessional for a lawyer to volunteer advice
IBP formulated for their observance. (In re: 1989 IBP Elections,
to bring a lawsuit except in rare cases where ties of blood,
A.M. No. 491, October 6, 1989)
relationship or trust make it his duty to do so. (Canon 28,
Canons of Professional Ethics)
Rule 1.03 – Duty not to encourage lawsuits
It is the lawyer’s duty to resist the whims and caprices of his
client and to temper his client’s propensity to litigate. (Cataneda
A lawyer owes to society and to the court the duty not to stir up vs. Ago, G.R. L- 28546, July 30, 1975)
litigation. (Legal and Judicial Ethics, Agpalo 2009, p. 74)
Ambulance Chasing – (figuratively speaking) the lawyer’s The useful function of a lawyer is not only to conduct litigation
act of chasing an ambulance carrying the victim of an but to avoid it where possible, by advising settlement or
accident for the purpose of talking to said victim or relatives withholding suit. (Legal and Judicial Ethics, Agpalo 2009, p.
and offering his legal services for the filing of a case 75)
against the person who caused the accident. (Legal
Ethics, Pineda 2009, p. 64) Whenever the controversy will admit of fair judgment, the client
should be advised to avoid or end the litigation. (Canon 8,
Note: The lawyer is guilty of ambulance chasing whether Canons of Professional Ethics)
the act is done by him personally or by person under his A lawyer cannot compromise the case of his client without the
employ. latter’s consent even if he believes that the compromise is for
the better interest of the client. (Philippine Aluminum Wheels,
Inc. vs. FASGI Enterprises, Inc., G.R. No. 137378, October
12, 2000; Section 23, Rule 138, Rules of Court)
Legal Ethics | 8
him what preliminary steps to take, until he shall have secured
the services of counsel.
CANON 2
Note: A lawyer must refrain from giving legal advice if the
A LAWYER SHALL MAKE HIS LEGAL SERVICES reason for not accepting the case is that he labours under
AVAILABLE IN AN EFFICIENT AND CONVENIENT a conflict of interests between him and a prospective client
MANNER COMPATIBLE WITH THE INDEPENDENCE, or between a present client and a prospective client. (Rule
INTEGRITY AND EFFECTIVE-NESS OF THE 14.03, Code of Professional Responsibility)
PROFESSION.
Rule 2.01 - A lawyer shall not reject, except for valid Rule 2.03 – Not to solicit legal business
reasons, the cause of the defenseless or the oppressed.
This rule prohibits professional touting.
Rule 2.02 - In such cases, even if the lawyer does not
accept a case, he shall not refuse to render legal advice to
The proscription against advertising of legal services or
the person concerned if only to the extent necessary to
safeguard the latter’s rights. solicitation of legal business aims to preserve the dignity
that the practice of law is primarily a form of public service.
Rule 2.03 - A lawyer shall not do or permit to be done any (Legal and Judicial Ethics, Agpalo 2009, p. 119)
act designed primarily to solicit legal business.
Rule 2.04 - A lawyer shall not charge rates lower than General Rule: Solicitation of legal business not allowed.
those customarily prescribed unless the circumstances so
warrant. Exception: When it is compatible with the dignity of the legal
profession, made in a modest and decorous manner.
Examples:
Rule 2.01 – Not reject the cause of the defenseless or the
oppressed Publication in a reputable law list of brief
biographical data and informative data.
The duty of a lawyer to accept the cause of the defenseless and
the oppressed empowers the court to: -The law list must be a reputable law list
require him to render professional services to published primarily for that purpose; it cannot be
any party in a case if the party is without means a mere supplemental feature of a paper,
to employ an attorney which services are magazine, trade journal or periodical which is
published principally for other purposes.
necessary to protect the rights of such party or
secure the ends of justice (Rule 138, Sec. 31, Use of an ordinary simple professional card.
Rules of Court) , or to
designate him as counsel de oficio for an Have his name listed in a telephone directory
accused if the latter is unable to employ a but not under a designation of special branch
counsel de parte (Rule 116, Secs. 6 and 7) of law.
Rule 2.02 – Not refuse to render legal advice Write and sell for publication articles of
general nature on legal subjects.
Even if a lawyer does not accept a case, he shall not refuse to
render legal advice to the person concerned if only to the extent Rule 2.04 – Not to charge rates lower than customarily
prescribed
necessary to safeguard the latter’s interests, such as advising
Legal Ethics | 9
Offering lower rates than that prescribed by others for similar A lawyer who uses as his office address the office of his wife
work or service constitutes an unethical practice of indirect who is a judge was found guilty of using a fraudulent, misleading
solicitation of legal business. and deceptive address that had no purpose other than to try to
impress either the court in which the cases are lodged, or his
What the rule prohibits is the competition in the matter of clients that he has close ties to a member of the judiciary. (In re:
charging professional fees for the purpose of attracting clients in Atty. Renerio G. Paas, A.M. No. 01-12-02-SC, April 4, 2003)
favor of the lawyer who offers lower rates. The rule does not
prohibit a lawyer from charging a reduced fee or none at all to Engaging in business or other lawful calling entirely apart from
an indigent or a person who would have difficulty paying the fee the attorney’s practice of law is not necessarily improper.
usually charged for such services. (Comments of the IBP Impropriety arises when the business is of such nature or in
Committee that drafted the Code) such manner as to be inconsistent with the lawyer’s duties as a
member of the bar. Such inconsistency arises when the
business is one that will readily lend itself as a means of
procuring professional employment for him, such that it can be
used as a cloak for indirect solicitation. (Legal and Judicial
CANON 3
Ethics, Agpalo 2009, p. 124)
A LAWYER IN MAKING KNOWN HIS LEGAL SERVICES
SHALL USE ONLY TRUE, HONEST, FAIR, DIGNIFIED Note: To avoid such inconsistencies, it is always desirable
AND OBJECTIVE INFORMATION OR STATEMENT OF and usually necessary that the lawyer keeps any business
FACTS. in which he is engaged entirely separate and apart from his
practice of the law.
Rule 3.01 - A lawyer shall not use or permit the use of any
false, fraudulent, misleading, deceptive, undignified, self- Allowed advertisement. (Canon 27, Canons of Professional
laudatory or unfair statement or claim regarding his Ethics)
qualifications or legal services.
Publication in reputable law lists in a manner consistent
with the standards of conduct imposed by those canons of
Rule 3.02 - In the choice of a firm name, no false,
brief biographical and informative data is permissible. Such
misleading or assumed name shall be used. The continued
data must not be misleading and may include only a
use of the name of a deceased partner is permissible
statement of the lawyer's name and the names of his
provided that the firm indicates in all its communications
professional associates; addresses, telephone numbers,
that said partner is deceased.
cable addresses; branches of the profession practiced;
date and place of birth and admission to the bar; schools
Rule 3.03 - Where a partner accepts public office, he shall attended; with dates of graduation, degrees and other
withdraw from the firm and his name shall be dropped from educational distinctions; public or quasi-public offices;
the firm name unless the law allows him to practice law posts of honor; legal authorship; legal teaching positions;
concurrently. memberships and offices in bar associations and
committees thereof, in legal and scientific societies and
Rule 3.04 - A lawyer shall not pay or give anything of value legal fraternities; the fact of references; and, with their
to representatives of the mass media in anticipation of, or written consent, the names of clients regularly represented.
in return for, publicity to attract legal business. A certificate of compliance with the Rules and Standards
issued by the Special Committee on Law Lists may be
treated as evidence that such list is reputable.
Rule 3.01 – A lawyer shall not use false statement regarding Prohibited Advertisement. (Canon 27, Canons of
his qualification or service. Professional Ethics)
Legal Ethics | 10
causes in which the lawyer has been or is engaged or Rule 3.04 – A lawyer shall not seek media publicity
concerning the manner of their conduct, the magnitude of the
interest involved, the importance of the lawyer's position, and all
other like-laudation, offend the traditions and lower the tone of Media publicity, as a normal by-product of efficient legal service
our profession and are reprehensible; but the customary use of is not improper. What is improper is for a lawyer to resort to
simple professional cards is not improper. adroit propaganda to secure media publicity for the purpose of
attracting legal business. (Legal and Judicial Ethics, Agpalo
2009, p. 130)
Rule 3.02 – A lawyer shall not use false or misleading firm
name.
Purpose of the rule: Prevent some lawyers from gaining an
A law firm may use a deceased partner’s name provided it unfair advantage over others through the use of gimmickry,
indicates in all its communications that said partner is dead. press agentry or other artificial means. (Comments of the IBP
Cpmmittee that drafted the Code)
Reason for allowing the continued use of the name of a
deceased partner: All of the partners by their joint efforts over a When a member of the firm, on becoming a judge is precluded
period of time contributed to the goodwill attached to the firm from practicing law, his name should not be continued in the firm
name, and this goodwill is disturbed by a change in firm name name. (Canon 33, Canons of Professional Ethics)
every time a partner dies.
The name of the law firm may not necessarily identify the
individual members of the firm, and consequently, the
continued use of the firm name after the death of one or CANON 4
more partners is not a deception. (Comments of the IBP
Committee that drafted the Code) A LAWYER SHALL PARTICIPATE IN THE
DEVELOPMENT OF THE LEGAL SYSTEM BY
If a partner in the law firm had been appointed as a judge, his INITIATING OR SUPPORTING EFFORTS IN LAW
name in the firm should be dropped because he is no longer REFORM AND IN THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE
ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE.
allowed to practice law. The same is true to a partner who has
been appointed or elected to a government position which
prohibits private practice of law. (Legal Ethics, Pineda 2009, p.
89) It is every lawyer’s duty to improve the legal system in the
country. Through collective efforts, lawyers can contribute to the
Filipino lawyers cannot practice law under the name of a foreign enhancement of the system by presenting position papers or
law firm, as the latter cannot practice law in the Philippines and resolutions for the introduction of pertinent bills in Congress;
the use of the foreign law firm’s name is unethical. (Dacanay petitions with the Supreme Court for the amendment for the
amendment of the Rules of Court or introduction of New Rules;
vs. Baker & McKenzie, A.M. No. 2131, May 10, 1985)
petitions with the IBP and other forums which have any relevant
influence to the system. (Legal Ethics, Pineda 2009, p. 93)
Rule 3.03 – A partner who accepts public office should
withdraw from the firm; exception
CANON 5
General Rule: Where a partner accepts public office, he shall
withdraw from the firm and his name shall be dropped from the A LAWYER SHALL KEEP ABREAST OF LEGAL
firm name. DEVELOPMENTS, PARTICIPATE IN CONTINUING
LEGAL EDUCATION PROGRAMS, SUPPORT EFFORTS
Exception: The law allows him to practice law concurrently. TO ACHIEVE HIGH STANDARDS IN LAW SCHOOLS AS
WELL AS IN THE PRACTICAL TRAINING OF LAW
Purpose of the rule: To prevent the law firm from using his STUDENTS AND ASSIST IN DISSEMINATING
name to attract legal business and to avoid suspicion of undue INFORMATION REGARDING THE LAW AND
influence. (Comments of the IBP Committee that drafted the JURISPRUDENCE.
Code)
Legal Ethics | 11
Three-fold obligation of a lawyer after admission to the counsel, they have the added duty to abide by the policy of the
practice State to promote a high standard of ethics in public service.
(Legal and Judicial Ethics, Agpalo 2009, p. 81)
(a) (to himself) To continue improving his knowledge of
the law A lawyer who holds a government position may not be
(b) (to the profession) To take an active interest in the disciplined as a member of the bar for misconduct in the
maintenance of high standards of legal obligation discharge of his duties as a government official. However, if the
(c) (to the public) To make the law a part of its social misconduct also constitutes a violation of the Code of
consciousness (Legal and Judicial Ethics, Agpalo Professional Responsibility or the lawyer’s oath or is of such
2009, p. 80) character as to affect his qualification as a lawyer or shows
moral delinquency on his part, such individual may be
Attorneys should familiarize themselves with the rules and disciplined as a member of the bar for such misconduct.
comply with their requirements. They also are chargeable with (Pimentel, Jr. vs. Llorente, A.C. No. 4680, August 29, 2000)
notice of changes in the rules which have been held as including
not only express reglementary provisions but also a regular
Rule 6.01 – A prosecutor shall see to it that justice is done
practice under the Rules of Court. (Zualo vs. CFI of Cebu, CA-
G.R. No. 27718-R, July 7, 1961) A public prosecutor is a quasi-judicial officer. He is the
“representative not of an ordinary party to a controversy, but of a
Lawyers must support and encourage efforts for the
sovereignty whose obligation to govern impartially is as
achievement of high standards in law schools, in the practical
compelling as its obligation to govern at all; and whose interest,
training of law students such as those involved in the clinical
therefore, in a criminal prosecution is not that it shall win a case
education program of law schools approved by the Supreme
but that justice shall be done. As such, he is in a peculiar and
Court. (Rule 138-A, Revised Rules of Court) very definite sense the servant of the law, the t wo-fold aim of
which is that guilt shall not escape or innocence suffer. (Jose
CANON 6 vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. L-38581, March 31, 1976)
Rule 6.01 - The primary duty of a lawyer engaged in public A public prosecutor should recommend the acquittal of the
prosecution is not to convict but to see that justice is done. accused whose conviction is on appeal if he finds no legal basis
The suppression of facts or the concealment of witnesses to sustain the conviction. (Triente, Sr. vs. Sandiganbayan,
capable of establishing the innocence of the accused is G.R. No. 70332-43, November 13, 1986)
highly reprehensible and is cause for disciplinary action.
It is highly reprehensible for a prosecutor to suppress facts
Rule 6.02 - A lawyer in the government service shall not
capable of establishing the innocence of the accused or to
use his public position to promote or advance his private
interests, nor allow the latter to interfere with his public conceal witnesses who can equally establish the accused’s
duties. innocence in the crime charged. A prosecutor who is guilty of
these acts is subject to disciplinary action. (Legal Ethics,
Rule 6.03 - A lawyer shall not, after leaving government Pineda 2009, p. 105)
service, accept engagement or employment in connection
with any matter in which he had intervened while in said
service. Rule 6.02 – A lawyer shall not use his public position to
promote his private interest
The ethical duties provided for in the Code of Professional This restriction applies particularly to lawyers in government
Responsibility are rendered even more exacting as to the service who are allowed by law to engage in private law practice
lawyers in the government service because, as government
Legal Ethics | 12
and to those who, though prohibited from engaging in the The IBP is essentially a semi-governmental entity, a private
practice of law, have friends, former associates and relatives, organization endowed with certain governmental attributes. While
who are in the active practice of law. (Legal and Judicial it is composed of lawyers who are private individuals, the IBP
exists to perform certain vital public functions and to assist the
Ethics, Agpalo 2009, p. 89)
government particularly in the improvement of the administration
of justice, the upgrading of the standards of the legal profession,
A public official should see to it that his private activity does not and its proper regulation.
interfere with the discharge of his official functions. He should
not only avoid all impropriety but should also avoid the Statutory Basis
appearance of impropriety. (Legal and Judicial Ethics, Agpalo RA 6397. The Supreme Court may adopt rules of court to effect
2009, p. 89) the integration of the Philippine Bar under such conditions as it
shall see fit in order to raise the standards of the legal
profession improve the administration of justice and enable the
Rule 6.03 – A lawyer who is a former public official may not bar to discharge its public responsibility more effectively.
accept certain employment
Integration does not make a lawyer a member of any group of
which he is not already a member. He became a member of the
The restriction against a public official from using his public Bar when he passed the Bar examinations. All that integration
actually does is to provide an official national organization for the
position as a vehicle to promote or advance his private interests
well-defined but unorganized and incohesive group of which
extends beyond his tenure on certain matters in which he every lawyer is already a member. [In the matter of the
intervened as a public official. Thus, Rule 6.03 of the Code Integration of the Bar of the Philippines, (1973)]
requires that a “lawyer shall not, after leaving the government
service, accept engagement or employment in connection with GENERAL OBJECTIVES OF THE IBP
any matter in which he had intervened while in said service.”
(1) To elevate the standards of the legal profession
Where the “matter” referred to in Rule 6.03, in which the lawyer (2) To improve the administration of justice
(3) To enable the Bar to discharge its public responsibility more
intervened as a government official in a case is different from
effectively.
the “matter” or case in which he intervenes either as incumbent
government official or as a former or retired public officer, there
PURPOSE OF THE IBP
is no violation of Rule 6.03 nor he will be taking inconsistent
positions nor will there be representation of conflict of interests,
(1) Assist in the administration of justice;
nor violation of Sec. 3(e) of the Anti-Graft Law. (General Bank
and Trust Co. vs. Ombudsman, G.R. No. 125440, January (2) Foster and maintain on the part of its members high ideals of
integrity, learning, professional competence, public service
31, 2000; PCGG v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 151805, 12 April
and conduct;
2005)
(3) Safeguard the professional interest of its members;
TO THE LEGAL PROFESSION (4) Cultivate among its members a spirit of cordiality and
brotherhood;
Integrated Bar of the Philippines – Membership and Dues (5) Provide a forum for the discussion of law, jurisprudence, law
reform, pleading, practice and procedure, and the relations of
(Rule 139-A)
the Bar to the Bench and to the public, and publish
Upholding the dignity and integrity of the profession information relating thereto;
(Canon 7) (6) Encourage and foster legal education;
Courtesy, fairness and candor towards professional (7) Promote a continuing program of legal research in
colleagues (Canon 8) substantive and adjective law, and make reports and
No assistance in unauthorized practice of law (Canon 9) recommendations thereon.
Legal Ethics | 13
assumption is that the officers would be chosen on the basis of an exaction. [In the matter of the Integration of the Bar of the
professional merit and willingness and ability to serve. The Philippines, (1973)]
unseemly ardor with which the candidates pursued the
presidency of the association detracted from the dignity of the A lawyer can engage in the practice of law only by paying his
legal profession. The spectacle of lawyers bribing or being dues, and it does not matter if his practice is “limited.” Moreover,
bribed to vote did not uphold the honor of the profession nor senior citizens are not exempted from paying membership dues.
elevate it in the public’s esteem. [In re 1989 Elections of the [Santos v. Llamas, (2000)]
IBP, (1989)]
We see nothing in the Constitution that prohibits the Court,
under its constitutional power and duty to promulgate rules
Note: Election by Exclusion.- Election through ‘rotation by concerning the admission to the practice of law and the
exclusion’ is the more established rule in the IBP. The rule integration of the Philippine Bar (Article X, Section 5 of the 1973
prescribes that once a member of the chapter would be Constitution) — which power the respondent acknowledges —
excluded in the next turn until all have taken their turns in the from requiring members of a privileged class, such as lawyers
rotation cycle. Once a full rotation cycle ends and a fresh cycle are, to pay a reasonable fee toward defraying the expenses of
commences, all the chapters in the region are once again regulation of the profession to which they belong. It is quite
entitled to vie but subject again to the rule on rotation by apparent that the fee is indeed imposed as a regulatory
exclusion. [In the Matter of the Brewing Controversies in the measure, designed to raise funds for carrying out the objectives
Elections of the Integrated Bar of the Philippines, 686 SCRA and purposes of integration. (In re: Edillion, A.M. No. 1928
791 (2012)] August 3, 1978)
Legal Ethics | 14
A lawyer should aid in guarding the Bar against admission to the
Rule 7.02 - A lawyer shall not support the application for profession of candidates unfit or unqualified for being deficient in
admission to the bar of any person known by him to be either moral character or education. (Canon 29, Canons of
unqualified in respect to character, education, or other Professional Ethics)
relevant attribute.
Rule 7.03 - A lawyer shall not engage in conduct that A lawyer who violates this rule is liable for disciplinary action.
adversely reflects on his fitness to practice law, nor shall The act of supporting the application to the Bar of any person
he, whether in public or private life, behave in a scandalous known to him to be unqualified constitutes gross misconduct in
manner to the discredit of the legal profession. office. (Rule 138, Sec. 27, Revised Rules of Court)
In his application for admission to the bar, the applicant must not
knowingly make false of statements regarding the requirements Rule 7.03 – A lawyer shall not engage in any conduct that
for admission to the practice of law. If he passes the bar and he adversely reflects his fitness to practice law or discredits
the legal profession
is later found to have made false statements in his application,
he may be disbarred for such falsehood. (Legal and Judicial
Ethics, Agpalo 2009, p. 102) A lawyer should endeavour to conduct himself at all times to
An applicant who was not qualified to take the bar exams; but give credit to the legal profession and to inspire the confidence,
due to his false representations was allowed to take it, luckily respect and trust of his clients and the community. (Comments
passed it, and was thereafter admitted to the Bar was stripped of the IBP Committee that drafted the Code)
of his license to practice law. (Diao vs. Martinez, A.C. No. 244,
March 29, 1963) As officers of the court, lawyers must not only in fact be of good
moral character but also be seen to be of good moral character
When the applicant concealed a charge of a crime against him and leading lives in accordance with the highest moral
but which crime does not involve moral turpitude, this standards of the community. (Tolosa vs. Cargo, A.M. No.
concealment nevertheless will be taken against him. It is the fact 2385, March 8, 1989)
of concealment and not the commission of the crime itself that
makes him morally unfit to become a lawyer. When he made a
concealment he perpetrated perjury. (In re: Ramon Galang, The following are acts which adversely reflect on the
A.C. No. 1163, August 29, 1975) lawyer’s fitness to practice law:
Gross immorality
Consequences of knowingly making a false statement or Conviction of a crime involving moral turpitude
suppression of material fact in the application for admission to Fraudulent transactions
the Bar:
- If discovered BEFORE the candidate could take the
Note: Grossly immoral act is one that is so corrupt and false
bar exams – denied permission to take the bar exams
as to constitute a criminal act or so unprincipled or disgraceful
- If discovered AFTER the candidate had passed the
exams but BEFORE having taken his oath – not as to be reprehensible to a high degree. (Reyes vs. Wong,
allowed to take the lawyer’s oath A.M. No. 547, January 29, 1975)
If discovered AFTER the candidate had taken his oath – his Examples of gross immorality:
name will be stricken from the Roll of Attorneys.
Living an adulterous life with a married woman
(Royong vs. Oblena, G.R. No. 376, April 30,
Rule 7.02 – A lawyer shall not support unqualified applicant
1963 ; Quingwa vs. Puno, A.C. No. 389,
to the bar
February 28, 1987)
Legal Ethics | 15
Maintaining illicit relations with his niece The issuance of worthless checks constitutes gross misconduct,
(Sarmiento vs. Cui, A.C. No. 141, March 29, and puts erring lawyer’s moral character in serious doubt,
1957) though it is not related to his professional duties as a member of
the bar. (Vda. De Espino vs. Presquito, A.C. No. 4762, June
Maintaining illicit relations with the niece of his
28, 2004)
common law wife (Royong vs. Oblena, G.R. No.
376, April 30, 1963)
Abandoning his lawful wife to live with another CANON 8
woman (Toledo vs. Toledo, A.C. No. 266, April
27, 1963 ; Obusan vs. Obusan, A.C. No. 1392, A LAWYER SHALL CONDUCT HIMSELF WITH
April 2, 1984) COURTESY, FAIRNESS AND CANDOR TOWARD HIS
PROFESSIONAL COLLEAGUES, AND SHALL AVOID
Contracting a marriage while his first marriage is
HARASSING TACTICS AGAINST OPPOSING
still subsisting (Santos vs. Tan, A.M. No. 2697, COUNSEL.
April 19, 1991)
Seducing a woman to have carnal knowledge Rule 8.01 - A lawyer shall not, in his professional dealings,
with her on the basis of misrepresentation that he use language which is abusive, offensive or otherwise
is going to marry her (Bolivar vs. Simbol, A.C. improper.
No. 377, April 29, 1966; Almirez vs. Lopez,
A.C. No. 481, February 28, 1969) Rule 8.02 - A lawyer shall not, directly or indirectly,
Having carnal knowledge with a student by taking encroach upon the professional employment of another
advantage of his position (De los Reyes vs. lawyer; however, it is the right of any lawyer, without fear or
favor, to give proper advice and assistance to those
Aznar, A.M. No. 1334, November 28, 1989)
seeking relief against unfaithful or neglectful counsel.
Note: An act to be characterized as a grossly immoral conduct
will depend on the surrounding circumstances. (Royong vs.
Oblena, G.R. No. 376, April 30, 1963)
Means anything which is done contrary to justice, honesty, A lawyer who uses intemperate, abusive, abrasive or
modesty or good morals, or to any act of vileness, baseness or threatening language betrays respect disrespect to the court
depravity in the private and social duties that a man owes his disgraces the Bar and invites the exercise by the court of its
fellowmen or to society, contrary to the accepted rule of right disciplinary power. (Surigao Mineral Reservation Board vs.
and duty between man and man. (Legal and Judicial Ethics, Cloribel, G.R. No. L-27072, January 9, 1970)
Agpalo 2009, p. 106)
Lack or want of intention is no excuse for the disrespectful
Note: In general, all crimes of which fraud or deceit is an language employed. Counsel cannot escape responsibility by
element or which are inherently contrary to rules of right claiming that his words did not mean what any reader must have
conduct, honesty or morality in a civilized community, involve
understood them as meaning. (Legal Ethics, Pineda 2009, p.
moral turpitude.
129)
Legal Ethics | 16
Instances of Disrespectful Language Purpose of the notice: It will enable the lawyer sought to be
changed to assert and protect any right to compensation
he may claim or possess. While it may become the duty of
(1) The lawyer’s referral to the Supreme Court as a
the second lawyer to contest such claim, it is equally his
“civilized, democratic tribunal” but the innuendo would duty to extend to the first lawyer every opportunity to have
suggest that it is not. (Surigao Mineral Reservation his claim protected. (Legal and Judicial Ethics, Agpalo
Board vs. Cloribel, G.R. No. L-27072, January 9, 2009, p. 111)
1970)
(2) Labelling a judge as “corrupt” in a motion. (Ceniza vs.
Sebastian, G.R. No. L-39914, July 2, 1984) Can a lawyer insist that his brother in the profession refuse
employment merely because the termination of his services
(3) Calling an adverse counsel as “bobo.” (Castillo vs.
is a breach of contract? No, to hold otherwise would be to
Padilla, A.C. No. 2339, February 24, 1984) deny a litigant the right to be represented at all times by counsel
of his choice.
Legal Ethics | 17
The lawyer’s duty not to assist in the unauthorized practice of General Rule: A lawyer shall not divide or stipulate to divide a
law prohibits him from allowing an intermediary to intervene in fee for legal services with a person not licensed to practice law.
the performance of his professional obligations. (Legal and
Judicial Ethics, Agpalo 2009, p. 114)
Exceptions:
The responsibilities and qualifications of a lawyer (1) Where a lawyer undertakes to complete unfinished
are individual. legal business of deceased lawyer.
The lawyer’s relation to his client is personal. (2) Where there is a pre-existing agreement with a
The lawyer’s responsibility to the client is direct. partner or associate that, upon the latter’s death,
money shall be paid over a reasonable period of time
to his estate or to persons specified in the agreement.
(3) Where a lawyer or law firm includes non-lawyer
Rule 9.01 – A lawyer shall not delegate legal work to non-
employees in a retirement plan, even if the plan is
lawyers.
based in whole or in part on a profit sharing
A lawyer shall not delegate to a layman any work which involves agreement.
the application of law.
Note:
First two exceptions to the rule represent
Reason for this rule: Public policy demands that legal
compensation for legal services rendered by the
work in the representation of parties litigant should be
entrusted only to those possessing tested qualification and deceased lawyer during his lifetime which is paid to
who are sworn to observe the rules and the ethics of the his estate or heirs.
profession. (Philippine Association of Free Labor Unions
vs. Binalbagan Isabela Sugar Co., G.R. No. L-23959, In these two cases there is no improper arrangement.
November 29, 1971) Impropriety arises where the effect of the arrangement
is
Note: A lawyer may employ secretaries, investigators, Why is it improper? Because the fees no longer
detectives, researchers, accountants, etc. to undertake any task represent compensation for past services of the
not involving the practice of law. deceased lawyer but for future services of the law firm
or its surviving partners.
He may also avail himself of the assistance of law students in
many fields of the lawyer’s work. (Comments of the IBP The third exception to the rule does not involve, strictly
Committee that drafted the Code) speaking, a division of legal fees with non-lawyer
employees. The retirement benefits in the form of
A lawyer was made to explain why he should not be disciplined
pension represent additional deferred wages or
for collaborating and associating in the practice of law with
someone who is not a member of the bar. (Beltran, Jr. vs. compensation for past services of the employees.
Abad, B.M. No. 139, October 11, 1984)
Legal Ethics | 18
TO THE COURTS to his duty to deal candidly with the court. For no client is
entitled to receive from the lawyer any service involving
dishonesty to the courts. (Comments of the IBP Committee
Candor, fairness and good faith towards the courts (Canon that drafted the Code)
10)
Respect for courts and judicial officers (Canon 11) Instances of falsehood:
Assistance in the speedy and efficient administration of
justice (Canon 12) (1) Lawyer falsifying a power of attorney and used it in
Reliance on merits of his cause and avoidance of any collecting the money due and appropriating the same
impropriety which tends to influence or gives the for his own benefit. (In re: Rusiana, A.C. No. 270,
March 29, 1974)
appearance of influence upon the courts (Canon 13)
(2) Lawyer presenting falsified documents in court which
he knows to be false. (Bautista vs. Gonzales, A.M.
No. 1625, February 12, 1990)
(3) Using in pleadings the IBP number of another lawyer.
(Bongolota vs. Castillo, CBD No. 176, Januar 1,
CANON 10 1995)
Legal Ethics | 19
rulings do all other courts, as well as lawyers and litigants take Rule 11.03 - A lawyer shall abstain from scandalous,
their bearings. Thus, ever present is the danger that if not offensive or menacing language or behavior before the
faithfully and exactly quoted, the decisions and rulings of this Courts.
Court may lose their proper and correct meaning, to the
detriment of the other courts, lawyers and the public who may Rule 11.04 - A lawyer shall not attribute to a Judge,
motives not supported by the record or have no materiality
thereby be misled. (Insular Life Assurance Co., Ltd.
to the case.
Employees Association vs. Insular Life Assurance Co., Ltd.,
G.R. No. L-25291, January 30, 1971) Rule 11.05 - A lawyer shall submit grievances against a
Judge to the proper authorities only.
A lawyer was reminded to be more careful in his dealings with
the Court when it was found out that he has not been able to
make it clear why there was less than candor to the Court in his
allegations regarding the merits of his clients’ cases, when it Canon 11 should constantly remind lawyers that second only to
appears rather evident that he was in possession of adverse the duty of maintaining allegiance to the Republic of the
information or knowledge in regard thereto. (The Philippine Philippines and to support the Constitution and obey the laws of
the land is the duty of all attorneys to observe and respect due
British Co vs. De Los Angeles, G.R. Nos. L-33720-21, May
to the courts of justice and judicial officers. (Legal and Judicial
21, 1975) Ethics, Agpalo 2009, p. 149)
Rule 10.03 – A lawyer shall not misuse rules of procedure. The duty to observe and maintain the respect due to the courts
devolves not only upon lawyers but also upon those who will
This rule is ever timely and should always be inculcated among choose to enter the profession. They have the same duty as a
lawyers because the rules of procedure offer innumerable member of the bar to observe the respect due the courts, and
opportunities and means for delay and to defeat the ends of their failure to discharge such duty may prevent them from being
justice. Procedural rules are instruments in the speedy and inducted into the office of the attorney. (Legal and Judicial
Ethics, Agpalo 2009, p. 150)
efficient administration of justice. They should be used to
Rule 11.01 – A lawyer shall appear in proper attire.
achieve such end and not to derail it. (Legal and Judicial
Ethics, Agpalo 2009, p. 147)
Respect to the court must begin with the lawyer’s outward
The Court did not ignore the proclivity or tendency of a lawyer physical appearance in court. Sloppy or informal attire adversely
who filed several actions covering the same subject matter and reflects on the lawyer and demeans the dignity and solemnity of
sought substantially identical reliefs. The Court considered the court proceedings. (Legal and Judicial Ethics, Agpalo 2009,
lawyer’s ability and long experience at the bar, it noted that the p. 153)
filing by him of identical suits for the same remedy is
reprehensible and merits rebuke. (Macias vs. Uy Kim, et. al, A lawyer who dresses improperly may be cited for contempt.
G.R. No. L-31174, May 30, 1972) (Legal and Judicial Ethics, Agpalo 2009, p. 153)
Legal Ethics | 20
Rule 11.03 – A lawyer shall abstain from offensive language Rule 11.05 – A lawyer shall not criticize the personal or
or behavior. official conduct of the judge
The language of a lawyer, both oral and written, must be When the criticism of judges goes beyond the walls of decency
respectful and restrained in keeping with the dignity of the legal and propriety, the Supreme Court will not hesitate to punish the
profession. The use of abusive language by counsel against the lawyer for indiscretions. (In re: Almacen, G.R. No. L-27654,
opposing counsel constitutes at the same time disrespect to the February 18, 1970)
dignity of the court of justice. (Legal and Judicial Ethics,
Agpalo 2009, p. 154)
Rule 11.06 – A lawyer shall submit grievances to proper
authorities.
Want or lack of intention is no excuse for the disrespectful
language. At best, it merely extenuates liability (Paragas vs. The duty of the bar to support the judge against unjust criticism
Cruz, 14 SCRA 809; Zaldivar vs. Gonzalez, 166 SCRA 316;
and clamor does not, however preclude a lawyer from filing
Rheem of the Philippines vs. Ferrer, 20 SCRA 441)
administrative complaints against erring judges or from acting as
counsel for clients who have legitimate grievances against them.
Rule 11.04 – A lawyer shall not attribute to a judge improper (Legal and Judicial Ethics, Agpalo 2009, p. 158)
motives.
A lawyer may not file an administrative complaint against a
judge, which arises from his judicial acts, until the lawyer shall
It is the duty of the lawyer to maintain towards the courts a
have exhausted judicial remedies which result in the finding that
respectful attitude, not for the sake of the temporary incumbent
of the judicial office, but for the maintenance of its supreme the judge has gravely erred. If a lawyer does so without
importance. Judges, not being wholly free to defend themselves, exhausting such judicial remedies or awaiting the result thereof,
are peculiarly entitled to receive the support of the bar against he may be administratively held on account thereof. (Legal and
unjust criticism and clamor. Whenever there is proper ground for Judicial Ethics, Agpalo 2009, p. 158)
serious complaint of a judicial officer, it is the right and duty of
the lawyer to submit his grievances to the proper authorities. In An administrative complaint is not an appropriate remedy where
such cases, but not otherwise, such charges should be judicial recourse is still available, such as a motion for
encouraged and the person making them should be protected. reconsideration, an appeal, or a petition for certiorari, unless the
(Canon 1, Canons of Professional Ethics) assailed order or decision is tainted with fraud, malice, or
dishonesty. (Santiago III v. Justice Enriquez, Jr. A.M. No. CA-
A judge may commit errors or mistakes in his decision. He may, 09-47-J, February 13, 2009)
without realizing it, abuse his discretion in the resolution of
issues before him. They do not however, justify a lawyer to
“attribute to a judge motives not supported by the record or have
no materiality to the case.” (Legal and Judicial Ethics, Agpalo CANON 12
2009, p. 157)
A LAWYER SHALL EXERT EVERY EFFORT AND
CONSIDER IT HIS DUTY TO ASSIST IN THE SPEEDY
The rule does not preclude a lawyer from criticizing judicial AND EFFICIENT ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE.
conduct. The rule allows such criticism so long as it is supported
by the record or is material to the case. His right to criticize the Rule 12.01 - A lawyer shall not appear for trial unless he
acts of courts and judges in a proper and respectful way and has adequately prepared himself on the law and the facts
through legitimate channels is well recognized. (Legal and of his case, the evidence he will adduce and the order of its
preferences. He should also be ready with the original
Judicial Ethics, Agpalo 2009, p. 157)
documents for comparison with the copies.
Legal Ethics | 21
Rule 12.02 – A lawyer shall not file multiple actions.
Rule 12.02 - A lawyer shall not file multiple actions arising
from the same cause. A lawyer not only owes to his client the duty of fidelity, but more
important, he owes the duty of good faith and honourable
Rule 12.03 - A lawyer shall not, after obtaining extensions dealing to the judicial tribunal before which he practices his
of time to file pleadings, memoranda or briefs, let the profession. Inherent in that duty is the obligation to assist the
period lapse without submitting the same or offering an court in the speedy disposition of cases. (Legal and Judicial
explanation for his failure to do so. Ethics, Agpalo 2009, p. 161)
Rule 12.04 - A lawyer shall not unduly delay a case, Forum Shopping – is the improper practice of
impede the execution of a judgement or misuse Court going from one court to another in the hope of
processes.
securing a favourable relief in one court which
another court has denied, or the
Rule 12.05 - A lawyer shall refrain from talking to his
filing of repetitious suits or proceedings in
witness during a break or recess in the trial, while the
witness is still under examination. different courts concerning substantially the
same subject matter
Rule 12.06 - A lawyer shall not knowingly assist a witness filing a similar case in another forum after an
to misrepresent himself or to impersonate another. adverse opinion in another forum
Rule 12.07 - A lawyer shall not abuse, browbeat or harass Simply put, forum shopping exists when
a witness nor needlessly inconvenience him. two or more actions involve the same
transactions, essential facts, and
Rule 12.08 - A lawyer shall avoid testifying in behalf of his circumstances, and raise identical causes
client, except: of action, subject matter, and issues
the elements of litis pendentia are present
a) on formal matters, such as the mailing, authentication or or
custody of an instrument, and the like, or
where a final judgment in one case will
b) on substantial matters, in cases where his testimony is
essential to the ends of justice, in which event he must, amount to res judicata in the other
during his testimony, entrust the trial of the case to another
counsel. Note: The filing of successive suits as part of an
appeal or a special civil action does not constitute
forum shopping because such remedy is a recognized
Canon 12 is a reminder that a lawyer is, first and foremost, an and authorized remedy under the Rules of Court.
officer of the court. His duties to the court are more significant
than those which he owes to his client. His first duty is not to his Section 5, Rule 7 of the Rules of Court
client but the administration of justice. (Legal and Judicial
Ethics, Agpalo 2009, p. 159) Certification against forum shopping. — The plaintiff or principal
party shall certify under oath in the complaint or other initiatory
pleading asserting a claim for relief, or in a sworn certification
Rule 12.01 – A lawyer should come to court adequately annexed thereto and simultaneously filed therewith:
prepared.
(a) that he has not theretofore commenced any action or filed
Non-observance of this rule can have the following any claim involving the same issues in any court, tribunal or
consequences: quasi-judicial agency and, to the best of his knowledge, no such
Postponement of the pre-trial or hearing. other action or claim is pending therein;
The judge may consider the client non-suited or
in default. (b) if there is such other pending action or claim, a complete
The judge may consider the case submitted for statement of the present status thereof; and
decision without the client’s evidence.
(c) if he should thereafter learn that the same or similar action or
Please note A.M. No. 12-8-8-SC or the Judicial Affidavit Rule. claim has been filed or is pending, he shall report that fact within
Legal Ethics | 22
five (5) days therefrom to the court wherein his aforesaid General Rule: It must be signed by the client and not by the
complaint or initiatory pleading has been filed. counsel. Otherwise, it is equivalent to non-compliance with the
Rules of Court and is defective.
Failure to comply with the foregoing requirements shall not be
curable by mere amendment of the complaint or other initiatory Exception: When the counsel, clothed with the special power of
pleading but shall be cause for the dismissal of the case without authority to do so, attests in the certification that he has
prejudice, unless otherwise provided, upon motion and after personal knowledge of the facts stated and gives justifiable
hearing. reasons why the party himself cannot sign the same. (Mary
Louise Anderson v. Enrique Ho, G.R. No. 172590. January 7,
The submission of a false certification or non-compliance with 2013)
any of the undertakings therein
Rule 12.03 – A lawyer shall file his pleadings within the
(a) shall constitute indirect contempt of court, period.
(b) without prejudice to the corresponding administrative and
criminal actions.
Failure to file a pleading, memorandum, or brief within the
original or extended period constitutes a breach of duty not only
If the acts of the party or his counsel clearly constitute willful to the court but also to the client. The lawyer’s failure to make
and deliberate forum shopping, the same shall be ground for
an explanation constitutes discourtesy to the court. (Legal and
Judicial Ethics, Agpalo 2009, p. 169)
(a) summary dismissal with prejudice and
(b) shall constitute direct contempt, as well as
(c) a cause for administrative sanctions The Court censures the practice of counsels who secure
repeated extensions of time to file their pleadings and thereafter
The principle applies not only with respect to suits filed in simply let the period lapse without submitting the pleading or
courts but also in connection with litigations commenced in even an explanation of manifestation of their failure to do so.
courts while administrative proceeding is pending, in order (Achacoso vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. L-35867, June 28,
to defeat administrative processes and in anticipation of an 1973)
unfavorable administrative ruling and a favourable court
ruling. (Crisostomo vs. Securities and Exchange Where a lawyer’s motion for extension of time to file a pleading,
Commission, G.R. Nos. 89095 & 89555, November 6, memorandum or brief has remained unacted by the court, the
least that is expected of him is to file it within the period asked
1989)
for (Roxas vs. Court of Appeals, 156 SCRA 253)
The new Rules of Court require that a certification against Rule 12.04 – A lawyer shall not delay nor impede execution
shopping be made on initiatory pleading, omitting therefrom of judgment.
“applications” which was required under Circular No. 04-94.
There being no such mention of “applications” in the new Rules
The aim of a lawsuit is to render justice to the parties according
of Court, in effect amending the mentioned circular, applications
to law. Procedural rules are precisely designed to accomplish
for search warrant need not contain a non-forum certification.
such a worthy objective. Necessarily, therefore, any attempt to
(Kenneth Roy Savage/K Angelin Export Trading vs. Taypin,
pervert the ends for which they are intended deserves
G.R. No. 134217, May 11, 2000)
condemnation. (Aguinaldo vs. Aguinaldo, et. al, G.R. No. L-
30362, November 26, 1970)
The rule against forum shopping and the requirement that a
certification to that effect be complied with in the filing of
If a lawyer is honestly convinced of the futility of an appeal he
complaints, petitions, or other initiatory pleadings in all courts
should not hesitate to inform his client. He should temper his
and agencies applies to quasi-judicial bodies. (Maricalum
client’s desire to seek appellate review of such decision for it will
Mining Corp. vs. National Labor Relations Commission, et.
only increase the burden on appellate tribunals, prolong
al, G.R. No. 124711, November 3, 1998)
litigation, and expose his client to useless expenses of suit.
(Arangco vs. Baloso, G.R. No. L-28617, January 31, 1973)
Who signs the Certification against Forum Shopping?
Legal Ethics | 23
Rule 12.05 – A lawyer shall not talk to a witness during See also Rights of a Witness under Section 3, Rule 132, Rules
recess. of Court
The witness who commits misrepresentation is criminally liable Function of an advocate – that of a partisan.
for “False Testimony” either under Art. 181, 182, or 183 of the
Revised Penal Code, as the case may be. The lawyer who It is difficult to distinguish between the zeal of an advocate and
induces a witness to commit false testimony is equally guilty as the fairness and impartiality of a disinterested witness. The
the witness. lawyer will find it hard to disassociate his relation to his client as
an attorney and his relation to the party as a witness. (Legal
The lawyer who presented a witness knowing him to be a false and Judicial Ethics, Agpalo 2009, p. 175)
witness is criminally liable for “Offering False Testimony in
Evidence” under Art. 184 of the RPC.
Rule 12.07 – A lawyer shall not harass a witness A LAWYER SHALL RELY UPON THE MERITS OF HIS
CAUSE AND REFRAIN FROM ANY IMPROPRIETY
A lawyer should always treat adverse witnesses and suitors with WHICH TENDS TO INFLUENCE, OR GIVES THE
APPEARANCE OF INFLUENCING THE COURT.
fairness and due consideration, and he should never minister to
the malevolence or prejudices of a client in the trial or conduct of
Rule 13.01 - A lawyer shall not extend extraordinary
a cause. The client cannot be made the keeper of the lawyer's
attention or hospitality to, nor seek opportunity for
conscience in professional matter. He has no right to demand cultivating familiarity with Judges.
that his counsel shall abuse the opposite party or indulge in
offensive personalities. Improper speech is not excusable on the Rule 13.02 - A lawyer shall not make public statements in
ground that it is what the client would say if speaking in his own the media regarding a pending case tending to arouse
behalf. (Canon 18, Canons of Professional Ethics) public opinion for or against a party.
Under the Rules of Court, it is one of the duties of a lawyer, “To Rule 13.03 - A lawyer shall not brook or invite interference
abstain from all offensive personality and to advance no fact by another branch or agency of the government in the
prejudicial to the honor or reputation of a party or witness unless normal course of judicial proceedings.
required by the justice of the cause with which he is charged.”
(Rule 138, Section 20(f), Revised Rules of Court)
Legal Ethics | 24
Improper acts of a lawyer which give the appearance of shielded from embarrassment or influence in its all important
influencing the court to decide a case in a particular way lessen duty of deciding the case. (Legal and Judicial Ethics, Agpalo
the confidence of the public in the impartial administration of 2009, p. 178)
justice, and should be avoided. (Comments of the IBP
Committee that drafted the Code)
Once litigation is concluded the judge who decided it is subject
to the same criticism as any other public official because then
Rule 13.01 – A lawyer shall not extend hospitality to a his ruling becomes public property and is thrown open to public
judge. consumption. (Legal and Judicial Ethics, Agpalo 2009, p.
178)
The unusual attention and hospitality on the part of a lawyer to a
judge may subject both the judge and the lawyer to suspicion. A lawyer was held to have violated Rule 13.02 when he
For this reason, the common practice of some lawyers making admittedly caused the holding of a press conference where he
judges and prosecutors godfathers of their children to enhance made statements against an order of a court. (In re:
their influence and their law practice should be avoided by Suspension of Atty. Rogelio Bagabuyo, A.M. No. 7006,
October 9, 2007)
lawyers and judges alike. (Comments of the IBP Committee
that drafted the Code)
Rule 13.03 – A lawyer shall not invite judicial interference.
Marked attention and unusual hospitality on the part of a lawyer
to a judge, uncalled for by the personal relations of the parties,
subject both the judge and the lawyer to misconstructions of
Reason: A lawyer who brooks or invites interference by another
motive and should be avoided. A lawyer should not
branch or agency of government in the normal course of judicial
communicate or argue privately with the judge as to the merits
of a pending cause and deserves rebuke and denunciation for proceedings endangers the independence of the judiciary.
any device or attempt to gain from a judge special personal (Comments of the IBP Committee that drafted the Code)
consideration or favor. A self-respecting independence in the
discharge of professional duty, without denial or diminution of A lawyer was reprimanded for gross ignorance of the law and
the courtesy and respect due the judge's station, is the only the Constitution in having asked the President to set aside by
proper foundation for cordial personal and official relations
decree the Court’s decision which suspended him from the
between bench and bar. (Canon 3, Canons of Professional
Ethics) practice of law. (Bumanlag vs. Bumanlag, 74 SCRA 92)
Legal Ethics | 25
Fidelity to client’s cause (Canon 17)
Competence and diligence (Canon 18) Rule 14.04 - A lawyer who accepts the cause of a person
Adequate protection unable to pay his professional fees shall observe the same
Negligence standard of conduct governing his relations with paying
clients.
Collaborating counsel
Duty to apprise client
Representation with zeal within legal bounds (Canon 19)
Use of fair and honest means
Client’s fraud Canon 14 and its implementing rules of the Code of
Procedure in handling the case Professional Responsibility provide the exception to the general
rule and emphasize the lawyer’s public responsibility of
Attorney’s fees (Canon 20)
rendering legal services to the needy and the oppressed who
Acceptance fees are unable to pay attorney’s fees.
Contingency fee arrangements
Attorney’s liens Two reasons for the rule:
Fees and controversies with clients
Concepts of attorney’s fees (1) The poor and the needy are the persons who, when in
Ordinary concept trouble, need most of the services of a lawyer but
Extraordinary concept hesitate to secure such services because they cannot
Preservation of client’s confidences (Canon 21) afford to pay counsel’s fees or fear they will be
Prohibited disclosures and use refused for their inability to compensate the lawyer.
Disclosure, when allowed (2) One of the objectives of the IBP is to make legal
Withdrawal of services (Canon 22) services fully available for those who need them.
A LAWYER SHALL NOT REFUSE HIS SERVICES TO Regardless of his personal feelings, a lawyer should not decline
THE NEEDY. representation because a client or a cause is unpopular or
community reaction is adverse. (Legal and Judicial Ethics,
Rule 14.01 - A lawyer shall not decline to represent a Agpalo 2009, p. 200)
person solely on account of the latter’s race, sex, creed or
status of life, or because of his own opinion regarding the It is the right of the lawyer to undertake the defense of a person
guilt of said person. accused of crime, regardless of his personal opinion as to the
guilt of the accused; otherwise, innocent persons, victims only of
Rule 14.02 - A lawyer shall not decline, except for serious suspicious circumstances, might be denied proper defense.
and sufficient cause, an appointment as counsel de oficio Having undertaken such defense, the lawyer is bound, by all fair
or as amicus curiae, or a request from the Integrated Bar of and honorable means, to present every defense that the law of
the Philippines or any of its chapters for rendition of free the land permits, to the end that no person may be deprived of
legal aid. life or liberty but by due process of law. (Canon 5, Canons of
Professional Ethics)
Rule 14.03 - A lawyer may not refuse to accept
Rule 14.01 is applicable only in criminal cases. In criminal cases
representation of an indigent client unless:
a lawyer cannot decline to represent an accused or respondent
because of his opinion that said person is guilty of the charge or
a) he is in no position to carry out the work effectively or
competently; charges filed against him. (Legal Ethics, Pineda 2009, p. 218)
b) he labors under a conflict of interest between him and The lawyer should not “brand his clients as the culprits.” Such
the prospective client or between a present client and the act of discrimination amounts to unprofessionalism. (Francisco
prospective client; vs. Portugal, A.C. No. 6155, March 14, 2006)
Legal Ethics | 26
Rule 14.02 – A lawyer shall not decline appointment by the
court or by the IBP.
CANON 15
The relation of attorney and client may be created by
Voluntary agreement between them A LAWYER SHALL OBSERVE CANDOR, FAIRNESS
Appointment of an attorney as counsel de oficio for a AND LOYALTY IN ALL HIS DEALINGS AND
poor or indigent litigant TRANSACTIONS WITH HIS CLIENTS.
General Rule: A lawyer is not obliged to act as legal counsel for Rule 15.03 - A lawyer shall not represent conflicting
any person who may wish to become his client. interests except by written consent of all concerned given
after a full disclosure of the facts.
Exception: Appointment as counsel de oficio or amicus curiae,
or a request from the Integrated Bar of the Philippines or any of
Rule 15.04 - A lawyer may, with the written consent of all
its chapters for rendition of free legal aid.
concerned, act as mediator, conciliator or arbitrator in
settling disputes.
Exception to the exception: Serious and sufficient cause
(1) Lack of competence. He is in no position to carry out Rule 15.05 - A lawyer when advising his client, shall give a
the work effectively or competently; candid and honest opinion on the merits and probable
(2) Conflict of Interests. He labors under a conflict of results of the client’s case, neither overstating nor
interest between him and the prospective client or understating the prospects of the case.
between a present client and the prospective client;
Rule 15.06 - A lawyer shall not state or imply that he is
able to influence any public official, tribunal or legislative
Rule 14.04 – A lawyer shall observe the same standard for body.
all clients.
Rule 15.07 - A lawyer shall impress upon his client
The purpose of the legal profession is to render public service compliance with the laws and principles of fairness.
and secure justice for those seek its aid. The gaining of a
livelihood is only a secondary consideration. Rule 15.08 - A lawyer who is engaged in another
profession or occupation concurrently with the practice of
The fact that a lawyer merely volunteered his legal services or law shall make clear to his client whether he is acting as a
that he was a mere counsel de oficio neither diminishes the lawyer or in another capacity.
degree of professional responsibility owed to his client. (Blaza
vs. Arcangel, A.C. No. 492, September 5, 1967)
Every case a lawyer accepts deserves full attention, diligence, Rule 15.01 – A lawyer shall ascertain possible conflict of
skill, and competence regardless of its importance and whether interests
he accepts it for a fee or for free. It bears emphasis that a client
is entitled to the benefit of any and every remedy and defense It is the duty of a lawyer to disclose and explain to a prospective
that is authorized by the law and expects his lawyer to assert client all circumstances of his relations to the parties and any
every such remedy or defense. (Sarenas vs. Ocampos, A.C. interest in or in connection with the controversy, which in his
No. 4401, January 29, 2004)
Legal Ethics | 27
honest judgment might influence the client in the selection of (a) When the revelation is authorized by the client after
counsel. (Canon 16, Canons of Professional Ethics) having been acquainted of the consequences of
disclosure;
A lawyer may not accept employment from another in a matter (b) When the revelation is required by law;
adversely affecting any interest in his former client with respect (c) When necessary to collect the lawyer’s fees or to
to which confidence has been reposed. (Canon 6, Canons of defend himself, his employees or associates or by
professional Ethics) judicial action
A lawyer should not accept employment as an advocate in any Parties entitled to invoke the privilege
matter in which he had intervened while in the government
service. (Rule 6.03, Code of Professional Responsibility) (1) The client
(2) The lawyer
A lawyer should not, after his retirement in a public office or (3) The lawyer’s secretary, stenographer, or clerk who
employment, accept employment in connection with any matter acquired confidential communication in such capacity,
which he has investigated or passed upon while in such office. save only when the client and the attorney jointly
(Canon 36, Canons of Professional Ethics) consent thereto (Rule 130, Sec. 21(b), Revised
Rules of Court)
Lawyers are prohibited from representing conflicting interests in
a case. The lawyer’s act of appearing and acting as counsel for Limitations of the Privileged Communication
the complainants against the PNB, that had appointed him bank
attorney and notary public, constitutes malpractice. (Mejia vs. (1) The communication or the physical object must have
Reyes, A.C. No. 378, March 30, 1962)
been transmitted to the counsel by the client for the
purpose of seeking legal advice. Otherwise, there is
In case of conflict of interests of a lawyer and his client, the
lawyer shall give preference to the client’s interests. (Legal no privileged communication.
Ethics, Pineda 2009, p. 233) (2) The privilege is limited or has reference only to
communications which are within the ambit of lawful
employment and does not extend to those transmitted
in contemplation of future crimes or frauds.
Rule 15.02 – A lawyer shall preserve the secrets of a
(Legal Ethics, Pineda 2009, p. 241)
prospective client
Note: The rule on privileged communication is applicable to
Matters disclosed by a prospective client to a lawyer are students under the law student practice rule or Rule 138-A.
protected by the rule on privileged communication even if the (Legal Ethics, Pineda 2009, p. 246)
prospective client does not thereafter retain the lawyer or the
latter declines employment. (Legal and Judicial Ethics,
Rule 15.03 – A lawyer shall not represent conflicting
Agpalo 2009, p. 195)
interests, exception
Reason for the rule: To make the prospective client free to Reason for this rule: The rule aims not only to bar the
discuss whatever he wishes with the lawyer without fear that dishonest practitioner from fraudulent conduct but also to
what he tells the lawyer will not be divulged nor used against prevent the honest practitioner from putting himself in a position
him, and for the lawyer to be equally free to obtain information where he may be required to choose between conflicting duties.
from the prospective client. (Comments of the IBP Committee (Legal Ethics, Pineda 2009, p. 252)
that drafted the Code)
General Rule: A lawyer shall not represent conflicting interests
Related to this rule is Rule 21.01 of the same Code. Rule
21.01 provides for the exceptions to the prohibition in Rule
15.02, to wit: Exception: There is written consent of all concerned given after
full disclosure of facts
Legal Ethics | 28
Conflicting Interests – exists when there is an inconsistency in Rule 15.05 – A lawyer shall give candid advice on the merits
the interests of two or more opposing parties. of the case
Legal Ethics | 29
A party’s engagement of his counsel in another capacity When a lawyer unjustly retains in his hands money of his client
concurrent with the practice of law is not prohibited, so long as after it has been demanded, he may be punished for contempt.
the roles being assumed by such counsel is made clear to the (Legal Ethics, Pineda 2009, p. 273)
client. The only reason for this clarification requirement is that
A lawyer was disbarred for having used the money of his clients
certain ethical considerations operative in one profession may without the consent of the latter. (Businos vs. Ricafort, A.C.
not be so in the other. (New Sampaguita Builders No. 4349, December 22, 1997)
Construction, Inc. vs. Philippine National Bank, G.R. No.
148753, July 30, 2004)
Rule 16.02 – A lawyer shall not commingle client’s funds
Rule 16.03 - A lawyer shall deliver the funds and property Rule 16.03 – A lawyer shall deliver funds to client, subject
of his client when due or upon demand. However, he shall to his lien
have a lien over the funds and may apply so much thereof
as may be necessary to satisfy his lawful fees and
disbursements, giving notice promptly thereafter to his A lawyer who obtained possession of the funds and properties
client. He shall also have a lien to the same extent on all belonging to his client in the course of his professional
judgements and executions he has secured for his client as employment shall deliver the same to his client when
provided for in the Rules of Court. (a) they become due, or
(b) upon demand.
Rule 16.04 - A lawyer shall not borrow money from his
The lawyer’s failure to deliver upon demand gives rise to the
client unless the client’s interests are fully protected by the
presumption that he has misappropriated the funds for his own
nature of the case or by independent advice. Neither shall
use to the prejudice of the client and in violation of the trust
a lawyer lend money to a client except, when in the interest
of justice, he has to advance necessary expenses in a reposed in him. (Schulz vs. Flores, A.C. No. 4219, December
8, 2003)
legal matter he is handling for the client.
A lawyer shall have a lien over the client’s funds and may apply
so much thereof to satisfy his lawful fees and disbursements but
must give prompt notice to his client for the latter’s advisement.
This authority is applicable to the lawyer’s retaining lien. (Legal
Ethics, Pineda 2009, p. 277)
Rule 16.01 – A lawyer shall account for client’s funds
The Revised Rules of Court provides the procedure of enforcing
attorney’s liens –
A lawyer may receive money or property for or from his client in
the course of his professional relationship with his client. The Section 37. Attorneys' liens. — An attorney shall have a
lawyer holds such property or money in trust and he is under lien upon the funds, documents and papers of his client
obligation to make an accounting thereof. (Legal and Judicial which have lawfully come into his possession and may
Ethics, Agpalo 2009, p. 251) retain the same until his lawful fees and disbursements
have been paid, and may apply such funds to the
Legal Ethics | 30
satisfaction thereof. He shall also have a lien to the same Fidelity to the cause of the client is the essence of the legal
extent upon all judgments for the payment of money, and profession. Without this fidelity, the profession will not survive.
executions issued in pursuance of such judgments, which (Legal Ethics, Pineda 2009, p. 283)
he has secured in a litigation of his client, from and after
the time when he shall have the caused a statement of his The lawyer owes "entire devotion to the interest of the client,
claim of such lien to be entered upon the records of the warm zeal in the maintenance and defense of his rights and the
court rendering such judgment, or issuing such execution, exertion of his utmost learning and ability," to the end that
and shall have the caused written notice thereof to be nothing be taken or be withheld from him, save by the rules of
delivered to his client and to the adverse paty; and he shall law, legally applied. No fear of judicial disfavor or public
have the same right and power over such judgments and popularity should restrain him from the full discharge of his duty.
executions as his client would have to enforce his lien and In the judicial forum the client is entitled to the benefit of any and
secure the payment of his just fees and disbursements. every remedy and defense that is authorized by the law of the
land, and he may expect his lawyer to assert every such remedy
or defense. But it is steadfastly to be borne in mind that the
Rule 16.04 – A lawyer shall not borrow from, nor lend great trust of the lawyer is to be performed within and not
money to, client. without the bounds of the law. The office of attorney does not
permit, much less does it demand of him for any client, violation
This rule against borrowing of money by a lawyer from his of law or any manner of fraud or chicanery, he must obey his
client is intended to own conscience and not that of his client. (Canon 15, Canons
of Professional Ethics)
(1) prevent the former from taking advantage of his
influence over the latter It is a duty of a lawyer at the time of retainer to disclose to the
(2) assure the lawyer’s independent professional client all the circumstances of his relations to the parties and
judgment any interest in or connection with the controversy, which might
(Comment of the IBP Committee that drafted the influence the client in the selection of counsel.
Code)
It is unprofessional to represent conflicting interests, except by
A lawyer was disbarred for asking a client for a loan and then express consent of all concerned given after a full disclosure of
failing to pay the same. (Frias vs. Lozada, A.C. 6656, the facts. Within the meaning of this canon, a lawyer represents
December 13, 2005) conflicting interests when, in behalf of one client, it is his duty to
contend for that which duty to another client requires him to
General Rule: A lawyer is not allowed to borrow money from his oppose.
client.
The obligation to represent the client with undivided fidelity and
Exception: The lawyer is allowed to borrow money from his not to divulge his secrets or confidence forbids also subsequent
client provided the interests of the client are fully protected by acceptance of retainers or employment from others in matters
the nature of the case or by independent advice. adversely affecting any interest of the client with respect to
which confidence has been reposed. (Canon 6, Canons of
Professional Ethics)
General Rule: A lawyer may not lend money to a client. An attorney owes loyalty to his client not only in the case in
which he has represented him but also after the relation of
Exception: When it is necessary in the interest of justice to attorney and client has terminated. It is not a good practice to
advance necessary expenses in a legal matter he is permit him afterwards to defend in another case other persons
handling for the client. against his former client under the pretext that the case is
distinct from and independent of the former case. (Lorenzana
Food Corporation vs. Daria, A.C. No. 2736, May 27, 1991)
CANON 17
Legal Ethics | 31
clients is a violation of Canon 1 and Rule 18.01 of the Code of
CANON 18 Professional Responsibility. (Ramos vs. Imbang, A.C. No.
6788, August 23, 2007)
A LAWYER SHALL SERVE HIS CLIENT WITH
COMPETENCE AND DILIGENCE. Rule 18.02 – A lawyer shall not handle any legal matter
without adequate preparation.
Rule 18.01 - A lawyer shall not undertake a legal service
which he knows or should know that he is not qualified to The adequate preparation required of the lawyer in handling of a
render. However, he may render such service if, with the case covers a wide dimension in law practice. It includes among
consent of his client, he can obtain as collaborating other virtues, sufficient knowledge of the law and jurisprudence,
counsel a lawyer who is competent on the matter. ability in trial technique and high proficiency in the formulation of
pleadings. (Legal Ethics, Pineda 2009, p. 292)
Rule 18.02 - A lawyer shall not handle any legal matter
without adequate preparation.
Rule 18.03 – A lawyer shall not neglect a legal matter
entrusted to him.
Rule 18.03 - A lawyer shall not neglect a legal matter
entrusted to him, and his negligence in connection there The legal profession demands of a lawyer that degree of
with shall render him liable. vigilance and attention expected of a good father of a family.
(PBC vs. Aruego, CA—G.R. No. 28274, June 18, 1965)
Rule 18.04 - A lawyer shall keep the client informed of the
status of his case and shall respond within a reasonable A lawyer has no right to waive his client’s right to appeal. His
time to client’s request for information. failure to perfect an appeal within the prescribed period
constitutes negligence and malpractice proscribed by Rule
18.03, Canon 18, of the Code of Professional Responsibility.
(Reontoy vs. Ibadlit, A.C. CBD No. 190, January 28, 1998)
Competence- the sufficiency of lawyer’s qualifications to deal
with the matter in question and includes knowledge and skill and If by reason of the lawyer’s negligence actual loss has been
the ability to use them effectively in the interest of the client. caused to his client, the latter has a cause of action against him
for damages. However, for the lawyer to be held liable, his
Diligence – the attention and care required of a person in a failure to exercise reasonable care, skill and diligence must be
given situation and is the opposite of negligence. the proximate cause of the loss. (Legal Ethics, Pineda 2009, p.
295)
The practice of law does not require extraordinary diligence
(exactissima diligentia) or that “extreme measure of care and Instances of negligence of Attorneys:
caution which persons of unusual prudence and circumspection
use for securing and preserving their rights.” All that is required (1) Failure of counsel to ask for additional time to answer
is ordinary diligence ( diligentia) or that degree of vigilance a complaint resulting in a default judgment against his
expected of a bonus pater familias. (Edquibal vs. Ferrer, A.C. client (Santiago vs. Fojas, A.M. No. 4103,
5687, February 3, 2005) September 7, 1995)
(2) Failure to file briefs within the reglementary period
(Mariveles vs. Mallari, A.M. No. 3294, February 17,
Rule 18.01 – A lawyer shall not legal service he is not 1993)
qualified to render. (3) Failure to appear simply because the client did not go
to counsel’s office on the date of the trial (Alcoriza vs.
Lumakang, A.M. No. 249, November 21, 1978)
General Rule: A lawyer is directed not to undertake legal (4) Failure to present evidence (Gonzales vs. Presiding
service which he knows or should know he is not qualified or Judge of Branch I, RTC of Bohol, G.R. No. 75856,
competent to render. June 4, 1990)
Exception: If his client consents, the lawyer can take as Rule 18.04 – A lawyer shall keep the client informed of the
collaborating counsel another lawyer who is competent on the status of his case
matter.
The client has the right to be fully informed of the status of the
A lawyer who is part of the Public Attorney’s Office cannot case particularly on the important movement or developments
practice law. His acceptance of attorney’s fees from outside therein. Vis-à-vis this right, the lawyer has the corresponding
Legal Ethics | 32
duty to notify his client of the important orders or decisions not Rule 19.02 – A lawyer shall not allow his client perpetuate
yet known to the client. (Legal Ethics, Pineda 2009, p. 301) fraud
A lawyer was suspended from the practice of law for his failure A lawyer should do his best efforts to restrain and to prevent his
to inform his clients of the scheduled trial of the case, which trial, client from perpetrating acts which he himself ought to do,
the clients failed to attend. (Avelino vs. Palana, A.M. No. 405, particularly with reference to their conduct towards the courts,
May 31, 1971) judicial officers and witnesses. If the client persists in such
wrongdoings, the lawyer should terminate their relation. (Canon
16, Canons of Professional Ethics)
The lawyer should not file or threaten to file any unfounded or a) The time spent and the extent of the services rendered
baseless cases against the adversaries of his client designed to or required;
secure a leverage to compel the adversaries to yield or withdraw
their own cases against the lawyer’s client. (Legal Ethics, b) The novelty and difficulty of the questions involved;
Pineda 2009, p. 308)
Legal Ethics | 33
c) The importance of the subject matter; (1) The time spent and the extent of the services
d) The skill demanded; rendered or required;
(2) The novelty and difficulty of the questions involved;
e) The probability of losing other employment as a result of (3) The importance of the subject matter;
acceptance of the proffered case; d) The skill demanded;
(4) The probability of losing other employment as a result
f) The customary charges for similar services and the of acceptance of the proffered case;
schedule of fees of the IBP chapter to which he belongs; (5) The customary charges for similar services and the
schedule of fees of the IBP chapter to which he
g) The amount involved in the controversy and the benefits belongs;
resulting to the client form the service; (6) The amount involved in the controversy and the
benefits resulting to the client form the service;
h) The contingency or certainty of compensation; (7) The contingency or certainty of compensation;
(8) The character of the employment, whether occasional
i) The character of the employment, whether occasional or or established; and
established; and (9) The professional standing of the lawyer.
Legal Ethics | 34
Rule 20.02 – A lawyer shall be entitled to division of fees General Rule: A lawyer may not receive compensation other
than his client.
General Rule: When lawyer’s jointly represent a common client Exception: When the client has full knowledge and approval.
for a given fee without any express agreement on how much (Rule 138, Sec. 20(e), Revised Rules of Court)
each will receive, they will share equally as they are considered
special partners for a special purpose.
Rule 20.04 – A lawyer shall avoid controversies concerning
Exceptions: his compensation
Compensation to an attorney for merely recommending another (a) In the same case: The lawyer may enforce his
lawyer is improper. This practice if allowed and abetted, will attorney’s fees by filing an appropriate motion or
commercialize the legal profession for the recommending petition as an incident in the main action where he
lawyers will be acting like “agents” for others. (Legal Ethics, rendered legal services.
Pineda 2009, p. 347) (b) In a separate civil action: The lawyer may also
enforce his attorney’s fees by filing an independent
separate action for collection of attorney’s fees.
Rule 20.03 – A lawyer shall not accept any compensation (Legal Ethics, Pineda 2009, p. 351)
from anyone other than the client
Compensation – includes any fee, reward, costs, commission, A LAWYER SHALL PRESERVE THE CONFIDENCE AND
interest, rebate, forwarding allowance or any other benefits SECRETS OF HIS CLIENT EVEN AFTER THE
received from any other person in relation to the lawyer’s ATTORNEY-CLIENT RELATION IS TERMINATED
employment in a case.
Legal Ethics | 35
Rule 21.01 - A lawyer shall not reveal the confidences or Reason for the Canon: To encourage and inspire clients to tell
secrets of his client except: all about the facts of their cases. (Legal Ethics, Pineda 2009,
p. 357)
a) When authorized by the client after acquainting him of
the consequences of the disclosure;
Rule 21.01 – A lawyer shall not reveal the confidences and
b) When required by law; secrets of his client
Legal Ethics | 36
privilege. The lawyer however is permitted only to To maintain the confidentiality of the client’s confidences and
make disclosures which are necessary for his action secrets, the lawyer must adopt measures as will prevent those
or defense and not go beyond which are necessary for working under him from making disclosures or using said
his action. (Legal Ethics, Pineda 2009, p. 360-361) confidences and secrets. (Legal Ethics, Pineda 2009, p. 363)
Rule 21.02 – A lawyer shall not use client’s secrets without The lawyer is obliged to exercise care in selecting and training
his consent his employees so that the sanctity of all confidences and secrets
of his clients may be preserved. (Comments of the IBP
Committee that drafted the Code)
General Rule: A lawyer, who acquired information from a client
in the course of his legal employment, is prohibited from making
use of such information, whether it is privileged or not.
Rule 21.06 – A lawyer shall avoid indiscreet conversation
Exception: If the client with full knowledge of the circumstances about client’s affairs
consents to the use thereof.
Exception to the Exception: In matters of unprivileged A lawyer must not only preserve the confidences and secrets of
information, the lawyer may be judicially compelled to make a his clients in his law office but also outside including his home.
disclosure even if the client objects He should avoid committing calculated indiscretion, that is,
accidental revelation of secrets obtained in his professional
employment. (Legal Ethics, Pineda 2009, p 364)
Rule 21.03 – A lawyer shall not give information from his
files
Rule 21.07 – A lawyer shall not reveal his having been
consulted
General Rule: A lawyer shall not give information from his files
to an outside agency seeking information for auditing, statistical,
bookkeeping, accounting, data processing or any similar General Rule: If a lawyer was consulted about a particular
purpose. case, he should not reveal to others the matter subject of
consultation.
Exception: If the client gives his written consent.
Exception: When lawyer will be placed in a situation of
representing of conflicting interests if he does not disclose the
consultation to the next person consulting him on the same
Rule 21.04 – A lawyer may disclose affairs of client to matter.
partners
Note: In a law firm, partners or associates usually Rule 22.01 -A lawyer may withdraw his services in any of
consult one another involving their cases and some the following cases:
work as a team. Consequently, it cannot be avoided
that some information about the case received from a) When the client pursues an illegal or immoral course of
the client may be disclosed to the partners or conduct in connection with the matter he is handling;
associates. (Legal Ethics, Pineda 2009, p. 363)
b) When the client insists that the lawyer pursue conduct
Rule 21.05 – A lawyer shall adopt measures against violative of these canons and rules;
disclosures of client’s secrets
c) When his inability to work with co-counsel will not
promote the best interest of the client;
Legal Ethics | 37
(3) Death of the client
d) When the mental or physical condition of the lawyer
renders it difficult for him to carry out the employment Note: The relation of the attorney and the client is
effectively; terminated by the death of the client. In the absence of
a retainer from the personal representative of his
e) When the client deliberately fails to pay the fees for the deceased client, the attorney has, after the death of
services or fails to comply with the retainer agreement; the latter, no further power or authority to appear or
take any further action on behalf of the deceased.
f) When the lawyer is elected or appointed to public office; (Legal Ethics, Pineda 2009, p. 374)
and
Note: The lawyer must report to the court the death of
g) Other similar cases. his client within 30 days. (Sec. 16, Rule 3, Revised
Rules of Court) Failure to do so may merit
Rule 22.02 - A lawyer who withdraws or is discharged disciplinary action.
shall, subject to a retainer lien, immediately turn over all
papers and property to which the client is entitled, and shall
cooperate with his successor in the orderly transfer of the (4) Discharge or dismissal of the lawyer by the client
matter, including all information necessary for the proper
handling of the matter. Note: While the right of the client to terminate the
relation is absolute, the right of an attorney to
withdraw or terminate the relation other than for
sufficient cause, is considerably restricted. (Legal
Ethics, Pineda 2009, p. 375)
Termination of attorney-client relationship
(5) Appointment or election of a lawyer to a government
position which prohibits private practice of law
Code: W-D3-A-F-D-I-D-C
(6) Full termination of the case or cases
(7) Disbarment or suspension of the lawyer from the
(1) Withdrawal of the lawyer under Rule 22.01
practice of law
(8) Intervening incapacity or incompetency of the client
Note: Notice of withdrawal without conformity of client
during the pendency of the case
is a mere scrap of paper. The lawyer remains bound
(9) Declaration of the presumptive death of the lawyer
to the case of the client. (Pioneer Insurance and
(10) Conviction for a crime and imprisonment of the lawyer
Surety Corp. vs. De Dios Transportation Co., Inc
(Legal Ethics, Pineda 2009, p. 379-380)
and De Dios Marikina Transit Corp., G.R. No.
147010, July 18, 2003)
Note: It is the duty of the lawyer to inform the court of the
(2) Death of the lawyer, unless it is a law firm, in which
termination of the attorney-client relationship – except only in
case, the other partners may continue with the case
nos. 2 and 6.
General Rule: A contract for legal services, being
personal, terminates upon the death of the lawyer.
Rule 22.01 – Instances when a lawyer may withdraw his
Exception: If the lawyer is a member of a law firm,
services
the death of the attending attorney will not terminate
the relationship.
Cases when a lawyer may withdraw from a case he is
Exception to the exception: When there is
handling
understanding that the legal services were to be
rendered only by the said attorney.
(1) When the client pursues an illegal or immoral course
of conduct
Note: Dissolution of a law firm or a law partnership
(2) When the client insists that the lawyer pursue conduct
does not terminate the relation and obligations of the
violative of the canons and rules
partners to the clients who have previously engaged
(3) When his inability to work with co-counsel will not
the partnership to represent them. (Legal Ethics,
promote the best interest of the client
Pineda 2009, p. 374-375)
Legal Ethics | 38
(4) When the mental or physical condition of the lawyer Disciplinary Proceedings against Lawyers are SUI
renders it difficult for him to carry out the employment GENERIS.— A disbarment proceeding is a class by itself. It is
effectively sui generis. It has the following characteristics:
(5) When the client deliberately fails to pay the fees for
the services or fails to comply with the retainer 1. It is neither a civil nor a criminal proceeding. It is not—
agreement and does not involve—a trial of an action or a suit, but
(6) When the lawyer is elected or appointed to public is rather an investigation by the Court in the conduct
office; and of its officers. Not being intended to inflict punishment,
(7) Other similar cases. it is no sense a criminal prosecution. Accordingly,
there is neither a plaintiff nor a prosecutor. x x x Public
interest is its primary objective, and the real question
Rule 22.02 – A lawyer who withdraws or is discharged shall for determination is whether or not the attorney is still
immediately turn over all papers and property of the client a fit person to be allowed the privileges as such. [In
and cooperate with his successor Re: Almacen, supra] see also: In re: Montagne and
Dominguez, 3 Phil 557; In re: Laureta, 148 SCRA
Duty of a discharged lawyer or one who withdraws 422; Atty. De Vera v. Commissioner Ernesto
Pineda, 213 SCRA 434; Cojuangco, Jr. v. Palma,
(1) Immediately turn over all papers and property to which 438 SCRA 306.
the client is entitled
(2) Cooperate with the succeeding lawyer in the orderly 2. Double jeopardy cannot be availed of in disbarment
transfer of the case proceedings against an attorney. Disbarment does not
partake of a criminal proceeding. Thus a lawyer who
Note: The turnover of all papers and property is subject to was found guilty of falsification of public documents
the lawyer’s retainer lien. cannot put up the defense of double jeopardy in the
disbarment proceeding filed against him which is
This rule applies only to retaining lien. It cannot apply based on the same facts as the criminal case [ De
to a charging lien which arises only after counsel shall Jesus- Paras v. Vailoces, Adm. Case No. 439
have secured a favorable money judgment for the (1961)].
client. The rule contemplates of a lawyer who
withdrew from the case or is discharged without
finishing the case. (Legal Ethics, Pineda 2009, 3. It can be initiated motu proprio by the Supreme Court
p.382) or by the IBP. It can be initiated without a complainant.
Legal Ethics | 39
6. It is conducted confidentially being confidential in OBJECTIVES OF SUSPENSION AND DISBARMENT
nature until its final determination (Rule 139-B, Sec.
18, Rules of Court) (1) To compel the attorney to deal fairly and honestly with
the court and his client, requiring him to be competent,
Note: The confidentiality of the proceedings is a honorable, and reliable;
privilege which MAY BE WAIVED by the lawyer in (2) To remove from the profession a person whose
whom and for the protection of whose personal and misconduct has proven himself unfit for the duties and
professional reputation. It is vested, as by presenting responsibilities belonging to the office of an attorney;
the testimony in a disbarment case or using it as (3) To punish the lawyer;
impeaching evidence in a civil suit. [Villalon, Jr. v. (4) To set an example or warning for the other members
IAC, 144 SCRA 443] of the bar;
(5) To safeguard the administration of justice from
THREE-FOLD PURPOSE OF THE CONFIDENTIALITY dishonest and incompetent lawyers;
(1) To enable the court to make its investigation free from any (6) To protect the public and the court from the
extraneous influence or interference misbehavior of its officers.
(2) To protect the personal and professional reputation of Note: The purpose of disbarment is not meant as a punishment
attorneys from baseless charges of disgruntled, vindictive, and to deprive an attorney of a means of livelihood. [ Geeslin v.
irresponsible persons or clients by prohibiting the publication of Navarro, A.C. No. 2033 (1990)]
such charges pending their final resolution [Albano v. Coloma,
AC No. (1967)]
(3) To deter the press from publishing the charges or Grounds for Disbarment
proceedings based thereon for even a verbatim reproduction of Rule 138, Sec. 27, Revised Rules of Court
the complaint against an attorney in a newspaper may be
actionable. (1) Deceit - fraudulent and deceptive misrepresentation,
artifice, or device used by one or more persons to
7. It is itself due process of law. [In re: Montagne & deceive and trick another. There must be false
Dominguez, 3 Phil. 557] representation as a matter of fact.
(2) Malpractice, or other gross misconduct in office.
8. Whatever has been decided in a disbarment case
cannot be a source of right that may be enforced in Legal Malpractice - consists of failure of an attorney to use
other action, like action for reconveyance and such skill, prudence, and diligence as lawyers of ordinary skill
damages. [Esquivias v.CA, 272 SCRA 803] and capacity commonly possess and exercise in the
performance of tasks which they undertake, and when such
failure proximately causes damage, it gives rise to an action in
9. In pari delecto rule is not applicable. [Morfel v. tort [Tan Tek Beng v. David, AC No. 1261]
Aspiras, 100 Phil 586; Po Cham v. Pizarr, 467
SCRA 1; Samaniego v. Ferrer, 555 SCRA 1] The Code of Professional Responsibility mandates that a lawyer
shall serve his client with competence and diligence, shall not
10. Pendency of a criminal case does not pose a neglect a legal matter entrusted to him, and his negligence in
prejudicial question in disbarment cases. [Calo v. connection therewith shall render him liable and in addition, to
Degamo, A.C. No. 516 (1967)] keep the client informed of the status of his case. A lawyer’s
lethargy from the perspective of the Canons is both
11. Monetary claims cannot be granted except restitution unprofessional and unethical showing lack of diligence and
and return of monies and properties of the client given inattention to his duties as a lawyer and warrants disciplinary
in the course of the lawyer-client relationship. sanction. [Sps Arcing v. Atty. Cefra (2013)]
Legal Ethics | 40
(4) Conviction of a crime involving moral turpitude. (3) Office of the Solicitor General
Note: There must be a conviction. Hence, the mere Note: The power to disbar is EXCLUSIVELY vested in the
existence of criminal charges against the lawyer cannot be Supreme Court.
a ground for his disbarment or suspension.
The IBP Board of Governors may, motu proprio or upon referral
(5) Violation of lawyer’s oath by the Supreme Court or by a Chapter of Board of Officers, or at
(6) Willful disobedience of any lawful order of a superior the instance of any person, initiate and prosecute charges
court. against erring attorneys including those in the government
(7) Corruptly or willfully appearing as an attorney for a service. [Rule 139-B, Sec. 1, Rules of Court]
party to case without an authority to do so.
All charges against Justices of the CA and the Sandiganbayan,
Other Statutory Grounds and Judges of the Court of Appeals and lower courts, even if
(1) Acquisition of an interest in the subject matter of the lawyers are jointly charged with them, shall be filed with the SC,
litigation, either through purchase or assignment [Art and such charges, if filed with the IBP, shall immediately be
1491, New Civil Code] forwarded to the SC for disposition and adjudication. [Sec.
(2) Breach of professional duty, inexcusable negligence, 1,Supra. as amended in B.M. 1960]
or ignorance, or for the revelation of the client’s
secrets [Art. 208, Revised Penal Code] Complaints for disbarment may not lie against impeachable
(3) Representing conflicting interests [Art. 209, Revised officers of the government during their tenure. They may only be
Penal Code] removed from office by impeachment for and conviction of
certain offenses. [Cuenco v. Fernan, 158 SCRA 29 (1988)]
The statutory enumeration of the grounds for disbarment or
suspension is not to be taken as a limitation on the general Disbarment should not be decreed where any punishment less
power of courts to suspend or disbar a lawyer. The inherent severe such as reprimand, suspension or fine would accomplish
power of the court over its officers cannot be restricted. the end desired. [Amaya v. Tecson, 450 SCRA 510]
[Quingwa v. Puno (1967)]
Legal Ethics | 41
PROCEEDINGS PRESCRIPTION
PROCEDURE FOR SUSPENSION OR The two year prescriptive period for initiating a suspension or
DISBARMENT OF ATTORNEYS BY THE IBP disbarment proceeding against a lawyer should be construed to
PROCEDURE FOR SUSPENSION OR mean two years from date of discovery of the professional
DISBARMENT OF ATTORNEYS (RULE 139-B) BY misconduct [Isenhardt v. Atty. Real, (2012)]
THE SUPREME COURT MOTU PROPIO
CIVIL LIABILITY
(1) Client is prejudiced by lawyer’s negligence and misconduct.
Suspension By division – one year or less (2) Breach of fiduciary obligation
(3) Civil liability to third persons
En banc – more than one year (4) Libelous words in pleadings; violation of communication
privilege
Fine Division – P10,000 or less (5) Liability for costs of suit (treble costs) – when lawyer is made
liable for insisting on client’s patently unmeritorious case or
En banc – more than P10,000 interposing appeal merely to delay litigation
Legal Ethics | 42
FORMS OF DISCIPLINARY MEASURES (9) Delay in disciplinary proceedings;
(10) Interim rehabilitation;
(1) Warning – an act or fact of putting one on his guard against (11) Imposition of other penalties or sanctions;
an impending danger, evil consequences or penalties. (12) Remorse;
(2) Admonition – a gentle or friendly reproof, mild rebuke, (13) Remoteness of prior offenses. (IBP Guidelines 9.32)
warning or reminder, counseling, on a fault, error or (14) Others:
oversight; an expression of authoritative advice. (a) Good Faith;
(3) Reprimand – a public and formal censure or severe reproof, (b) Want of intention to commit a wrong;
administered to a person in fault by his superior officer or a (c) Lack of material damage to the complaining
body to which he belongs. It is imposed on a minor infraction witness;
of the lawyer’s duty to the court or client (d) Desistance of complainant;
(4) Suspension – a temporary withholding of a lawyer’s right to (e) Error in judgment;
practice his profession as a lawyer for a certain period or for (f) Honest and efficient service in various
an indefinite period of time. government positions;
(a) Definite (g) Ready admission of the infraction coupled
(b) Indefinite – qualified disbarment; lawyer determines for with explanation and plea for forgiveness;
himself for how long or how short his suspension shall last (h) Clean record of professional service in the
by proving to court that he is once again fit to resume past;
practice of law. (i) Rendered professional services out of pure
(5) Censure – official reprimand. generosity;
(6) Disbarment – the act of the Philippine Supreme Court in (j) Punished in another capacity for a misconduct for
withdrawing from an attorney the privilege to practice law. which he now faces a disbarment proceeding;
The name of the lawyer is stricken out from the roll of (k) Old Age & long membership (may also be an
attorneys. aggravation depending on the circumstance);
(7) Interim Suspension – the temporary suspension of a lawyer
from the practice of law pending imposition of final discipline.
It includes: AGGRAVATING CIRCUMSTANCES
(a) Suspension upon conviction of a serious crime. (1) Prior disciplinary offenses;
(b) Suspension when the lawyer’s continuing conduct is likely to (2) Dishonest or selfish motive;
cause immediate and serious injury to a client or public. (3) A pattern of misconduct;
(8) Probation – a sanction that allows a lawyer to practice law (4) Multiple offenses;
under specified conditions. (5) Bad faith obstruction of the disciplinary proceeding by
intentionally failing to comply with rules or orders of the
disciplinary agency;
MODIFYING CIRCUMSTANCES (6) Submission of false evidence, false statements, or other
Extent of disciplinary action depends on attendance of mitigating deceptive practices during the disciplinary process;
or aggravating circumstance. (7) Refusal to acknowledge wrongful nature of conduct;
(8) Vulnerability of victim;
(1) The presence of mitigating circumstances may justify (9) Substantial experience in the practice of law;
suspension instead of disbarment, and censure or (10) Indifference to making restitution. ( IBP Guidelines 9.22)
reprimand instead of suspension. (11) Others:
(2) Inverse rule applies where aggravating circumstances are (a) Abuse of authority or of attorney-client
present. relationship;
b) Sexual intercourse with a relative;
MITIGATING CIRCUMSTANCES (c) Making the institution of marriage a mockery;
(d) Charge of gross immorality;
(1) Absence of a prior disciplinary record (e) Previous punishment as member of the bar;
(2) Absence of a dishonest or selfish motive; (f) Defraud upon the government;
(3) Personal or emotional problems; (g) Use of knowledge or information, acquired in
4) Timely good faith effort to make restitution or to rectify the course of a previous professional employment, against a
consequences of misconduct; former client.
(5) Full and free disclosure to disciplinary board or cooperative
attitude toward proceedings;
(6) Inexperience in the practice of law;
(7) Character or reputation;
(8) Physical or mental disability or impairment;
Legal Ethics | 43
EFFECT OF EXECUTIVE PARDON EFFECTS OF COMPROMISE AGREEMENTS
(1) Conditional – The disbarment case will not be dismissed on Dismissal of the administrative case is not warranted despite a
the basis thereof. compromise agreement or of the fact that a complainant forgave
(2) Absolute, before conviction – The disbarment case will be a respondent lawyer.
dismissed. Absolute pardon by the President may wipe out
conviction as well as offense itself and the grant thereof in
favor of a lawyer is a bar to a proceeding for disbarment Rationale:
against him based solely on commission of such offense.
(a) The reason is that the respondent lawyer, (1) The Court’s disciplinary authority is not dependent on or
after the absolute pardon, is as guiltless and cannot be frustrated by the private arrangements entered
innocent as if he never committed the into by the parties; otherwise, the prompt and fair
offense at all. administration of justice, as well as the discipline of court
(3) Absolute, after conviction – If absolute pardon is given to personnel, will be undermined.
lawyer after being disbarred for conviction of a crime, it does (2) Public interest is at stake in the conduct and actuations of
not automatically entitle him to reinstatement to the bar. It the officials and employees of the Judiciary.
must be shown by evidence aside from absolute pardon that (3) The Court’s interest in the affairs of the Judiciary is a
he is now a person of good moral character and fit and paramount concern that bows to no limits. [Benigno Reas
proper person to practice law. In case of a conditional v. Carlos Relacion, (2011)]
pardon, there will be a remission of unexpired period of
sentence.
EFFECT OF DEATH OF LAWYER DURING PENDENCY OF
DISCIPLINARY ACTION AGAINST HIM
EFFECT OF SUSPENSION OR DISBARMENT (1) Action rendered moot and academic.
(2) Court may still resolve the case on its merit in order to clear
(1) Cannot practice law without being held liable for contempt of publicly the name of the lawyer.
court
(2) Disbarred for violation of the suspension order
(3) If holding a government office which requires membership in
the bar, dismissal from such office but this rule does not DISCIPLINE OF FILIPINO LAWYERS PRACTICE IN
apply to impeachable officials FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS
However, the suspended or disbarred lawyer may appear as The rule is that a Philippine lawyer may practice law only in the
counsel for himself, the same not being practice of law but the country. He may, however, be admitted to the bar in a foreign
exercise of a right. country, where he practices law in both countries. If he commits
a misconduct outside Philippine jurisdiction, which is also a
A judgment of suspension or disbarment is always subject to ground for disciplinary action under Philippine law, he may be
change or modification by the court. suspended or disbarred in this country.
Legal Ethics | 44
D. READMISSION TO THE BAR LAWYERS WHO HAVE BEEN DISBARRED
Guidelines in resolving requests for judicial clemency of
READMISSION TO THE B AR disbarred laywers
It is the restoration in disbarment proceedings to a disbarred
lawyer the privilege to practice law. (1) There must be proof of remorse and
reformation. These include testimonials of
The sole object of the court is to determine whether or not the credible institutions and personalities.
applicant has satisfied and convinced the court by positive (2) Sufficient time must have lapsed from the
evidence that the effort he has made toward the rehabilitation of imposition of the penalty to ensure a period
his character has been successful. [In re Rusiana,(1974)] of reformation.
(3) The age of the person asking for clemency
In order that there is reinstatement, the following must be taken must show that he still has productive years
into consideration: ahead of him that can be put to good use by
(1) The applicant’s character and standing prior giving him a chance to redeem himself.
to disbarment; (4) There must be a showing of promise
(2) The nature or character of the misconduct (intellectual aptitude, contribution to legal
for which he is disbarred; scholarship, etc), and potential for public
(3) His conduct subsequent to disbarment [Cui service.
v. Cui, 1964] (5) Other relevant factors to justify clemency.
(4) His efficient government service [In Re: [Re: Letter of Judge Diaz (2007)]
Adriatico,(1910)]
(5) The time that has elapsed between Note: A previously disbarred lawyer who is given absolute
disbarment and the application for pardon by the President is not automatically reinstated, he must
reinstatement and the circumstances that he still file a petition for reinstatement with the SC.
has been sufficiently punished and
disciplined [Prudential Bank v. Benjamin LAWYERS WHO HAVE BEEN REPATRIATED
Grecia, (1986)] Lawyers who reacquire their Philippine citizenship should apply
(6) Applicant’s appreciation of significance of to the SC for license or permit to practice their profession. [Sec.
his dereliction and his assurance that he 5(4), RA 9225]
now possesses the requisite probity and
integrity; EFFECTS OF REINSTATEMENT
(7) Favorable endorsement of the IBP and local (1) Recognition of moral rehabilitation and mental fitness
government officials and citizens of his to practice law;
community, pleas of his loved ones [Yap (2) Lawyer shall be subject to same law, rules and
Tan v. Sabandal, 1989] regulations as those applicable to any other lawyer;
(3) Lawyer must comply with the conditions imposed on
LAWYERS WHO HAVE BEEN SUSPENDED his readmission.
GUIDELINES FOR LIFTING THE ORDER OF SUSPENSION
xxx E. MANDATORY CONTINUING LEGAL EDUCATION
(3) Upon expiration of the period of suspension,
respondent shall file a Sworn Statement with
the Court, through the Office of the Bar PURPOSE
Confidant, stating therein that he or she has
desisted from the practice of law and has not Purpose of the MCLE
appeared in any court during the period of his Continuing legal education is required to ensure that, throughout
or her suspension; their career, members of the Integrated Bar will:
(4) Copies of the Sworn Statement shall be
furnished to the Local Chapter of the IBP and (1) Keep abreast with law and jurisprudence
to the Executive Judge of the courts where (2) Maintain the ethics of the profession
the respondent has pending cases handled (3) Enhance the standards of the practice of law (Rule 1,
by him or her, and/or where he or she has Section 1)
appeared as counsel;
(5) The Sworn Statement shall be considered as
proof of respondent’s compliance with the
order of suspension. xxx [Maniago v. De
Dios, (2010)]
Legal Ethics | 45
REQUIREMENTS OF COMPLETION OF THE MCLE Compliance Period of Members Admitted or Readmitted
after Establishment of the Program
Members of the IBP not exempt under Rule 7 shall complete
every three (3) years at least thirty-six (36) hours of continuing Members admitted or readmitted to the Bar after the
legal education activities approved by the MCLE Committee. establishment of the program shall be assigned to the
The 36 hours shall be allocated according to the following: appropriate Compliance Group based on their Chapter
membership on the date of admission or readmission.
Subject Number of Hours
Legal Ethics At least six The initial compliance period after admission or readmission
(6) hours shall begin on the first day of the month of admission or
Trial and Pretrial Skills At least four (4) hours readmission and shall end on the same day as that of all other
Alternative Dispute At least five (5) hours members in the same Compliance Group.
Resolution
Updates on Substantive At least nine (9) hours (a) Where four (4) months or less remain of the initial
and Procedural Law, and compliance period after admission or readmission, the
Jurisprudence member is not required to comply with the program
Legal Writing and Oral At least four (4) hours requirement for the initial compliance.
Advocacy
International Law and At least two (2) hours (b) Where more than four (4) months remain of the initial
International Conventions compliance period after admission or readmission, the
Such subjects as may be Six (6) hours member shall be required to complete a number of hours of
prescribed by the MCLE approved continuing legal education activities equal to the
Committee number of months remaining in the compliance period in
which the member is admitted or readmitted. Such member
shall be required to complete a number of hours of
education in legal ethics in proportion to the number of
COMPLIANCE months remaining in the compliance period. Fractions of
hours shall be rounded up to the next whole number. (Rule
3, Section 3)
Initial Compliance Period
EXEMPTIONS
The initial compliance period shall begin not later than three (3)
months from the adoption of Bar Matter 850. Except for the The following are exempted from the MCLE:
initial compliance period for members admitted or readmitted
after the establishment of the program, all compliance periods (1) The President and the Vice President of the
Philippines, and the Secretaries and Undersecretaries
shall be for thirty-six (36) months and shall begin the day after
the end of the previous compliance period. (Rule 3, Section 1) of Executive Departments;
(2) Senators and Members of the House of
Compliance Groups Representatives;
(3) The Chief Justice and Associate Justices of the
Members of the IBP not exempt from the MCLE requirement Supreme Court, incumbent and retired members of
the judiciary, incumbent of the Judicial and Bar
shall be divided into three (3) compliance groups, namely:
Council and incumbent court lawyers covered by the
Philippine Judicial Academy program of continuing
(a) Compliance Group 1. - Members in the National
Capital Region (NCR) or Metro Manila are assigned to judicial education;
Compliance Group 1. (4) The Chief State Counsel, Chief State Prosecutor and
Assistant Secretaries of the Department of Justice;
(b) Compliance Group 2. - Members in Luzon outside (5) The Solicitor General and the Assistant Solicitors
General;
NCR are assigned to Compliance Group 2.
(6) The Government Corporate Counsel, Deputy and
Assistant Government Corporate Counsel;
(c) Compliance Group 3. - Members in Visayas and
Mindanao are assigned to Compliance Group 3. (7) The Chairmen and Members of the Constitutional
Commissions;
Nevertheless, members may participate in any legal education
activity wherever it may be available to earn credit unit toward (8) The Ombudsman, the Overall Deputy Ombudsman,
the Deputy Ombudsman and the Special Prosecutor
compliance with the MCLE requirement. (Rule 3, Section 2)
of the Office of the Ombudsman;
Legal Ethics | 46
(9) Heads of government agencies exercising quasi- A member who fails to comply with the requirements after the
judicial functions; sixty (60) day period for compliance has expired, shall be listed
(10) Incumbent deans, bar reviewers and professors of law as a delinquent member of the IBP upon the recommendation of
who have teaching experience for at least ten (10) the MCLE Committee.
years in accredited law schools;
(11) The Chancellor, Vice-Chancellor and members of the The investigation of a member for non-compliance shall be
Corps of Professors and Professional Lecturers of the conducted by the IBP's Commission on Bar Discipline as a fact-
Philippine Judicial Academy; and finding arm of the MCLE Committee. (Rule 13, Section 2)
(12) Governors and Mayors. (B.M. No. 850, rule VII, sec.
1) ACCRUAL OF MEMBERSHIP FEE AGAINST A DELINQUENT
MEMBER
Others Membership fees shall continue to accrue at the active rate
against a member during the period he/she is listed as a
The following Members of the Bar are likewise exempt: delinquent member. (Section 3)
(a) Those who are not in law practice, private or public. Note: Bar Matter No. 1922 - Re: Recommendation of the
Mandatory Continuing Legal Education (MCLE) Board to
(b) Those who have retired from law practice with approval of Indicate in All Pleadings Filed with the Courts the Counsel's
the IBP Board of Governors. (Rule 7, Section 2) MCLE Certificate of Compliance or Certificate of Exemption.
The compliance period shall begin on the first day of the month
in which a member ceases to be exempt under Sections 1, 2, or
3 of this Rule and shall end on the same day as that of all other MANDATORY LEGAL AID SERVICE (Bar Matter 2012)
members in the same Compliance Group. (Rule 7, Section 4)
PURPOSE
PROOF OF EXEMPTION This Rule seeks to enhance the duty of lawyers to society as
agents of social change and to the courts as officers thereof by
Applications for exemption from or modification of the MCLE helping improve access to justice by the less privileged
requirement shall be under oath and supported by documents. members of society and expedite the resolution of cases
(Rule 7, Section 5) involving them. Mandatory free legal service by members of
the bar and their active support thereof will aid the efficient and
effective administration of justice especially in cases involving
SANCTIONS indigent and pauper litigants. (Sec. 2)
NON-COMPLIANCE FEE
A member who, for whatever reason, is in non-compliance at SCOPE
the end of the compliance period shall pay a non-compliance All practicing lawyers are required to render a minimum of sixty
fee. (Rule 13, Section 1) (60) hours of free legal aid services to indigent litigants in a
year. Said 60 hours shall be spread within a period of twelve
LISTING AS DELINQUENT MEMBER (12) months, with a minimum of five (5) hours of free legal aid
services each month. However, where it is necessary for the
Legal Ethics | 47
practicing lawyer to render legal aid service for more than five F. NOTARIAL PRACTICE (A.M. No. 02-8- 13-SC, as
(5) hours in one month, the excess hours may be credited to amended)
the said lawyer for the succeeding periods. Clerks of Court and
the IBP Legal Aid Chairperson of the IBP Chapter are
designated to coordinate with a lawyer for cases where he may Notary Public or a notary – is any person commissioned to
render free legal aid service. perform official acts of:
The following lawyers are excluded in the term “practicing (1) Acknowledgements;
lawyer”: (2) Oaths and affirmations;
1. Government employees and incumbent elective (3) Jurats;
officials not allowed by law to practice; (4) Signature witnessing;
2. Lawyers who by law are not allowed to appear in (5) Copy certifications; and
court; (6) Any other act authorizes in the rules
3. Supervising lawyers of students enrolled in law
student practice in duly accredited legal clinics of law Purpose:
schools and lawyers of non-governmental To verify the personal appearance of affiant and the
organizations (NGOs) and peoples organizations genuineness of signature.
(POs) like the Free Legal Assistance Group who by To authenticate document and verify due execution,
the nature of their work already render free legal aid making document admissible in evidence without
to indigent and pauper litigants and proof of authenticity.
4. Lawyers not covered under subparagraphs (1) to (3)
including those who are employed in the private Notarization is not an empty, meaningless, routinary act. It is
sector but do not appear for and in behalf of parties in invested with substantive public interest, such that only those
courts of law and quasi-judicial agencies. who are qualified or authorized may act as notaries public. A
notarial document is by law entitled to full faith and credit upon
Note: Indigent and pauper litigants are those whose gross its face. Courts, administrative agencies and the public at large
income and that of their immediate family do not exceed an must be able to rely upon the acknowledgement executed by a
amount double the monthly minimum wage of an employee notary public. [Baylon v. Almo, (2008)]
and those who not own any real property. They are exempt
from payment of docket fees and lawful fees as well as
transcripts of stenographic notes. QUALIFICATIONS OF A NOTARY PUBLIC
A notary public:
Legal Ethics | 48
But the rules now require that notaries must be members (1) The notary public is directed by the person unable to
of the Philippine Bar. Hence the Supreme Court, upon the sign or make a mark to sign on his behalf;
recommendation of the Sub-Committee on Revision of (2) The signature of the notary public is affixed in the
Rules Governing Notaries Public, no longer approves presence of two disinterested and unaffected
requests from non-lawyers for appointment as notaries. witnesses to the instrument or document;
[Tirol, Desk-Book for Philippine Notaries (2014)] (3) Both witnesses sign their own names;
(4) The notary public writes below his signature:
Term of office of a Notary Public “Signature affixed by notary in presence of (names and
addresses of person and two (2) witnesses)” ; and
A notarial commission is granted by an executive judge after (5) The notary public notarizes his signature by
petition of the lawyer, and is good for two years commencing on acknowledgement or jurat.
the 1st day of January of the year in which the commission is
made UNLESS earlier revoked or the notary public has resigned PROHIBITIONS
according to these Rules and the Rules of Court. [Rule III, Sec.
11] Aside from the prohibition that a notary public shall not
perform a notarial act outside his regular place of work or
POWERS AND LIMITATIONS business, the following shall also prohibit the notary public
from performing a notarial act if the person involved as
Authority of a Notary signatory to the instrument or document:
What can be notarized: A notary can notarize any (1) Is not in his presence personally at the time of the
document, upon request of affiant. notarization; and
(2) In not personally known to him or otherwise
Sec. 1. Powers. – A notary public is identified by the notary public through competent
evidence of identity as defined by the Rules. [Rule
(a) Empowered to perform the following material acts: II, Sec. 2 ([b)]
(c) Authorized to sign on behalf of a person who is (1) If the transaction is unlawful or immoral
physically unable to sign or make a mark on an (2) If the signatory shows signs that he does not understand
instrument or document if: consequences of the act, per the notary’s judgment
Legal Ethics | 49
(3) If the signatory appears not to act of his own free will, personally appeared before him to attest to the contents and
per the notary’s judgment the truth of what were stated therein. [Aquino v. Manese
(4) If the document or instrument to be notarized is (2003)]
considered as an improper document by these Rules
Respondent notarized the Special Power of Attorney,
Note: Improper Instrument/Document is a blank or purportedly bearing the signature of Benitez, on Jan. 4,
incomplete instrument or document without appropriate 2001 or more than two months after the latter’s death.
notarial certification [Rule IV, Sec. 6] Clearly, the respondent lied and intentionally perpetuated an
untruthful statement. [Sicat v Ariola (2005)]
Legal Ethics | 50
The reasons for refusal to allow inspection or copying of a For buyers, a certified copy of the commission is necessary
journal entry shall also be recorded. for purchase. One seal per certificate.
(3) When the instrument or document is a contract, the The act of a lawyer notarizing a Special Power of Attorney
notary public shall keep an original copy thereof as part knowing that the person who allegedly executed it is dead is
of his records and enter in said records a brief a serious breach of the sacred obligation imposed upon him
description of the substance thereof and shall give to by the Code of Professional Responsibility, specifically Rule
each entry a consecutive number, beginning with 1.01 of Canon 1. [Sicat v. Arriola, (2005)]
number one in each calendar year. He shall also retain
a duplicate original copy for the Clerk of Court. A lawyer is guilty of misconduct in the performance of his
duties if he fails to register in his notarial register the
(4) The notary public shall give to each instrument or affidavits-complaints which were filed in an administrative
document executed, sworn to, or acknowledged before case before the Civil Service Commission. [Aquino v.
him a number corresponding to the one in his register, Pascua, (2007)
and shall also state on the instrument or document the
page/s of his register on which the same is recorded.
No blank line shall be left between entries.
JURISDICTION OF NOTARY PUBLIC AND PLACE OF
(5) In case of a protest of any draft, bill of exchange or NOTARIZATION (Rule IV, Sec. 11)
promissory note, the notary public shall
(a) Make a full and true record of all proceedings in General Rule: A notary public may perform notarial acts
relation thereto and only in his regular place of work or business.
(b) Shall note therein whether the demand for the sum of
money was made, by whom, when, and where, Exception: However, a notary public may perform notarial
whether he presented such draft, bill or not, acts at the request of the parties at the following places,
whether notices were given, to whom and in what provided that these places are within the territorial
manner; where the same was made, when and to jurisdiction of the court that issued the notarial commission:
whom and where directed; and of every other fact
touching the same. (1) In public offices, convention halls and other places
where oaths of office are administered;
(6) At the end of each week, the notary public shall certify in (2) Public function areas in hotels and similar areas
his notarial register the number of instruments or used for the signing of instruments or documents
documents executed, sworn to, acknowledged, or requiring notarization;
protested before him; or if none, this certificate shall (3) Hospitals and other medical institutions where a
show this fact. part to an instrument is confined for treatment;
and
(7) A certified copy of each month's entries and a duplicate (4) Any place where a party to the instrument
original copy of any instrument acknowledged before the requiring notarization is under detention.
notary public shall, within the first ten (10) days of the
month following, be forwarded to the Clerk of Court and The act of notarizing documents outside one’s area of
shall be under the responsibility of such officer. If there commission is not to be taken lightly. Aside from being a
is no entry to certify for the month, the notary shall violation of Sec. 11 of the 2004 Rules on Notarial Practice, it
forward a statement to this effect in lieu of certified also partakes of malpractice of law and falsification.
copies herein required. [Laquindanum v. Quintana, AC No. 7036 (2009)
Official signature – signed by hand, not by facsimile stamp Note: Notary may Notarize Instruments which refer to
or printing device, and at the time of the notarization properties located outside his territorial jurisdiction. “What is
important under the Notarial Law is that the notary public
Official seal – two-inch diameter seal with the words concerned has authority to acknowledge the document
“Philippines”, attorney’s name at the margin and the roll of executed within his territorial jurisdiction.”[Sales v. CA, 211
attorney’s number. SCRA 858,865 (1992)]
For vendors, the sale of the seal may only be upon judicial
authority, for a period of 4 years.
Legal Ethics | 51
REVOCATION OF COMMISSION (Rule XI Sec. 1). document or transaction who is personally known
to the notary public and who personally knows the
An Executive Judge may revoke the commission of, or individual,
impose appropriate administrative sanctions upon, any
notary public who: (b) Two credible witnesses neither of whom is privy to
the instrument, document or transaction who each
(1) fails to keep a notarial register; personally knows the individual and shows to the
(2) fails to make the proper entry or entries in his notarial notary public documentary identification.
register concerning his notarial acts;
(3) fails to send the copy of the entries to the Executive Competent evidence of identity may consist in either:
Judge within the first ten (10) days of the month
following; (a) An identification document; or
(4) fails to affix to acknowledgments the date of expiration of (b) The oath or affirmation of one or two credible witness,
his commission; depending on the circumstances, who is/are not privy
(5) fails to submit his notarial register, when filled, to the to the instrument, document or transaction.[Tirol,
Executive Judge; Desk-Book for Philippine Notaries (2014)]
(6) fails to make his report, within a reasonable time, to the
Executive Judge concerning the performance of his
duties, as may be required by the judge; Note: The foregoing pronouncements of the Court [in
(7) fails to require the presence of a principal at the time of Cable Star Inc. v. Cable BOSS (2008); Sigma v. Inter-
the notarial act; Alia (2008); De la Cruz v. Dimaano (2008)] show that
(8) fails to identify a principal on the basis of personal non-compliance with the Rules affect the notarial act
knowledge or competent evidence; itself, i.e. the document will not be considered a public
(9) executes a false or incomplete certificate under Section document. [Tirol, supra.]
5, Rule IV;
(10)knowingly performs or fails to perform any other act Do the Rules Prohibit the Presentation of Cedulas?
prohibited or mandated by these Rules; and
(11)commits any other dereliction or act which in the Despite several Supreme Court decisions which declare that
judgment of the Executive Judge constitutes good a residence certificate is no longer considered a competent
cause for revocation of commission or imposition of evidence of identity, “It appears that the laws requiring the
administrative sanction. presentation of the cedulas have not been repealed by
subsequent legislative enactments. And so these laws
A defective notarization will strip the document of its public remain valid until the present (Article 7, Civil Code),
character and reduce it to a private instrument. notwithstanding the Rules’ silence insofar as ceduals are
Consequently, when there is a defect in the notarization of a concerned.”
document, the clear and convincing evidentiary standard
normally attached to a duly- notarized document is But the Rules’ silence on the matter of cedulas should not
dispensed with, and the measure to test the validity of such be taken as proof that these are now unnecessary. And in
document is preponderance of evidence. (Meneses v. any case, there is no conflict between the Rules and the law
Venturozo, G.R. No. 172196, 19 October 2011) requiring the presentation of cedula. The requirement for the
presentation of competent evidence of identity does not
abridge or expand the scope of the laws affecting notarial
practice since its purpose is to protect the integrity of the
COMPETENT EVIDENCE OF IDENTITY (Rule II. Sec. 12) notarial act.
Competent Evidence of Identity – refers to the Clearly, the laws affecting notarial practice and the Rules
identification of an individual based on: can be applied simultaneously, and thus harmonized. In
short, the presentation of a competent evidence of identity, if
required, will not bar the presentation of the cedula, and
(1) At least one current identification document issued by an vice-versa.[Tirol, supra.]
official agency bearing the photograph and signature of
the individual; or If the notary public personally knows the affiant, he need not
require them to show their valid identification cards. This
(2) The oath or affirmation of: rule is supported by the definition of “jurat” under Sec. 6,
Rule II of the 2004 Rules on Notarial Practice. (Jandoquile
(a) One credible witness not privy to the instrument, v. Revilla, A.C. No. 9514, 10 April 2013)
Legal Ethics | 52
Notaries public must observe utmost care in complying with 3. Provisions of the 1987 Constitution (Art. VIII, Art. XI,
formalities intended to ensure the integrity of the notarized Art. III);
document and the act it embodies. In this case, the 4. New Civil Code:
respondent violated the Rules on Notarial Practice when he
notarized three documents presented to him by a Art. 9. No judge or court shall decline to render
complainant whose identity is not personally known to him judgment by reason of the silence, obscurity or insufficiency of
and yet he did not require proof of identity from the said the laws.
person. [Gonzales v. Padiernos (2008)] Art. 27. Any person suffering material or moral loss
because a public servant or employee refuses or neglects, without
just cause, to perform his official duty may file an action for
damages and other relief against he latter, without prejudice to
SANCTIONS (Rule XI Sec. 1. ) any disciplinary administrative action that may be taken.
Revocation and Administrative Sanctions. – Art. 739. The following donations shall be void:
xxx xxx
(3) Those made to a public officer or his wife,
(c) Upon verified complaint by an interested, affected or descedants and ascendants, by reason of his office.
aggrieved person, the notary public shall
Art. 1491. The following persons cannot acquire by
purchase, even at a public or judicial auction, either in person or
(1) be required to file a verified answer to the complaint. through the mediation of another:
(2) If the answer of the notary public is not satisfactory, xxx
the Executive Judge shall conduct a summary hearing. (4) Public officers and employees, the property of the
(3) If the allegations of the complaint are not proven, the State or of any subdivision thereof, or of any government-owned
complaint shall be dismissed. or controlled corporation, or institution, the administration of
which has been intrusted to them; this provision shall apply to
(4) If the charges are duly established, the Executive Judge judges and government experts who, in any manner whatsoever,
shall impose the appropriate administrative sanctions take part in the sale;
Legal Ethics | 53
elected punong barangay, despite being aware of the fact that agrees to perform an act constituting a crime in connection
his court had no power to do so, not only is respondent guilty of with the performance of his official duties in consideration
grave abuse of authority,knowingly rendering an unjust order, of any offer, promise, gift or present receive by such
gross ignorance of the law and procedure, and bias and officer, he is guilty of direct bribery (Art. 210, RPC).
partiality, he also manifests unfaithfulness to a basic legal rule
as well as injudicious conduct. (RIMEO S. GUSTILO vs. HON. 7. Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act (RA 3019);
RICARDO S. REAL, SR., A.M. No. MTJ-00-1250. February 28,
2001) Note: Under RA 3019, the judge is liable criminally for directly or
indirectly receiving gifts, present or other pecuniary or material
benefit for himself or for another under conditions provided in
If the decision rendered by the judge is still on appeal, the judge
cannot be disqualified on the ground of knowingly rendering an Section 2, b and c of the law.
unjust judgment. (Gahol vs. Riodigue, 64 SCRA 494)
EXCEPTION: Excepted are unsolicited gifts or presents of small
value offered or given as a mere ordinary token of gratitude or
Note: It is also worth mentioning that the provisions of Article friendship according to local custom or usage (Section 14 RA
3019).
204 of the Revised Penal Code as to "rendering knowingly
unjust judgment" refer to an individual judge who does so "in
any case submitted to him for decision" and has no application 8. Canons of Judicial Ethics (DOJ Administrative Order
to the members of a collegiate court such as the No. 162, August 1, 1946);
Sandiganbayan or its divisions, who reach their conclusions 9. Code of Professional Responsibility;
in consultation and accordingly render their collective judgment 10. Judiciary Act of 1948 (RA 296);
after due deliberation. It also follows, consequently, that a 11. Supreme Court decisions;
charge of violation of the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act on 12. Foreign decisions on legal ethics which are relevant
the ground that such a collective decision is "unjust" cannot and persuasive;
13. Opinions of authorities in Legal and Judicial Ethics;
prosper. (Ethelwoldo E. Fernandez, Antonio A. Henson &
Angel S. Ong Vs. Court of Appeals Asso. Justices Ramon 14. Special Laws (RA 910, June 20, 1953)
M. Bato, Jr., Isaias P. Dicdican, A.M. OCA IPI No. 12-201-CA-
J. February 19, 2013) Note: Under the provisions of RA 910, as amended, a Justice
who reaches age 70 is entitled to full retirement benefits with no
length of service required.
Art. 205. Judgment rendered through negligence.
— Any judge who, by reason of inexcusable negligence or Sec. 1. No retiring justice or judge of a court of
record or city or municipal judge during the time that he is
ignorance shall render a manifestly unjust judgment in any
case submitted to him for decision shall be punished by receiving said pension shall appear as counsel in any
court:
arresto mayor and temporary special disqualification.
Art. 206. Unjust interlocutory order. — Any judge 1. In any civil case where the government or any of
who shall knowingly render an unjust interlocutory order or its subdivisions or instrumentalities is an adverse party;
decree shall suffer the penalty of arresto mayor in its 2. In any criminal case, where an officer or employee
minimum period and suspension; but if he shall have acted of the government is accused of an offense committed in
by reason of inexcusable negligence or ignorance and the relation to his official function;
interlocutory order or decree be manifestly unjust, the 3. Or collect any fee for his appearance in any
penalty shall be suspension. administrative proceedings to maintain an interest adverse to
the government.
Note: An Interlocutory Order is an order which is issued by the
court between the commencement and the end of a suit or 15. Administrative Orders and Supreme Court Circulars.
action and which decides some point or matter, but which,
however, is not a final decision of the matter in issue. DEFINITION OF TERMS
Legal Ethics | 54
A: “Judge’s family” includes a judge’s spouse, son, daughter, practice of law in the Philippines, or has held a public office in
son-in-law, daughter-inlaw, and any other relative by the Philippines requiring admission to the practice of law as an
consanguinity or affinity within the sixth civil degree, or person indispensable requisite. (Judiciary Reorganization Act of 1980)
who is a companion or employee of the judge and who lives in
the judge’s household. Bangalore Draft
Legal Ethics | 55
The Judicial Group recognized, however, that since A: It means freedom from the influence, guidance, or control of
the Bangalore Draft had been developed by judges drawn others.
principally from common law countries, it was essential that it be
scrutinized by judges of other legal traditions to enable it to Q: How does this differ from the 1989 Code of Judicial
assume the status of a duly authenticated international code of Conduct?
judicial conduct. A: The new Canon 1 deals solely with the matter of judicial
The revised Bangalore Draft was placed before a independence as a “pre-requisite to the rule of law” and a
Round-Table Meeting of Chief Justices (or their representatives) “fundamental guarantee of a fair trial” and not primarily with the
from the civil law system, held in the Peace Palace in The institutional independence of the judiciary.
Hague, Netherlands, in November 2002, with Judge
Weeramantry presiding. Those participating were Judge As a person, a judge must be free from influences of
Vladimir de Freitas of the Federal Court of Appeal of Brazil, other persons (Individual independence)
Chief Justice Iva Brozova of the Supreme Court of the Czech As the court, no branch of the government or agencies
Republic, Chief Justice Mohammad Fathy Naguib of the thereof could dictate upon it in the performance of its
Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt, Conseillere Christine judicial duties (Institutional independence)
Chanet of the Cour de Cassation of France, President Genaro
David Gongora Pimentel of the Suprema Corte de Justicia de la MEMORY AID FOR SECTIONS UNDER CANON 1:
Nacion of Mexico, President Mario Mangaze of the Supreme 1. Independent judicial function (Sec. 1)
Court of Mozambique, President Pim Haak of the Hoge Raad 2. Outside pressure (Sec. 2)
der Nederlanden, Justice Trond Dolva of the Supreme Court of 3. Influencing outcome of litigation (Sec. 3)
Norway, and Chief Justice Hilario Davide of the Supreme 4. Influence on judicial conduct (Sec. 4)
Court of the Philippines. 5. Independence from executive and legislative (Sec. 5)
6. Independence from society and particular parties
New Code of Judicial Conduct for the Philippine Judiciary (Sec. 6)
(Bangalore Draft) 7. Safeguards for judicial independence (Sec. 7)
8. Promote Public confidence (Sec. 8)
In case of deficiency or absence of specific provisions in this
New Code, the Canons of Judicial Ethics and the Code of
Judicial Conduct shall be applicable in a suppletory character. SECTION 1. Judges shall exercise the judicial function
independently on the basis of their assessment of the facts and
Effectivity Date: June 1, 2004, following its publication not later in accordance with a conscientious understanding of the law,
than May 15, 2004 in two newspapers of large circulation in the free of any extraneous influence, inducement, pressure, threat
Philippines to ensure its widest publicity. or interference, direct or indirect, from any quarter or for any
reason.
Promulgation: April 27, 2004
The highest degree of independence is required of
CANONS judges. Once a judge gives in to pressures from whatever
Independence source, that judge is deemed to have lost his independence
Integrity and is considered unworthy of the position.
Impartiality
Propriety A judge acted improperly when she rendered rulings based on
Equality directives she received from a government official. By her
Competence and Diligence appointment to the office, the public has laid on respondent their
confidence that she is mentally and morally fit to pass upon the
merits of their varied contentions. For this reason, they expect
her to be fearless in her pursuit to render justice, to be
CANON 1 unafraid to displease any person, interest or power and to be
INDEPENDENCE equipped with a moral fiber strong enough to resist the
temptations lurking in her office. (Ramirez vs. Corpuz-
Judicial independence is a pre-requisite to the rule of law and a Macandog A. M. No. R-351-RTJ, September 26, 1986)
fundamental guarantee of a fair trial. A judge shall therefore
uphold and exemplify judicial independence in both its individual In this case the judge acted under the pressure of a rally staged
and institutional aspects. by the complainant and sympathizers. The High Court ruled that
the pressure of a rally demanding the issuance of a warrant of
arrest against the accused is not a sufficient excuse for the
Q: What is independence? unjustified haste in respondent judge's act of fixing a bail without
Legal Ethics | 56
a hearing. (Libarios vs. Dabalos A.M. No. RTJ-89-286, July
11, 1991) SEC. 6. Judges shall be independent in relation to society in
general and in relation to the particular parties to a dispute
SECTION 2. In performing judicial duties, Judges shall be which he or she has to adjudicate.
independent from judicial colleagues in respect of decisions
which the judge is obliged to make independently. Judges should not fraternize with litigants and
their counsel. In fact, they should make a conscious effort
In this case, the respondent judge of the Regional Trial Court to avoid them in order to avoid the perception that their
(RTC) wrote a letter to a lower court judge of the Municipal Trial independence has been compromised.
Court (MTC) judge seeking to influence him to hear a case and
even intimating that he issue an order of acquittal. The High In this case, the Court ruled that “[r]espondent’s act of sending a
Court ruled that a judge who tries to influence the outcome of a member of his staff to talk with complainant and show copies of
litigation pending before another court not only subverts the his draft decisions, and his act of meeting with litigants outside
independence of the judiciary but also undermines the people's the office premises beyond office hours violate the standard of
faith in its integrity and impartiality. (Sabitsana Jr. vs. Villamor judicial conduct required to be observed by members of the
A.M. No. 90-474, October 4, 1991) Bench.” (Tan vs. Rosete, A.M. No. MTJ-04-1563, September 8,
2004 (formerly A.M. OCA IPI No. 02- 1207-MTJ)
SECTION 3. Judges shall refrain from influencing in any
manner the outcome of litigation or dispute pending before SEC. 7. Judges shall encourage and uphold safeguards for the
another court or administrative agency. discharge of judicial duties in order to maintain and enhance the
institutional and operational independence of the judiciary.
The interference in the decision-making process of another
judge is a breach of conduct so serious as to justify dismissal The Code of Judicial Conduct mandates judges to administer
from service based only on a preponderance of evidence. (The justice without delay and directs every judge to dispose of the
Court Administrator vs. Hermoso, et al., A.M. No. R-97-RTJ, court’s business promptly within the period prescribed by the
May 28, 1987) law and the rules. Delay ultimately affects the image of the
judiciary. Failure to comply with the mandate of the Constitution
SECTION 4. Judges shall not allow family, social, or other and of the Code of Judicial Conduct constitutes serious
relationships to influence judicial conduct or judgment. The misconduct, which is detrimental to the honor and integrity of a
prestige of judicial office shall not be used or lent to advance the judicial office. Inability to decide a case despite the ample time
private interests of others, nor convey or permit others to convey prescribed is inexcusable, constitutes gross inefficiency, and
the impression that they are in a special position to influence the warrants administrative sanction of the defaulting judge. (Salud
judge. vs. Alumbres, A.M. No. RTJ-00-159, June 23, 2003)
When a judge is related to one of the parties within the sixth Note: Section 7 requires judges to encourage and uphold
degree of consanguinity or affinity, his disqualification is safeguards for the discharge of judicial duties in order to
mandatory. This provision is intended to ensure that judges are maintain and enhance judicial independence while the focus
spared from potential influence of family members by of Section 8 is on inspiring public confidence.
disqualifying them even before any opportunity for impropriety
presents itself. (Rivera vs. Barro, A.M. No. 2003-CTJ, February SEC. 8. Judges shall exhibit and promote high standards of
28, 1980) judicial conduct in order to reinforce public confidence in the
judiciary which is fundamental to the maintenance of judicial
SEC. 5. Judges shall not only be free from inappropriate independence.
connections with, and influence by, the executive and legislative
branches of government, but must also appear to be free A judge should always be imbued with a high sense of duty and
therefrom to a reasonable observer. responsibility in the discharge of his obligation to promptly and
properly administer justice. He must view himself as a priest, for
Judicial independence is the reason for leaving exclusively to the administration of justice is akin to a religious crusade.
the Court the authority to deal with internal personnel issues, (Dimatulac, et al. vs. Villon, et al., G.R. No. 127107, October 12,
even if the court employees in question are funded by the local 1998)
government. Because a reasonable person could conclude that
the LGU maintained some influence over the MTC judge, under Q: Who are “good judges”?
the New Code of Judicial Conduct, respondent judge’s actions A: Those who have “mastery of the principles of law, who
created an improper connection with an executive/administrative discharge their duties in accordance with law, who are permitted
body – the LGU. (Bagatsing vs. Herrera L-34952, July 25, to perform the duties of the office undeterred by outside
1975) influence, and who are independent and self-respecting human
Legal Ethics | 57
units in a judicial system equal and coordinate with the other two 6. ignorance of the law (Macalintal v. Teh, A.M. No. RTJ-
departments of the government.” (Borromeo vs. Marian, G.R. 93- 1375, October 16, 1997)
No. 16808, January 3, 1921) 7. keeping and/or flaunting a mistress (In Re Judge
Marcos, A.M. No. 97-253-RTC, July 6, 2001)
8. inebriated behaviour (Lachica vs. Flordeliza, A.M. No.
CANON 2 MTJ-9-921, March 4, 1996)
INTEGRITY 9. frequenting casinos and cock fights (City of Tagbilaran
vs. Hontanosas, A.M. No. MTJ- 98-1169, November
Integrity is essential not only to the proper discharge of the 29, 2002)
judicial office but also to the personal demeanor of judges. 10. not wearing a black robe (Chan vs. Majaducon, A.M.
No. RTJ-02-1697, October 15, 2003)
Q: What is integrity?
A: It is a steadfast adherence to a strict moral or ethical code. It It is not commendable, proper or moral for a judge to be
is moral uprightness, honesty and honourableness. perceived as going out with a woman not his wife. Such is a
blemish to his integrity and propriety, as well as to that of the
Q: What are the virtues of a judge with integrity? Judiciary. (Anonymous Vs. Judge Rio C. Achas, MTCC Branch
A: 2, Ozamiz City, MIsamis Occidental, A.M. No. MTJ-11-
1. Impartiality 1801. February 27, 2013)
2. Propriety
3. Equality Those who don the judicial robe must observe judicial decorum
4. Independence which requires magistrate to be at all times temperate in their
language, refraining from inflammatory or excessive rhetoric or
Note: The New Code of Judicial Conduct has separated the from resorting to language of vilification. The respondent’s use
values of integrity and independence, emphasizing the need for of vulgar language has no place in the court. The frequent
judges to maintain a life of personal and professional integrity in nocturnal gimmicks also impair the respect due to her as a
order to properly carry out their judicial functions. Judge. Furthermore, borrowing money from her staff is not
illegal per se but this is an unbecoming conduct of a judge
Judges must be models of uprightness, fairness and honesty. because she exerted moral ascendancy over her staff. (Armi M.
(Rural Bank of Barotac Nuevo, Inc. vs. Cartagena, G.R. No. Flordeliza, et al. vs. Judge Julia A. Reyes, A.M. No. MTJ-06-
A.M. No. 707-MJ, July 21, 1978) 1625, September 18, 2009)
MEMORY AID FOR SECTIONS UNDER CANON 2 SEC. 2. The behavior and conduct of judges must reaffirm the
1. Conduct above reproach (Sec. 1) people’s faith in the integrity of the judiciary. Justice must not
2. Reaffirm people’s faith (Sec. 2) merely be done but must also be seen to be done.
3. Disciplinary action (Sec. 3)
Judges must not only render just, correct and impartial
SECTION 1. Judges shall ensure that not only is their conduct decisions, but must do so in a manner free of any suspicion as
above reproach, but that it is perceived to be so in the view of a to their fairness, impartiality and integrity. (Rallos vs. Gako, A.M.
reasonable observer. No. RTJ-98-1484, March 17, 2000)
In the judiciary, moral integrity is more than a cardinal virtue; it is A judge must not only be honest but also appear to be so; not
a necessity. (Fernandez vs. Hamoy, A.M. No. RTJ-04-1821, only be a good judge, but also a good person. (Dawa vs. De
August 12, 2004) Asa, A.M. No. MTJ- 98-1144, July 22, 1998)
Judges have been penalized for: While judges should possess proficiency in law in order that
they can competently construe and enforce the law, it is more
1. fraternizing with litigants and/or lawyers (Dela Cruz vs. important that they should act and behave in such a manner that
Bersamin, A.M. No. RTJ-00-567, July 25, 2000) the parties before them should have confidence in their
2. demanding and/or accepting bribes (Tan vs. Rosete, impartiality. (Sibayan-Joaquin vs. Javellana, A.M. No. RTJ- 00-
A.M. No. MTJ-04-1563, September 8, 2004) 1001, November 13, 2001)
3. altering orders (Rallos vs. Gako, A.M. No. RTJ-98-
1484, March 18, 2000) SEC. 3. Judges should take or initiate appropriate disciplinary
4. delay in rendering decisions (Fernandez vs. Hamoy, measures against lawyers or court personnel for unprofessional
A.M. No. RTJ-04-1821, August 12, 2004) conduct of which the judge may have become aware.
5. sexual harassment of employees (Dawa vs. De Asa,
A.M. No. MTJ-98-1144, July 22, 1998)
Legal Ethics | 58
Judges should not be lenient in the administrative supervision of IMPARTIALITY
employees. As an administrator, the judge must ensure that all
court personnel perform efficiently and promptly in the Impartiality is essential to the proper discharge of the judicial
administration of justice. (Ramirez vs. Corpuz-Macandog, A. M. office. It applies not only to the decision itself but also to the
No. R-351-RTJ, September 26, 1986) process by which the decision is made.
Respondent Judge cannot hide behind the inefficiency of her MEMORY AID FOR SECTIONS UNDER CANON 3
court personnel. The Code of Judicial Conduct obliges a judge 1. Judicial duties free from bias (Sec. 1)
to properly supervise the court personnel to ensure the prompt 2. Promote confidence, impartiality (Sec. 2)
and efficient dispatch of business and to require at all times the 3. Minimize instances of disqualification (Sec. 3)
observance of high standards of fidelity to duty. Respondent 4. Public comments; pending and impending case
judge is the master of her own domain, and she must assume (Sec. 4)
the responsibility that goes with it. (Arnel V. Manzon vs. Judge 5. Disqualifications (Sec. 5)
Norma C. Perello, A.M. No. RTJ-02-1686, May 7, 2004) 6. Remittal of disqualifications (Sec.6)
Oftentimes, leniency provides the court employees the SECTION 1. Judges shall perform their judicial duties without
opportunity to commit minor transgressions of the laws and favor, bias or prejudice.
slight breaches of official duty ultimately leading to vicious
delinquencies. The respondent judge should constantly keep a An alumnus of a particular law school has no monopoly of
watchful eye on the conduct of his employees. He should realize knowledge of the law. For a judge to determine the fitness or
that big fires start small. His constant scrutiny of the behavior of competence of a lawyer primarily on the basis of his alma mater
his employees would deter any abuse on the part of the latter in is clearly an engagement in an argumentum ad hominem. In the
the exercise of their duties. Then, his subordinates would check case, the judge questions the capability and credibility of the
that any misdemeanor will not remain unchecked. complainant just because he was not a graduate from UP Law
(Buenaventura vs. Benedicto Adm. Case No. 137-J, March 27, School. The Court has reminded members of the bench that
1971) even on the face of boorish behavior from those they deal with,
they ought to conduct themselves in a manner befitting
Q: To whom is the power to dismiss vested? gentlemen and high officers of the court. (Atty. Melvin D.C.
A: Although a judge has the power to recommend for Mane vs. Judge Medel Arnaldo B. Belen A.M. No. RTJ-08-2119,
appointment court personnel, however, he has no power to June 30, 2008)
dismiss them. The power to dismiss a court employee is vested
with the Supreme Court. The concern is not only with the judge’s actual decision but the
manner in which the case is decided. A judge has both the duty
RE: REQUEST FOR GUIDANCE/CLARIFICATION ON of rendering a just decision and the duty of doing it in a manner
SECTION 7, RULE III OF REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10154 completely free from suspicion as to his fairness and as to his
REQUIRING RETIRING GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES TO integrity. It is the duty of all judges not only to be impartial but
SECURE A CLEARANCE OF PENDENCY/NON-PENDENCY also to “appear impartial.” (Geotina vs. Gonzales, G.R. No.
OF CASE/S FROM THE CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION. 26310, September 30, 1971)
Section 6, Article VIII of the 1987 Philippine Constitution Q: What is the Extra-Judicial Source Rule?
exclusively vests in the Supreme Court administrative A: A principle in the United States which provides that to sustain
supervision over all courts and court personnel. As such, it a claim of bias or prejudice, the resulting opinion must be based
oversees the court personnel’s compliance with all laws and upon an extrajudicial source: that is, some influence other than
takes the proper administrative action against them for any the facts and law presented in the courtroom.
violation thereof. As an adjunct thereto, it keeps in its custody
records pertaining to the administrative cases of retiring court SEC. 2. Judges shall ensure that his or her conduct, both in and
personnel. out of court, maintains and enhances the confidence of the
public, the legal profession and litigants in the impartiality of the
In view of the foregoing, the Court rules that the subject judge and of the judiciary.
provision – which requires retiring government employees to
secure a prior clearance of pendency/non-pendency of The intendment of the above provision of the Rules of Court is
administrative case/s from, among others, the CSC – should not difficult to find. Its rationale is predicated in the long standing
not be made to apply to employees of the Judiciary. (A.M. precept that no judge should handle a case in which he might be
No. 13-09-08-SC October 1, 2013) perceived, rightly or wrongly, to be susceptible to bias and
impartiality. His judgment must not be tainted by even the
CANON 3 slightest suspicion of improbity or preconceived interest. The
Legal Ethics | 59
rule is aimed at preserving at all times the faith and confidence disqualification will not be permitted to destroy the only tribunal
in courts of justice by any party to the litigation. (Urbanes, Jr. vs. with power in the premises. The doctrine operates on the
Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 117964, March 28, 2001) principle that a basic judge is better than no judge at all. Under
such circumstances, it is the duty of the disqualified judge to
A judge should, in pending or prospective litigation before him, hear and decide the controversy, however disagreeable it may
be scrupulously careful to avoid such action as may reasonably be. (Parayno vs. Menese, G.R. No. 112684, April 26, 1994)
tend to waken the suspicion that his social or business relations
or friendships constitute an element in determining his judicial SEC. 4. Judges shall not knowingly, while a proceeding is
course. He must not only render a just, correct and impartial before, or could come before, them make any comment that
decision but should do so in such a manner as to be free from might reasonably be expected to affect the outcome of such
any suspicion as to his fairness, impartiality and integrity. proceeding or impair the manifest fairness of the process. Nor
(SANGGUNIANG BAYAN OF TAGUIG, METRO MANILA vs. shall judges make any comment in public or otherwise that
Judge SANTIAGO G. ESTRELLA, A.M. No. 01- 1608-RTJ. might affect the fair trial of any person or issue.
January 16, 2001)
Judges should avoid side remarks, hasty
Respondent’s act of sending a member of his staff to talk with conclusions, loose statements or gratuitous utterances that
complainant and show copies of his draft decisions, and his act suggest they are prejudging a case. Judges should be
of meeting with litigants outside the office premises beyond aware that the media might consider them a good and
office hours violate the standard of judicial conduct required to credible source of opinion or ideas, and therefore should
be observed by members of the Bench. They constitute gross refrain from making any comment on a pending case. Not
misconduct which is punishable under Rule 140 of the Revised only is there danger of being misquoted, but also of
Rules of Court. (Office of the Court Administrator vs. Judge compromising the rights of the litigants in the case.
Roberto S. Javellana, et al.A.M. No. RTJ-02-1737, September
9, 2004) In this case, a judge was disqualified from trying a criminal case
because he met with the complainants in chambers and advised
A judge may not be legally prohibited from sitting in a litigation. them to settle with the accused because their case was weak.
But when suggestion is made of record that he might be induced (Martinez vs. Giorenella, No. L-37635, July 22, 1975)
to act in favor of one party or with bias or prejudice against a
litigant arising out of circumstances reasonably capable of However, the Supreme Court has recently held that judges and
inciting such a state of mind, he should conduct a careful self- justices are not disqualified from participating in a case simply
examination. He should exercise his discretion in a way that the because they have written legal articles on the law involved in
people's faith in the courts of justice is not impaired. (Pimentel the case. (Chavez vs. Public Estates Authority, G.R. No.
vs. Salanga, G.R. No. L-27934, September 18, 1967) 133250, May 6, 2003)
SEC. 3. Judges shall, so far as is reasonable, so conduct SEC. 5. Judges shall disqualify themselves from participating in
themselves as to minimize the occasions on which it will be any proceedings in which they are unable to decide the matter
necessary for them to be disqualified from hearing or deciding impartially or in which it may appear to a reasonable observer
cases. that they are unable to decide the matter impartially. Such
proceedings include, but are not limited to, instances where:
Q: What is the “duty to sit?”
A: There is a possibility that no judge would be available to (a) The judge has actual bias or prejudice concerning
decide a case because judges with jurisdiction over the case a party or personal knowledge of disputed evidentiary
would opt to recuse from the case. Hence, it is imperative that facts concerning the proceedings;
judges ensure that they would not be unnecessarily
disqualified from a case. This is referred to as the “duty to sit.” The bias and prejudice must be shown to have stemmed from
It is imposed because permitting judges to disqualify themselves an extra-judicial source and result in an opinion on the merits on
for frivolous reasons or for no reason at all would contravene some basis other than the evidence presented. (Aleria, Jr. vs.
public policy by unduly delaying proceedings, increasing the Velez, G.R. No. 127400 November 16, 1998)
workload of other judges, and fostering impermissible judge-
shopping. The manner and attitude of a trial judge are crucial to everyone
concerned, the offended party, no less than the accused. It is
The majority view is that the rule of disqualification of judges not for him to indulge or even to give the appearance of catering
must yield to demands of necessity. Simply stated, the rule of to the at-times human failing of yielding to first impressions. It
necessity means that a judge is not disqualified to sit in a case if must be obvious to the parties as well as the public that he
there is no other judge available to hear and decide the case. In follows the traditional mode of adjudication requiring that he
other words, when all judges would be disqualified, hears both sides with patience and understanding to keep the
Legal Ethics | 60
risk of reaching an unjust decision at a minimum. What has (e) The judge’s ruling in a lower court is the subject of
been said is not merely a matter of judicial ethics. It is review;
impressed with constitutional significance. (Castillo vs.
Juan, Nos. L-39516-17, January 28, 1975) An Associate Justice of the Court of Appeals refused to inhibit
himself from reviewing the decision in a case which he had
(b) The judge previously served as a lawyer or was a partially heard as a trial judge prior to his promotion, on the
material witness in the matter in controversy; ground that the decision was not written by him. The Supreme
Court upheld his refusal, but nevertheless commented that he
A judge may be disqualified if he was formerly associated with "should have been more prudent and circumspect and declined
one of the parties or their counsel. (Austria vs. Masaquel, No. L- to take on the case owing to his earlier involvement in the case.
22536, August 31, 1967) The Court has held that a judge should not handle a case in
which he might be perceived, rightly or wrongly, to be
A judge was disqualified for notarizing the affidavit of a person susceptible to bias and prejudice." (Sandoval vs. Court of
to be presented as a witness in a case before him. (Mateo vs. Appeals, G.R. No. 106657, August 1, 1996 )
Villaluz, Nos. L-34756-59, March 31, 1973)
(f) The judge is related by consanguinity or affinity to a
(c) The judge, or a member of his or her family, has an party litigant within the sixth civil degree or to counsel
economic interest in the outcome of the matter in within the fourth civil degree; or
controversy;
In this case, a Municipal Trial Court judge was dismissed for
A municipal judge who filed complaints in his own court for taking cognizance of a criminal complaint lodged by his brother,
robbery and malicious mischief against a party for the purpose and issuing a warrant of arrest. ( Garcia vs. De La Pena, A.M.
of protecting the property interests of the judge’s co-heirs, and No. MTJ-92-637, February 9, 1994)
then issued warrants of arrest against the party, was found
guilty of serious misconduct and ordered dismissed from the The purpose of the prohibition is to prevent not only a conflict of
bench before he was able to recuse himself. The Supreme interest but also the appearance of impropriety on the part of a
Court held that "his subsequent inhibition from the cases which judge. The failure of respondent judge to inhibit himself in the
he filed in his own court does not detract from his culpability for case of his uncle constitutes an abuse of his authority and
he should have not taken cognizance of the cases in the first undermines public confidence in the impartiality of judges.
place – the evil that the rule on disqualification seeks to prevent (DATU INOCENCIO C. SIAWAN vs. JUDGE AQUILINO A.
is the denial of a party of his right to due process.” (Oktubre vs. INOPIQUEZ, JR., A.M. No. MTJ-95-1056. May 21, 2001)
Velasco, A.M. No. MTJ 02-1444, July 20, 2004)
(g) The judge knows that his or her spouse or child
(d) The judge served as executor, administrator, has a financial interest, as heir, legatee, creditor,
guardian, trustee or lawyer in the case or matter in fiduciary, or otherwise, in the subject matter in
controversy, or a former associate of the judge served controversy or in a party to the proceeding, or any
as counsel during their association, or the judge or other interest that could be substantially affected by
lawyer was a material witness therein; the outcome of the proceedings;
A judge is automatically disqualified from sitting in a case in Q: Illustrate the distinction of direct and indirect interest.
which the judge previously served as a lawyer. This restriction A: If a judge’s relative is a partner at the law firm representing
extends to judges who served as lawyers in closely related one of the litigants in the case before the judge, that relative
cases. Recusal is also mandated when the judge’s former law might receive direct pecuniary benefit resulting from a favorable
partner or associate served as a lawyer in the matter while the outcome of the litigation. Thus, the relative’s interest is
judge was practicing with the lawyer. Finally, a judge may not sufficiently direct to require recusal.
sit in a case in which the judge has been a material witness.
(Lewis v. State, 565 S.E.2d 431, Ga. 2002) Note: While United States jurisprudence has distinguished
between direct and indirect interest, there is no equivalent
Note: Exception under the Old Code. When the estate, trust, Philippine jurisprudence on the matter. This rule is intended
ward or person for whom he will act as executor, administrator, to ensure judges’impartiality by preventing situations in which a
trustee, guardian, judge must consider familial interests in the conflicts before him
fiduciary is a member of the immediate family—which is limited or her.
to the spouse and relatives within the 2nd degree of
consanguinity—provided that the judge’s services as fiduciary Q: What is economic interest?
shall not interfere with the performance of his judicial functions. A: It refers to the necessities of life like wealth and proprietary
rights. If the judge or member of his family stands to gain or lose
Legal Ethics | 61
some economic benefits in the dispute when finally decided, he has presided in any inferior court when his ruling or
must disqualify himself because partiality will take the better of decision is the subject of review, without the written
him. Otherwise, public confidence in the judicial system will be consent of all parties in interest, signed by them and
eroded. entered upon the record.
The reasons for disqualification cited in Canon 3, Section 5 are A judge may, in the exercise of his sound discretion,
“not limited to” these circumstances. Strict compliance with the disqualify himself from sitting in a case, for just or valid
rules on disqualification is required. The petition to disqualify a reasons other than those mentioned above.
judge must be filed before rendition of the judgment , and
cannot be raised on appeal. Otherwise, the parties are deemed CANON 4
to have waived any objection regarding the impartiality of the PROPRIETY
judge. (Marfil vs. Cuachon, A.M. No. 2360-MJ, August 31, 1981)
Propriety and the appearance of propriety are essential to the
SEC. 6. A judge disqualified as stated above may, instead of performance of all the activities of a judge.
withdrawing from the proceeding, disclose on the records the
basis of disqualification. If, based on such disclosure, the parties MEMORY AID FOR SECTIONS UNDER CANON 4
and lawyers independently of the judge’s participation, all agree 1. Avoidance of Impropriety (Sec. 1)
in writing that the reason for the inhibition is immaterial or 2. Acceptance of Personal Restrictions (Sec. 2)
unsubstantial, the judge may then participate in the proceeding. 3. Avoidance of Controversy (Sec. 3)
The agreement, signed by all parties and lawyers, shall be 4. Not participate in cases where he may be
incorporated in the record of the proceedings. impartial (Sec. 4)
5. Not to allow the use of his residence by other
The decision to continue hearing the case, despite the existence lawyers (Sec. 5)
of reasons for disqualification should be: 6. Freedom of Expression (Sec. 6)
(a) coupled with a bona fide disclosure to the 7. Be informed of his financial interests (Sec. 7)
parties-in-litigation; and 8. Influence of Judicial Conduct (Sec. 8)
(b) subject to express acceptance by all the parties 9. Confidential Information (Sec. 9)
of the cited reason as not material or substantial. Absent such 10. Engage in other activities (Sec. 10)
agreement, the judge may not continue to hear the case. 11. Practice of Profession (Sec. 11)
12. Form associations (Sec. 12)
The judge should disclose on the record the basis 13. Gifts, Requests, Loans (Sec. 13)
for his disqualification. Perhaps prompted by a cultural 14. Gifts, Requests, Loans by staff (Sec. 14)
sense of delicadeza, some magistrates state only "personal 15. Permissible tokens and awards (Sec. 15)
reasons" as the ground for inhibiting themselves. However,
such vague reasoning is not acceptable, as it would SECTION 1. Judges shall avoid impropriety and the appearance
effectively place voluntary disqualification at the whim of of impropriety in all of their activities.
the judge. This kind of latitude is not the intended effect of
the rule. The Philippine courts have also acknowledged the irrelevance of
the judge’s perception of impropriety. In this case, the Court
The first paragraph of Rule 137, Section 1 is the rule gave a reprimand with warning to Judge Dojillo for sitting beside
on disqualification. It enumerates the grounds under which any the counsel for Dojillo’s brother in the hearing of an election
judge or judicial officer is disqualified from acting as such, and protest filed by the latter. The Court was not convinced by
the explicit enumeration of the specific grounds therein does not Dojillo’s defense that he intended only to give moral support. As
exclude others. Disqualification of a judge is mandatory if any a judge, he should have known family concerns are only
of the listed grounds exists. secondary to preserving the integrity of the judiciary as a whole.
(Vidal v. Dojillo, A.M. No. MTJ-05-1591, July 14 2005)
RULE 137
DISQUALIFICATION OF JUDICIAL OFFICERS Acts done by a judge which are not illegal but are still
SECTION 1. Disqualification of judges.—No judge or violations of the Code of Judicial Ethics:
judicial officer shall sit in any case in which he, or his wife (a) Hearing cases on a day when the judge was
or child, is pecuniarily interested as heir, legatee, creditor supposed to be on official leave;
or otherwise, or in which he is related to either party within (b) Hearing a motion while on vacation, in the judge’s
the sixth degree of consanguinity or affinity, or to counsel room dressed in a polo jacket;
within the fourth degree, computed according to the rules (c) Photos showing the judge and one of his
of the civil law, or in which he has been executor, subordinates coming out of a hotel together, despite absence of
administrator, guardian, trustee or counsel, or in which he clear evidence of sexual congress;
Legal Ethics | 62
(d) Making a joking remark to a litigant suggesting that both the duty of rendering a just decision and the duty of
the latter prove he harbored no ill feelings towards the judge; doing it in a manner completely free from suspicion as to
(e) Making a comment after conducting a marriage fairness and integrity. The purpose is to preserve the
ceremony that the bride and groom should sexually satisfy each people’s faith and confidence in the courts of justice.
other so that they will not go astray.
Even when judges do not intend to use their position to
SEC. 2. As a subject of constant public scrutiny, judges must influence the outcome of cases involving family members, it
accept personal restrictions that might be viewed as cannot be denied that a judge’s mere presence in the
burdensome by the ordinary citizen and should do so freely and courtroom, ( Vidal vs. Dojillo A.M. No. MTJ-05-1591, July 14
willingly. In particular, judges shall conduct themselves in a way 2005) or even writing letters to an administrative body
that is consistent with the dignity of the judicial office. conducting an investigation pursuant to the exercise of quasi-
judicial functions ( Perez vs. Costales A.M. No. RTJ-04-1876
A judicial officer is subject to scrutiny for both public and private February 23 2005) tend to give rise to the suspicion that
conduct. Such scrutiny is an unavoidable consequence of influence is being used.
occupying a judicial position. (Cañeda vs. Alaan A.M. No. MTJ-
01-1376, January 23 2002) SEC. 5. Judges shall not allow the use of their residence by a
member of the legal profession to receive clients of the latter or
Dignified conduct is best described as conduct befitting men and of other members of the legal profession.
women possessed of temperance and respect for the law and
for others. Thus, the Supreme Court rebuked judges who made The rationale for this section is the same as that of Section 3.
sexually suggestive advances to women, including inviting The high tribunal held that it was inappropriate for a judge to
ladies to go with the judge and his companions to the beach, have entertained a litigant in his house particularly when the
(Mariano v. Gonzales, 114 SCRA 112) writing letters asking a case is still pending before his sala. (J. King and Sons v.
married woman to come to the judge’s sala after five o’clock in Hontanosas, 438 SCRA 264)
the evening, (Hadap v. Lee) and assigning a female
stenographer to the judge’s chambers. (Ritual v. Valencia) A SEC. 6. Judges, like any other citizen, are entitled to freedom of
judge was similarly disciplined for confronting a former boyfriend expression, belief, association and assembly, but in exercising
and his female companion in a restaurant, and giving false and such rights, they shall always conduct themselves in such a
misleading information to the police. (In re Williams, 777 A.2d manner as to preserve the dignity of the judicial office and the
323 N.J. 2001) impartiality and independence of the judiciary.
SEC. 3. Judges shall, in their personal relations with individual While judges are not expected to live a hermit-like
members of the legal profession who practice regularly in their existence or cease functioning as citizens of the Republic, they
court, avoid situations which might reasonably give rise to the should remember that they do not disrobe themselves of their
suspicion or appearance of favoritism or partiality. judicial office upon leaving their salas. In the exercise of their
civil liberties, they should be circumspect and ever mindful that
A judge is commanded at all times to be mindful of the high their continuing commitment to upholding the judiciary and its
calling of a dispassionate and impartial arbiter expected at all values places upon them certain implied restraints to their
times to be a “cerebral man who deliberately holds in check the freedom.
tug and pull of purely personal preferences which he shares with
his fellow mortals.” Judges should refrain from inviting counsel The use of expletives is frowned upon by the Supreme
for one side into their chambers after or prior to sessions in Court. The court reprimanded a judge who used expletives like
court without disclosing to the other counsel the reason for such “putris” and “putang ina, ” even thought they were not directed to
meetings, being aggressive in demeanor towards a lawyer any particular individual. ( Re Judge Edmundo Acuna, 464
appearing before them, and making public comments, or SCRA 250) In another case, the court found that the judge
allowing court staff to make comments, on pending cases. displayed unbecoming behaviour by sarcastically commenting
(Office of the Court Administrator vs. Paderanga A.M. No. RTJ- upon a complainant’s ability to read English and using phrases
01-1660, August 25 2005) such as “moronic attitude,” “stupid,” and “putang inamo” to
describe the complainant. (Seludo v. Fineza, 447 SCRA 73)
SEC. 4. Judges shall not participate in the determination of a
case in which any member of their family represents a litigant or SEC. 7. Judges shall inform themselves about their personal
is associated in any manner with the case. fiduciary financial interests and shall make reasonable efforts to
be informed about the financial interests of members of their
This rule rests on the principle that no judge family.
should preside in a case in which the judge is not wholly
free, disinterested, impartial and independent. A judge has A judge shall refrain from financial and business dealings that
Legal Ethics | 63
tend to reflect adversely on the court's impartiality, interfere with 02-1669, April 14, 2004)
the proper performance of judicial activities, or increase
involvement with lawyers or persons likely to come before the Q: What is ticket-fixing?
court. (Catbagan v. Barte, 455 SCRA 1) A: It is a misconduct in which judges impermissibly take
advantage of their position to avoid traffic violations.
SEC. 8. Judges shall not use or lend the prestige of the judicial
office to advance their private interests, or those of a member of SEC. 9. Confidential information acquired by judges in their
their family or of anyone else, nor shall they convey or permit judicial capacity shall not be used or disclosed by for any other
others to convey the impression that anyone is in a special purpose related to their judicial duties.
position improperly to influence them in the performance of
judicial duties. The Court reiterates the common sense rule that once retired,
judges may no longer decide cases. Neither may they, or even
This rule has two parts. The first is that a judge may their successors, promulgate decisions written while they were
not use judicial office to advance private interests. The second still in office. In short, once retired, they can no longer write or
is that a judge may not give the impression that he or she can promulgate decisions, orders or other actions proper only to
be influenced to use the judicial office to advance the private incumbents. (J. King & Sons Company, Inc. vs. Judge Agapito
interests of others. L. Hontanosas, Jr., A.M. No. RTJ-03-1802, September 21,
2004)
In this case, the respondent judge took advantage of his position
as a Makati Regional Trial Court judge by filing in the Makati When a judge released a draft of her decision to a party, that
court a collection case in which he and his wife were the conduct was found to be not just a simple breach of
complainants. The Court ruled that although a stipulation in the confidentiality but a scheme to make the party “negotiate” for
contract gave the judge, as creditor, choice of venue, the judge increases in the monetary awards to be given by the judge.
had nonetheless fallen short of what is expected of him as a (Centrum Agri-Business Realty Corp. v. Katalbas-Moscardon,
judicial officer. The Court explained that the reason for the ruling 247 SCRA 145)
of impropriety was that peculiar Philippine psyche, personality
and culture would lead the public, and in particular the judge’s It is improper for a judge to allow his wife to have access to
adversary in the collection case, to suspect that the judge would court records which are necessarily confidential, as this practice
use the choice of venue as a means to exert influence in favor may convey the impression that she is the one who can
of himself. This is precisely the reason behind this particular influence the judge's official functions. (Gordon v. Lilagan, 361
section of the new Code. ( Javier vs. de Guzman, A.M. No. RTJ- SCRA 690)
89-380, December 19 1990)
SEC. 10. Subject to the proper performance of judicial duties,
A judge was found liable for gross misconduct when he made judges may
phone calls to the station commander on behalf of a family
friend who had been detained, and asked her bailiff to look into (a) Write, lecture, teach and participate in activities
the status of the car that had been left in the parking lot when concerning the law, the legal system, the
the friend had been arrested. (Manansala III vs. Asdala, A.M. administration of justice or related matters;
No. RTJ-05-1916, May 10 2005)
(b) Appear at a public hearing before an official body
Respondent judge cited complainant in contempt of court concerned with matters relating to the law, the legal
because complainant parked his superior’s vehicle at the system, the administration of justice or related
parking space reserved for respondent judge. A magistrate matters;
must exhibit that hallmark of judicial temperament of utmost
sobriety and self-restraint which are indispensable qualities of (c) Engage in other activities if such activities do not
every judge. Respondent judge should not have allowed himself detract from the dignity of the judicial office or
to be annoyed to a point that he would even waste valuable otherwise interfere with the performance of judicial
court time and resources on a trivial matter. (Venancio Inonog duties.
vs. Judge Francisco B. Ibay, A.M. No. RTJ-09-2175, July 28,
2009) This section allows the judge to participate in legal academia
and public discourse on legal matters with the proviso that there
A judge shall not allow family, social, or other relationships to shall be no interference in the performance of the judge’s
influence judicial conduct or judgment. Judge Malanyaon needs primary functions with respect to his or her jurisdiction.
to be reminded that his judicial identity does not terminate at the
end of the day when he takes off his judicial robes. (Hon. Julieta In the landmark case of In Re: Designation of Judge Rodolfo U.
A. Decena, et al. vs. Judge Nilo A. Malanyaon, A.M. No. RTJ- Manzano, (A.M. No. 88-7-1861-RTC, October 5 1988) a judge
Legal Ethics | 64
sought the Court’s permission to accept membership in the affected by the functions of their office.
Ilocos Norte Provincial Committee on Justice, an administrative
body. The Court denied his request, ruling that allowing the Receiving money from a party litigant is the kind of gross and
judge’s membership would be a violation of the constitutional flaunting misconduct on the part of the judge, who is charged
provision on the discharge by members of the judiciary of with the responsibility of administering the law and rendering
administrative functions in quasi-judicial or administrative justice. [Ompoc v. Torre (1989)]
agencies. (Section 12, Art. VIII)
SEC. 14. Judges shall not knowingly permit court staff or others
SEC. 11. Judges shall not practice law whilst the holder of subject to their influence, direction or authority, to ask for, or
judicial office. accept, any gift, bequest, loan or favor in relation to anything
done or to be done or omitted to be done in connection with
This prohibition is based on the inherent incompatibility of the their duties or functions.
rights, duties and functions of the office of an attorney with the
powers, duties and functions of a judge. (Carual v. Brusola, 317 This section complements the previous section and
SCRA 54) assures that what the judge cannot do directly, may not be done
indirectly through the use of employees or staff members. In
Philippine courts not only prohibit judges from overtly Dulay vs. Lelina, (A.M. No. RTJ-99 -1516, July 14 2005) the
representing clients as counsel of record, (Candia v. Court suspended the respondent judge for six months for
Tagabucha, 79 SCRA 52) but also from acting more subtly in a allowing his daughters to accept a business partnership offered
way more befitting an advocate than a judge. For example, a by persons with pending cases before his court.
judge may not meet with a complainant to give him advice.
(Contreras v. Solis, 260 SCRA 570)
A judge may not involve himself in any activity that is an aspect SEC. 15. Subject to law and to any legal requirements of public
of the private practice of law. His acceptance of an appointment disclosure, judges may receive a token gift, award or benefit as
to the Bench inhibits him from engaging in the private practice of appropriate to the occasion on which it is made provided that
law, regardless of the beneficiary of the activity being a member such gift, award or benefit might not reasonably be perceived as
of his immediate family. He is guilty of conduct unbecoming of a intended to influence the judge in the performance of judicial
judge otherwise. (SONIA C. DECENA and REY C. DECENA vs. duties or otherwise give rise to an appearance of partiality.
JUDGE NILO A. MALANYAON, A.M. No. RTJ-10-2217, April 8,
2013) General Rule: Judges and members of their families cannot
accept gifts, award or benefit
SEC. 12. Judges may form or join associations of judges or
participate in other organizations representing the interests of Exception: Subject to legal requirements like public disclosure,
judges. may accept gifts provided that it might not reasonably be
perceived as intended to influence judge.
This rule also recognizes the difference between
membership in associations of judges and membership in Section 7(d) of R.A. 6713 allows the following:
associations of other legal professionals. While attendance at (a) Gift of nominal value tendered and received as a
lavish events hosted by lawyers might create an appearance of souvenir or mark of courtesy;
impropriety, participation in a judges-only organization does (b) Scholarship or fellowship grant or medical
not. treatment;
(c) Travel grants or expenses for travel taking place
SEC. 13. Judges and members of their families shall neither ask entirely outside the Philippines (such as allowances,
for, nor accept, any gift, bequest, loan or favor in relation to transportation, food and lodging) of more than nominal value if
anything done or to be done or omitted to be done by him or her such acceptance is appropriate or consistent with the interest of
in connection with the performance of judicial duties. the Philippines, and permitted by the head office, branch or
agency to which the judge belongs.
This section should be read in conjunction with
Section 7(d) of R.A. 6713 which prohibits public officials from Q: What is a gift?
soliciting or accepting gifts. According to this provision: A: “Gift" refers to a thing or a right to dispose of gratuitously, or
Public officials and employees shall not solicit or any act or liberality, in favor of another who accepts it, and shall
accept, directly or indirectly, any gift, gratuity, favor, include a simulated sale or an ostensibly onerous disposition
entertainment, loan or anything of money value from any person thereof. It shall not include an unsolicited gift of nominal or
in the course of their official duties or in connection with any insignificant value not given in anticipation of, or in exchange
operation being regulated by, or any transaction which may be for, a favor from a public official or employee. (Sec. 3 (c), RA
Legal Ethics | 65
No. 6713) anyone regardless of gender orientation. Furthermore,
statements like “I am a true man not a gay to challenge a girl
Q: What is a loan? and a lesbian like her,” “the handiwork and satanic belief of dirty
A: Loan" covers both simple loan and commodatum as well as gossiper,” and “the product of the dirty and earthly imagination
guarantees, financing arrangements or accommodations of a lesbian and gossiper” were uncalled for. (Judge Jaime L.
intended to ensure its approval. (Sec. 3 (c), RA No. 6713) Dojillo, Jr. vs. Concepcion Z. Ching, A.M. No. P-06-2245, July
31, 2009)
Legal Ethics | 66
harassment, the image of the judiciary is impaired. (Navarro v. 7)
Tormis, A.M. No. MTJ-00-1937, April 27, 2004)
Q: What is diligence?
SEC. 4. Judges shall not knowingly permit court staff or others A: It is the quality of a person characterized by his earnest
subject to his or her influence, direction or control to differentiate willingness and capability to promptly do or undo what is
between persons concerned, in a matter before the judge, on required by the nature of the obligation or duty in accordance
any irrelevant ground. with existing rules.
It carries with it the elements of:
Judges should organize their courts to ensure the prompt and 1. perseverance;
convenient dispatch of business and should not tolerate 2. industry;
misconduct by clerks, sheriffs and other assistants who are 3. quickness ; and
sometimes prone to expect favors or special treatment due to 4. carefulness
their professional relationship with the judge. All personnel
involved in the dispensation of justice should conduct NOTE: Diligence is the opposite of negligence.
themselves with a high degree of responsibility. (Mataga v. Competence is more on the intellectuality; while diligence, on
Rosete, A.M. No. MTJ-03-1488, October 13, 2004) the performance.
SEC. 5. Judges shall require lawyers in proceedings before the SECTION 1. The judicial duties of a judge take precedence over
court to refrain from manifesting, by words or conduct, bias or all other activities.
prejudice based on irrelevant grounds, except such as are
legally relevant to an issue in proceedings and may be the A judge should not recuse himself simply to avoid
subject of legitimate advocacy. sitting on difficult or controversial cases.
Judges have the duty to prevent lawyers from abusing “The administration of justice is a sacred task ... and
witnesses with unfair treatment. Witnesses have the following [u]pon assumption to office, a judge ceases to be an ordinary
rights and obligations as provided for in Rule 132, section 3 of mortal. He becomes the visible representation of the law and
the Revised Rules of Court: more importantly, of justice.” [Office of the Court Administrator v.
Gines (1993)]
(1) To be protected from irrelevant, improper or
insulting questions and from a harsh or insulting SEC. 2. Judges shall devote their professional activity to judicial
demeanor; duties, which include not only the performance of judicial
(2) Not to be detained longer than the interests of functions and responsibilities in court and the making of
justice require decisions, but also other tasks relevant to the judicial office or
(3) Not to be examined except as to matters pertinent the court’s operations.
to the issues before the court;
(4) Not to give an answer which will tend to subject In the instant case, respondent judge impeded the speedy
him to a penalty for an offense unless otherwise provided by disposition of cases by his successor on account of missing
law; or records of cases. This fact reflects an inefficient and disorderly
(5) Not to give an answer which will tend to degrade system in the recording of cases assigned to his sala. Proper
the witness’ reputation, but a witness must answer the fact of and efficient court management is as much the judge's
any previous final conviction for a criminal offense. responsibility for the Court personnel are not the guardians of a
Judge's responsibilities. A judge is expected to ensure that the
CANON 6 records of cases assigned to his sala are intact. There is no
COMPETENCE AND DILIGENCE justification for missing records save fortuitous events. The loss
of not one but eight records is indicative of gross misconduct
Competence and diligence are prerequisites to the due and inexcusable negligence unbecoming of a judge. [Longboan
performance of judicial office. v. Polig (1990)]
MEMORY AID FOR SECTIONS UNDER CANON 6 SEC. 3. Judges shall take reasonable steps to maintain and
(a) Duties take precedence (Sec. 1) enhance their knowledge, skills and personal qualities
(b) Perform administrative duties (Sec. 2) necessary for the proper performance of judicial duties, taking
(c) Maintain professional competence (Sec. 3) advantage for this purpose of the training and other facilities
(d) Be informed about the law (Sec. 4) which should be made available, under judicial control, to
(e) Prompt decision making (Sec. 5) judges.
(f) Maintain order in proceedings (Sec. 6)
(g) Not to engage in conduct contrary to duties (Sec.
Legal Ethics | 67
The respondent judge has utterly failed to live up to the standard SEC. 5. Judges shall perform all judicial duties, including the
of competence required of him. His erroneous application of the delivery of reserved decisions, efficiently, fairly and with
Indeterminate Sentence Law committed not just once or twice reasonable promptness.
but in at least seventeen (17) instances is a compelling
evidence of his gross ignorance of the law. (The Officers and The essence of the judicial function is expressed in
Members of the IBP Baguio-Benguet Chapter, et al. vs. Section 1, Rule 124 of the Revised Rules of Court which
Fernando Vil Pamintuan, A.M. No. RTJ-02-1691, January 16, provides that “Justice shall be impartially administered without
2004) unnecessary delay.” This principle permeates the whole system
of judicature, and supports the legitimacy of the decrees of
The maxim “ignorance of the law excuses no one” has special judicial tribunals.
application to judges. ( Espiritu v. Javellanos, 280 SCRA 579
(1997) As advocates of justice and visible representation of the In this case, respondent judge was found guilty of gross
law, the public expects judges to be conversant with the inefficiency for having failed to resolve the ejectment case
developments of law and jurisprudence and proficient in their within the prescribed 30-day period after the filing of the parties’
application or interpretation of it. (Almonte v. Bien, 461 SCRA respective Position Papers, pursuant to Rule 70 of the Rules of
218 2005) It is imperative that judges be well-informed of basic Court and the 1991 Revised Rules on Summary Procedure. The
legal principles. Supreme Court took into consideration the judge’s candid
admission and acceptance of his infraction as factors in
Good faith and absence of malice or corruption are sufficient imposing only a fine and also took into account his age and frail
defenses to charges of ignorance of the law. However, the health, although these factors did not in any way absolve him
Supreme Court admonished that “good faith of fallible discretion from liability or excuse him from diligently fulfilling his
inheres only within the perimeter of tolerable judgment and does duties. (Atty. Manuel J. Jimenez, Jr. Vs. Presiding Judge
not apply where the issues are so simple and the applicable Michael M. Amdengan, Municipal Trail Court, Angono Rizal,
legal principles evident and basic as to be beyond possible A.M. No. MTJ-12-1818. February 13, 2013)
margin of error. (Poso v. Mijares, 387 SCRA 485, 507, 2002)
The Supreme Court ruled that, “We have always reminded
The Court held that the failure to apply elementary rules of judges that the Court is not unmindful of the circumstances that
procedure constitutes gross ignorance of the law and procedure. may delay the disposition of the cases assigned to them. Thus,
Neither good faith nor lack of malice will exonerate respondent the Court remains sympathetic to seasonably filed requests for
because, as previously noted, the rules violated were basic extension of time to decide cases. Unfortunately, no such
procedural rules. All that was needed for respondent to do was requests were made by Judge Fuentes III until the judicial audit
to apply them. Unfortunately, in this case the Judge chose not was conducted by the OCA and a directive was issued to him by
to. The Judge failed to resolved unlawful detainer and forcible the Court.” (Office of the Court Administrator Vs. Judge
entry case according express legal provisions on periods of Fernando G. Fuentes, A.M. No. RTJ-13-2342/A.M. No. RTJ-12-
rendition of judgments. (Danilo David S. Mariano vs. Judge Jose 2318. March 6, 2013)
P. Nacional, A.M. No. MTJ-07-1688, February 10, 2009)
Clearly, Judge Villegas’ contumacious conduct and blatant
SEC. 4. Judges shall keep themselves informed about relevant disregard of the Court’s mandate for more than three years
developments of international law, including international amounted to studied defiance and downright insubordination. A
conventions and other instruments establishing human rights magistrate’s delay in rendering a decision or order and failure to
norms. comply with this Court’s rules, directives and circulars constitute
less serious offenses under Rule 140, Section 9 of the Rules of
Within its own territory, the Philippines has the Court. (Office of the Court Administration vs. Judge Franklin A.
obligation to respect the civil and political rights Villegas, A.M. No. RTJ-00-1526, June 3, 2004)
recognized by the International Covenant on Civil and
Political Rights without discrimination as to national origin, SEC. 6. Judges shall maintain order and decorum in all
among other factors — an obligation that binds both its proceedings before the court and be patient, dignified and
citizens and foreign nationals within its jurisdiction. courteous in relation to litigants, witnesses, lawyers and others
with whom the judge deals in an official capacity. Judges shall
As judges are front-liners in the dispensation of justice, it is require similar conduct of legal representatives, court staff and
imperative they keep abreast with the changes and others subject to their influence, direction or control.
developments in law and jurisprudence. As judges are apostles
of the law, their ignorance of the law is impermissible and The respondent judge was guilty of committing acts unbecoming
inexcusable. (Atty. Audie C. Arnado vs. Judge Marino S. Buban, of a judge and abuse of authority when he shouted invectives
A.M. No. MTJ-04-1543, May 31, 2004) and threw a chair at the complainant, resulting in wrist and other
injuries to the complainant. [Briones v. Ante, Jr. (2002)]
Legal Ethics | 68
Article II: Failure to disclose to the public his
The respondent judge was found guilty of serious misconduct Statement of Assets and Liabilities;
and inefficiency by reason of habitual tardiness. He was fined Article III: Flip-flopping decisions in final and executory
and suspended for judicial indolence. [Yu-Asensi v. Villanueva cases (Flight Attendants and Stewards Association of the
(2000)] Philippines (FASAP) vs. Philippine Airlines) creating excessive
entanglement with Former President Arroyo, and discussing
Besides possessing the requisite learning in the law, the with litigants regarding the cases pending before the Supreme
Supreme Court has emphasized that “a magistrate must exhibit Court ( Lejano vs. People or the Vizconde massacre case);
that hallmark judicial temperament of utmost sobriety and self- Article IV: Betrayal of public trust and/or committed
restraint which are indispensable qualities of every judge. culpable violation of the Constitution when it blatantly
(Rodriguez v. Bonifacio, 344 SCRA 519 [2000]) disregarded the principle of separation of powers by issuing a
status quo ante order against the House of Representatives in
SEC. 7. Judges shall not engage in conduct incompatible with the case concerning the impeachment of
the diligent discharge of judicial duties. then Ombudsman Merceditas Navarro-Gutierrez;
Article V: Gerrymandering in the case of the 16-newly
In Beso v. Daguman, (323 SCRA 566, 2000) a judge neglected created cities and promotion of Dinagat into a province;
his duty when he failed to exercise extra care in ensuring that Article VI: Improper investigation in the plagiarism
records of the cases and official documents in his custody were case of Associate Justice Mariano del Castillo;
intact. The Supreme Court reiterated that “judges must adopt a Article VII: Granting a temporary restraining order to
system of record management and organize their dockets in Former President Arroyo and husband Mike Arroyo after the
order to bolster the prompt and efficient dispatch of business. DOJ prevented them to go out of the country;
Article VIII: Graft and corruption when he failed and
refused to account for the judiciary development fund and
special allowance for the judiciary collections.
DISCIPLINE OF MEMBERS OF THE JUDICIARY B. On January 16, 2012. The Senate, sitting as an
impeachment court began the trial.
MEMBERS OF THE SUPREME COURT
IMPEACHMENT C. The prosecution dropped articles I, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII,
leaving only Articles II and III as their grounds for
Statutory Basis impeachment.
1987 Constitution, Art. X, Section 2. The President, the
The Second Article alleges that Corona “failed to
Vice-President, the Members of the Supreme Court,
the Members of the Constitutional Commissions, and disclose to the public his statement of assets, liabilities,
the Ombudsman may be removed from office on and net worth” in violation of section 17, Article XI of the
impeachment for, and conviction of, culpable violation Constitution as well as the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices
of the Constitution, treason, bribery, graft and Act (R.A. 3019).
corruption, other high crimes, or betrayal of public Section 17, Article XI provides that, “A public
trust. All other public officers and employees may be officer or employee shall, upon assumption of office and as
removed from office as provided by law, but not by often thereafter as may be required by law, submit a
impeachment declaration under oath of his assets, liabilities, and net
worth. In the case of the President, the Vice-President, the
ETHICAL LESSONS FROM FORMER CHIEF JUSTICE Members of the Cabinet, the Congress, the Supreme Court,
CORONA the Constitutional Commissions and other constitutional
offices, and officers of the armed forces with general or flag
Overview of Chief Justice Corona’s impeachment rank, the declaration shall be disclosed to the public in the
December 12, 2011. manner provided by law.”
A. The House of Representatives charged Chief Justice
Corona with eight articles of impeachment alleging (1) D. On May 29, 2012, the Senate found Chief Justice
betrayal of public trust; (2) graft and corruption; and Corona guilty under Article II of the Articles of
(3) culpable violation of the Constitution. impeachment for his failure to declare his true
statements of assets, liabilities and net worth. After 20
Articles of Impeachment Filed by the House of Representatives: senators voted in favor of impeachment under this
ground, the Senate no longer voted under Article III.
Article I: Partiality and subservience in cases involving
the Arroyo administration;
Legal Ethics | 69
Quantum of Evidence Used LOWER COURT JUDGES AND JUSTICES
Yale professor Charles Black however wrote that “the ADMINISTRATIVE LIABILITIES:
Senate has traditionally left the choice of the applicable Grounds for administrative sanctions against judges (Sec. 67 of
standard of proof to each individual senator.” the Judiciary Act of 1948):
Legal Ethics | 70
diligence, prudence and circumspection which the law efficiency and dedication to duty of judges. If they do not
requires in the rendition of any public service. possess these traits, delay in the disposition of cases is
inevitable to the prejudice of litigants. (Esterlina Acuzar vs.
MISCONDUCT Judge Gaydifredo T. Ocampo A.M. No. MTJ-02-1396, March 10,
Misconduct means intentional wrongdoing or deliberate violation 2004)
of a rule of law or a standard of behaviour. In order to constitute
an administrative offense, it should relate to or be connected In this case, respondent judge was found guilty of gross
with the performance of the official functions of a public officer. inefficiency for having failed to resolve the ejectment case within
In grave misconduct, as distinguished from simple misconduct, the prescribed 30-day period after the filing of the parties’
the elements of corruption, clear intent to violate the law or respective Position Papers, pursuant to Rule 70 of the Rules of
flagrant disregard of an established rule must be established. Court and the 1991 Revised Rules on Summary Procedure. The
(RE: COMPLAINT OF LEONARDO A. VELASCO AGAINST Supreme Court took into consideration the judge’s candid
ASSOCIATE JUSTICES FRANCISCO H. VILLARUZ, JR., ALEX admission and acceptance of his infraction as factors in
L. QUIROZ, AND SAMUEL R. MARTIRES OF THE imposing only a fine and also took into account his age and frail
SANDIGANBAYAN, A.M. OCA IPI No. 10-25-SB-J, January 15, health, although these factors did not in any way absolve him
2013) from liability or excuse him from diligently fulfilling his duties.
(Atty. Manuel J. Jimenez, Jr. Vs. Presiding Judge Michael M.
Judge Hurtado’s failure to return the money he received from Amdengan, A.M. No. MTJ- 12-1818, February 13, 2013)
Neri while he was still a clerk a court constitutes simple
misconduct. (Epifania M. Neri vs. Judge Barulio L. Hurtado, Jr., Judge Hurtado was only able to promulgate the decision in one
A.M. No. RTJ-00-1584, February 18, 2004) (1) criminal case, leaving seventy (70) more undecided. He was
utterly remiss in the performance of his duties. His lackadaisical
Respondent Judge averred that he was constrained to reverse attitude towards the disposition of cases pending in his court
himself on the motion for reconsideration due to the death constitutes gross inefficiency, neglect of duty and serious
threats he had received. The Code of Judicial Conduct misconduct to the detriment of the honor and integrity of the
commands that a judge must not succumb to attempts to judiciary. (Report on Judicial Audit, A.M. No. 02-8-441-RTC,
influence his judgment and must resist any pressure from March 3, 2004)
whatever source in order to uphold the integrity and
independence of the Judiciary. The Court finds respondent Without a doubt, Judge Carbonell’s failure to decide several
Judge guilty of MISCONDUCT. (Emiliana M. Garcia vs. cases within the reglementary period, without justifiable and
Florencio P. Bueser, A.M. No. RTJ-03-1792, March 10, 2004) credible reasons, constituted gross inefficiency, warranting the
imposition of administrative sanctions. (RE: FAILURE OF
SERIOUS MISCONDUCT FORMER JUDGE ANTONIO A. CARBONELL TO DECIDE
For serious misconduct to obtain, the judicial act/s complained CASES SUBMITTED FOR DECISION AND TO RESOLVE
of should be corrupt or inspired by an intention to violate the law PENDING MOTIONS IN THE REGIONAL TRIAL COURT,
or persistent disregard of well-known legal precepts. BRANCH 27, SAN FERNANDO, LA UNION, A.M. No. 08-5-305-
(GEOFFREY BECKETT vs. JUDGE OLEGARIO R. RTC, July 9, 2013)
SARMIENTO, JR., RTC Br 24 CEBU CITY, A.M. No. RTJ-12-
2326, January 30, 2013) While judges should not be disciplined for inefficiency on
account merely of occasional mistakes or errors of judgments, it
If a judge is to be disciplined for a grave offense, the evidence is highly imperative that they should be conversant with
against him should be competent and derived from direct fundamental and basic legal principles in order to merit the
knowledge. Presumptions and hearsays are not substantial confidence of the citizenry. (JESUS D. CARBAJOSA vs. JUDGE
evidence for immorality and conduct to the best interest of the HANNIBAL R. PATRICIO, A.M. No. MTJ-13-1834, October 2,
service. (Margie Corpus Macias vs.Judge Joaquin S. Macias, 2013)
A.M. No. RTJ-01-1650, September 29, 2009)
ERROR OR IGNORANCE OF LAW
To dismiss a judge for what may be considered as serious
Judges are expected to strive for excellence in the performance
offenses under the Code, there must be, ideally, reliable
of their duties. As exemplars of law and justice, they are
evidence to show that the judicial acts complained of were ill-
mandated to embody competence, integrity and independence.
motivated, corrupt or inspired by a persistent disregard of well-
Verily, they owe it to the public to know the very laws they are
known rules. (Corazon R. Tanjuanco vs. Judge Ireneo L. Gako,
supposed to apply to controversies. They are called upon to
.M. No. RTJ-06-2016, March 23, 2009)
exhibit more than a cursory acquaintance of the statutes
and procedural laws. Anything less would constitute gross
SERIOUS INEFFICIENCY
ignorance of the law. (Dario Manalastas vs. Judge Rodrigo R.
Prompt disposition of cases is attained basically through the
Flores, A.M. No. MTJ- 04-1523, February 6, 2004)
Legal Ethics | 71
After years of service in the judiciary, judges are expected to respondent, and he shall be required to comment within ten (10)
have become already conversant with the Rules, which they days from the date of service. Otherwise, the same shall be
apply and rely on every day in court. Years of service in the dismissed.
bench simply negate any notion that a judge could be grossly
ignorant of procedural laws. (P/Supt. Alejandro Gutierrez, et al. Sec. 3. By whom complaint investigated. – Upon the filing of
vs. Judge Godofredo G. Hernandez, Sr. A.M. No. MTJ-06-1628, the respondent’s comment, or upon the expiration of the time for
June 8, 2007) filing the same and unless other pleadings or documents are
required, the Court shall refer the matter to the Office of the
It must be stressed that as a matter of policy, the acts of a judge Court Administrator for evaluation, report, and recommendation
in his judicial capacity are not subject to disciplinary action. He or assign the case for investigation, report, and recommendation
cannot be subjected to liability — civil, criminal or administrative to a retired member of the Supreme Court, if the respondent is a
— for any of his official acts, no matter how erroneous, as long Justice of the Court of Appeals and the Sandiganbayan, or to a
as he acts in good faith. Only judicial errors tainted with fraud, Justice of the Court of Appeals, if the respondent is a Judge of a
dishonesty, gross ignorance, bad faith or deliberate intent to do Regional Trial Court or of a special court of equivalent rank, or
an injustice will be administratively sanctioned. To hold to a Judge of the Regional Trial Court if the respondent is a
otherwise would be to render judicial office untenable, for no Judge of an inferior court.
one called upon to try the facts or interpret the law in the
process of administering justice can be infallible in his judgment. Sec. 4. Hearing. – The investigating Justice or Judge shall set a
(Ethelwoldo E. Fernandez, Antonio A. Henson & Angel S. Ong day of the hearing and send notice thereof to both parties. At
Vs. Court of Appeals Asso. Justices Ramon M. Bato, Jr., Isaias such hearing the parties may present oral and documentary
P. Dicdican, A.M. OCA IPI No. 12-201-CA-J. February 19, 2013) evidence. If, after due notice, the respondent fails to appear, the
investigation shall proceed ex parte.
Unfamiliarity with the Rules of Court is a sign of incompetence. The Investigating Justice or Judge shall terminate the
Basic procedural rules must be at the palm of his hands. A investigation within ninety (90) days from the date of its
judge must be acquainted with legal norms and precepts as well commencement or within such extension as the Supreme Court
as with procedural rules. Thus, this Court has been consistent in may grant.
ruling that when the law is so elementary, for a judge not to be
aware of it constitutes gross ignorance of the law. (Prosecutor Sec. 5. Report. – Within thirty (30) days from the termination of
Jorge D. Baculi vs. Judge MedelArnaldo B. Belen, A.M. No. the investigation, the investigating Justice or Judge shall submit
RTJ-09-2176, April 20, 2009) to the Supreme Court a report containing findings of fact and
recommendation. The report shall be accompanied by the
Inefficiency implies negligence, ignorance and carelessness. A record containing the evidence and the pleadings filed by the
judge would be inexcusably negligent if he failed to observe in parties. The report shall be confidential and shall be for the
the performance of his duties that diligence, prudence and exclusive use of the Court.
circumspection which the law requires in the rendition of any
public service. [In re: Climaco, (1974)] Sec. 6. Action. – The Court shall take such action on the report
as the facts and the law may warrant.
RULE 140: DISCIPLINE OF JUDGES OF REGULAR AND Sec. 12. Confidentiality of proceedings. – Proceedings
SPECIAL COURTS AND JUSTICES OF THE COURT OF against Judges of regular and special courts and Justices of the
APPEALS AND THE SANDIGANBAYAN Court of Appeals and the Sandiganbayan shall be private and
Sec. 1. How instituted. – Proceedings for the discipline of confidential, but a copy of the decision or resolution of the court
judges of regular and special courts and Justices of the Court of shall be attached to the record of the respondent in the Office of
Appeals and the Sandiganbayan may be instituted motu proprio the Court Administrator.
by the Supreme Court or upon a verified complaint, supported
by affidavits of person who have personal knowledge of the GROUNDS
facts alleged therein or by documents which may substantiate Sec. 7. Classification of charges. – Administrative charges are
said allegations, or upon an anonymous complaint, supported classified as serious, less serious, or light.
by public records of indubitable integrity. The complaint shall be Sec. 8. Serious charges. – Serious charges include:
in writing and shall state clearly and concisely the acts and (1) Bribery, direct or indirect;
omissions constituting violations of standards of conduct (2) Dishonesty and violations of the Anti-Graft and Corrupt
prescribed for Judges by law, the Rules of Court, or the Code of Practices Law (R.A. No. 3019);
Judicial Conduct. (3) Gross misconduct constituting violations of the Code of
Judicial Conduct;
Sec. 2. Action on the complaint. – If the complaint is sufficient (4) Knowingly rendering an unjust judgment or order as
in form and substance, a copy thereof shall be served upon the determined by a competent court in an appropriate proceeding;
Legal Ethics | 72
(5) Conviction of a crime involving moral turpitude; Court, anonymous complaints may be filed against
(6) Willful failure to pay a just debt; judges, but they must be supported by public records of
(7) Borrowing money or property from lawyers and litigants in a indubitable integrity. Courts have acted in such
case pending before the court; instances needing no corroboration by evidence to be
(8) Immorality; offered by the complainant. Thus, for anonymous
(9) Gross ignorance of the law or procedure; complaints, the burden of proof in administrative
(10) Partisan political activities; and proceedings which usually rests with the complainant,
(11) Alcoholism and/or vicious habits. must be buttressed by indubitable public records and by
what is sufficiently proven during the investigation. If the
Sec. 9. Less Serious Charges. – Less serious charges include: burden of proof is not overcome, the respondent is
(1) Undue delay in rendering a decision or order, or in under no obligation to prove his defense. (Anonymous
transmitting the records of a case; Vs. Judge Rio C. Achas, MTCC Branch 2, Ozamiz City,
(2) Frequently and unjustified absences without leave or MIsamis Occidental, A.M. No. MTJ-11-1801. February
habitual tardiness; 27, 2013)
(3) Unauthorized practice of law;
(4) Violation of Supreme Court rules, directives, and AUTOMATIC CONVERSION OF ADMINISTRATIVE CASES
circulars; AGAINST CA AND SANDIGANBAYAN JUSTICES AND
(5) Receiving additional or double compensation unless LOWER COURT JUDGES
specifically authorized by law; Administrative cases against CA, Sandiganbayan justices, and
(6) Untruthful statements in the certificate of service; lower court judges where the charges constitute misconduct for
and members of the Bar, shall also be considered as disciplinary
(7) Simple Misconduct. action against the judge. The respondent shall be required to
comment or show cause why he should not be suspended,
Employees of the judiciary should be living examples of disbarred or sanctioned as a member of the Bar. [A.M. NO. 02-
uprightness not only in the performance of official duties 9-02 SC]
but also in their personal and private dealings with other
people so as preserve at all times the good name and Justices and Judges are also protected from baseless and
standing of the courts in the community. In this case, the unfounded administrative complaints
complaint’s claim against the respondent is a just debt, - The Supreme Court promulgated A.M. No. 03-10-01-SC –
whose existence and justness the respondent himself Resolution Prescribing Measures to Protect Members of the
admitted. The Court finds respondent Judge Manuel T. Judiciary from Baseless and Unfounded Administrative
Sabillo of the Municipal Circuit Trial Court of Lamitan, Complaints.
Basilan GUILTY of willful failure to pay a just debt under - Complainant may be required to show cause why he should
Section 8, Rule 140 of the Rules of Court. (Victoriano G. not be held in contempt of court. If the complainant is a lawyer,
Manlapaz Vs. Judge Manuel T. Sabillo, MCTC, Lamitan, he may further be required to show cause why he or she should
Basilan, A.M. No. MTJ- 10-1771. February 13, 2013) not be administratively sanctioned as a member of the Bar and
as an officer of the court.
Criminal complaints against judges such as for
violations of the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act
and the Revised Penal Code should be filed with the IMPEACHMENT ETHICAL ASPECTS
Office of the Ombudsman and not with the Supreme Chief Justice Corona was the first justice of the Supreme Court
Court. Judges being public officers are subject to the to be impeached and convicted. He was found guilty for
jurisdiction of the Ombudsman who can investigate and culpable violation of the Constitution and/or betrayal of public
prosecute them for violations of the criminal laws, trust for not correctly declaring his Statements of Assets,
conformably with the provisions of the Constitution. Liabilities and Net worth (SALN).
However, if there are administrative questions relevant The prosecution alleges that he inaccurately declared his peso
to the investigation of the criminal responsibility of and dollar deports, and real estate properties.
judges and court personnel, the same should first be
referred to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court The defense argues that CJ Corona did not declare his dollar
must determine first whether or not a judge or a court deposits (around $2.4M) and peso deposits (P105 M) because
employee acted within the scope of his administrative of the banking secrecy and foreign currency deposit units laws.
duties. (Maceda vs. Hon. Ombudsman Conrado Corona also said that some undeclared assets are also co-
Vasquez, G.R. No. 102781, April 22, 1993) mingled funds that he does not own solely.
Legal Ethics | 73
A: are among the declared impeachable officers under the
1. A true and detailed and sworn statement of assets Constitution. Thus, they can only be removed by impeachment
2. Liabilities unlike judges of the lower courts who can be removed under
3. Statement of accounts and services of income Rule 140 of the Rules of Court. As impeachable officers, the
4. Amounts of their personal and family expenses Justices of the Supreme Court may only be removed in
5. Amount of income tax paid for the next preceding accordance with the constitutional mandates on impeachment.
calendar year
SANCTIONS IMPOSED BY THE SUPREME COURT ON
Q: When is this filed? ERRING MEMBERS OF THE JUDICIARY
A: Within 30 days after assuming office and thereafter on or
before the 15th day of April following the close of every calendar Sec. 11. Sanctions. –
year, as well as upon expiration of his term of office, or upon (A) If the respondent is guilty of a serious charge, any of the
resignation, or separation from office. following sanctions may be imposed:
Q: What are the effects of such violation? (1) Dismissal from the service, forfeiture of all or part
A: of the benefits as the Court may determine, and disqualification
from reinstatement or appointment to any public office, including
Violation of R.A. 3019 and Sec. 17. Art. XI of the 1987 government-owned or controlled corporations. Provided,
Constitution however, that the forfeiture of benefits shall in no case include
accrued leave credits;
Section 7. Statement of assets and liabilities. Every public (2) Suspension from office without salary and
officer, within thirty days after the approval of this Act or other benefits for more than three (3) but not exceeding
after assuming office, and within the month of January of six (6) months; or
every other year thereafter, as well as upon the expiration (3) A fine of more than P20,000.00 but not
of his term of office, or upon his resignation or separation exceeding P40,000.00
from office, shall prepare and file with the office of the
corresponding Department Head, or in the case of a Head (B) If the respondent is guilty of a less serious charge,
of Department or chief of an independent office, with the any of the following sanctions shall be imposed:
Office of the President, or in the case of members of the
Congress and the officials and employees thereof, with the (1) Suspension from office without salary and other
Office of the Secretary of the corresponding House, a true benefits for not less than one (1) nor more than three (3)
detailed and sworn statement of assets and liabilities, months; or
including a statement of the amounts and sources of his (2) A fine of more than P10,000.00 but not exceeding
income, the amounts of his personal and family expenses P20,000.00.
and the amount of income taxes paid for the next preceding
calendar year: Provided, That public officers assuming (C) If the respondent is guilty of a light charge, any of
office less than two months before the end of the calendar the following sanctions shall be imposed:
year, may file their statements in the following months of
January. (1) A fine of not less than P1,000.00 but not exceeding
P10,000.00 and/or
Power of the Supreme Court Over Judges of the Lower (2) Censure;
Courts (3) Reprimand;
The Supreme Court has administrative supervision over all (4) Admonition with warning.
courts and the personnel thereof (Section 6, Art. VIII, 1987
Constitution). The Court en banc has the power to discipline all The ground for the removal of a judicial officer should be
judges of lower courts including Justices of the Court of established beyond reasonable doubt . Such is the rule
Appeals. It may even dismiss them by a majority vote of the where the charges on which the removal is sought is
members who actually took part in the deliberations of the misconduct in office, willful neglect, corruption or
issues in the case and voted thereon (Section 11, Art. VIII, 1987 incompetence. The general rules with regard to
Constitution). admissibility of evidence in criminal trials apply. (Lilia
Tabang, et al. vs. Atty. Glenn C. Gacott, A.C. No. 6490,
Justices of the Supreme Court can only be Removed by September 29, 2004)
Impeachment
There is no specific law or rule which provides for a system of INSTANCES OF SERIOUS MISCONDUCT WHICH MERITED
disciplining an erring Member of the Supreme Court by the DISCIPLINE BY THE SUPREME COURT:
Court itself acting en banc. The Justices of the Supreme Court (a) Failure to deposit funds with the municipal
Legal Ethics | 74
treasurer or produce them despite his promise to do so opted to withdraw the same. Accordingly, the presumption of
[Montemayor v. Collado (1981)] regularity in the performance by the respondents of their duties
must prevail. (Inocencio D. Ebero, et al. vs. Makati City Sheriffs
(b) Misappropriation of fiduciary funds (proceeds of Raul T. Camposano, et al. A.M. No. P-04-1792, March 12,
cash bail bond) by depositing the check in his personal account, 2004)
thus converting the trust fund into his own use [Barja v. Beracio
(1976)]. EFFECT OF WITHDRAWAL, DESISTANCE, RETIREMENT
OR PARDON
(c) Extorting money from a party-litigant who has a The withdrawal of the case by the complainant, or the filing of an
case before his court [Haw Tay v. Singayao (1988)]. affidavit of desistance or the complainant’s loss of interest does
not necessarily cause the dismissal thereof. Reason: To
(d) Solicitation of donation for office equipment condition administrative actions upon the will of every
[Lecaroz v. Garcia (1981)]. complainant who for one reason or another, condones a
detestable act is to strip the Supreme Court of its supervisory
(e) Frequent unauthorized absences in office power to discipline erring members of the judiciary. [Anguluan v.
[Municipal Council of Casiguruhan, Quezon v. Morales (1974)]. Taguba, (1979)]
INSTANCES OF GROSS INEFFICIENCY WHICH MERITED Desistance will not justify the dismissal of an administrative case
DISCIPLINE BY THE SUPREME COURT if the records will reveal that the judge had not performed his
duties. [Espayos v. Lee (1979)]
(a) Delay not only reinforces the belief of the people
that the wheels of justice in this country grind slowly; it also DISQUALIFICATIONS OF JUSTICES AND JUDGES
invites suspicion, however unfair, of ulterior motives on the part
of the judge. Judges should always be mindful of their duty to COMPULSORY DISQUALIFICATION
render justice within the periods prescribed by law. (Murphy [Section 1 (1), Rule 137, Rules Of Court]
Chu, et al. vs. Hon. Mario B. Capellan, A.M. No. MTJ-11- No judge or judicial officer shall sit in any case in which:
1779 July 16, 2012) (a) He, or his wife or child, is pecuniarily interested as heir,
legatee, creditor or otherwise; or
(b) Delay in the disposition of cases in violation of the (b) He is related to either party within the sixth degree of
Canon that a judge must promptly dispose of all matters consanguinity or affinity, or to counsel within the fourth degree,
submitted to him. With or without the transcripts of stenographic computed according to the rules of the civil law; or
notes, the 90-day period for deciding cases or resolving motions (c) He has been executor, administrator, guardian, trustee or
must be adhered to. [Balagot v. Opinion (1991)] counsel; or
(d) He has presided in any inferior court when his ruling or
(c) Unduly granting repeated motions for decision is the subject of review, without the written consent of
postponement of a case. [Araza v. Reyes (1975)] all parties in interest, signed by them and entered upon the
record.
(d) Unawareness of or unfamiliarity with the
application of the Indeterminate Sentence Law and the duration The relationship of the judge with one of the parties may color
and graduation of penalties. [In re: Paulin (1980) ] the facts and distort the law to the prejudice of a just decision.
Where this is probable or even only possible, due process
(e) Reducing to a ridiculous amount (P6,000.00) the demands that the judge inhibit himself, if only out of a sense of
bail bond of the accused in a murder case thus enabling him to delicadeza. [Javier v. Commission on Elections (1996) ]
escape the toils of the law. [Soriano v. Mabbayad (1975)]
(f) Imposing the penalty of subsidiary imprisonment on The rationale behind Sec. 1, Rule 137 on disqualification of
a party for failure to pay civil indemnity in violation of R.A. 5465. judges is to preserve public faith in the judiciary’s fairness and
[Monsanto v. Palarca (1983)] objectivity to ally suspicions and distrust as to a possible bias
and prejudice in favor or a party coming into play. [Hacienda
CONDUCT: Benito, Inc. v. Court of Appeals (1987)]
Administrative cases against lower court judges and justices are
automatically treated as disbarment cases. In administrative VOLUNTARY DISQUALIFICATION
proceedings, the quantum of proof necessary for a finding of [Section 1 (2), Rule 137, ROC]
guilt is substantial evidence or such relevant evidence as a A judge may, in the exercise of his sound discretion, disqualify
reasonable mind may accept as adequate to support a himself from sitting in a case, for just or valid reasons other than
conclusion. In this case, the complainants had not only failed to those mentioned above.
substantiate the allegations in their complaint; they had, in fact,
Legal Ethics | 75
A judge may not be legally prohibited from sitting in a litigation, Propriety) of the New Code. (Gerlie M. Uy and Ma. Consolacion
but when circumstances appear that will induce doubt as to his T. Bascug vs. Judge Erwin B. Javellana, A.M. No. MTJ-07-
honest actuations and probity in favor of either party, or incite 1666, September 5, 2012)
such state of mind, he should conduct a careful examination. He
should exercise his discretion in a way that people’s faith in the PROMPT AND IMPARTIAL ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE
Courts of Justice is not impaired. The better course for the judge [Sec. 1, Rule 135 ROC]
under such circumstances is to disqualify himself. [Borromeo-
Herrera v. Borromeo (1987)] General Rule: Courts of justice shall always be open for the
filing of any pleading, motion or other papers, for the trial of
Neither is the mere filing of an administrative case against a cases, hearing of motions, and for the issuance of orders or
judge a ground for disqualifying him from hearing the case, ‘for if rendition of judgments. Justice shall be impartially administered
on every occasion the party apparently aggrieved would be without necessary delay.
allowed to either stop the proceedings in order to await the final
decision on the desired disqualification, or demand the Exception: Legal holidays
immediate inhibition of the judge on the basis alone of his being
so charged, many cases would have to be kept pending or Art. VIII, Sec. 15, 1987 Constitution
perhaps there would not be enough judges to handle all the (1) All cases or matters filed after the effectivity of this
cases pending in all the court. (GERMAN WENCESLAO CRUZ, Constitution must be decided or resolved within twenty-four
JR. vs. JUDGE DANIEL C. JOVEN, Municipal Circuit Trial months from date of submission for the Supreme Court, and,
Court, Sipocot, Camarines Sur, A.M. No. MTJ-00-1270 unless reduced by the Supreme Court, twelve months for all
January 23, 2001) lower collegiate courts, and three months for all lower courts.
xxx
(3) Upon expiration of the corresponding period, a certification to
Intimacy or friendship between a judge and an attorney of this effect signed by the Chief Justice or the presiding judge
record of one of the parties to a suit is no ground for shall forthwith be issued and a copy thereof attached to the
disqualification. That one of the counsels in a case was a record of the case or matter, and served upon the parties. The
classmate of the trial judge is not a legal ground for the certification shall state why a decision or resolution has not been
disqualification of the said judge. To allow it would unnecessarily rendered or issued within said period.
burden other trial judges to whom the case would be (4) Despite the expiration of the applicable mandatory period,
transferred… But if the relationship between the judge and an the court, without prejudice to such responsibility as may have
attorney for a party is such that there would be a natural incurred in consequence thereof, shall decide or resolve the
inclination to prejudice the case, the judge should be disqualified case or matter submitted thereto for determination, without
in order to guaranty a fair trial. [Query of Executive Judge further delay.
Estrada (1987)]
Judges should decide cases even if the parties failed to submit
memoranda within the given period. Non-submission of
memoranda is not a justification for failure to decide cases.
[Salvador v. Salamanca (1986)]
POWERS AND DUTIES OF COURTS & JUDICIAL OFFICERS
PUBLICITY OF PROCEEDINGS AND RECORDS
NATURE OF OFFICE OF THE JUDGE The sitting of every court of justice shall be public, but any court
Justices and judges must ever realize that they have no may, in its discretion, exclude the public when the evidence to
constituency, serve no majority or minority but serve only the be adduced is of such nature as to require their exclusion in the
public interest as they see it in accordance with their oath of interest of morality or decency. The records of every court of
office, guided only by the Constitution and their own conscience justice shall be public records and shall be available for the
and honor. [Galman v. Sandiganbayan (1986)] inspection of any interested person, at all proper business
hours, under the supervision of the clerk having custody of such
A judge must not be moved by a desire to cater to public opinion records, unless the court shall, in any special case, have
to the detriment of the administration of justice. The previous forbidden their publicity, in the interest of morality or decency.
Code of Judicial Conduct specifically warned the judges against [Sec. 2, Rule 135 ROC]
seeking publicity for personal vainglory. Vainglory, in its ordinary
meaning, refers to an individual’s excessive or ostentatious PROCESS OF SUPERIOR COURTS
pride especially in one’s own achievements. Even no longer Process issued from a superior court in which a case is pending
explicitly stated in the New Code of Judicial Conduct, judges are to bring in a defendant, or for the arrest of any accused persons,
still proscribed from engaging in self-promotion and indulging or to execute any order or judgment of the court, may be
their vanity and pride by Canons 1 (on Integrity) and 2 (on enforced in any part of the Philippines. [Sec. 3, Rule 135 ROC]
Legal Ethics | 76
PROCESS OF INFERIOR COURTS MEANS TO CARRY JURISDICTION INTO EFFECT
[Sec. 4, Rule 135 ROC] When by law jurisdiction is conferred on a court or judicial
officer, all auxiliary writs, processes and other means necessary
General Rule: The process of inferior courts shall be to carry it into effect may be employed by such court or officer;
enforceable within the province where the municipality or city and if the procedure to be followed in the exercise of such
lies. It shall not be served outside the boundaries of the province jurisdiction is not specifically pointed out by law or by these
in which they are comprised rules, any suitable process or mode of proceeding may be
adopted which appears conformable to the spirit of said law or
Exceptions: rules. [Sec. 6, Rule 135 ROC]
(1) Except with the approval of the judge of first instance of said
province; and TRIALS AND HEARINGS; ORDERS IN CHAMBERS
(2) Only in the following cases: All trials upon the merits shall be conducted in open court and
(a) An order for the delivery of personal property lying so far as convenient in a regular court room. All other acts or
outside the province is to be complied with; proceedings may be done or conducted by a judge in chambers,
(b) An attachment of real or personal property lying without the attendance of the clerk or other court officials. [Sec.
outside the province is to be made 7, Rule 135 ROC]
(c) The action is against two or more defendants
residing in different provinces; and INTERLOCUTORY ORDERS OUT OF PROVINCE
(d) The place where the case has been brought is that A judge of first instance shall have power to hear and determine,
specified in a contract in writing between the parties, or is the when within the district through without his province, any
place of the execution of such contract as appears therefrom. interlocutory motion or issue after due and reasonable notice to
the parties. On the filing of a petition for the writ of habeas
Writs of execution issued by inferior courts may be enforced in corpus or for release upon bail or reduction of bail in any CFI,
any part of the Philippines without any previous approval of the the hearings may be had at any place in the judicial district
judge of first instance. which the judge shall deem convenient. [ Sec. 8, Rule 135 ROC]
Criminal process may be issued by a justice of the peace or
other inferior court, to be served outside his province, when the SIGNING JUDGMENTS OUT OF PROVINCE
district judge, or in his absence the provincial fiscal, shall certify Whenever a judge appointed or assigned in any province or
that in his opinion the interests of justice require such service. branch of a Court of First Instance in a province shall leave the
province by transfer or assignment to another court of equal
INHERENT POWERS OF THE COURTS jurisdiction, or by expiration of his temporary assignment,
Every court shall have power: without having decided a case totally heard by him and which
(a) To preserve and enforce order in its immediate was argued or an opportunity given for argument to the parties
presence or their counsel, it shall be lawful for him to prepare and sign his
(b) To enforce order in proceedings before it, or before decision in said case anywhere within the Philippines. He shall
a person or persons empowered to conduct a judicial send the same by registered mail to the clerk of the court where
investigation under its authority; the case was heard or argued to be filed therein as of the date
(c) To compel obedience to its judgments, orders and when the same was received by the clerk, in the same manner
processes, and to the lawful orders of a judge out of court, in a as if he had been present in court to direct the filing the of the
case pending therein; judgment. If a case has been heard only in part, the Supreme
(d) To control, in furtherance of justice, the conduct of Court, upon petition of any of the parties to the case and the
its ministerial officers, and of all other persons in any manner recommendation of the respective district judge, may also
connected with a case before it, in every manner appertaining authorize the judge who has partly heard the case, if no other
thereto; judge had heard the case in part, to continue hearing and to
(e) To compel the attendance of persons to testify in a decide said case notwithstanding his transfer or appointment to
case pending therein; another court of equal jurisdiction. [Sec. 9, Rule 135 ROC]
(f) To administer or cause to be administered oaths in
a case pending therein, and in all other cases where it may be COURT RECORDS & GENERAL DUTIES OF CLERK
necessary in the exercise of its powers; STENOGRAPHER
(g) To amend and control its process and orders so as
to make them conformable to law and justice; ARMS AND GREAT SEAL OF THE SUPREME COURT
(h) To authorize a copy of a lost or destroyed pleading [Sec. 1, Rule 136 ROC]
or other paper to be filed and used instead of the original, and to Arms - Paleways of two pieces azure and gules superimposed a
restore, and supply deficiencies in its records and proceedings. balance or center with two tablets containing the
[Sec. 5, Rule 135 ROC] commandments of God or on either side; a chief argent with
Legal Ethics | 77
three mullets or equidistant from each other; in point of honor, to the same, if the judge shall direct him to make findings and
ovoid argent over all the sun, rayonnant or with eight major and include the same in his report. [Sec. 5, Rule 136 ROC]
minor rays.
CLERK SHALL RECEIVE PAPERS AND PREPARE MINUTES
Great Seal - Circular in form, with the arms as described above The clerk of each superior court shall receive and file all
and a scroll argent with the following inscription: Lex pleadings and other papers properly presented, endorsing on
Populesque, and surrounding the whole a garland of laurel each such paper the time when it was filed, and shall attend all
leaves in or; around the garland the text Supreme Court, of the sessions of the court and enter its proceedings for each
Republic of the Philippines. day in a minute book to be kept by him. [ Sec. 6, Rule 136 ROC]
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actions from special proceedings, or otherwise keeping cases said duty. The clerk of court shall stamp the date on which such
separated by classes as the court shall deem best. [Sec. 13, notes are received by him. When such notes are transcribed the
Rule 136 ROC] transcript shall be delivered to the clerk, duly initialed on each
page thereof, to be attached to the record of the case.
TAKING OF RECORD FROM THE CLERK’S OFFICE
[Sec. 14, Rule 136 ROC] Whenever requested by a party, any statement made by a judge
General Rule: No record shall be taken from the clerk’s office of First Instance, or by a commissioner, with reference to a case
without an order of the court except as otherwise provided by being tried by him, or to any of the parties thereto, or to any
these rules. witness or attorney, during the hearing of such case, shall be
Exception: The Solicitor General or any of his assistants, the made of record in the stenographic notes. [Sec. 17, Rule 136
provincial fiscal or his deputy, and the attorneys de officio shall ROC]
be permitted, upon proper receipt, to withdraw from the clerk’s
office the record of any cases in which they are interested. DOCKET AND OTHER RECORDS OF INFERIOR COURTS.
Every municipal and city judge shall keep a well-bound book
UNPRINTED PAPERS labeled docket, in which he shall enter for each case:
All unprinted documents presented to the superior courts of the
Philippines shall be written on paper: (a) The title of the case including the names of all the parties;
(a) Of good quality (b) The nature of the case, whether civil or criminal, and if the
(b) 12 and 3/8 inches long latter, the offense charged;
(c) 8 ½ inches wide (c) The date of issuing preliminary and intermediate process
(d) Not less than 1 ½ inch top and left-hand side margins including orders of arrest and subpoenas, and the date and
nature of the return thereon;
Papel catalan, of the first and second classes, legal cap, and (d) The date of the appearance or default of the defendant;
typewriting paper of such weight as not to permit the writing of (e) The date of presenting the plea, answer, or motion to quash,
more than one original and two carbons at one time, will be and the nature of the same;
accepted, provided that such paper is of the required size and of (f) The minutes of the trial, including the date thereof and of all
good quality. adjournments;
(g) The names and addresses of all witnesses;
Documents written with ink shall not be of more than twenty-five (h) The date and nature of the judgment, and, in a civil case, the
lines to one page. relief granted;
(i) An itemized statement of the costs
Typewritten documents shall be written double-spaced. One (j) The date of any execution issued, and the date and contents
side only of the page will be written upon, and the different of the return thereon;
sheets will be sewn together, firmly, by five stitches in the left- (k) The date of any notice of appeal filed, and the name of the
hand border to facilitate the formation of the expediente, and party filing the same.
they must not be doubled. [Sec. 15, Rule 136 ROC]
A municipal (or city) judge may keep two dockets, one for civil
PRINTED PAPERS and one for criminal cases. He shall also keep all the pleadings
All papers required by these rules to be printed shall be printed and other papers and exhibits in cases pending in his court, and
with: shall certify copies of his docket entries and other records
(a) Black ink proper to be certified, for the fees prescribed by these rules. It
(b) On unglazed paper shall not be necessary for the municipal (or city) judge to reduce
(c) Pages 6 inches wide, 9 inches to writing the testimony of witnesses, except that of the accused
(d) In pamphlet form in preliminary investigations. [Sec. 18, Rule 136 ROC]
The type used shall not be smaller than 12 pts.
The paper used shall be of sufficient weight to prevent the ENTRY ON DOCKET OF INFERIOR COURTS.
printing upon one side from being visible upon the other. [Sec. [Sec. 19, Rule 136 ROC]
16, Rule 136 ROC] Each municipal (or city) judge shall, at the beginning and in front
of all his entries in his docket, make and subscribe substantially
STENOGRAPHER the following entry:
It shall be the duty of the stenographer who has attended a
session of a court either in the morning or in the afternoon, to A docket of proceedings in cases before,
deliver to the clerk of court, immediately at the close of such ___________________, municipal judge (or city judge) of the
morning or afternoon session, all the notes he has taken, to be municipality (or city) of___________________, in the province
attached to the record of the case; and it shall likewise be the of___________________, Republic of the Philippines.
duty of the clerk to demand that the stenographer comply with
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Witness my signature, pay the costs of an action, or that the same be divided, as may
________________________ be equitable. No costs shall be allowed against the Republic of
Municipal Judge (or City Judge) the Philippines unless otherwise provided by law. [Sec. 1, Rule
142 ROC]
LEGAL FEES
DISMISSED APPEAL OR ACTION
MANNER OF PAYMENT If an action or appeal is dismissed for want of jurisdiction or
Upon filing of the pleading or other application which initiates an otherwise, the court nevertheless shall have the power to render
action or proceeding, the fees prescribed therefor shall be paid judgment for costs, as justice may require. [Sec. 2, Rule 142
in full. [Sec. 1, Rule 141 ROC] ROC]
COSTS
RECOVERY OF COSTS [RULE 142]
PREVAILING PARTY
Unless otherwise provided in these rules, costs shall be allowed
to the prevailing party as a matter of course, but the court shall
have power, for special reasons, adjudge that either party shall
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