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UNUTI

SEX.
GENDER
SEXUALITY AS A
SOCIAL REALITY

The human mind and


body are so complex.
We have to trace our
Journey from the moment
we were born, and go back
to the Journey we humans
have across the life span.
 
First thing you need
to understand is the
complexities of defining
and differentiating sex,
gender, and sexuality.
 
It is the biological
dimension of your gender and
sexuality.
Also referred to as
biological sex or physical sex.
 
Sex is typically
determined by examining your
genitals—these are external
organs that are associated
with process
or the ability to create
 
Among humans, sex is often
assigned at birth. If at birth, a
child is observed to have a penis
and testicles, then the child is
categorized as
On other a child is
observed to have a vagina,
child is categorized as female.
 
However, there are cases
when the baby's genitals
appear to be conglomerate of
male organs such
that it may be difficult to
classify the baby's sex without
further examination.
Gender
Humans are meaning-making
organism.
orw ability for higher
thinking and our to
create social norms, allow us
to attach and cultural meanings
to our sex.
 
For example, males
are typically expected to
be masculine and females
are expected to be
feminine.
 
There many ways through
which gender is manifested. As soon as
a new baby arrives the family. adults
surrounding the baby manifests their
social interpretation of the baby's sex
by colors assigned to the baby.
Throughout the childhood and
adolescence. the assignment becomes
more complex as expectatiorn go
beyond the kind of clothes worn. but
also terms of how person must or
must not behave.
 
however, there are people
who not follow culturally-
accepted standard& of
masculinity and femininity like
girls not wanting to wear
dresses boys not wanting to
play rough sports.
 
GENDER IDENTITY
-One important aspect of our
gender is our sense of who we are:
Do we see and experience ourselves
as a man, a woman, or neither.
This refers to our gender
identity. Typically. males are
comfortable identifying as a man
and females are comfortable
identifying as a woman.
 
 
However. there are cases
wherein a person's biological sex does
not align with one's gender identity.
People with this experience are
referred to as transgender such as
male is not comfortable identifying as
a man or female who is not
comfortable identifying as a woman.
 
 
Transgender people may undergo
gender reassignment surgery to align
their physical characteristics to their
gender identity.
However. due to many factors
such as belief systems. culture and
economics, some do not opt for
 
Sexual Orientation
Another aspect of our gender pertains
to our emotional and sexual attraction to a
Person. This asect to our sexual orientation.
According to other Psychological
Association of the Philippines, typically at
ages we experience er develop
attraction to other people.
By adolescence. we already know who we
attracted to and would experiment
through dating and relationship.
 
Everyone's sexuality is different and
deeply personal. Our capacity for
emotional and sexual attraction is diverse
and complex, but there are a few
common terms or labels for us to use;
People who are attracted to the
opposite sex are called heterosexuals or
straight.
People who are attracted to people of
the same sex are called homosexual.
Bisexual or bi people are attracted to
both sexes.
LGBT.
 
 LESSON 2
GENDER
AND
SEXUALITY
ACROSS TIME
 
Society has progressed so much
in a way that information and
knowledge is available to everyone.
This gives us an opportunity to
examine our social and political
conditions in more detail that when
information was scare and limited
to only a few individuals.
 
 
For the longest time
thereafter, societies have
privileged men over other
genders, mainly because of the
preferential given to them in
the productive sphere (world of
public work).
 
 
Women who have been revered
due to their ability to conceive
have been viewed as solely capable
only of reproductive affairs (world
of the home and related tasks
such as suckling the young. child
bearing and home management).
 
 
Patriarchy
Patriarchy is from the
Greek word "Patriarkhes" which
means "the rule of the father".
It is a social system where
men primarily olds power in the
political and the private spheres.
 
 
This means that in
this social system, society
is organized and
maintained in a way that
men rule over women and
their children.
 
 
In the social, legal, political
and economic spheres, men are
expected to lead while women
are expected to obey and are
relegated to house chores,
bearing children and child care.
 
 
A patrilineal society often
follows a patriarchal society, this
means only men can inherit
property and the family name.
Women were left with no
inheritance and are expected to
marry a man who can support her
economically.
 
 
In fact, women were not
allowed to go to schools, or
even vote, because they are
viewed as a weaker sex and
should not concern
themselves in learning
science or politics.
 
HISTORICAL VIEWS ON GENDER
 
 
GENDER
Aristotle, Plato, and other
philosophers viewed women as the
inferior sex and are properties of
men whose only job was to obey
their husbands. bear children and
take care of the household.
They were forbidden to learn
philosophy, politics and science.
 
 
EGYPT
Herodotus, a Greek historian,
observed the Egyptian civilization citing
Egyptian women enjoyed higher
social status than Greek women because
they can inherit
property and engage in
the trade and politics
However, Greek influence quickly
spread in Egypt through the
of Alexander the Great across Asia and
Africa.
 
 
Confucianism has stringent rules
that dictate how women should conduct
written documents titled
and
''THREE PBEDIENCE'S & FOUR VIRTUES and
''PRECEPTS WOMEN
states that women should obey
father. when married she is to obey
her husband and when widowed she is
to obey her son.
 
 
Gender biases in ancient
patriarchal societies were very strict,
heavily enforced and often violent.
Imagine not being able to go to
school just because are a woman,
not being able to express your opinion
on important matters even when it
concerns your future and not being able
to say no to any man.
 
 
Women have come a long way
since the ancient times through the
feminist movement, however,
patriarchy has taken on subtle
forms of oppression that often go
unnoticed such as:
 
 
Sexism - prejudice, stereotypes and
discrimination based on sex.
Sender pay gap - men more than
women.
*Underrepresentation in politics, military,
executive positions, etc.
*Rape on women and the stigma making
women ashamed to report the crime.
*Women do more housework and childcare.
*Boys were trained to be leaders while
women were trained to do house chores.
 
Women's liberation movement,
women's movement, or feminism is a
continuing series of social
movements that aim to challenge
the patriarchal society that
creates these oppressive political
structures, beliefs and practices
against women.
 
 
During the 19th and early
20th century, first-wave
feminism spread across the
western countries as women
demanded for their right to
vote or participate in elections
and to be able to legally own
property.
 
The United Nations
reports that women do more
work than men because even
when they work at the
office, they are still
expected to do household
tasks.
 
 
Another re ort from UN
Women states t at "women
perform 66% of the worlds work,
produce 50% of the food.
This is because in agricultural
countries. women participate in
making the produce, but only the
father or the male head of the
family controls the income.
 
 
TO PUT SIMPLY,FEMINISM DEMANDS EQUALITY.HERE
ARE FEW SALIENT POPINTS THAT FEMINISM DEMANDS
 
1. WOMEN SUFFRAGE
Women were not allowed to vote
before because they were viewed as
irrational and terperamental and
therefore, not able to make rational
decisions.
This charged after World War !
(1914) wherein women were uprooted
from the household. They took on jobs
and made significant contributions to
 
2. EQUALITY IN POLITICS AND
SOCIETY
For hundred years, women's
voices were silenced, so society
must make an effort to restore
their rights.
Feminist have always criticized
that old, privileged men always
make the decisions for women at
home and in politics.
3. Reproductive rights means the
woman is in control of her body
and she can decide for herself on
what she sees is best for her.
Contraception, abortion and
other reproductive options should
be available to women because it
is their body.

4. DOMESTIC VIOLENCE -such as martial rape and


physical abuse are often dismissed by society as part
of a "marriage". Although we have RA 9262 or Anti
Violence Against Women and their Children, our
culture still dismiss such as incidents as "away mag- asawa
5. SEXUAL HARASSMENT AND SEXUAL
VIOLENCE
- The Center for Women's Resources in the
Philippines estimates that one woman or child is
raped every hour Mostly in someone they know.
 
6. Other rights include the right to divorce their
Husband ,the right to make decisions on her
pregnancy, equitable wees and equal employment
opportunity.
 
 
LESSON
GENDER
AND
SEXUALITY
AS A
SUBJECT OF INQUIRY
 
 
Genders seems so obvious and
so simple. many would ask why we
have to study it.
Gender studies as an area of
knowledge, is about looking into,
analyzing and examining society so
that we notice power in the
seemingly "simple things".
It helps us to see the issues in
our everyday lives through a
different lens.
 
Gender is a big part of our
individuality and society; it is a
form of social organization and
it is often unnoticed.
In different culture and
different times in our history,
gender roles played a big of
social organization.
 
 
Gender studies emerged from
the need to analyze how gender,
sex and sexuality impact our lives,
especially how it creates gender
inequality.
It came about in the 1970's
after the second wave of feminism
as a way to challenge the male-
defined and male-centered
knowledge.
 
 
GENDER ROLE /SEX ROLE
- are "sets of culturally defined
behaviors such as masculinity and
femininity" according to the
Encyclopedia of Sex and Gender(2019).
These roles are not fixed such
that the "culturally defined behavior"
for men and women may be very
different 50 years ago or very
different for people from other
countries or tribe.
 
In a binary system of viewing gender
roles. we only see the male and the female
where men are expected to be masculine
while women are expected to be feminine.
 
This is the norm or the accepted
standards of how to behave like a
('Mahinhin) or how to behave like a man (matipuno/matapang)
 
In gender studies, we are sked to
disrupt and question these kinds of social
expectations, gender roles and gender norms.
 
 
 
GENDER STUDIES IS NOT JUST FOR WOMEN /ALL ABOUT WOMEN,
IT IS ABOUT EVERONE

It explores how our gender


roles have changed throughout our
history and how it created
inequalities.
One hundred years ago, women
were not allowed to study at
universities since their role was
only restricted to domestic or the household
 
Our society has changed
so much since then; the jobs
available for everyone is not
so much dependent on
physical strength, making
these jobs accessible to
women as well.
 
 
Most mothers have a job now.
so they also provide for the family.
Gender studies would ask us to
question, is it still right to say
that the men are the providers of
the family when both mothers and
fathers now work and earn money.
 
 
DIVERSITY AND INCLUSION
Gender roles are socially
constructed and are not something
that we are "born with".
Society, through a lifelong
process of normalization,
encourages or reprimands behaviors
to make a child adapt to these
social expectations.
 
A young boy is always encouraged to be
Brave to play to be loud and to not show
signs of weakness such as crying.

A young girl is discouraged from playing


and being loud, instead they are told to
be gentle and soft.
 
If a child does not follow the* sender
roles, they are reprimanded Sy parents,
relatives, friends er anybody that they interact
with. This is how gender norm is forced open an
individual, a lifelong process of normalization.
 
Lesbian. gay. bisexual and
transgender people often do not fit in
the traditional binary gender roles so
they are often bullied
and discriminated.
They are often subjected to
violence and hate just because they do
not fit in what society calls "normal".
 
 
 
UNIT 2
BIOMEDICAL PERSPECTIVE
IN
GENDERAND SEXUALIH
 
 
ANATOMY
PHYSIOLOGY
REPRODucti0N
 
Humans experience various physical and emotional changes from childhood to adulthood.
These are gradual and progress at different ages and speed in different people. These stages
are based on human growth and development from childhood, adolescence, adulthood and
old age.
 
Despite differences in physical appearance, the sexual organs of men and women arise
from the same structures and fulfill similar functions. Each person has a pair of
gonads; ovaries are female gonads; testes are the male gonads.
 
 
THE BIOLOGICAL FEMALE
 
Anatomy is the study of body structure in relation to body parts.
The female sexual anatomy is designed for production and fertilization of ovum, as well as
carrying and delivering infant offspring.
Puberty signals the final development of primary and accessory organs that support
reproduction.
 

 
a. The female external genitalia consists of the following;
Vulva
all the external genital structures take together.
Mons veneris
pads of fatty tissue between pubic bone and skin.
Labia majora
outer lips surrounding all the other structures.
Prepuce
clitoral hood (foreskin above and covering clitoris)
Clitoris
glans (head), shaft (root).
Labia minora
inner lips surrounding the vestibule where sweat and oil glands, extensive blood vessels and
nerve endings are located.
Vestibule
area surrounding the urethral opening and vagina, which is highly sensitive with
extensive blood vessels and nerve endings.
Urethral opening
end of tube connecting to bladder and used for urination.
Vaginal opening
also called introitus.
Perineum
area of skin separating the genitalia from the anus; distance is less in females than males.
b. The female internal reproductive structures consist of the following as described and
shown below:

Vagina
collapsible canal extending from vaginal opening back and upward into body to cervix
and uterus.
Cervix
small end of uterus to which vagina leads. It is the opening in cervix leading to interior of
uterus.
Uterus
womb, organ within pelvic zone where fetus is carries.
Fallopian tube
carry egg cells from ovaries to uterus, there is where fertilization occurs.
Ovaries
produce estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen influences female sex characteristics
and initiates menstrual cycle. Progesterone aids in regulation of menstrual cycle and
promotes mature development of urine lining to allow for zygote implantation.
 
Puberty
The menstrual cycle marks the beginning of puberty in females.
Menstruation pertains to the sloughing off of the urine lining if conception has not occurred.
It may last within two to six days which follows a cycle ranging from 24 to 42 days.
 
Female secondary sexual characteristics emerge after puberty
1. Widening of hips and pelvis
accommodates giving birth, but also results in downward shift in center of gravity.
 
2. Enlargement of breasts
at puberty, fatty tissues of the breasts develop considerably. Differences in breast size
between women are primarily due to differences in amount of fatty tissue.
 
More female characteristics;
Generally shorter than men.
Greater proportion of body weight composed of fat than men.
Two X chromosomes reduces expression of many sex-linked conditions.
Lower mortality rate at every age and longer projected lifespan than men.

The biological male


The male sexual anatomy is designed for the production and delivery of sperm for
fertilization of the female’s ovum.
Puberty signals the final development of primary and accessory organs that support
reproduction.
a. The male external genitalia consist of the following structures:
Prepuce
foreskin covering head of penis, removed in male circumcision.
1.Penis
glans (head), shaft and root. Running the length of the penis is the urethra surrounded
by the spongy body and two cylindrical chambers. During the arousal, these become
engorged with blood, resulting in erection.
2.Corona
rim of glans where it arises from shaft.
3.Frenelum
thin strip of skin connecting glans and shaft on underside of penis.
4.Scrotum
encloses the two compartments housing the testes.
5.Urethral opening
found on head of penis this is the end of tube connected to bladder and used for urination.
6.Perineum
area of skin separating the genitalia from the anus, distance is greater in males than females.
b. The male internal reproductive organs:
1.Testes
produce androgen, particularly large quantities of testosterone, which greatly
influence male development and drive sexual motivation. Also produce sperm cells.
2.Vas deferens
travels from testicle toward urethra carrying sperm cells.
3.Seminal vesicles
two glands that produce alkaline fluid in fructose sugar comprising some 70 % of
semen volume.
4.Ejaculatory ducts
connect vas deferens to urethra.
5.Prostate
gland producing alkaline secretion that account for about 30 % of semen volume.
6.Urethra
tube within penis that carries sperm cells and semen the rest of the way to the
opening of the penis.

Male hormones
The testosterone is the major male hormone produced mainly by the testes, but there
are other glands called the adrenal glands that also produce some testosterone.
 
In case a man has lost his testes, these glands would continue to produce testosterone
to support the male physical appearance.
 
 
Testosterone is responsible for the growth and development of a boy during adolescence
and for the development of sperm and secondary sexual characteristics.
 
Male secondary sexual characteristics that emerge after puberty
No monthly cycle.
Elongation of vocal cords (lower voice).
Broader shoulders.
Deeper chest cavity.

THE
PROCESS
OF
REPRODUCTION
Although human beings are fully sexually differentiated at birth, the differences
between males and females are accentuated at puberty. This is when the reproductive
system matures, secondary sexual characteristics develop and the bodies of males and
females appear more distinctive.
 
Female puberty usually begins at about 8-13 years of age; the reproduction
maturation of boys lags about two years behind that of girls. The physical changes of
female puberty include breast development, rounding of the hips and buttocks,
growth of the hair in the pubic region and the underarm and start of menstruation.
 
How does one ovulate?
 
The major landmark of puberty among females is the onset of menstrual cycle,
the monthly ovulation cycle that leads to menstruation (loss of blood and tissues
lining the uterus) in the absence of pregnancy.

 
How does pregnancy occur?
For pregnancy to proceed, the sperm needs to meet up with an egg.
Pregnancy officially starts when a fertilized egg implants in the lining of the
uterus.
Pregnancy happens 2-3 weeks after sexual intercourse.
What can be done to prevent teenage pregnancy?
Teen pregnancy has a tremendous impact on the educational, social and
economic lives of young people. Early parenting reduces the likelihood that a
young woman will complete high school and pursue the necessary post-
secondary education needed to compete in today’s economy.
 
Although there is a decline in teenage pregnancy rate it has been steady over
the past two decades. Teens are still engaging in sexual activity and teen girls are
still getting pregnant.
 
Equipping the youth with the knowledge, skills and necessary to protect
themselves against unwanted pregnancy and provide them access to
reproductive healthcare are needed.
 
What are the health effects of early pregnancy in the growing adolescent?
There are serious health risks associated with early pregnancy because young
woman’s body is not mature enough to handle bearing a child. When woman is
under 20, the pelvic area (the bone surrounding the birth canal) is still growing
and may not be large enough to allow the baby to easily pass the birth canal.
 
This can result in what is called an “obstructed labor”. Obstructed labor is
dangerous to both mother and child and requires the help of trained medical
professionals. Under the best circumstances, the young woman will have an
operation called “caesarean section” in which a cut is made in the abdomen and
the baby is removed directly from the uterus.
 
In addition, younger women who become pregnant face a higher risk than older
women in developing a number of other complications. These complications can
be any or a combination of the following manifestations:
 
Excessive vomiting
Severe anemia
Hypertension
Convulsions
Difficulty in breast feeding
Premature and low birth weight babies
Infection
Prolonged labor
High maternal mortality or death
 
        The risk of having serious complications during pregnancy or childbirth is much
higher for girls in their early teens than for older women.
Ages 20-30 years are the safest period of women’s life for child bearing.
It is not surprising, therefore, to find that obstructed labor, due to disproportion
between the size of the infant’s head and the mother’s pelvis, is most common
among very young mothers.
The consequences of such obstructed labor may be death due to numerous
complications.
 
SEXUAL HEALTH
AND
HYGIENE
 
Puberty causes all kinds of changes in the adolescent’s body. These bodily
changes are normal part of developing an adult.
 
There are instances when these changes can be a source of anxiety to the
growing teen.
 
Does anyone not worry about smelly breath and underarms? This further
personal hygiene and healthy habits being important life skills for the teen.
 
 
1.Oily hair
The hormones that create acne are the same ones that can make you feel like
you’re suddenly styling hair with a comb dipped in motor oil.
 
Each strands of hair has its own sebaceous (oil) gland which keeps the hair shiny
and waterproof.
 
But during puberty, when the sebaceous glands produce extra oil, it can make
your hair look too shiny, oily and greasy.
 
2.Sweat and body odor
Perspiration, or sweat, comes from sweat glands that you have always had in
your body.
 
But thanks to puberty, these glands not only become more active than before, they
also begin to secrete different chemicals into the sweat that has a stronger smelling
odor.
 
You might notice this odor under your arms in your armpits. Your feet and
genitals might also have new smells.
3.Body hair
Body hair in new places is something you can count on – again, they are
hormones in action. You may want to start shaving some places where body hair
grows, but whether you do is up to you.
 
Some guys who grow facial hair like to let it develop into a mustache and beard.
Some girls may decide to leave the hair on their legs and under their arms as is.
 
 
It is all up to you and what you feel comfortable with. If you decide to shave, whether
you are a guy or girl, you have a few different choices.
 
4.Healthcare check for the female
The best time for a self-breast exam is about a week after the last day of your
menstrual period, when your breasts are not tender and swollen.
 
This should be done at the same time each month when you no longer have
your menstrual period.
 
Keeping the external female genitalia clean:
Use soap and water to wash the external genitalia and your underarms
everyday, especially during menstruation.
Use either a disposable pad made of cotton or a clean piece of cotton cloth to
absorb blood during menstruation.
Properly dispose of the pad after each use, or wash and dry the piece of cloth
used as a menstrual pad before reuse.
Wash only the external genitalia. Do not try to clean the inside part of the
vagina.
While washing, wash starting from the vagina towards the anus. Do not wash
from the anus towards the vagina.
 
Be aware of abnormal fluids from your vagina. Do not confuse this normal
vagina fluids.
 
If you see changes in the vaginal fluid – a change in color or odor, please visit a
health professional.
 
Healthcare check for the male
Keeping the external male genitalia clean:
 
Wash the external genitalia at least daily with soap and water, as you wash the
rest of the body.
Boys who are not circumcised need to pull back the foreskin and gently wash
underneath it with clean water.
Be aware of any abnormal fluids coming from your penis. Do not confuse this
with the presence of normal fluids.
If you see any abnormal fluid or wound, please visit a health professional.
 
RISKY BEHAVIORS
OF
ADOLESCENCENTS
 
Majority of the youth mature successfully through adolescence without
apparent long term problems.
 
All adolescents should be considered as risk due to prevalence of risk behavior,
the inherent development needs of adolescents and the various risk factors for
their initiation and maintenance.
 
Risk-taking is a normal part of adolescent development. Risk-taking is defined as
participation in a potentially health-compromising activities with little
understanding of, or in spite of an understanding of, the possible negative
consequences.
 
Adolescents experiment with new behaviors as they explore their emerging
identity and independence. Health behaviors in adolescence continue into adult
life and will influence health and morbidity throughout life.
 
During adolescence, young people begin to explore alternative health behaviors
including smoking, drinking alcohol, drug use, sexual intimacy and violence.
 
The DOH, in its Adolescent and Youth Health Policy (2000), has identified the
following health risks: SUBSTANCE USE, PREMARITAL SEX, EARLY CHILDBEARING,
ABORTION, HIV/AIDS, VIOLENCE, ACCIDENTS, MALNUTRITION AND MENTAL
HEALTH.
 
Guidance of family is also important as the adolescent develops into a mature
adult. Family Arrangement, based on the 2006 McCann Erickson Study, has
noted that 53% of adolescents live with both parents.
 
Because of the overseas Filipino worker (OFW) phenomenon, 5% live without
the mother, 20% live without the father and 23% live without both parents.
 
Sex and Media have been identified as key influencers among adolescents
engaging in high-risk behaviors, as shown in studies in NCR and CALABARZON.
Three in five have watched X-rated movies and videos, the fourth highest in the
country.
 
Three in ten have sent or received sex videos through cell phones or internet,
the second highest in the country. Six in 100 have engaged in phone sex, higher
than the national average.
 
 
Identified Sexual Risk that were found among the growing Filipino adolescents
are follows:
One in three has sexual experience
They also engage in sex at younger ages; first sex for boys: 17.6 years old while
first sex for girls: 18.1 years old.
 
One in 50 had sex before age of 15 while one in four had sex before age of 18.
 
Seven in 10 of 1st
1.2% have paid for sex and 1.3% have received payment for sex, this is low but
above the national average level; 6.7% have engaged in casual sex; 4.1% mostly
males have fu** buddy (FUBU) experience; 6.3% have males having sex with
males (MSM) experience; 2.9% of married youth (including those in live-in) have
engaged in extramarital sex.
 
Giving birth at younger ages has also been evident in the Filipino youth. Such
that there is a marked increase in teenage fertility in the past decade, 7.1%
aged15-19 are already mothers.
 
The proportion of women who begun childbearing increases with age: 2% aged
16, 31.2% aged 19. Teenage fertility is the lowest among all regions of the
country.
premarital sex cases are unprotected against unintended pregnancy and
sexually-transmitted infections (STI)including HIV-AIDS.
 
While prevalence of sexually transmitted infections like HIV and AIDS are
increasing in the youth, as of 2013, 86.7% have heard of HIV and AIDS with poor
understanding being the highest in the country noting that three in four think
that they would not get AIDS.
 
Troubles signs Among teens
Sexual behavior
Regular use of drugs and alcohol
Repeated violation of the law or school regulation
Skipping/escaping school more than once in three months
Aggressive outbursts/impulsiveness
Refusal to work/non-compliance
Falling asleep in class
Changes in physical appearance
Excessive daydreaming
 
Harmful practices
Culture and tradition play a significant role in shaping the way young people
and adolescents behave and lead their lives.
 
However, young people have become victims of some harmful tradition
practices, which affect their human and reproductive rights.
 
These practices differ from place to place but primarily affect women.
 
Common drugs abused by young people and effects:
 
Marijuana
– is a plant grown and used worldwide.
Effect: It causes increase in heart rate and dilation of certain blood vessels in the
eyes, which creates the characteristics of blood-shot eyes.
2. Alcohol
– is the most common drug and is used worldwide.
Effect: further drinking can cause slurred speech and aggressive behavior that
can lead to fight, rape or other kinds of violence.
3. Cigarettes
– many young people start smoking tobacco products for different reasons
including: influence of friends, seductive advertisements and older role
models like siblings’ or celebrities, to mention a few.
Effect: tobacco is the second major cause of death in the world – WHO (2006)
4. Inhalants and solvents
– these are chemicals that can be inhaled, such as glue, gasoline, aerosol
sprays, lighter fluid, etc. These are not drugs as such and are in fact, legally
available from large number of shops.
Effect: it may give the user a “high” for a very brief of time. They make him/her feel numb
for a short period of time, dizzy, confused and drowsy.

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