M.Tech - Thesis - 1

SECTION CLASSIFICATION EFFECT ON FLEXURAL
MEMBER DUE TO AXIAL LOADS AS PER IS 800:2007

Project Report Submitted
to
Manipal Academy of Higher Education

For Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement for the Award of the Degree
Of
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
in
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
by
SRI RAM SHYAM SUNDAR
Under the Guidance of
Mr. MOHAMMAD RAHMATULLA

Sr. DGM – Design, PEBS Pennar
Dr. RADHIKA BHANDARY P
Assistant Professor Senior Scale,

Department of Civil Engineering
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

MANIPAL – 576104, KARNATAKA, INDIA
2022
MANIPAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
MANIPAL
( A constituent unit of MAHE, Manipal)
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report titled is a Section classification effect
on Flexural member due to axial Loads as per IS 800:2007 bonafide
work of
SRI RAM SHYAM SUNDAR 200918017
carried out in partial fulfilment of the requirements for awarding the degree of
MASTERR OF TECHNOLOGY in STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
discipline in Manipal Institute of Technology under Manipal Academy of
Higher Education, Manipal during the academic year 2021-2022.
2so82022.
a n d o
Dr. THAM2a1S)222
Dr. RADHIKA BHANDARY P

Assistant Professor Senior Scale Professor & Head
Project Guide Dept. of Civil 1 Engineering
De
MANIPALh:oi
ianipul-5i0 104
PENNAR
INDUSTRIES
17th June, 2022
TO WHOMSOEVERIT MAY CONCERN
This is to certify that Mr. Sri ram shyam sundar, M.Tech - Structural Engineering of
Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Madhav Nagar,Manipal, Karnataka-576104

(Reg No.200918017) has successfully completed his MTECH Thesis SECTION
CLASSIFICATION EFFECT ON FLEXURAL MEMBER DUE TO AXIAL
LOADS AS PER IS800:2007
This is a bonafide record of the project work done at our Corporate Office from 8-Sep-
2021 to 08-June-2022 under the guidance of Mr. Mohammad Rahmatulla, Sr. Deputy
General Manager - Design.
Wishing him all the success in his future endeavours!
For Pennar Industries Limited,
ndus
ries
Praad Thógaràmud
Head R& Admin b6 Pennar
(Pebs Division)
PEB
Registered Office: Corporate Office:

Pennar Industries Limited Pennar Industries Limited
3rd Floor, DHFLVC Silicon Towers, gth Floor, DHFLVC Silicon Towers, www.pennarindia.com
Kondapur, Hyderabad - 500084 Kondapur, Hyderabad - 500084 www.pebspennar.com
E-mail: [email protected] T +91 40 40210525/26
CIN: L27109TG1975PLCO01919 E-mail: [email protected]
STATEMENT OF ORIGINAL REPORT SUBMITED
he project report titled " SECTION CLASSIFICATION EFFECT ON FLEXURAL,
MEMBER DUE TO AXIAL LOADS AS PER IS 800:2007" contained in this draft

have not been previously submitted to meet any requirements for carrying out the
project work at this/any other higher educational institutions. To the best of my
contains report contains no material
knowledge and belief. this project report
here due citations are made.
previousiy published or written by another person except,
shya
SRI RAM SHYAM SUNDAR
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to wholeheartedly thank to Mr. MOHAMMAD RAHMATULLA for his

timely, valuable guidance and constant encouragement. I am thankful for his guidance and
active supervision at every stage of project work. With his fruitful discussions and
mentoring, I am able to complete this project. It is indeed a great privilege for me to work
under his supervision.
I would like to whole heartedly thank to Mr NATARAJ MONEY, BUSINESS UNIT

HEAD, PENNAR INDUSTRIES for giving me this opportunity and providing all necessary
facilities and the co-operation extended during this project work.
I would like to wholeheartedly thank to Mr M PADMANABHAN engineering technical

advisor Mrs KALPANA THORAT Design department HOD, Mr PRASAD
THOGARAMUDI, AKULA DEEPA HR Department, PENNAR INDUSTRIES for
giving me this opportunity and providing all necessary facilities and the co-operation
extended during this project work.
I would like to wholeheartedly thank to the, Dr. RADHIKA BHANDARY P Assistant

Professor senior scale, Department of Civil Engineering for his constant support and
encouragement at the various stages of this thesis work.
I would like to wholeheartedly thank to Professor Dr. PURUSHOTHAM G SARVADE,

Head of Department of Civil Engineering, for kind co-operation. I also owe my sincere thanks
to Dr. KIRAN KAMATH, M. Tech Course Co-Ordinator for his support and
encouragement throughout the academic year.
I would like to wholeheartedly thank to PENNAR ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT for

giving me this opportunity and providing all necessary facilities and the cooperation
extended during this project work.
I thank all those who directly or indirectly helped me for the completion of this project work.
i
ABSTRACT
Beam and column are the main structural members in the structure. They
transfer the loads from roof/slab to ground. The stiffness and strength of the structure depends
totally on the beam and column members. Beam and column design is done based on the
section classification. Section classification plays major role in Designing of the member. As
per Indian standard 800:2007, sections are classified into 4 types depending upon the width-
to-thickness ratios and material yield strength of the individual components of the section. Four
types are plastic, compact, semi-compact and slender sections.
Pure flexural member is designed considering the section is subjected to
moment only and the cross-section classification is done, based on moment only. The depth to
thickness(d/tw) ratios of compression elements subjected to moment only are 84ε ,105ε and 126
ε for plastic, compact and semi-compact sections respectively. But in general, the members are
subjected to moment +axial forces. when an additional axial force is subjected to flexural
member, the depth to thickness (d/tw) ratios will vary. Due to change in (d/tw) ratio, the section
may change its class from one class to other class. The change in sectional class will affect the
design and forced to change the design.
Axial stresses ratio’s (r1 & r2) will also affect the sectional classification. As
Axial stresses ratio (r1 &r2) increases, the (d/tw) ratio varies. Change in stress ratios will lead
to change in sectional classification. This research deals with how a section classification
changes in a section(member) and how a section to be classified after the (d/tw) ratio changes
and how a axial stress ratio will directly affect the sectional classification.
KEY WORDS: Sectional Classification, Plastic, Compact, Semi-compact, Axial stress ratio
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... i
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................. iv
LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................ v
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Beam .................................................................................................................. 1
1.1.1 Failure modes of beam ......................................................................... 3
1.2 Sectional classification ...................................................................................... 4
1.3. Pure axial compression .................................................................................... 7
1.4 Behaviour of compression members ................................................................ 10
1 .5 Sectional classification for combined loads .................................................. 10
1 .5.1.moment + compression ................................................................... 11
1.5.2. conversion of a pure beam into column ......................................... 12
1.5.3 beam + column .................................................................................. 13
1.5.4 in-plane behaviour of beam-columns ............................................... 14
1.5.5. moment+ tension ............................................................................. 16
1.5.6.sectional classification for moment + tension .................................. 17
iii
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE OVERVIEW
2.1 Literature review ....................................................................................... 18
2.2 Cross-section classification in Different standard code ............................ 23
2.2.1. Euro code .......................................................................................... 23
2.2.2. AISC code ......................................................................................... 26
2.2.3. AIJ code ............................................................................................ 27
2.3 Research Gap ............................................................................................ 28
2.4 Objectives ................................................................................................. 28
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 General ........................................................................................................... 29
3.2. Indian standard Specification (IS 800:2007) Provisions for Sectional Classification
.............................................................................................................................. 29
3.2.1. Sectional Classification. ...................................................................... 29
3.3. Behaviour of pure Flexural member (Beam) under Axial Load .................... 30
3.4. Sectional Classification as per IS 800:2007 .................................................. 31
3.5. Effect of Axial stress ratio on sectional classification ................................... 31
3.6. Sectional classification for different members considering axial Loads ....... 33
3.7. Modelling ....................................................................................................... 34
3.8. Sectional classification for different members considering axial Loads in
iv
Staad pro .............................................................................................................. 34
3.9. Flow chart ..................................................................................................... 35
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1. Rolled steel sections …………………………………………………………………………………..36
4.1.1. Sectional classification for standard rolled steel sections….…………37
4.2. Change of Sectional Classification ................................................................ 40
4.2.1. Effect of Compression Axial load on individual I-section members
(Plastic class) ......................................................................................................... 40
4.2.2.Effect of Axial Compression load on individual I-section members
(Compact class) ..................................................................................................... 44
4.2.3. Effect of Compression Axial load on individual I-section members
(Seni-compact class) .............................................................................................. 46
4.2.4. Effect of tension Axial load on individual I-section members (Plastic
class) ...................................................................................................................... 48
4.2.5. Effect of tension Axial load on individual I-section members (compact
class) ...................................................................................................................... 51
4.2.6. Effect of tension Axial load on individual I-section members (Seni-
compact class) ........................................................................................................ 52
4.3. Combined forces ............................................................................................. 55
4.3.1. Web under combined bending and axial force .................................... 55
v
4.3.2. Design of member subjected to combined forces ................................ 56
4.4. Problem statement ........................................................................................... 61
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION……………..……………………………………………….…..89
REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 90
vi
LIST OF TABLES
Table Table Name Page no.
no.
1.1 Beam types 3
1.2 Comparison between section classes 6
1.3 Classification of column cross section 8
4.1 Limiting width-to-thickness ratios for sections other than CHS and RHS 56
4.2 Section classification for combined Axial force and Bending moment 56
4.3 Table showing different sectional classes with constant cross-section and 72
varying load 700X8+150X12 mm
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig Figure Name Page no.

no.
1.1 Types of steel beams 2
1.2 Moment-rotation behaviour of the four classes of cross section 6
1.3 Axially loaded column 7
1.4 Types of compression members 8
1.5 stress block of pure compression member 9
1.6 graph for semi-compact and slender section with d/tw ratio 9
1.7 Example of Moment and compression 11
1.8 Graph showing d/tw ratios for Axial Compression +moment 11
1.9 Conversion of a PURE BEAM into COLUMN 12
1.10 In plane behaviour of Beam-Columns 15
1.11 Example of Moment + Tension 16
1.12 Sectional classification for the tension + moment 17
2.1 stress distribution for H-shaped steel beam- column about the strong axis 24
2.2 stress distribution for H-shaped steel beam- column about the strong axis 24
2.3 stress ratio for a semi-compact web 26
2.4 Cross-section classification definitions of beams or beam-columns in AIJ 28
3.1 r1 & r2 ratios v/s d/tw ratio for moment +axial compression load 32
3.2 r1 & r2 ratios v/s d/tw ratio for moment +axial tension load 33
4.1 depth to thickness (d/tw) ratios of ISMB sections 37
4.2 depth to thickness (d/tw) ratios of ISWB sections 38
4.3 depth to thickness(d/tw) ratios of ISHB sections 39
viii
4.4 Stress distribution of I –section 55
4.5 Stress block diagram for combined bending and axial force with reduced moment 56
carrying capacity for I-section
4.6 Peb model 61
4.7 wind loads 62
4.8 Peb frame with axial load 67
4.9 d/tw ratio v/s Axial compression 700X8+150X12 mm 73
4.10 d/tw ratio v/s Axial compression load 800X6+200X8 mm 70
4.11 d/tw ratio v/s Axial compression load 770X8+150X12 mm 77
4.12 d/tw ratio v/s Axial tension load 700X8+150X12 mm 83
ix
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Beam and column are the main structural members in the structure. They
transfer the loads from roof/slab to ground. The stiffness and strength of the structure depends
totally on the beam and column members. Beam and column design is done based on the
section classification. Section classification plays major role in Designing of the member. As
per Indian standard 800:2007, sections are classified into 4 types depending upon the width-
to-thickness ratios and material yieId strength of the individual components of the section. Four
types are plastic, compact, semi-compact and slender sections.
1.1 BEAM
Beam are the structural members in the structure which support the loads that
are applied in transversal direction to the longitudinal axes. Beams are asumed to be the
horizontal loaded members. Load is transferred by a beam through Bending and shear of the
member. Any member in the structure which causes the bending can be considered as a Beam.
Even some number of axial forces present in the beam, they were neglected and considered as
a Beam. Beams may be classified as Floor beams, Girder, girt, Joist, lintels, Purlin, Rafter,
Spandrels, Stringers.
Beams are referred to as simple beams if the end conditions convey no end moments.
When a beam spans continuously between two or more supports, it is referred to as a continuous
beam. In order to evenly distribute the moments across the members, a fixed beam's ends are
rigidIy joined other members. To reduce the effect of bending the major part of the section
placed away from neutral axis
1
A beam may normally be bent in a simple, asymmetrical, or biaxial manner.
Simple bending happens when one of an I-main section's planes and the loading plane are in
alignment. Asymmetrical bending happens when the plane of loading does not pass through
the shear centre. Unsymmetrical bending involves the coupling of bending and torsion. The
beam is considered to be under biaxial loading if both major planes experience simple bending
without twisting.
There are a variety of beam cross sections that are utilised in practise. The
selection of a section depends mainly upon usage of a section, economy and the strength
required by member.
Fig 1.1. Types of steel beams
2
Table 1.1: Beam types
Type of beam Optimum span Application
range (m)
Angles 3-16 Purlin, sheeting rail, and other low loaded
beams
Rolled I-sections 1-30 used as beam
Castellated beams 6-60 Long spans beams
Plate girders 10-100 Bridge girders beams.
Box girders 15-200 Long span with heavy loads such as bridge
girders
Open web joist 4-40 Fabricated for large spans, with angles or
tubes as cords or round bars for web diagonaI
trusses 10-100 Long spans and moderate loads like industrial
roofing
1.1.1 Failure Modes of a Beam:
A Beam under the action of transverse loads, it undergoes into bending and deflect in
the plane of load. Two important assumptions are to be made for a ideal beams. They are
1. The compression flange of the beam is prevented from lateral movement in one way.
2. Local buckling is prevented.
To satisfy the first condition, the flange and web of the sections are to be plastic and compact.
Beams fail in 4 categories.
3
Category 1: Extreme bending causing collapse . The default failure mode offered is this. The
section should at least be compact to prevent section collapsing from bowing laterally. The
collapse of these beams will create a plastic hinge.
Category 2: Long beams that are buckling laterally The combined effects of lateral torsional
and twist cause this failure. This failure is caused by the member's cross section and applied
load.
Category 3: A flange under compression, a web under shear, or a web that is compressed as a
result of high tensions. Will fail by local buckling. Web stiffeners prevents the web in plate
girders from buckling.
Category 4: Local failure of a member due to web shear yield, local web crushing, and
buckling of thin flanges.
1.2 SECTIONAL CLASSIFICATION:
The design and strength of any member depends upon the cross-sectional
behavior of member. Section classification plays major role in the design failure of the member.
Due to compressive forces, plate components and localized buckling is possible in cross-
sectional elements. Limiting the width to thickness ratio of each component of a cross-section
subjected to compression owing to axial force, moment, or shear will prevent local buckling
before the limit state is reached. In order to redistribute the bending force required before the
failure mechanism arises when employing plastic analysis, the members must be able to build
Plastic hinges without local buckling that have sufficient rotational strength (ductility). When
an elastic analysis is performed, the member can produce the yield stress during compression
without incurring local buckling..
4
As per Indian standard 800:2007, sections are classified into 4 types depending upon the width-
to-thickness ratios and material yield strength of the individual components of the section. The
sections are classified as
Plastic or Class 1: The plastic cross-section can form plastic hinges and have sufficient
rotational capacity to withstand structure failure by a plastic mechanism. The cross-section is
totally effective in pure compression. It will be sufficiently ductile.
Compact or class 2: The compact section may generate plastic moment resistance, and due to
local buckling of the cross-section, it has insufficient plastic hinge rotation capacity. Although
it is effective in pure compression, it has a lower deformation capacity.
Semi-compact or class 3: In semi compact the cross-sections are completely effective in pure
compression. It will approach the yield moment, but local buckling will prevent the section
from bending to its full plastic moment; in these cross sections, bending moment resistance
will be limited to the yield moment alone.
Slender or class 4: cross sections in which the elements buckle locally even before reaching
yield stress. Yield stress is also not reached in these sections. There is no limiting width to
thickness ratio for slender sections in Indian Standard 800:2007, Hence these sections are
designed as semi-compact sections.
Rolled steel sections
According to steel tables, standard I sections are given for rolled sections.
5
Fig 1.2: Moment-rotation behavior of four classes of cross section
Table 1.2 : Comparison between section classes
properties Plastic Compact Semi-compact Slender
d/tw 84 105 126 >126
b/tf 8.4 9.4 13.6 >13.6
Moment of Whole section Whole section Whole section Only flange
inertia, I will be will be will be portion will be
considered considered considered considered
Bending Whole section Whole section Whole section Only flanges
strength will resist will resist will resist will resist
Shear strength Web Web Web Web
Stress 𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦 𝑓
= ⁄ = ⁄ < ⁄ << 𝑦⁄
√3 √3 √3 √3
Axial capacity Not applicable Not applicable ≤42𝜀 >42𝜀
6
1.3. PURE AXIAL COMPRESSION:
Compression members are structural components that experience compressive
forces along their axes. As a result, compression members are subject to loads that have a
tendency to shorten them. Such members (in any plane ) undergo bending moments and shear
forces when subjected to external stresses, with the exception of pin-jointed trusses. Axially
loaded column, or simply column, is a compression part that must withstand load acting
coaxially with its original longitudinal axis if the net end m0ments are zero. The axial force
and bending moment effects, when the section end moments are not zero. Beam-columns are
the name for such members.
Let's take an exampIe of an axiaIly Ioaded column in fig. The total of the beam
shears V1+V2 must be applied to this column in order to resist the axial load P. If the end
m0ments and shears created by the two beams are equaI, it is expected that the net end moment
for the column in Fig. will be zero. Such circumstances can occur in several interior columns
of structures with uniform column spacing. The column only needs to resists the difference in
end shears in cases when the beam and column are not firmly coupled. In such cases, the beams
won't acquire substantial end moments. In many cases, the net moment is ignored as it is small
and designed the column as axially loaded column.
Fig 1.3. Axially loaded column
7
Depending on where a compression member is located inside a structure,
different names are used for it. Typically referred to as columns, vertical compression members
support floors or girders in buildings. They experience heavy loads. Posts are occasionally
vertical compresion members. Struts are the compression and vertical components used in roof
trusses and bracings. They typically have short lengths and might be vertical or angled. The
major rafters are the top chord components of a roof truss. The crane's main compression
element is referred to as the boom. In Fig., a few of these compression members are depicted.
Fig 1.4. Types of compression members
1.3.1. Classification of Column cross-section
Table 1.3: Classification of column cross section
8
Pure axial compression whole section is under compression stress, section elements are weak
under compressive stress. Section classification for pure axial compression only semi
compact i.e. 42€ above are slender.
Fig 1.5. stress block of pure compression member
Fig 1.6. graph for semi-compact and slender section with d/tw ratio
There is no sectional classification as plastic and compact sections in pure compression
members. If a sections depth to thickness (d/tw) ratio is less than 42€ then it is Semi-compact
section. If a sections d/tw ratio is greater than 42€ then it is kNown as Slender section.
9
1.4. BEHAVIOR OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS:
The section are classified as long, short and intermediate columns for compression members
1.4.1. Short compression members: Short compression members won't buckle since the
failure stress will be equivalent to the section's yield stress. When fy=250MPa, the criterion for
a column to be considered short is L≤88.88r. In real applications, short compression members
are not used.
1.4.2. Long compression members: The Euler formula accurately forecasts strength for long
compression members, but the axial buckling stress will remain below the proportional limit.
Long compression members such as these will readily buckle.
1.4.3. Intermediate compression members: For some c0mpression members of intermediate
length, some of the fibres would have yielded and others would have been elastic. These
compression members are said to behave in an inelastic manner since they will fail both through
buckling and yielding stress.
1.5. Sectional Classification for Combined loads:
There is a different sectional classification for the combined loads effect of axial
Force and Bending moment, because in the case of compression force, in all the members
compression is not good for steel as it is weak in compression when it is compared to tension.
The depth to thickness(d/tw) ratio of a member considering only moment will be different from
the member considering moment +Axial tension/compression. In the moment + axial load case,
the stress ratio will affect the depth to thickness(d/tw) ratio limit. Sectional classification done
only based on moment (flexural member) will not consider any loads in calculating depth to
thickness ratio.
10
1.5.1. Moment (beam) + Compression:
Beam is a pure flexure member. Beam will have only a moment applied on the
member. Pure beams are rarely used. most of the beams are beam columns. when a additional
axial load (compression/ Tension) is applied on a beam member, then it is kNown as beam-
column. It has a separate classification, because a compression member has only a compression
fibre all along it, but when a moment is added to it, it will add additional tension to it.
In this case, compression stresses increase which reduces d/tw ratio. Which is disadvantage,
this is because in case of compression there is only compression in all the fibres of the member
and compression is not good for steel as it is weak in compression when compared to tension.
Fig 1.7. Example of Moment and compression
Fig1.8. graph showing d/tw ratios for Axial Compression +moment
11
In case of member subjected to both compression and bending to fall into slender region depth
to thickness ratio of web, varies with 42ε to (126ε)/(1+2r2).
The maximum ratio is (126ε)/(1+2r2) and minimum limit it can reach is 42ε.
1.5.2.Conversion of a PURE BEAM into COLUMN
Fig 1.9: Conversion of a PURE BEAM into COLUMN
• when the moment only governs the section, then it is kNown as pure beam (a). In a
pure beam, the stress diagram of the section is symmetrical in section. pure beam is
always the plastic section and its depth to thickness ratio is 84ε.
• Compression member (b) is symmetrical in section and have compression fibres
equally all over the section.
• upon combining of Moment +compression load, the compressive stresses in the
section increases progressively. the stress block parameters in the section changes.
The shape of the stress block becomes unsymmetrical in section.
• In fig(c), after addition of compression force to moment, the Neutral axis (NA) of
section move towards the compression section side. Due to addition of force, the
compression stress in the section increases.
12
• In fig(d), due to addition of more compressive force, the compression stress in the
section is increased and stress block parameters are changed. Meanwhile the tensile
stresses in the section are being decreased.
• In fig(e), due to the consecutive addition of compressive force, the compressive
stresses in the section are increased to maximum and tensile stresses are nullified. In
the stress block parameter, the compressive stress is maximum and occupied totally.
• From fig(c) to fig (e), the region is called Beam-column region.
• It is said to beam-column region because of a pure beam is converting to a column
after a addition of compressive force.
• From fig (c) to fig (e) the compressive stress increases linearly. The increase in
compressive stress decreases the d/tw ratio.
• In fig(f), the compressive stress in the section reached to a maximum limit and the
total section is turned to be a pure compression member (Column) and behaves like a
Column. Stress block parameter shows only a uniform cross-section.
• Most of the members in the rigid frame are Beam-column members.
1.5.3. Beam – Column:
In many real-world scenarios involving columns, bending moments will also
be present in addition to axial forces. These bending moments can result from a variety of
factors, including (a) ecentricity of the axiaI force, b) frane action of a building, c)frane action
of portal/gable, d) bracket loads, (e) transverse loads, and (f) fixed base condition. A member
is referred to as a beam-column when it is subjected to an axial force and a bending moment.
Beam-columns are perfectly named because they can sometimes act almost exactly like
restrained beams, producing plastic hinges, and they can also fail by bucklng similarly to
13
axially loaded columns or by lateraI torsionaI buckIing similarly to uncontrolled beams under
other circumstances. Such beam-columns have a cross section that is angled to prevent
significant bending of the member's principal axis. In general, axial forces and biaxial bending
moments may be applied to beam-columns..
A beam or column's behaviour depends on its length, its geometrical properties
of a section, support conditions, distribution of loads and moments, lateral bracing and frame.
These elements also have an impact on how a beam-column behaves and is strong. As a result,
a beam-column may fail through one of the following causes: overall buckling (similar to
axially loaded columns), lateral-torsional buckling (similar to beams), plastic failure (short
beam-columns), or a combination of these mechanisms. The final behaviour of beam-columns
under axial load and biaxial bending is further defined by the effects of plastification, moment
amplification, and lateral-torsional buckling.
Therefore, a beam-column can collapse locally, overall (like axially loaded
columns), lateral-torsional (like beams), plastically (short beam-columns), or by buckling of
both the column and the lateral torsional. Furthermore, the effects of plastification and lateral-
torsional buckling complicate the final behaviour of beam-columns when they are subjected to
an axial load and biaxial bending moments.
1.5.4. In -plane behaviour of Beam-Columns:
When any beam-column is subjected to in plane bending (figure a), its behaviour will show
an interaction between the beam bending and the compresion member buckIing, as indicated
in the figure.
14
Fig 1.10: In plane behaviour of Beam-Columns
• Curve 1 shows the beam elastic linear behaviour.
• Curve 6 depicts the rigid-plastic beam's limiting behaviour at its maximum plastic
moment Mpl.
• From curve 1 to curve 6, curve 2 depicts the progression of genuine elastic-plastic
beams.
• Curve 4 illustrates the elastic buckling load of a compression element under
concentrically applied compression, Ncr.
• Curve 3 illustrates how bending and buckling in elastic parts interact and takes into
account the conventional moment N v imposed by the axial load.
• Curve 7 demonstrates how the member becomes totally plastic as a result of the
interplay between the bending moment and axial force. This curve accommodates
the increased moment Nv as well as the lowering of the complete plastic moment
Mpl to Mpr brought on by the axial load.
• Curve 5, which serves as a transition from curve 3 for elastic members to curve 7 for
full plasticity, illustrates the actual behaviour of a beam-column.
15
As the applied end moments rise, the p-effect becomes increasingly important. as a result of
the c0mbined effect of the primary moment M and the secondary P-S m0ment At point A, the
cross sections' most severely stressed fibres may yield. Beyond point A, the slope of the M-
curve decreases as a result of the member's stiffness being reduced by this yielding. The P-
Smoment grows along with the deformation. Now, above sec0ndary moment will contribute a
proportionately bigger fraction of the cross section's moment capacity. When the moment
increased, the plasticity expanded into the section and a l0cal hinge r0tation had formed. (point
B on the M-8 curve).
Elastic lateral torsional buckling will occur in a member when a high slendernes ratio
is arrived, whereas the inelastic lateral t0rsional buckling will occur in a member with an
intermediate sIenderness ratio. If the member’s slenderness ratio is low and and is bend about
the minor principal axis, lateral torsional buckling doesn’t occur
1.5.5. Moment (Beam) + Tension
Bending moments occur in the members that are subjected to the tension;
h0wever, the effect of the tension Ioad will always reduce the primary bending moments in the
member. tension Ioad reduce the effect of bending moment in members. In the case of Moment
+ Tension, the compressive stresses reduce due to the tension and d/tw increases. This is very
good case, as the tension increase the strength of the section increases.
Fig 1.11: Example of Moment + Tension
16
1.5.6. The sectional classification for the moment + Tension:
In case of tension minimum limit is (126ε)/(1-2r2) as r2 is negative for
tension and the maximum limit is governed by the minimum thickness of the web criteria
i.e., 200ε.And d/tw ratio shouldn’t be less than 42ε.
Fig 1.12. Sectional classification for the tension + moment
In the tension and moment members, the pure beam has symmetrical section
and Minimum depth to thickness ratio is 126ε /(1-2r2). The depth to thickness ratio should not
be less than 42ε.For a pure beam If the tension load is added progressively to the pure beam,
then the tension fibres increases progressively and at the end the total member becomes tension
member. As a result, the code specifies a Iimiting bending moment to be employed with the
interacti0n equations.
17
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE
2.1.LITERATURE REVIEW
(Cheng et al., 2013) studied that An accurate structural testing system is created by selecting
various width-thickness ratios for the specimens' flange and web while taking into account
various cross-sectional categories. The test results reveal that all of the specimens' failure
mechanisms are dominated by local buckling, with no evidence of general buckling. The H-
shaped steel members show favourable plastic deformability for bending about the weak axis,
leading to the conclusion that the categorization methods in the current design requirements
for H-sections are inappropriate for weak axis bending scenarios. It is discovered that the
impacts of the axial force ratios and the flange/web width-thickness ratios on the hysteretic
behaviour greatly depend on one another. For cases involving H-shaped cross-sections bent
about their weak axis, the classification rules in the present design requirements are
inappropriate. According to the legislated slenderness constraints, test specimens that are
assigned a class 4 cross-section really meet the criteria for a class 3 or class 2 cross-section.
(Chen et al., 2013) made an examination of how cross-sectional classification is handled in
four important current design guidelines (Eurocode, AISC, AIJ, and Chinese Codes), taking
into account both seismic and non-seismic instances. Most specifications include three rules:
the "individual plate rule," "restricted load pattern rule," and "monotonic rule," although these
rules ignore the impact of some crucial interactive behaviour. Web-flange interaction, the axial
force ratio, different bending axes, and cyclic loading are significant features that influence
cross-sectional behaviour but have received little consideration, according to a review of the
research base that pays particular attention to interactive effects and design criteria under
complex load patterns.
18
Yiyun Zhu⁎ , Jincheng Zhao had done Web flange interaction, according to this publication,
will have a significant impact on sectional behaviour, but it is not taken into account when
classifying sections. The overall strength of a member, which directly affects that member's
maximum capacity, is not taken into account. The investigations and findings have shown a
close relationship between the lateral-torsional mode of failure, or overall beam failure, and the
characteristics of local buckling of the cross-sectional plate parts. Based on the aforementioned
studies, a numerical parametric research is done, and a novel proposal for the classification of
members into three classes—compact, non-compact, and skinny member—is proposed.
The classification criterion proposed in this study is in a simple form and is based on the
member normalised strength capacity. It refers to very basic geometrical characteristics of plate
elements and member sketches. The interaction effects, such as web-flange interaction, local-
global interaction, and shear-buckling effects, are therefore taken into consideration.
Additionally, as a supplement for specific consideration during the design phase, the prediction
and verification on local buckling of web panels are offered separately.
Kalju Loorits Rakenteiden Mekaniikka,(1995) article had compared sectional classification in
different codes. It is clear that there are significant differences in the classification boundaries,
particularly between Class 3 and Class 4 webs. Particularly well-expressed is the limit difference
between class 3 and class 4 webs, which establishes the web buckling criterion. There is some ambiguity
because EC 3's restriction between classes 3 and 4 might be interpreted in two different ways. DIN 18
800 and B7 Additionally, the techniques for achieving a lower cross-section in class 4. Different cross
sections make up the effective cross-section. Additionally, there are various ways to obtain the effective
cross-section by reducing the cross-section in class 4. However, in the given situation, the effective
section modulus values for EC 3, DIN, and B7 are quite close.
19
Because the web-flange connection is treated as semi-rigid in the SNiP methodology, a
significantly more load can be given to the beam than to web buckling in the same design
circumstance.
Yiyun Zhu⁎ ,(2017) Jincheng Zhao deals with the Modern design regulations and standards
have incorporated section classification as a fundamental stage in the design process. Although
typically not mentioned herein, web-flange contact is a significant aspect that affects cross-
sectional behaviour. Additionally, the categorization process does not take into account the
total member stability, which is a crucial factor in ultimate strength capability. Four high shear
ratio specimen tests are presented and looked into. It has been found that the global lateral-
torsional mode and the local buckling characteristics of the individual cross-sectional plate
parts are strongly connected. The parametric investigation is carried out using the numerical
modelling that has been empirically verified. For upcoming Chinese steel design regulations,
a member categorization suggestion based on normalised strength capacity is submitted in an
easy-to-understand format. Local-global buckling modes interact with web-flange plate parts
in a number of ways.
Four I-section plate girders made from flame-cut plates were tested for buckling
behaviour. The interactive buckling kinds of this sort of high shear ratio member were clarified
in detail based on the test results, and a FEM technique was developed and confirmed by the
experimental findings. The outcomes were briefly contrasted with current design techniques.
It has become clear from the experiments and simulations that the local buckling characteristics
of the individual cross-sectional plate parts and the global lateral-torsional mode, or overall
beam failure, are strongly connected. For the upcoming Chinese steel design code, a member
classification proposal with three classes—compact, non-compact, and slender member—is
offered. The classification criterion proposed in this study is in a simple form and is based on
the member normalised strength capacity. It refers to very basic geometrical characteristics of
20
plate elements and member sketches. As a result, shear-buckling effects as well as interaction
effects like web-flange interaction and local-global interaction are taken into consideration.
Y.J Shi(2013) A cross-sensitivity section's to local buckling and the suitable design resistance
are both addressed by classification of cross-section, a key idea in the design of flexural steel
members. In actuality, the idea of section ductility is used in the majority of modern steel design
regulations, where section behaviour is dictated by the buckling of flange or web plates, for
which separate restrictions are applied. This assumption is unfounded since the interaction
between the two local buckling modes must be taken into account since it is apparent that the
flange is restrained by the web and the web is restrained by the flanges. There are also some
other elements that affect ductility at the member level (e.g. the beam span, flange to web width
ratio, member slenderness, moment gradient, etc). And it appears that the idea of member
behavioural classes should take the place of the section behavioural classes. For members
subjected to a constant moment, consideration is given to the interaction between local and
lateral buckling of I-sections and their impact on inelastic flexural ductility. A novel equivalent
approach was developed to determine the member rotation capability for uniform moment
loading. A thorough parametric analysis of welded beams with I-cross sections was performed.
This study made a recommendation for the existing Chinese steel design code that takes
member ductility into account rather than section ductility. Other international steel design
rules do not clearly take into account the consequences of local interaction or local-overall
interaction buckling modes, which are the foundation of this proposal. According to Table 5,
which lists the limit values for flange, web, and lateral slenderness separately, there are three
classes in this suggested classification. The findings show that there are significant variations
21
between the two classification standards that are put forth and that the member classification
is better suited than the cross-sectional classes for determining structural ductility.
Xin Cheng, Yiyi Chen ⁎, Lingli Pan (2015)done an experimental investigation of six H-
section steel beam-columns with significant width-to-thickness ratios when they are subjected
to cyclic bending moment about the strong axis and combined constant axial force A
trustworthy structural testing system was used, varied width-to-thickness ratios of the flange
and web of the specimens were chosen, and different cross-sectional categories were taken into
consideration. The test findings demonstrated that local buckling was the predominant failure
mode for all specimens. The H-section specimens showed limited resistive strength but some
plastic deformation capacity as well as energy dissipation capacity due to their relatively large
width-to-thickness ratios of the flange and web, which encouraged the use of such members in
seismic locations. Additionally, it was discovered that the axial force ratio and the flange width
to thickness ratio significantly affect the hysteretic behaviour. The EC3 and AIJ cross-section
categorization results are shown to be conservative, and the slenderness restriction for class 3
may be raised. The combined mode of plate slenderness's effect on the inelastic behaviour of
all the specimens, including the ultimate strength, ductility parameters, and energy dissipation
capacity, highlights the impact of web and flange interaction on the entire loading process..
Xin Cheng a,b , Yiyi Chen a, ⁎In this study, practical and theoretical research are done to
examine the ultimate strength and behaviour of steel H-sections. The main factors taken into
consideration include various combinations of axial force ratios, web and flange width-to-
thickness ratios, and the examination of both major and minor axis bending responses. It is
discovered that the interaction between the flange and web greatly influences the section
behaviour, including the incidence of local buckling, stress distribution form after buckling,
22
and ultimate strength. Using an adjustment factor called cross-section slenderness, which takes
into account the interaction between the plates under various loading conditions, the "plastic
effective width" method (PEM) for the ultimate moment resistance of H-sections bent about
strong or weak axis is improved and refined. The contact between the flange and the web has
a significant impact on the sectional inelastic behaviour, including the occurrence of buckling,
stress distribution form after buckling, and ultimate strength. The "cross-section slenderness"
p adjustment factor, which transforms the ultimate strength from a multi-parameter issue into
a single-parameter one, is proposed. It accounts for the interacting effect of the plates under
various loading situations. The "plastic effective width" approach (PEM), in which the final
strength is equal to the complete plastic moment resistance of the effective cross-section based
on p, has been substantially enhanced.
2.2. CROSS-SECTION CLASSIFICATION IN EUROCODE, AISC, AIJ AND
CHINESE CODE
2.2.1. Eurocode:
Four classes of cross-section are defined in EC3 for steel members under
monotonic loading, which follows the individual plate rule method, in which web is treated as
the plate simply-supported along four edges, and the flange is treated as a plate simply-
supported along three edges and free along the other in EC3,. Furthermore, the axial force ratio
effect is estimated using the 'individual plate rule' assumption, implying that the axial force
may be dealt incorrectly. It's also worth noting that the weak-axis behaviour hasn't been fully
considered. The web width–thickness ratio restrictions, for example, were derived solely on
the basis of strong-axis loading behaviour, ignoring weak-axis loading behaviour. The stress
distributions for H-shaped steel beam– columns bent about the strong-axis and weak-axis are
markedly different from one other, as shown in Figs. 2 and 3.
23
Fig.2.1: stress distribution for H-shaped steel beam- column about the strong axis
Fig 2.2: stress distribution for H-shaped steel beam- column about the strong axis
The classification rule in EC8 for steel members susceptible to seismic loading
is the same as that in EC3. According to EC8, only class 1, 2, and 3 cross-sections can be used
for seismic design, and the specifications for each cross-section rely on the value of the chosen
behaviour factors, with class 1 being required for q>4, class 2 being required for 2bq4, and
class 3 being required for q2. In other words, class 1 cross-sections are necessary when a high
ductility demand is anticipated; for lesser ductility conditions, this need can be eased to a class
2 or 3 cross-section. This method is quite helpful for design reasons, although the classification
has certain flaws, primarily because the degradation effects brought on by seismic loads have
been disregarded in EC8 when classifying cross-sections..
24
Generally complete cross-section should be classified as per the least class of
compression elements. alternatively, a cross section can also be classified with compression
flange and its web element separately.
The limiting width to thickness ratio as per BS 5950 are
Table 2.1 Limiting width-to-thickness ratios for sections other than CHS and RHS
Stress ratios for calculation
The stress ratio r1 & r2 used in the section classification can be calculated by
For I or H section with equal flanges
𝐹𝑐
r1 = but -1< r1 <1
𝑑𝑡𝑃𝑦𝑤
25
𝐹𝑐
r2 =
𝐴𝑔 𝑃𝑦𝑤
where
𝐴𝑔 is the gross cross-sectional area
𝑑 is the depth of web
𝐹𝑐 is the axial compression (negative for tension)
Pyw is the design strength of web (but Pyw < Pyf )
t is the web thickness
Fig 2.3: stress ratio for a semi-compact web
f1 is the maximum compressive stress in the web
f2 is the minimum compressive stress in the web (negative for tension)
2.2.2. AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION codal provision for
sectional classification
In accordance with AISC 360-05, there are three categories of cross-sections,
with class 2, class 3, and class 4 cross-sections in Fig. 1 corresponding to compact, non-
26
compact, and slender-element cross-sections, respectively. Additionally, AISC 341-05 defines
a "seismically-compact" cross-section to establish slenderness limitations (ps) for class 1 cross-
sections. Class 2-4 cross-sections are not permitted by AISC 341-05 in seismic zones because
they do not meet the requirements for a seismically compact cross-section with high ductility,
which is needed by AISC 341-05. It has been noted that both AISC papers adhere to the
"individual plate rule," omitting to consider how flange and web interact. Additionally, the
primary design method used by AISC for calculating the cross sectional capacities of beam-
columns is to determine the strengths corresponding to pure compression and pure bending
before providing an interaction curve for the fusion of axial force and bending moment. Thus,
only the fundamental situations of pure compression and pure bending about the strong axis
are immediately taken into account when classifying the cross-section.
2.2.3. AIJ (Architectural Institute of Japan )
Given the importance of earthquakes in Japan and the fact that the entire nation
is situated on a fault zone along the Pacific Ocean's rim, constructions must be designed with
earthquake protection in mind. Both a result, AIJ functions as a seismic and non-seismic code.
AIJ (Fig.) specifies four classes of cross-sections, where P-I-1, P-I-2, P-II, and P-III cross-
sections correspond to classes 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively, in Fig. 1. It is apparent that the only
code in use today that classifies cross-sections by taking into account web-flange interaction is
AIJ. The interactive classification idea was primarily based on Kato's study findings.It is also
observed that the classification limits consider only the strong-axis bending behaviour, with
the weak-axis behaviour being ignored.
27
Fig 2.4 : Cross-section classification definitions of beams or beam-columns in AIJ
2.3. RESEARCH GAP:
• On studying previous literatures, it is seen that sectional classification is done based on
the individuaI plate rule.
• They also said that there are two more methods are present i.e., web flange interaction
and axial stress ratio but the previous literatures didn’t explain them.
• Previous literatures said sectional classification may vary, but they didn’t mention any
method to find it.
2.4. OBJECTIVE:
• To study the structural behaviour of different sectional classes under axial load.
• To study the effect of axial stress ratio on sectional classification.
• To arrive/ derive the method on how a sectional classification change.
• To study the various factors that effect section class subjected to flexure.
28
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1. General
The design and strength of a member depends upon the cross-sectional behavior
of member. Section classification plays major role in the design failure of the member. Plate
components within a cross-section could locally buckle under compressive stresses. By
restricting the width to thickness ratio of each component of a cross-section subjected to
compression owing to axial force, moment, or shear, local buckling can be prevented before
the limit state is reached. When using plastic analysis, the members must be able to create
plastic hinges with enough rotational strength (ductility) without local buckling, allowing for
the redistribution of bending force necessary before the failure mechanism forms. The member
must be able to develop the yield stress under compression without local buckling when elastic
analysis is applied.
3.2Indian standard Specification (IS 800:2007) Provisions for Sectional
Classification
3.2.1. Sectional Classification: As per Indian standard 800:2007, sections are classified into 4
types depending upon the width-to-thickness ratios and material yield strength of the individual
components of the section. The sections are classified as
Plastic or Class 1: The plastic cross-section can form plastic hinges and have sufficient
rotational capacity to withstand structure failure by a plastic mechanism. The cross-section is
totally effective in pure compression. It will be sufficiently ductile.
29
Compact or class 2: The compact section may generate plastic moment resistance, and due to
local buckling of the cross-section, it has insufficient plastic hinge rotation capacity. Although
it is effective in pure compression, it has a lower deformation capacity.
Semi-compact or class 3: In semi compact the cross-sections are completely effective in pure
compression. It will approach the yield moment, but local buckling will prevent the section
from bending to its full plastic moment; in these cross sections, bending moment resistance
will be limited to the yield moment alone.
Slender or class 4: cross sections in which the elements buckle locally even before reaching
yield stress. Yield stress is also not reached in these sections. There is no limiting width to
thickness ratio for slender sections in Indian Standard 800:2007, Hence these sections are
designed as semi-compact sections.
Table 3.1: Limiting width to thickness ratio as per IS 800:2007 (clauses 3.7.2 &3.7.4)
3.3: Behaviour of pure Flexural member (Beam) under Axial Load:
Generally, a beam member is considered as a pure flexural member, Consists of
only Moment. When a external axial load is applied on it, the behaviour of the beam member
will be changed. The stress parameters of the section varies. The compression stress fibres
present in the member increases according to compression axial load. At a point, the
compression stress fibres reach the maximum yield point. At that phase, the beam member
behaves as a column.
30
3.4: Sectional Classification as per IS 800:2007
As per table -2 IS 800:2007 sectional classification is done based on section geometrical
properties. The sectional classification is based on the individual plate rule method. In this
method, the I-section member is divided into individual members (web and flange). The
sectional classification is done by depth to web thickness ratio (d/tw) and flange width to
depth ratio(b/tf).
3.5. Effect of Axial stress ratio on sectional classification
r1 & r2 are axial stress ratios present in the depth to thickness ratio of I or H
section in combined loads. They have the significant effect on the sectional classification.
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠(𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑓 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒)

r1 = 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑒𝑏 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑒
𝐹
r1 = 𝑑𝑡∗𝑓𝑦
F= Axial force
d = depth of web (I-section)
t = thickness of web (I-section)
fy = yield stress of steel
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠(𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑓 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒)

r2= 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐹
r1 =𝐴𝑔∗𝑓𝑦
31
F= Axial force
Ag = Area of Flange (I-section)
fy = yield stress of steel
If d/tw > 42ε effective area is to taken in design compressive stress. So only web area is to be
taken for the section. r1 is used in the plastic and compact section (d/tw) ratio. In both the
cases d/tw >42ε, so the area to be taken for design is web area alone and the design is also
done for only for web alone.
If d/tw <42ε gross area is to taken in design compressive stress. So total area of the section is
to be taken.r2 is used in the Semi-compact and slender section (d/tw) ratio. In both the cases
d/tw <42ε, so the area to be taken for design is total alone and the design is also done for total
section.
Moment +compression
140 €
120 €
Plastic
100 €
Compact
d/tw ratio
80 € Semi-compact
60 €
40 €
20 €
0€
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
r1 & r2 ratios
Fig 3.1: r1 & r2 ratios v/s d/tw ratio for moment +axial compression load
In the Moment +Compression case
r1 acts linearly and proportionally in plastic and Compact sections.
32
r2 also acts similar to the r1 curve.
In Moment + Compression members least limit value (42 ε) will be attained when the r1 & r2
will be maximum values.
Moment +Tension
250 €
200 €
d/tw ratio
150 €
plastic
100 €
compact
50 € semi compact
0€
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
r1 & r2 ratios
Fig 3.2: r1 & r2 ratios v/s d/tw ratio for moment +axial tension load
In the Moment +Tension case
r1 acts equally and proportionally in plastic and Compact sections. The max limit for tension
members (200ε) is reached by 0.6 &0.5 respectively.
r2 acts unlike r1 and reaches its max limit at 0.2 value.
3.6. Sectional classification for different members considering axial Loads:
In general design of the steel member, the external axial load is not considered
during the sectional classification of the section. In axial stress ratio method, approximate /
accurate axial load is considered in the sectional classification calculation. In these thesis, a
different I-section members are taken from a rigid frame model and cumulative axial
33
compression and tension load is applied on them. A analytical analysis has been carried out for
maximum loads upto max limits.
3.7. Modelling
A frame modelled for width = 20m (clear span), clear height = 9m, roof slope = 1: 10, Bay
spacing (load width) =7m, the section are welded I-section with properties, isotropic steel, Fu
= 490000N/mm2, Fy = 345000N/mm2 young’s modulus E= 2x105 N/mm2, poisons ratio = 0.3,
Density = 7850kg/m3. The frame designed for Mangalore site conditions.
3.8. Sectional classification for different members considering axial Loads in Staad pro:
After Analytical analysis of the frame, same axial compression /tension loads had been
applied on the rigid frame. The results have been compared with analytical analysis and
staad.pro analysis for the frame.
34
3.9. flow chart
Fig.3.3: Methodology flow chart
35
CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1. ROLLED STEEL SECTIONS
Steel tables gives a standard rolled steel section with all properties. Steel
sections which are manufactured in rolling mills under heavy inspection and accuracy are rolled
sections. The sections are strong and have high strength. Rolled sections are classified into 2
types
Hot rolled section
Cold rolled section
Hot-rolling is a mill technique that involves rolling steel at a temperature higher than its
recrystallization temperature, which is often over 1000° F. When steel cools, it shrinks
unevenly, allowing for significantly less control over the overall size and shape of a hot-rolled
product. When used horizontally or as columns, hot rolled steel beams provide excellent load
bearing support. HR steel beam, also known as I-Beam or W-Beam, is a malleable structural
steel that is used for support and stability in a variety of industrial applications.
While the steel is below its recrystallization temperature, cold-rolled steel is rolled to the
desired thickness (typically around room temperature). Through strain hardening, the steel's
strength is increased. Generally speaking, cold-rolled steels are stronger and harder than hot-
rolled steels. Cold rolled steel is hot rolled steel that has undergone additional processing. Hot
rolled steel is rerolled at room temperature after cooling to produce more accurate dimensions
and superior surface attributes. Cold rolled steel is used to create the secondary members,
such as purlins, in pre-engineered buildings. Pre-engineered structures are uniquely
36
developed for each one, depending on the load being applied, the intended use, the location,
etc. Compared to rolled parts, pre-engineered buildings are more affordable.
4.1.1. Sectional classification of standard rolled steel sections:
Welded sections are more economical and tailor-made sections whereas rolled sections
are standard sections with uneconomical and heavy sections.
ISMB SECTIONS
50.00
46.53
45.65 45.66
44.17
45.00
41.35
39.70
40.00
36.69
35.00
d/tw ratio
32.61
31.30 30.98
30.00 28.08 28.69
24.95
25.00
21.40
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.21 4.93 5.26 5.23 4.63 4.66 5.00 5.65 4.93 5.23 4.92 5.05
4.38 4.31
5.00
0.00
ISMB ISMB ISMB ISMB ISMB ISMB ISMB ISMB ISMB ISMB ISMB ISMB ISMB ISMB
100 125 150 175 200 225 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
WEB(PLASTIC) 21.40 24.95 28.08 28.69 31.30 30.98 32.61 36.69 39.70 41.35 44.17 45.65 45.66 46.53
PLASTIC 5.21 4.93 5.26 5.23 4.63 4.66 5.00 5.65 4.93 4.38 4.31 5.23 4.92 5.05
WEB(PLASTIC) PLASTIC
Fig 4.1: depth to thickness (d/tw) ratios of ISMB sections
All ISMB sections are plastic sections in sectional classification. The breadth to flange(b/tf)
thickness ratio of flange members are below 9.4 ε and the depth to thickness(d/tw) ratio is less
than 84 ε. Hence all sections are plastic in section. because of steel used in rolled sections are
37
mild steel and have less strength compared to grade 345. For the safety purpose all sections
are designed to be plastic by having high values of sectional properties. Same section can be
designed with lower values with a economical and safer section in welded sections.
60.00
ISWB SECTIONS
50.00
40.00
d/tw ratio
plastic
30.00
compact
20.00 Semi-compact
web(plastic)
10.00
0.00
ISWB ISWB ISWB ISWB ISWB ISWB ISWB ISWB ISWB ISWB ISWB ISWB
150 175 200 225 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
plastic 7.14 8.45 7.78 7.58 0.00 0.00 8.77 7.69 6.49 8.50 7.10 5.87
compact 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Semi-compact 0 0 0 0 11.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
web(plastic) 25.19 27.62 29.84 32.06 33.91 37.03 40.90 43.49 45.57 47.54 49.03 49.77
Fig 4.2: depth to thickness (d/tw) ratios of ISWB sections
ISWB sections are Indian Standard Wide Flange Beams. ISWB sections have
high flange width to resist bending. Even having high flange width values, most number of
38
sections are classified as plastic due to the high flange thickness. The thickness of flange is
increased as the flange width is increased.
50
ISHB SECTIONS
45
40
d/tw ratio
35
30
25
plastic 20
compact
15
Semi-compact
10
web(plastic)
5
0
ISHB ISHB ISHB ISHB ISHB ISHB ISHB ISHB ISHB ISHB ISHB ISHB ISHB ISHB ISHB ISHB ISHB
150 150 150 200 200 225 225 250 250 300 300 350 350 400 400 450 450
plastic 8.33 8.33 8.33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9.12 9.12
compact 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9.84 9.84 0 0
Semi-compact 0 0 0 11.11 11.11 12.36 12.36 12.89 12.89 11.79 11.79 10.78 10.78 0 0 0 0
web(plastic) 24.44 15.71 11.19 29.84 23.33 31.82 24.05 33.42 26.20 36.68 29.66 39.37 32.36 41.16 35.34 43.12 37.40
Fig 4.3: depth to thickness(d/tw) ratios of ISHB sections
Indian standard heavy sections (ISHB) are sections which carry heavy loads.
These sections are also made with same material but to carry heavy loads, the dimensions are
increased. These sections have high flange width to thickness ratio and web depth to thickness
ratio. Majority of the sections are semi-compact sections. The sections have flange width nearly
equal to depth of the section. These are designed to carry load heavy loads; hence it looks like
a box shaped section. In most number of ISMB and ISHB sections, web section classification
39
is made plastic with high depth and thickness value. High depth and thickness value are kept
to avoid shear and buckling. In ISHB sections, most sections are made semi-compact, as flange
width to thickness ratio of sectional classification is above 10.5ε. To carry heavy load and resist
bending, the flange width and depth are high. ISHB sections are mostly used for the column
members in the structure.
4.2. Change of Sectional Classification
Generally, a sectional classification is based on the geometrical properties of the section
i.e., width to thickness ratio in flange members and depth to thickness ratio in web members.
As per Indian standard 800:2007 (cl 3.7.2 and 3.7.4) sectional classification is done only to
compression members. The sectional classification is done to any member assuming that the
member is a pure beam. Pure beam is a structural member which carries only a moment.
Combined loads are not considered in sectional classification. But generally, all structural
members are subjected to moment + axial loads.
4.2.1. Effect of Compression Axial load on individual I-section members (Plastic class)
Section: 500*8+225*12 mm
For the given section the section classification is done assuming that it is a pure flexural
member.
Considering only moment for sectional classification
Depth to thickness (d/tw) ratio is Constant
Depth to thickness (d/tw) for plastic section is 84 ε.
(d/tw) = 68
Now, For the given section the section classification is done considered axial load effect
on them.
Considering moment +compression load for sectional classification
Depths to thickness (d/tw) ratio are Variable
40
84ε
Depth to thickness (d/tw) for plastic section is
1+𝑟1
Section : 500*8+225*12 mm F=100kN

84ε 𝐹
(d/tw) = 1+𝑟 𝑟1 = 𝑑𝑡𝑓
1 𝑦
84∗0.85 100x103
= 𝑟1 = 500x8x345
1+0.072
(d/tw) =66.6 = 0.072
I-Section with incremental Axial Compression Load

Section : 500*8+225*12 mm F=200kN
84ε 𝐹
(d/tw) = 1+𝑟 𝑟1 = 𝑑𝑡𝑓
1 𝑦
84∗0.85 200x103
= 𝑟1 = 500x8x345
1+0.15
(d/tw) =62.4 = 0.15
Section: 500*8+225*12 mm F=300kN

84ε 𝐹
(d/tw) = 𝑟1 =
1+𝑟1 𝑑𝑡𝑓𝑦
84∗0.85 300x103
= 𝑟1 = 500x8x345
1+0.217
(d/tw) =59 = 0.217
Section: 500*8+225*12 mm F=400kN

84ε 𝐹
(d/tw) = 1+𝑟 𝑟1 = 𝑑𝑡𝑓
1 𝑦
84∗0.85 400x103
= 𝑟1 = 500x8x345
1+0.289
(d/tw) =55.39 = 0.289

Section: 500*8+225*12 mm F=500kN
84ε 𝐹
(d/tw) = 1+𝑟 𝑟1 = 𝑑𝑡𝑓
1 𝑦
84∗0.85 500x103
= 𝑟1 = 500x8x345
1+0.36
(d/tw) =52.5 = 0.36
41
Section: 500*8+225*12 mm F=600kN
84ε 𝐹
(d/tw) = 1+𝑟 𝑟1 = 𝑑𝑡𝑓
1 𝑦
84∗0.85 600x103
= 𝑟1 = 500x8x345
1+0.43
(d/tw) =49.9 = 0.43

Section: 500*8+225*12 mm F=700kN
84ε 𝐹
(d/tw) = 1+𝑟 𝑟1 = 𝑑𝑡𝑓
1 𝑦
84∗0.85 700x103
= 𝑟1 = 500x8x345
1+0.51
(d/tw) =47.3 = 0.51

Section: 500*8+225*12 mm F=800kN
84ε 𝐹
(d/tw) = 1+𝑟 𝑟1 = 𝑑𝑡𝑓
1 𝑦
84∗0.85 800x103
= 𝑟1 = 500x8x345
1+0.58
(d/tw) =45.2 = 0.58

Section: 500*8+225*12 mm F=900kN
84ε 𝐹
(d/tw) = 1+𝑟 𝑟1 = 𝑑𝑡𝑓
1 𝑦
84∗0.85 900x103
= 𝑟1 = 500x8x345
1+0.65
(d/tw) =43.3 = 0.65

Section: 500*8+225*12 mm F=1000kN
84ε 𝐹
(d/tw) = 1+𝑟 𝑟1 = 𝑑𝑡𝑓
1 𝑦
84∗0.85 1000x103
= 𝑟1 = 500x8x345
1+0.72
(d/tw) =41.5 = 0.72

Section: 500*8+225*12 mm F=1100kN
84ε 𝐹
(d/tw) = 1+𝑟 𝑟1 = 𝑑𝑡𝑓
1 𝑦
84∗0.85 1100x103
= 𝑟1 = 500x8x345
1+0.79
(d/tw) =39.88 = 0.79

Section: 500*8+225*12 mm F=1200kN
42
84ε 𝐹
(d/tw) = 𝑟1 =
1+𝑟1 𝑑𝑡𝑓𝑦
84∗0.85 1200x103
= 𝑟1 = 500x8x345
1+0.86
(d/tw) =38.38 = 0.86

Section : 500*8+225*12 mm F=1300kN
84ε 𝐹
(d/tw) = 1+𝑟 𝑟1 = 𝑑𝑡𝑓
1 𝑦
84∗0.85 1300x103
= 𝑟1 = 500x8x345
1+0.94
(d/tw) =36.8 = 0.94

The depth to thickness(d/tw) ratio of a given section considering only moment
is 68. As per IS code 800:2007 (table no:2, cl 3.7.2), (d/tw) ratio 68 <84ε. Hence section is
plastic. When an additional axial compression load is applied on the section, it effects the depth
to thickness(d/tw) ratio. The (d/tw) ratio limit for the section is reduced. It is no more 84ε, it is
decreased. When the load of 300 kN is applied on the section, the standard depth to
thickness(d/tw) ratio is 59. But the actual (d/tw) ratio obtained considering moment only is 68.
The section is defined as plastic considering 84ε. Considering the axial compression load (d/tw)
ratio limit 59<68, then the section is classified as compact. We can find the (d/t w) ratio of any
load for a given section up to a limit of 42ε. The depth to thickness(d/tw) ratio of any section
should not be less than 42ε as per IS code 800:2007.
In the above section, the axial compression load is added incrementally up to 1200kN. The load
cannot be added above 1200kN, as the (d/tw) ratio is less than 42ε.
The (d/tw) ratio for plastic section in moment carrying members and moment
+compression members will change. Limiting depth to thickness ratio reduction can affect the
design of a section. The strength of the section is decreased. As the(d/tw) ratio is reduced, the
section fails before the yield strength. To increase the (d/tw) ratio, the web of the section has to
be increased.
43
4.2.2. Effect of Axial Compression load on individual I-section members (Compact class)
member.
Section : 650*8+225*10 mm
650
(d/tw) = = 81.25
8
As 84€ <(d/tw)> 105€
Section is compact
Compact Section
Depth to thickness(d/tw) ratio are Constant.
Depth to thickness(d/tw) for Compact section is105 ε.
650
(d/tw) = = 81.25
8
on them.
Considering moment +compression for sectional classification
Depth to thickness(d/tw) ratio are Variable
105ε
Depth to thickness(d/tw) for Compact section is 1+1.5𝑟
1
Section : 650*8+225*10 mm
105ε 𝐹
(d/tw) = 1+1.5𝑟 𝑟1 = 𝑑𝑡𝑓
1 𝑦
44
105ε 100x103
= 𝑟1 =
1+(1.5∗0.056) 650x8x345
(d/tw) = 82.33 = 0.056
Sections with incremental Load
Section : 650*8+225*10 mm F=200kN
105ε 𝐹
(d/tw) = 1+1.5𝑟 𝑟1 = 𝑑𝑡𝑓
1 𝑦
105ε 200x103
= 𝑟1 = 650x8x345
1+(1.5∗0.11)
(d/tw) = 76.6 = 0.11
Section : 650*8+225*10 mm F=300kN
105ε 𝐹
(d/tw) = 1+1.5𝑟 𝑟1 = 𝑑𝑡𝑓
1 𝑦
105ε 300x103
= 𝑟1 = 650x8x345
1+(1.5∗0.17)
(d/tw) = 71.1 = 0.17
In the above case, the initial (d/tw) ratio for a flexural member is 81.25. When the section is
subjected to an axial compression force, then the (d/tw) ratio is reduced. When a force of 300
kN is applied on the member the depth to thickness ratio is 71.1. then the standard sectional
classification limit for the section given is 71. Above that limit, the section is said to be Semi-
compact section. The (d/tw) ratio for Compact section in moment carrying members and
moment +compression members will change. limiting depth to thickness ratio reduction can
affect the design of a section. The strength of the section is decreased. To increase the (d/tw)
ratio, the web of the section has to be increased.
45
4.2.3.Effect of Axial Compression load on individual I-section members (Semi-compact
class)
member.
Section : 750*8+225*10 mm
750
(d/tw) = = 93.75
8
As 105€ <(d/tw)> 126€
Section is Semi-compact
Semi-compact sections
Depth to thickness(d/tw) ratio are Constant
Depth to thickness(d/tw) for Semi-compact section is 126 ε.
750
(d/tw) = = 93.75
8
on them
Considering moment +compression for sectional classification
126ε
Depth to thickness(d/tw) for Semi-compact section is 1+2𝑟
2
Section : 750*8+225*10 mm F=100kN

126ε
(d/tw) = 1+2𝑟
2
𝐹
𝑟2 = 𝐴𝑔𝑓
𝑦
46
𝐴𝑔=750*8+225*10
= 10500 mm2
100x103
𝑟2 = 10500x345 = 0.03
126∗0.85
(d/tw) = 1+(2∗0.03)
(d/tw) = 101.03
Section : 750*8+225*10 mm F=200kN
126ε 𝐹
(d/tw) = 1+2𝑟 𝑟2 = 𝐴𝑔𝑓
2 𝑦
126∗0.85
= 𝐴𝑔 =750*8+2(225*10)
1+(2∗0.055)
𝐴𝑔 =10500mm2
200x103
(d/tw) = 97.36 𝑟2 = 10500x345
= 0.055
Section : 750*8+225*10 mm F=300kN
126ε 𝐹
(d/tw) = 1+2𝑟 𝑟2 = 𝐴𝑔𝑓
2 𝑦
126∗0.85
= 𝐴𝑔 =750*8+2(225*10)
1+(2∗0.08)
𝐴𝑔 =10500
300x103
(d/tw) = 92.3 𝑟2 = 10500x345
= 0.08
Section : 750*8+225*10 mm F=400kN
126ε 𝐹
(d/tw) = 1+2𝑟 𝑟2 = 𝐴𝑔𝑓
2 𝑦
126∗0.85
= 𝐴𝑔 =750*8+2(225*10)
1+(2∗0.11)
𝐴𝑔 =10500
400x103
(d/tw) = 87.8 𝑟2 = 10500x345
= 0.11
47
subjected to an axial compression force, then the (d/tw) ratio is reduced. When a force of 400
classification limit for the section given is 87.8.
The (d/tw) ratio for Compact section in moment carrying members and moment +compression
members will change. limiting depth to thickness ratio reduction can affect the design of a
section. The strength of the section is decreased. To increase the (d/tw) ratio, the web of the
section has to be increased.
4.2.4. Effect of Tension Axial load on individual I-section members (Plastic class)
Considering moment + tension for sectional classification:
Section: 500*8+225*12 mm
member.
Depth to thickness (d/tw) ratio is Constant
Depth to thickness (d/tw) for plastic section is 84 ε.
(d/tw) = 68
on them.
Considering moment + tension load for sectional classification
Depths to thickness (d/tw) ratio are Variable
84ε
Depth to thickness (d/tw) for plastic section is 1−𝑟
1
Section : 500*8+225*12 mm F=100kN

84ε 𝐹
(d/tw) = 1−𝑟 𝑟1 = 𝑑𝑡𝑓
1 𝑦
48
84∗0.85 100x103
= 𝑟1 =
1−0.072 500x8x345
(d/tw) =76.94 = 0.072
I-Section with incremental Axial Compression Load
Section : 500*8+225*12 mm F=200kN
84ε 𝐹
(d/tw) = 1−𝑟 𝑟1 = 𝑑𝑡𝑓
1 𝑦
84∗0.85 200x103
= 𝑟1 = 500x8x345
1−0.15
(d/tw) =84 = 0.15
Section: 500*8+225*12 mm F=300kN
84ε 𝐹
(d/tw) = 1−𝑟 𝑟1 = 𝑑𝑡𝑓
1 𝑦
84∗0.85 300x103
= 𝑟1 =
1−0.217 500x8x345
(d/tw) =91.2 = 0.217
Section: 500*8+225*12 mm F=400kN
84ε 𝐹
(d/tw) = 1−𝑟 𝑟1 = 𝑑𝑡𝑓
1 𝑦
84∗0.85 400x103
= 𝑟1 = 500x8x345
1−0.289
(d/tw) =100.42 = 0.289
Section: 500*8+225*12 mm F=500kN
84ε 𝐹
(d/tw) = 1−𝑟 𝑟1 = 𝑑𝑡𝑓
1 𝑦
84∗0.85 500x103
= 𝑟1 = 500x8x345
1−0.36
49
(d/tw) =111.56 = 0.36
Section: 500*8+225*12 mm F=600kN
84ε 𝐹
(d/tw) = 1−𝑟 𝑟1 = 𝑑𝑡𝑓
1 𝑦
84∗0.85 600x103
= 𝑟1 = 500x8x345
1−0.43
(d/tw) = 125.26 = 0.43
Section: 500*8+225*12 mm F=700kN
84ε 𝐹
(d/tw) = 1−𝑟 𝑟1 = 𝑑𝑡𝑓
1 𝑦
84∗0.85 700x103
= 𝑟1 = 500x8x345
1−0.51
(d/tw) =145.72 = 0.51
Section: 500*8+225*12 mm F=800kN
84ε 𝐹
(d/tw) = 1−𝑟 𝑟1 = 𝑑𝑡𝑓
1 𝑦
84∗0.85 800x103
= 𝑟1 = 500x8x345
1−0.58
(d/tw) =170 = 0.58
The depth to thickness(d/tw) ratio of a given section considering only moment
is 68. As per IS code 800:2007 (table no:2, cl 3.7.2), (d/tw) ratio 68 <84ε. Hence section is
plastic. When an additional axial tension load is applied on the section, it effects the depth to
thickness (d/tw) ratio. The (d/tw) ratio limit for the section is increased. When the load of 300
kN is applied on the section, the standard depth to thickness (d/tw) ratio is 91.2. But the actual
(d/tw) ratio obtained considering moment only is 68. In general, 91.2 d/tw ratio is considered
as compact section, but here by considering axial tension load, the section is said to be plastic.
In the above section, the axial tension load is added incrementally up to 800kN. The load cannot
be added above 800kN, as the (d/tw) ratio is more than 200ε. When a additional axial tension
50
load is applied externally on a member, the depth to thickness ratio increases, as a result the
sectional class of a section changes. As steel is strong in tension, the section becomes more
strong than before.
4.2.5. Effect of Axial Tension load on individual I-section members (Compact class)
member.
Section : 650*8+225*10 mm
650
(d/tw) = = 81.25
8
As 84€ <(d/tw)> 105€
Section is compact
Compact Section
Depth to thickness(d/tw) ratio are Constant.
Depth to thickness(d/tw) for Compact section is105 ε.
650
(d/tw) = = 81.25
8
on them.
Considering moment +tension for sectional classification
105ε
Depth to thickness(d/tw) for Compact section is 1−1.5𝑟
1
Section : 650*8+225*10 mm
105ε 𝐹
(d/tw) = 1−1.5𝑟 𝑟1 = 𝑑𝑡𝑓
1 𝑦
105ε 100x103
= 𝑟1 = 650x8x345
1−(1.5∗0.056)
51
(d/tw) = 97.43 = 0.056
Section : 650*8+225*10 mm F=200kN
105ε 𝐹
(d/tw) = 1−1.5𝑟 𝑟1 = 𝑑𝑡𝑓
1 𝑦
105ε 200x103
= 𝑟1 = 650x8x345
1−(1.5∗0.11)
(d/tw) = 106.88 = 0.11
Section : 650*8+225*10 mm F=300kN
105ε 𝐹
(d/tw) = 1−1.5𝑟 𝑟1 = 𝑑𝑡𝑓
1 𝑦
105ε 300x103
= 𝑟1 = 650x8x345
1−(1.5∗0.17)
(d/tw) = 119.8 = 0.17
subjected to an axial tension force, then the (d/tw) ratio is increased. When a force of 300 kN is
applied on the member the depth to thickness ratio is 119.8. Then the standard sectional
classification limit for the section given is 81.25. Above that limit, the section is said to be
Semi-compact section. But, here the d/tw ratio is 119.8 which is beyond semi-compact section
126ε(107.1), in application of axial load, the section is said to be compact section. Limiting
depth to thickness ratio increase can affect the design of a section. The strength of the section
is increased.
4.2.6. Effect of Axial Tension load on individual I-section members (Semi-compact class)
member.
Section : 750*8+225*10 mm
750
(d/tw) = = 93.75
8
52
As 105€ <(d/tw)> 126€
Section is Semi-compact
Semi-compact sections
Depth to thickness(d/tw) ratio are Constant
Depth to thickness(d/tw) for Semi-compact section is 126 ε.
750
(d/tw) = = 93.75
8
on them
Considering moment +tension for sectional classification
126ε
Depth to thickness(d/tw) for Semi-compact section is 1−2𝑟
2
Section : 750*8+225*10 mm F=100kN
126ε
(d/tw) = 1−2𝑟
2
𝐹
𝑦
𝐴𝑔=750*8+225*10
= 10500 mm2
100x103
𝑟2 = 10500x345 = 0.03
126∗0.85
(d/tw) = 1−(2∗0.03)
(d/tw) = 113.94
53
Section : 750*8+225*10 mm F=200kN
126ε 𝐹
(d/tw) = 1−2𝑟 𝑟2 = 𝐴𝑔𝑓
2 𝑦
126∗0.85
= 𝐴𝑔 =750*8+2(225*10)
1−(2∗0.055)
𝐴𝑔 =10500mm2
200x103
(d/tw) = 120.4 𝑟2 = 10500x345
= 0.055
Section : 750*8+225*10 mm F=300kN
126ε 𝐹
(d/tw) = 1−2𝑟 𝑟2 = 𝐴𝑔𝑓
2 𝑦
126∗0.85
= 𝐴𝑔 =750*8+2(225*10)
1−(2∗0.08)
𝐴𝑔 =10500
300x103
(d/tw) = 127.5 𝑟2 = 10500x345
= 0.08
Section : 750*8+225*10 mm F=400kN
126ε 𝐹
(d/tw) = 1−2𝑟 𝑟2 = 𝐴𝑔𝑓
2 𝑦
126∗0.85
= 1−(2∗0.11)
𝐴𝑔 =750*8+2(225*10)
𝐴𝑔 =10500
400x103
(d/tw) = 137.3 𝑟2 = 10500x345
= 0.11
subjected to an axial compression force, then the (d/tw) ratio is increased. When a force of 400
54
classification limit for the section given is 107. Now considering the d/tw ratio, the section is
slender section, but by the application of tension loads, the section remains in semi-compact
section , with in the limit, the section may become more stronger by tension loads.
The (d/tw) ratio for Compact section in moment carrying members and moment +compression
members wiIl change.
4.3.COMBINED FORCES
Beams are frequently subjected to transverse loads, which pr0duce bending moments M(x)
and shear forces V(x) along the beam in addition to the pure bending case. As depicted in
Fig., the shear forces result in a transverse shear-stress distribution along the beam cross
section, while the bending moments induce bending normal stresses to arise through the
depth of the beam.
Fig 4.4: Stress distribution of I –section
4.3.1. Web under combined Bending and Axial force:
The limits of depth to thickness ratio for this combination of forces lies between the
limits to that of pure bending and that of the pure axial compression.
55
CLASS 1 CLASS 2 CLASS 3
Table 4.1: Section classification for combined Axial force and Bending moment
Where,
r1= actual average axial stress (negative if tensile) /Design compressive stress of web alone
r2= actual average axial stress (negative if tensile)/ Design compressive stress of overall
section
Fig 4.5: Stress block diagram for combined bending and axial force with reduced
moment carrying capacity for I-section
4.3.2. Design of member subjected to combined forces:
If V > 0.6Vd,
then the factored moment of the section should be less than the moment capacity under
higher shear force, Mdv calculated as given below For plastic or compact sections:
56
𝑀𝑑𝑣 = 𝑀𝑑 - (Md-Mfd) ≤ 1.2Zefy /𝛾𝑚0
Where,
 = (2V/Vd - 1)2
Md = plastic design moment of the whole section disregarding high shear force effect
V = factored applied shear force as governed by web buckling or web yielding
Vd =design shear strength as governed by web yielding or web buckling
Mfd=plastic design strength of the area of the cross section excluding the shear area,
considering partial safety factor 𝛾𝑚0
Ze = elastic section modulus of the whole section
For Semi compact section
Mdv = Zefy /𝛾𝑚0
Design for combined effect of moment and axial force
Under the combined axial force and bending moment, section strength as governed by
material and member strength as governed by buckling failure shall be checked with the
following equations, In this combination also compression axial force is primary objective:
For Plastic and compact sections:
𝛼1
𝑀𝑦 𝑀𝑧
[ ] +[ ] ≤ 1.0
𝑀𝑛 𝑑𝑦 𝑀𝑛 𝑑𝑧
For more conservative design we can also use the following equation
𝑁 𝑀𝑦 𝑀𝑧
+ + ≤ 1.0
𝑁𝑑 𝑀𝑑𝑦 𝑀𝑑𝑧
57
Where,
My, Mz = factored applied moments about the minor and major axis of the cross section
respectively Mndy, Mndz = design reduced flexural strength under combined axial force and
the respective uniaxial moment acting alone
N = factored applied axial force
Nd= design strength in compression due to yielding = Agfy/mo
Mdy, Mdz = design strength under corresponding moment acting alone
Ag = gross area of the cross section
α1,α2 =constants (for I sections α1=5n≥1; α1=2)
mo = partial safety factor in yielding
For plastic and compact sections without bolts holes, the following approximations can be
used for evaluating Mndy and Mndz:
Plates
Mnd =Md(1-n)2
Welded I or H sections
𝑛−𝑎
Mndy =Mdy[-(𝑛−1)2] ≤ Mdy
Where n≥a
Mndz = Mdz (1-n)/(1-0.5a) ≤ Mdz
Where n=N/Nd and a=(A-2btf)/A ≤0.5
For standard I or H sections
58
for n ≤ 0.2 Mndy = Mdy
for n >0.2 Mndy = 1.56 Mdy (1 -n)(n +0.6)
Mndz = 1.11 MdZ(1–n) ≤ Mdz
For rectangular hollow sections and welded box sections
When the section is symmetric about both axes and without bolt holes
Mndy = Mdy (1 -n)/(1 -0.5af) ≤ Mdy
Mndz = Mdz (1 -n)/(1 -0.5aw) ≤ Mdz
where af=(A-2htw)/A≤0.5
where aW=(A-2btf)/A≤0.5
Circular hollow tubes without bolt holes
Mnd = 1.04Md (1–n1.7) ≤ Md
For Semi-compact sections:
When there isn’t high shear force, semi-compact section design is satisfactory under
combined axial force and bending, if the maximum longitudinal stress under combined axial
and bending. For the cross section without holes, the above criteria reduce to
𝑁 𝑀𝑦 𝑀𝑧
+ + ≤ 1.0
𝑁𝑑 𝑀𝑑𝑦 𝑀𝑑𝑧
59
Overall Member Strength Members
subjected to combined axial force and bending moment shall be checked for overall buckling
failure.
Bending and axial Tension
The reduced effective moment Meff under tension and bending calculated should not exceed
the bending strength due to local torsional buckling (Md)
Meff =[M-𝜓TZec/A] ≤ Md
where
M, T= factored applied moment and tension, respectively
A = area of cross-section
Zec =elastic section modulus of the section with respect to extreme compression fibre
𝜓= 0.8, if T and M can vary independently, or otherwise = 1.0.
Bending and axial compression
Members subjected to combined axial compression and biaxial bending should satisfy the
following interaction
𝑃 𝐶𝑚𝑦 𝑀𝑦 𝑀
+ Ky + KLT𝑀 𝑧 ≤ 1.0
𝑃𝑑𝑦 𝑀𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑃 𝐶𝑚𝑦 𝑀𝑦 𝐶𝑚𝑧 𝑀𝑧
+ 0.6Ky + Kz ≤ 1.0
𝑃𝑑𝑧 𝑀𝑑𝑦 𝑀𝑑𝑧
Where,
Cmy, Cmz = equivalent uniform moment factor as per Table 7.2
60
P = applied axial compression under factored load
My, Mz = maximum factored applied bending moments about y and z-axis of the member
respectively
Mdy, Mdz = design bending strength about y (minor) or z (major) axis considering laterally
unsupported length of the cross section
Ky=1+(𝜆𝑦 -0.2)ny ≤ 1+0.8ny
Kz=1+(𝜆𝑧 -0.2)nz ≤ 1+0.8nz and
0.1𝜆𝐿𝑇 𝑛𝑦 0.1𝑛𝑦
KLT =1-(𝐶 ≥1 -(𝐶
𝑚𝐿𝑇 −0.25) 𝑚𝐿𝑇 −0.25)
Where
ny, nz = ratio of actual applied force to the design axial strength for buckling about the y and
z axis respectively
CmLT = equivalent uniform moment factor for lateral torsional buckling corresponding to
actual moment gradient between lateral supports against torsional deformation in the critical
region under consideration.
4.4. PROBLEM STATEMENT :

Width =20m
Fig 4.6. peb model
61
Length =70m(10@7m )
Height =9m
Purlin Spacing =1.5m
Bay spacing =7m
No of doors= 2no
Door dimensions =4x3m
No of windows =6 no
Window dimensions = 1.2x1.5m
Job site =Mangalore
Load calculations:
Dead load
Dead load =5 kg/m2 (sheeting)+ 5 kg/m2 (purlin)
=10 kg/m2 =0.1 KN/m2
Dead load on rafters and columns =0.1x bay spacing
=0.1x7
=0.7 kN/m
Live load:
Live load =75kg/m2=0.75kN/m2
Live load on rafters and columns = 0.7x bay spacing
=0.7x7.5
=5.25 kN/m
62
Wind load
Calculation of wind pressure at height z
Basic wind speed, vb =39m/s(Mangalore)
Design wind speed, vz =vb*k1*k2*k3
Probability factor , K1=1
Category factor , K2=0.91
Topography factor, K3 = 1
Non cyclonic zone factor, K4 = 1
Vz= 39x1x0.91x1x1
=35.49 m/sec
Pz=0.60 Vz2
=0.60x35.492
=755.72 N/m2 = 0.755 N/m2
Pd = Kd*Ka*Kc*Pz
Design Wind Pressure on Rafter:
Pd = Kd*Ka*Kc*Pz
Pd =The design wind pressure on rafter
Tributary area of rafter =20x7 = 140 m2
Area averaging factor, Ka = 0.8 (for tributary area greater than 100 m2)
Wind directionality factor, Kd = 0.9
Combination factor, Kc = 1
Pd = Kd*Ka*Kc*Pz = 0.9*0.8*1*0.755
=0.54 kN/m2
63
Design Wind Pressure on Column:
Pd = Kd*Ka*Kc*Pz
Pd =The design wind pressure on column
Tributary area =9*7= 63 m2
Area averaging factor, Ka = 0.85
Combination factor, Kc = 1
Pd = Kd*Ka*Kc*Pz
=0.9*0.85*1*0.755
= 0.58 KN/m2
Design Wind Pressure on Purlin:

Pd =The design wind pressure on Purlin
Purlin spacing = 1.5m
Bay spacing = 7 m
Pd = Kd*Ka*Kc*Pz
Tributary area = 7*1.5 = 10.50 m2
Area averaging factor, Ka = 0.997
Combination factor Kc=1
Pd = Kd*Ka*Kc*Pz
=0.9*0.85*1*0.755
= 0.68
To calculate Internal Pressure Coefficient (Cpi):
Width =20m
Length =70m
Height =9m
Door dimensions = 4x3m
64
No of windows =6 no
Window dimensions = 1.2x1.5
Building surface area = 2*(L + B)*H

=2*(70+20)*9
= 1620 m2
1 𝑤
Triangle portion of end wall = 2 𝑥 ℎ 𝑥 2 × 4
1 20
= 2𝑥 1 𝑥 ×4
2
= 20m2
Total surface area = 1620+20 =1640m2
Opening area =4*3*2+1.20*1.5*6
=34.80m2
34.80
Percentage of opening = 𝑥100
1640
= 2.12%
Hence internal pressure coefficient = ±0.20
To calculate External Pressure Coefficient (Cpe):
Roof slope = 1:10 (5.71֯ )

h/w =9/20 =0.45
0.942
Coefficient on wall
l/w =70/20 =3.50
65
Fig 4.7. wind loads
Pre Design of a PEB structure
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
Depth of rafter (d) =
28
20000
= =714.28 =700mm
28
Min web depth at base =250mm

𝑑 700
Width of flange = 5 = =140mm =150 mm
5
𝑑
Thickness of web (tw) =107 (column)
=7.009 = 8mm
𝑑
=150 (Rafter)
= 8mm
𝑏−tw 15−8
Flange Thickness (tf) = 2𝑥11 = 2∗11 =8mm
𝑡𝑓 8
= 8= 1 (Maximum 3.0)
𝑡𝜔
66
Axial force = 60 kN
Fig 4.8 Peb frame with axial load
Effect of Axial Compression load on Rigid frame I-section members :
Considering only moment

𝑑 700
= = 87.5 section is compact
𝑡𝜔 8
Considering 60 kN
𝐹
r1 =
𝑑𝑡𝑓𝑦
60×103
=700∗8∗345
=0.03
𝐹
𝑦
60×103
𝑟2 = 9200∗345 𝐴𝑔=700*8+2(150*12) =9200 mm2
=0.019
Plastic section
84ε
(d/tw) = 1+𝑟
1
84ε 250 250

= ε=√ 𝑓 = √345 =0.851
1+0.03 𝑦
=81.5ε =69
67
Compact section
105ε
(d/tw) = 1+1.5𝑟
1
105ε
= 1+1.5∗0.03
=100ε =85.1
Semi-compact section
126ε
(d/tw) = 1+2𝑟
2
126ε
= 1+2∗0.019
=121.3ε =103.28
Axial force = 110 kN

𝑑 700
𝑡𝜔 8
Considering 110 kN
𝐹
r1 =𝑑𝑡𝑓
𝑦
110×103
=700∗8∗345
=0.06
𝐹
𝑦
110×103
𝑟2 = 9200∗345 𝐴𝑔=700*8+2(150*12) =9200 mm2
=0.035
Plastic section
84ε
(d/tw) = 1+𝑟
1
68
84ε 250 250
= ε=√ 𝑓 = √345 =0.851
1+0.06 𝑦
=79.25ε =67.4
Compact section
105ε
(d/tw) = 1+1.5𝑟
1
105ε
= 1+1.5∗0.06
=96ε =81.7
126ε
(d/tw) = 1+2𝑟
2
126ε
= 1+2∗0.035
=117.7ε =100.2

𝑑 700
𝑡𝜔 8
Considering 160 kN
𝐹
r1 =𝑑𝑡𝑓
𝑦
160×103
=700∗8∗345
=0.08
𝐹
𝑦
160×103
𝑟2 = 9200∗345 𝐴𝑔=700*8+2(150*12) =9200 mm2
=0.05
69
Plastic section
84ε
(d/tw) = 1+𝑟
1
84ε 250 250

= ε=√ 𝑓 = √345 =0.851
1+0.08 𝑦
=77.8ε =66.2
Compact section
105ε
(d/tw) = 1+1.5𝑟
1
105ε
= 1+1.5∗0.08
=93.7ε =79.8
126ε
(d/tw) = 1+2𝑟
2
126ε
= 1+2∗0.05
=114.5ε =97.5

𝑑 700
𝑡𝜔 8
Considering 210 kN
𝐹
r1 =𝑑𝑡𝑓
𝑦
210×103
=700∗8∗345
=0.11
𝐹
𝑦
210×103
𝑟2 = 9200∗345 𝐴𝑔=700*8+2(150*12) =9200 mm2
=0.07
70
Plastic section
84ε
(d/tw) = 1+𝑟
1
84ε 250 250

= ε=√ 𝑓 = √345 =0.851
1+0.11 𝑦
=75.7ε =64.4
Compact section
105ε
(d/tw) = 1+1.5𝑟
1
105ε
= 1+1.5∗0.11
=90.1ε =76.7
126ε
(d/tw) = 1+2𝑟
2
126ε
= 1+2∗0.07
=110.5ε =94
71
Table 4.2 Table showing different sectional classes with constant cross-section and varying
load 700X8+150X12 mm
actual d/tw axial com Aw AG r1 r2 Plastic compact Semi-
2 2
ratio load (N) mm mm compact
87 6.00E+04 5600 11600 0.03 0.01 81.47 100.33 122.33
87 1.10E+05 5600 11600 0.06 0.03 79.48 96.74 119.43
87 1.60E+05 5600 11600 0.08 0.04 77.58 93.40 116.67
87 2.10E+05 5600 11600 0.11 0.05 75.76 90.28 114.03
87 2.60E+05 5600 11600 0.13 0.06 74.04 87.36 111.51
87 3.10E+05 5600 11600 0.16 0.08 72.39 84.63 109.10
87 3.60E+05 5600 11600 0.19 0.09 70.81 82.06 106.79
87 4.10E+05 5600 11600 0.21 0.10 69.29 79.65 104.57
87 4.60E+05 5600 11600 0.24 0.11 67.85 77.37 102.45
87 5.10E+05 5600 11600 0.26 0.13 66.46 75.22 100.41
87 5.60E+05 5600 11600 0.29 0.14 65.12 73.18 98.45
87 6.10E+05 5600 11600 0.32 0.15 63.84 71.25 96.56
87 6.60E+05 5600 11600 0.34 0.16 62.61 69.43 94.75
87 7.10E+05 5600 11600 0.37 0.18 61.43 67.69 93.00
87 7.60E+05 5600 11600 0.39 0.19 60.29 66.04 91.32
87 8.10E+05 5600 11600 0.42 0.20 59.19 64.46 89.69
87 8.60E+05 5600 11600 0.45 0.21 58.13 62.96 88.13
87 9.10E+05 5600 11600 0.47 0.23 57.10 61.53 86.61
87 9.60E+05 5600 11600 0.50 0.24 56.12 60.16 85.15
87 1.06E+06 5600 11600 0.55 0.26 54.24 57.60 82.37
87 1.01E+06 5600 11600 0.52 0.25 55.16 58.85 83.73
87 1.06E+06 5600 11600 0.55 0.26 54.24 57.60 82.37
87 1.11E+06 5600 11600 0.57 0.28 53.35 56.40 81.04
87 1.16E+06 5600 11600 0.60 0.29 52.49 55.25 79.76
87 1.21E+06 5600 11600 0.63 0.30 51.65 54.14 78.52
87 1.26E+06 5600 11600 0.65 0.31 50.84 53.08 77.32
87 1.31E+06 5600 11600 0.68 0.33 50.06 52.06 76.15
87 1.36E+06 5600 11600 0.70 0.34 49.30 51.07 75.02
87 1.41E+06 5600 11600 0.73 0.35 48.56 50.13 73.92
87 1.46E+06 5600 11600 0.76 0.36 47.84 49.21 72.85
87 1.51E+06 5600 11600 0.78 0.38 47.15 48.33 71.81
87 1.56E+06 5600 11600 0.81 0.39 46.47 47.49 70.80
87 1.61E+06 5600 11600 0.83 0.40 45.82 46.67 69.82
87 1.66E+06 5600 11600 0.86 0.41 45.18 45.88 68.87
87 1.71E+06 5600 11600 0.89 0.43 44.56 45.11 67.94
87 1.76E+06 5600 11600 0.91 0.44 43.96 44.37 67.04
72
d/tw vs Axial Compression loads
120.00
100.00
80.00
d/tw ratio
60.00
40.00
20.00
0.00
0.00E+00 2.00E+05 4.00E+05 6.00E+05 8.00E+05 1.00E+06 1.20E+06 1.40E+06
Axial compression load
PLASTIC COMPACT SEMI-COMPACT
Fig. 4.9 graph showing d/tw ratio v/s Axial tension load 700X8+150X12 mm
Results from stad.pro
Considering No axial compression load
73
Considering Axial Compression load of 169 kN
74
load 800X6+200X8 mm
actual axial com Aw AG r1 r2 Plastic compact Semi-

d/tw load compact
2 2
ratio N mm mm
133 4.20E+04 4800 8000 0.03 0.02 69.63 85.98 103.94
133 8.00E+04 4800 8000 0.05 0.03 68.11 83.22 101.23
133 1.20E+05 4800 8000 0.07 0.04 66.58 80.50 98.53
133 1.60E+05 4800 8000 0.10 0.06 65.11 77.95 95.97
133 2.00E+05 4800 8000 0.12 0.07 63.71 75.56 93.54
133 2.40E+05 4800 8000 0.14 0.09 62.36 73.31 91.23
133 2.80E+05 4800 8000 0.17 0.10 61.07 71.19 89.03
133 3.20E+05 4800 8000 0.19 0.12 59.84 69.19 86.94
133 3.60E+05 4800 8000 0.22 0.13 58.65 67.30 84.94
133 4.00E+05 4800 8000 0.24 0.14 57.51 65.51 83.03
133 4.40E+05 4800 8000 0.27 0.16 56.41 63.82 81.21
133 4.80E+05 4800 8000 0.29 0.17 55.36 62.20 79.46
133 5.20E+05 4800 8000 0.31 0.19 54.34 60.67 77.79
133 5.60E+05 4800 8000 0.34 0.20 53.36 59.21 76.18
133 6.00E+05 4800 8000 0.36 0.22 52.41 57.82 74.65
133 6.40E+05 4800 8000 0.39 0.23 51.50 56.50 73.17
133 6.80E+05 4800 8000 0.41 0.25 50.62 55.23 71.75
133 7.20E+05 4800 8000 0.43 0.26 49.76 54.02 70.38
133 7.60E+05 4800 8000 0.46 0.28 48.94 52.86 69.06
133 8.00E+05 4800 8000 0.48 0.29 48.14 51.75 67.80
133 8.40E+05 4800 8000 0.51 0.30 47.37 50.69 66.58
133 8.80E+05 4800 8000 0.53 0.32 46.62 49.66 65.40
133 9.20E+05 4800 8000 0.56 0.33 45.90 48.68 64.26
133 9.60E+05 4800 8000 0.58 0.35 45.20 47.74 63.16
133 1.00E+06 4800 8000 0.60 0.36 44.52 46.83 62.10
150.00 d/tw vs Axial Compression loads
100.00
d/tw ratio
50.00
0.00
0.00E+00 2.00E+05 4.00E+05 6.00E+05 8.00E+05 1.00E+06 1.20E+06
Axial Compression loads
Fig. 4.10: graph showing d/tw ratio v/s Axial tension load 800X6+200X8 mm
75
Table 4.4: Table showing different sectional classes with constant cross-section and varying
compression loads 770X8+1500X12 mm
actual d/tw axial com Aw AG r1 r2 Plastic compact Semi-

ratio load N mm2 mm2 compact
96.25 9.60E+04 5600 9200 0.05 0.03 68.02 83.06 100.99
96.25 1.00E+05 5600 9200 0.05 0.03 67.89 82.82 100.75
96.25 1.50E+05 5600 9200 0.08 0.05 66.26 79.94 97.85
96.25 2.00E+05 5600 9200 0.10 0.06 64.70 77.25 95.11
96.25 2.50E+05 5600 9200 0.13 0.08 63.22 74.74 92.52
96.25 3.00E+05 5600 9200 0.16 0.09 61.80 72.39 90.07
96.25 3.50E+05 5600 9200 0.18 0.11 60.45 70.18 87.75
96.25 4.00E+05 5600 9200 0.21 0.13 59.15 68.10 85.54
96.25 4.50E+05 5600 9200 0.23 0.14 57.91 66.14 83.44
96.25 5.00E+05 5600 9200 0.26 0.16 56.72 64.29 81.44
96.25 5.50E+05 5600 9200 0.28 0.17 55.58 62.54 79.54
96.25 6.00E+05 5600 9200 0.31 0.19 54.48 60.89 77.72
96.25 6.50E+05 5600 9200 0.34 0.20 53.43 59.32 75.98
96.25 7.00E+05 5600 9200 0.36 0.22 52.41 57.82 74.32
96.25 7.50E+05 5600 9200 0.39 0.24 51.43 56.41 72.73
96.25 8.00E+05 5600 9200 0.41 0.25 50.49 55.05 71.21
96.25 8.50E+05 5600 9200 0.44 0.27 49.58 53.77 69.74
96.25 9.00E+05 5600 9200 0.47 0.28 48.71 52.54 68.34
96.25 9.50E+05 5600 9200 0.49 0.30 47.86 51.36 67.00
96.25 1.00E+06 5600 9200 0.52 0.32 47.05 50.24 65.70
96.25 1.05E+06 5600 9200 0.54 0.33 46.26 49.17 64.45
96.25 1.10E+06 5600 9200 0.57 0.35 45.50 48.14 63.26
96.25 1.15E+06 5600 9200 0.60 0.36 44.76 47.15 62.10
96.25 1.20E+06 5600 9200 0.62 0.38 44.04 46.20 60.99
96.25 1.25E+06 5600 9200 0.65 0.39 43.35 45.29 59.91
76
120.00
d/tw vs Axial Compression loads
100.00
80.00
d/tw ratio
60.00
40.00
20.00
0.00
0.00E+00 2.00E+05 4.00E+05 6.00E+05 8.00E+05 1.00E+06 1.20E+06 1.40E+06
Axial Compression loads
Fig. 4.11: graph showing d/tw ratio v/s Axial Compression load 770X8+1500X12 mm
Results from stad.pro
Considering No axial compression load
77
Considering Axial Compression load of 1375 kN
From the above calculations and table, the initial d/tw is 87 (Compact section).
The load taken by the frame is 60kN considering moment only. When the axial compression
load is acted over the frame, the depth to thickness(d/tw) ratio will reduce. the depth to
thickness(d/tw)ratio for a compressive section is limited up to 42ε. Along with the initial load
of 60kN , the axial compressive load is increased consecutively with 50kN up to the section
capacity.
With the increase in the compression load, depth to thickness(d/tw) ratio in 3 classes are
varied. At a load of 1760kN, the min limit 42ε is reached in plastic section.
From the above results, graph and results from staad.pro, by increasing the axial
compression load to the member, will affect the sectional classification. when a axial
compression load is additionally applied on a member, the axial stress ratio’s (r1 &r2) in the
section are increased. Due to the increase in the axial stress ratio (r1 &r2), depth to
thickness(d/tw) ratio limits are decreased. with the increase of axial compression loads on a
78
member, depth to thickness(d/tw) ratio limits are decreased. due to the reduced depth to
thickness(d/tw) ratio limits, the depth to thickness(d/tw) ratio of the given section class will be
in the other class categories. Then the plastic class will change to a compact class and a compact
class to semi-compact class.
Meanwhile the d/tw ratio limits are decreased in plastic, compact and semi-compact sections.
sections will change from plastic to compact and compact to semi-compact. As the load
increases, 𝑟1 is increasing. As the 𝑟1is increasing, d/tw ratio is decreasing.
1
𝑟1 𝛼
𝑑 ∕ 𝑡𝑤
Even in the case of stress ratio(r2), increase in axial load will tends to increase the r2 value.
As the 𝑟2 is increasing, d/tw ratio will be decreased.
1
𝑟2 𝛼
𝑑 ∕ 𝑡𝑤
Effect of Axial Tension load on Rigid frame I-section members:

AXIAL TENSION:
When the same section is applied with the axial tension load.
𝑑 700
𝑡𝜔 8
Considering 60 kN
𝐹
r1 =𝑑𝑡𝑓
𝑦
60×103
=
700∗8∗345
=0.03
𝐹
𝑦
60×103
𝑟2 = 9200∗345 𝐴𝑔=700*8+2(150*12) =9200 mm2
=0.019
79
Plastic section
84ε
(d/tw) = 1−𝑟
1
84ε 250 250

= ε=√ 𝑓 = √345 =0.851
1−0.03 𝑦
=86ε =73.1
Compact section
105ε
(d/tw) = 1−1.5𝑟
1
105ε
= 1−1.5∗0.03
=110ε =93.5
126ε
(d/tw) = 1−2𝑟
2
126ε
=
1+2∗0.019
=130.9ε =111.26

𝑑 700
𝑡𝜔 8
Considering 110 kN
𝐹
r1 =𝑑𝑡𝑓
𝑦
110×103
=700∗8∗345
=0.06
𝐹
𝑦
110×103
𝑟2 = 9200∗345 𝐴𝑔=700*8+2(150*12) =9200 mm2
=0.035
Plastic section
84ε
(d/tw) = 1−𝑟
1
84ε 250 250

= ε=√ 𝑓 = √345 =0.851
1−0.06 𝑦
=89.4ε =75.99
Compact section
80
105ε
(d/tw) =
1−1.5𝑟1
105ε
= 1−1.5∗0.06
=115.4ε =98.1
126ε
(d/tw) = 1+2𝑟
2
126ε
= 1+2∗0.035
=117.7ε =100.2

𝑑 700
𝑡𝜔 8
Considering 160 kN
𝐹
r1 =𝑑𝑡𝑓
𝑦
160×103
=700∗8∗345
=0.08
𝐹
𝑟2 =
𝐴𝑔𝑓𝑦
160×103
𝑟2 = 9200∗345 𝐴𝑔=700*8+2(150*12) =9200 mm2
=0.05
Plastic section
84ε
(d/tw) = 1−𝑟
1
84ε 250 250

= ε=√ 𝑓 = √345 =0.851
1−0.08 𝑦
=91.3ε =77.6
Compact section
105ε
(d/tw) = 1−1.5𝑟
1
105ε
= 1−1.5∗0.08
=93.7ε =79.8
126ε
(d/tw) = 1−2𝑟
2
126ε
= 1−2∗0.05
81
=140ε =119

𝑑 700
𝑡𝜔 8
Considering 210 kN
𝐹
r1 =𝑑𝑡𝑓
𝑦
210×103
=700∗8∗345
=0.11
𝐹
𝑦
210×103
𝑟2 = 9200∗345 𝐴𝑔=700*8+2(150*12) =9200 mm2
=0.07
Plastic section
84ε
(d/tw) = 1−𝑟
1
84ε 250 250

= ε=√ 𝑓 = √345 =0.851
1−0.11 𝑦
=94.4ε =80.24
Compact section
105ε
(d/tw) = 1−1.5𝑟
1
105ε
= 1−1.5∗0.11
=125.7ε =106.85
126ε
(d/tw) = 1−2𝑟
2
126ε
= 1−2∗0.07
=146.5ε =94
82
Table 4.5. Table showing different sectional classes with constant cross-section and
varying Tension loads 700X8+150X12 mm
initial axial Aw AG r1 r2 Plastic Compact Semi-

d/tw Tension N mm2 mm2 compact
87 6.0E+04 5600 11600 0.03 0.01 73.69 93.61 110.41
87 1.1E+05 5600 11600 0.06 0.03 75.71 97.58 113.33
87 1.6E+05 5600 11600 0.08 0.04 77.85 101.91 116.41
87 2.1E+05 5600 11600 0.11 0.05 80.11 106.64 119.66
87 2.6E+05 5600 11600 0.13 0.06 82.50 111.82 123.09
87 3.1E+05 5600 11600 0.16 0.08 85.05 117.54 126.73
87 3.6E+05 5600 11600 0.19 0.09 87.75 123.87 130.60
87 4.1E+05 5600 11600 0.21 0.10 90.63 130.93 134.70
87 4.6E+05 5600 11600 0.24 0.11 93.71 138.83 139.07
87 5.1E+05 5600 11600 0.26 0.13 97.01 147.76 143.73
87 5.6E+05 5600 11600 0.29 0.14 100.54 157.90 148.72
87 6.1E+05 5600 11600 0.32 0.15 104.35 169.55 154.07
87 6.6E+05 5600 11600 0.34 0.16 108.45 183.05 159.81
87 7.1E+05 5600 11600 0.37 0.18 112.88 198.88 166.00
87 7.6E+05 5600 11600 0.39 0.19 117.70 217.72 172.69
87 8.1E+05 5600 11600 0.42 0.20 122.95 179.94
87 8.6E+05 5600 11600 0.45 0.21 128.68 187.82
87 9.1E+05 5600 11600 0.47 0.23 134.98 196.43
87 9.6E+05 5600 11600 0.50 0.24 141.92 205.87
87 1.1E+06 5600 11600 0.55 0.26 158.19
87 1.0E+06 5600 11600 0.52 0.25 149.61
87 1.1E+06 5600 11600 0.55 0.26 158.19
87 1.2E+06 5600 11600 0.60 0.29 178.68
87 1.2E+06 5600 11600 0.63 0.30 191.06
d/tw vs Axial tension loads

250.00
200.00
d/tw ratio
150.00
100.00
50.00
0.00
0.0E+00 2.0E+05 4.0E+05 6.0E+05 8.0E+05 1.0E+06 1.2E+06 1.4E+06
Axial tension load
Fig.4.12: graph showing d/tw ratio v/s Axial Tension load 700X8+150X12 mm
83
Results from staad.pro
Considering No Axial Tension load
Considering Axial Tension load of 1190 kN
84
loads 800X6+200X8 mm
initial d/tw axial Tension Aw AG r1 r2 Plastic compact Semi-compact
N mm2 mm2
133 4.20E+04 4800 8000 0.03 0.02 73.26 92.78 110.46
133 8.00E+04 4800 8000 0.05 0.03 75.02 96.22 113.69
133 1.20E+05 4800 8000 0.07 0.04 76.98 100.13 117.30
133 1.60E+05 4800 8000 0.10 0.06 79.04 104.38 121.15
133 2.00E+05 4800 8000 0.12 0.07 81.21 109.00 125.25
133 2.40E+05 4800 8000 0.14 0.09 83.50 114.04 129.65
133 2.80E+05 4800 8000 0.17 0.10 85.93 119.58 134.36
133 3.20E+05 4800 8000 0.19 0.12 88.50 125.68 139.43
133 3.60E+05 4800 8000 0.22 0.13 91.23 132.44 144.90
133 4.00E+05 4800 8000 0.24 0.14 94.14 139.96 150.81
133 4.40E+05 4800 8000 0.27 0.16 97.24 148.39 157.23
133 4.80E+05 4800 8000 0.29 0.17 100.54 157.90 164.22
133 5.20E+05 4800 8000 0.31 0.19 104.08 168.72 171.86
133 5.60E+05 4800 8000 0.34 0.20 107.88 181.13 180.24
133 6.00E+05 4800 8000 0.36 0.22 111.97 195.50 189.48
133 6.40E+05 4800 8000 0.39 0.23 116.38 212.35 199.73
133 6.80E+05 4800 8000 0.41 0.25 121.15 232.39 211.14
133 7.20E+05 4800 8000 0.43 0.26 126.32 256.59 223.94
133 7.60E+05 4800 8000 0.46 0.28 131.96 286.43 238.38
133 8.00E+05 4800 8000 0.48 0.29 138.13 324.12 254.82
133 8.40E+05 4800 8000 0.51 0.30 144.90 373.23 273.70
133 8.80E+05 4800 8000 0.53 0.32 152.37 439.88 295.60
133 9.20E+05 4800 8000 0.56 0.33 160.65 535.50 321.30
133 9.60E+05 4800 8000 0.58 0.35 169.88 684.25 351.90
133 1.00E+06 4800 8000 0.60 0.36 180.24 947.42 388.94

250.00
200.00
d/tw ratio
150.00
100.00
50.00
0.00
0.00E+00 2.00E+05 4.00E+05 6.00E+05 8.00E+05 1.00E+06 1.20E+06
Axial tension load
Fig. 4.13. graph showing d/tw ratio v/s Axial Tension load 800X6+200X8 mm
85
loads 770X8+150X12 mm
initial d/tw axial Aw AG r1 r2 Plastic compact Semi-
Tension N mm2 mm2 compact
96.25 9.60E+04 5600 9200 0.05 0.03 75.13 96.44 114.00
96.25 1.00E+05 5600 9200 0.05 0.03 75.30 96.76 114.30
96.25 1.50E+05 5600 9200 0.08 0.05 77.41 101.01 118.28
96.25 2.00E+05 5600 9200 0.10 0.06 79.64 105.66 122.54
96.25 2.50E+05 5600 9200 0.13 0.08 82.01 110.75 127.13
96.25 3.00E+05 5600 9200 0.16 0.09 84.53 116.35 132.07
96.25 3.50E+05 5600 9200 0.18 0.11 87.20 122.55 137.40
96.25 4.00E+05 5600 9200 0.21 0.13 90.04 129.45 143.19
96.25 4.50E+05 5600 9200 0.23 0.14 93.08 137.18 149.49
96.25 5.00E+05 5600 9200 0.26 0.16 96.33 145.88 156.36
96.25 5.50E+05 5600 9200 0.28 0.17 99.82 155.76 163.90
96.25 6.00E+05 5600 9200 0.31 0.19 103.56 167.08 172.21
96.25 6.50E+05 5600 9200 0.34 0.20 107.60 180.18 181.40
96.25 7.00E+05 5600 9200 0.36 0.22 111.97 195.50 191.62
96.25 7.50E+05 5600 9200 0.39 0.24 116.70
96.25 8.00E+05 5600 9200 0.41 0.25 121.86
96.25 8.50E+05 5600 9200 0.44 0.27 127.49
96.25 9.00E+05 5600 9200 0.47 0.28 133.67
96.25 9.50E+05 5600 9200 0.49 0.30 140.47
96.25 1.00E+06 5600 9200 0.52 0.32 148.01
96.25 1.05E+06 5600 9200 0.54 0.33 156.40
96.25 1.10E+06 5600 9200 0.57 0.35 165.80
96.25 1.15E+06 5600 9200 0.60 0.36 176.40
96.25 1.20E+06 5600 9200 0.62 0.38 188.45
96.25 1.25E+06 5600 9200 0.65 0.39 202.27
86
250.00
200.00
d/tw ratio
150.00
100.00
50.00
0.00
0.00E+00 2.00E+05 4.00E+05 6.00E+05 8.00E+05 1.00E+06 1.20E+06 1.40E+06
Axial tension load
Fig. 4.14: graph showing d/tw ratio v/s Axial tension load 770X8+150X12 mm
Results from Staad.pro
Considering No Axial Tension load
87
Considering Axial Tension load of 1500 kN
From the results, graph and results from staad.pro, by increasing the axial
tension load to the member, will effect the sectional classification. When a axial load is
additionally applied to the member, the axial stress ratio is increased in the member. With the
increase in the stress ratio (r1 &r2), the depth to thickness (d/tw) ratio are increased. In the
tension+ moment case, with the increase of (d/tw) ratio will affect and change the sectional
classification.
88
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
• Sectional classification of a flexural member will change when an axial load is applied
on it.
• When a compression axial load is applied/loaded, the depth to thickness ratio(d/tw)
limits are decreased, the lowered limits are to be taken for sectional classification. Due
to the lowered limits, the sectional class will change from one class to other i.e., plastic
to compact, compact to Semi-compact and Semi-compact to slender section. The
minimum depth to thickness ratio(d/tw) is limited up to 42𝜀 .
• When a tension axial load is applied/loaded, the depth to thickness ratio(d/tw) limits are
increased, the increased limits are to be taken for sectional classification. Due to the
increased limits, the sectional class will change from one class to other i.e., compact to
plastic, semi-compact to compact and slender to semi-compact section. The maximum
depth to thickness ratio(d/tw) is limited up to 200𝜀
• From the results, in case of moment +Compression load, axial stress ratios (r1 &r2) are
inversely proportional to the depth to thickness (d/tw) ratio.
• From the results, in case of moment +Tension load, axial stress ratios (r1 &r2) are
directly proportional to the depth to thickness (d/tw) ratio.
• Axial stress ratio’s (r1 &r2) have direct effect on sectional classification.
89
References
1. M. Shokouhian, Y. S. (2014). New proposal for classification of steel flexural members based on member
ductlity. Proceedings of the Annual Stability Conference Structural Stability Research Council . Toronto,
Canada.
2. a, X. C. (2012). Experimental study on H-shaped steel beam-columns with large. Engineering

Structures(23 October 2012).
3. Mehdi Shokouhian, Y. S. (2014). Classification of I-section flexural members based on member

ductility. Journal of Constructional Steel Research(24 January 2014), 13.
4. SUBRAMANIAN, N. (2010). DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES (3 ed.). Oxford New York : Oxford
University Press.
5. Tian-Yu Ma, Y.-F. H.-Q.-F. (2017). Experimental investigation into high strength Q690 steel welded H-
sections under combined compression and bending. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 14.
6. Xin Cheng, Y. C. (2013). Experimental study on steel beam–columns composed of slender. Journal of
Constructional Steel Research(20 June 2013), 10.
7. Xin Cheng, Y. C. (2017). Ultimate strength of H-sections under combined compression anduniaxial
bending considering plate interaction. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 12.
8. Yiyi Chen a, X. C. (2012). An overview study on cross-section classification of steel H-sections. Journal
of Constructional Steel Research( 17 November 2012), 8.
9. Yiyun Zhu, J. Z. (2017). Experimental and numerical study on member classification of I-section.
Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 9.
10. AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION Specification for Structural Steel Buildings.
(2016).
11. IS 800 : 2007 Indian Standard GENERAL CONSTRUCTION IN STEEL — CODE OF PRACTICE.
(2007).
12. Loorits, K. (1995). CLASSIFICATION OF CROSS SECTIONS FOR STEEL BEAMS IN DIFFERENT
DESIGN CODES. 28.
13. “Code for Design of Steel Structures” of GB 50017—2003,. (2003). CHINA.
14. AIJ Design Standard for Steel Structures. (2017). JAPAN.
90
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Shta
PROJECT DETAILS
Student Details:
Student Name: Sri ram shyam sundar

Registration 200918017
Number:
Email Address:
[email protected]
Contact number: 7794896676
Permanent
H-No: 1-281/4B, Vinayak Nagar
Address: Colony-2, medchal, Telangana,
501401.
Student signature:
Project Details:
Project Title:
SECTION CLASSIFICATION EFFECT ON
FLEXURAL MEMBER
DUE TO AXIAL LOADS AS PER IS 800:2007
Project Duration 9 months

Project Start 08/09/2021
Date
Organization Details:
Organization PENNAR INDUSTRIES LIMITED
Name:
Guide
Name: Mr. MOHAMMAD RAHMATULLA
Full Postal
|Pennar industries
Address:
limited, DHLFC silicon
tower,
Guide Details:
Kondapur.hyderabad
Guide Name: Dr. RADHIKABHANDARY P
Assistant Professor (Senior Scale)

Full Department of Civil
Postal Address: Engineering, MIT
Manipal,
Email address:
[email protected]
Guide's signature:

M.Tech - Thesis - 1

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SECTION CLASSIFICATION EFFECT ON FLEXURAL

MEMBER DUE TO AXIAL LOADS AS PER IS 800:2007

Manipal Academy of Higher Education

Under the Guidance of

Mr. MOHAMMAD RAHMATULLA

Dr. RADHIKA BHANDARY P

Assistant Professor Senior Scale,

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SRI RAM SHYAM SUNDAR 200918017

Dr. RADHIKA BHANDARY P

17th June, 2022

TO WHOMSOEVERIT MAY CONCERN

Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Madhav Nagar,Manipal, Karnataka-576104

Wishing him all the success in his future endeavours!

For Pennar Industries Limited,

Registered Office: Corporate Office:

he project report titled " SECTION CLASSIFICATION EFFECT ON FLEXURAL,

MEMBER DUE TO AXIAL LOADS AS PER IS 800:2007" contained in this draft

I would like to wholeheartedly thank to Mr. MOHAMMAD RAHMATULLA for his

I would like to whole heartedly thank to Mr NATARAJ MONEY, BUSINESS UNIT

I would like to wholeheartedly thank to Mr M PADMANABHAN engineering technical

I would like to wholeheartedly thank to the, Dr. RADHIKA BHANDARY P Assistant

I would like to wholeheartedly thank to Professor Dr. PURUSHOTHAM G SARVADE,

I would like to wholeheartedly thank to PENNAR ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT for

types are plastic, compact, semi-compact and slender sections.

Pure flexural member is designed considering the section is subjected to

design and forced to change the design.

LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................. iv

LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................ v

1.1 Beam .................................................................................................................. 1

1.1.1 Failure modes of beam ......................................................................... 3

1.2 Sectional classification ...................................................................................... 4

1.3. Pure axial compression .................................................................................... 7

1.4 Behaviour of compression members ................................................................ 10

1 .5 Sectional classification for combined loads .................................................. 10

1 .5.1.moment + compression ................................................................... 11

1.5.2. conversion of a pure beam into column ......................................... 12

1.5.3 beam + column .................................................................................. 13

1.5.4 in-plane behaviour of beam-columns ............................................... 14

1.5.5. moment+ tension ............................................................................. 16

1.5.6.sectional classification for moment + tension .................................. 17

2.1 Literature review ....................................................................................... 18

2.2 Cross-section classification in Different standard code ............................ 23

2.2.1. Euro code .......................................................................................... 23

2.2.2. AISC code ......................................................................................... 26

2.2.3. AIJ code ............................................................................................ 27

2.3 Research Gap ............................................................................................ 28

2.4 Objectives ................................................................................................. 28

3.1 General ........................................................................................................... 29

3.2.1. Sectional Classification. ...................................................................... 29

3.4. Sectional Classification as per IS 800:2007 .................................................. 31

3.5. Effect of Axial stress ratio on sectional classification ................................... 31

3.7. Modelling ....................................................................................................... 34

3.8. Sectional classification for different members considering axial Loads in

3.9. Flow chart ..................................................................................................... 35

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1. Rolled steel sections …………………………………………………………………………………..36

4.1.1. Sectional classification for standard rolled steel sections….…………37

4.2. Change of Sectional Classification ................................................................ 40

4.2.1. Effect of Compression Axial load on individual I-section members

(Plastic class) ......................................................................................................... 40