Theories Proponent What are these theories about?

1. Experiential and David A. Kolb *Experiential

Situated Learning Jean Lave and Etienne
Wenger Experiential Learning Theory
• Learning is best conceived as a
process, not in
Terms of outcomes.
To improve learning in higher
education, the primary focus should
be on engaging students in a process
that best enhances their learning – a
process that includes feedback on the
effectiveness of their learning efforts.
“…education must be conceived as a
continuing reconstruction of
experience: … the process and goal of
education are one and the same
thing.” (Dewey 1897:79)

• All learning is re-learning. Learning

is best facilitated by a process that
draws out the students’ beliefs and
ideas about a topic so that they can
be examined, tested and integrated
with new, more refined ideas.
• Learning requires the resolution of
conflicts between
Dialectically opposed modes of
adaptation to the world.

Conflict, differences, and

disagreement are what drive the
learning process. In the process of
learning one is called upon to move
back and forth between opposing
modes of reflection and action and
feeling and thinking.

• Learning is a holistic process of

adaptation.

It is not just the result of cognition but

involves the integrated functioning of
the total person-thinking, feeling,
perceiving and behaving. It
encompasses other specialized
models of adaptation from the
scientific method to problems solving,
decision making and creativity.

• Learning results from synergistic

transactions between
the person and the environment

Stable and enduring patterns of

human learning arise from consistent
patterns of transaction between the
individual and his or her environment.
The way we process the possibilities
of each new experience determines
the range of choices and decisions we
see. The choices and decisions we
make to some extent determine the
events we live through, and these
events influence our future choices.
Thus, people create themselves
through the choice of actual occasions
they live through.

• Learning is the process of creating

knowledge.

ELT proposes a constructivist theory

of learning whereby social knowledge
is created and recreated in the
personal knowledge of the learner.
This stands in contrast to the
“transmission” model on which much
current educational practice is based
where pre-existing fixed ideas are
transmitted to the learner.

*Situated

• Was first proposed by Jean Lave and

Etienne Wenger
as a model of learning in a community
 of practice
Explanation:
People learn new skills or knowledge
when they are in a real situation. It is
not only can be used in education, but
also can be used in real life.

• A model of learning in a community

of practice
• Learning begins with people have
problems and trying to
solve problems.
• Learners learn by socialization,
visualization, imitation.
• A process

Definition:
• People learn by what they see, hear,
and do
• People learn by their experience
and environment,

Learn something by doing something.

2. Reflective Learning John Dewey

• Reflective learning involves students
thinking about what they have read,
done, or learned, relating the lesson
at hand to their own lives and making
meaning out of the material. It’s more
than just memorizing some facts,
formulas, or dates.

• Dewey believed that reflection was

a necessary precursor to action. In
other words, Dewey advocated that
students need to think and mull over
what they read and encounter, and
after doing this, they can apply that
knowledge better.
3. Constructivism Jean Piaget is known as one
of the first theorists in • Constructivism is a learning theory
 constructivism. which holds that knowledge is best
gained through a process of reflection
and active construction in the mind
(Mascolo & Fischer, 2005). Thus,
knowledge is an intersubjective
interpretation. The learner must
consider the information being taught
and – based on past experiences,
personal views, and cultural
background – construct an
interpretation.

• His view of constructivism is the

inspiration for radical constructivism
due to his idea that the individual is at
the center of the knowledge creation
and acquisition process. The vast
majority of Piaget’s theories develop
through working with children where
he would challenge the idea that
children are inferior thinkers
compared to adults. His work provides
evidence that children are not
cognitively inferior to adults. He
proves that children develop
differently by establishing a theory
involving cognitive stages.
4. Cooperative Learning Robert E. Slavin
Cooperative learning is the foundation
on which most active learning
methods are built. Cooperation is
working together to accomplish
shared goals [10, 11]. When
cooperating, individuals work to
achieve outcomes that benefit
themselves and all other group
members. Cooperative learning exists
when small groups of students work
to enhance their own and their
groupmates’ learning.
5. Discovery and Inquiry-
based learning
Education Theories of Mathematics K-12 Curriculum