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BOSH Manual 061320a
BOSH Manual 061320a
Basic Occupational
Occupational Safety
Safety &
& Health
Health
NAME: _______________________________
NAME: _______________________________
TRAINING DATES: _____________________
TRAINING DATES: _____________________
\VENUE: ______________________________
VENUE: ______________________________
Absolutely true: Every worker has the right to a SAFE and HEALTHY workplace!
Course Title:
BASIC OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH (BOSH)
Duration: 5-Days
Course Description
• Mandatory 40-Hour Basic Occupational Safety and Health Training for Safety Officers 2
• Pursuance with Republic Act No. 11058 and DOLE Department Order 198-2018.
Course Objectives
To provide the participants the basic knowledge and skills on the basic concepts and principles of
occupational safety and health (OSH) that will enable safety officers to develop and implement their
company’s safety and health program.
OSH encompasses the social, mental and physical well-being of workers - the “Whole Person”. ILO
Locally, the plight of health and safety of the Filipino is somewhat challenging. As a third world country we
have shifted from an agricultural background to an industrial front. As the 21st century unfolds, more emphasis
is placed by the government and private sector on OSH concerns to take us out of that hole into a brighter
future. This is the situation of OSH in the Philippines
Goals:
1. Develop OSH Champions (advocates) from all sectors
2. Increase the level of recognition and respect for OSH as essential to the productivity & sustainability of
any enterprise.
Description Cases
Fatal 156
Non-fatal with lost workdays 17,703
Without lost workdays 33,102
Total cases of occupational injuries 50,961
OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
All Industries (Establishments employing 20 and over) except Agriculture 2003, 2007, 2009
(Source: Philippine
Statistics Authority,
Integrated Survey on Labor
and Employment)
Better known as the Legislation on Occupational Safety and Health, we find four (4) references, namely:
Section 2 – COVERAGE
• All private establishments where work is being undertaken
• Includes establishments located inside special economic zones and other investment promotion agencies
(e.g. Philippine Economic Zone [PEZA], Clark Development Corporation [CDC])
Joint Memorandum Circular (JMC) 1-2000; signed March 4, 2020, effective May 22, 2020: The
Rule covers the public sector such as national government agencies, government-owned and controlled
corporations, government financial institutions, state universities and colleges and local gov’t units.
WORKERS’ RIGHTS
Section 5 - THE RIGHT TO KNOW:
The different types of hazards in the workplace; Be provided with training, education and orientation;
Basic Components of Company OSH Program and Policy (DO 198-18, Chapter IV, Section 12)
1) Company Commitment to Comply with OSH Requirements
2) General Safety and Health Programs
a) Safety & Health Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment & Control (HIRAC) -
b) Medical Surveillance for early detection and management of occupational and work-related disease
c) First-aid and emergency medical services
3) Promotion of Drug Free workplace, Mental health Services in the Workplace, Healthy lifestyle
4) Prevention and Control of HIV-AIDS, Tuberculosis, Hepatitis B
5) Composition and Duties of health and safety Committee
6) OSH Personnel and Facilities
7) Safety and Health Promotion, Training and Education
a) Orientation of all workers on OSH
b) Conduct of Risk Assessment, evaluation, Control -*Continuing training on OSH for OSH Personnel -
*Work permit System
8) Toolbox/Safety Meetings, job safety analysis
9) Accident/Incident/illness Investigation, Recording and Reporting
10) Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
11) Safety signage
12) Dust control and management and regulation on activities such as building of temporary structures and
lifting and operation of electrical, mechanical, communications system and other requirements.
13) Welfare Facilities
a) For establishments with less than 10 workers and low risk establishments with 10 - 50 workers. –
A SO1 shall establish an OSH committee composed of the following:
Chairperson Company owner or manager
Secretary Safety officer of the workplace
Member At least one (1) worker, preferably a union member if organized
b) For medium to high risk establishments with 10-50 workers and low to high risk establishments
with 51 workers and above. – The OSH committee of the covered workplace shall be composed of
the following:
Ex-officio Employer or his/her representative
Chairperson
Secretary Safety officer of the workplace
Ex-officio Certified first-aider, OH nurse, OH dentist, and OH
members physician, as applicable
Members Safety officers representing the contractor or subcontractor, as the case may be, and
representative/s of workers who shall come from the union, if the workers are
organized, or elected workers through a simple vote of majority, if they are
unorganized
c) For 2 or more establishments housed under one building or complex including malls. – When two
or more establishments are housed under one building or complex, the health and safety committee
organized in each workplace shall form themselves into a Joint Coordinating Committee to plan and
implement programs and activities concerning all the establishments.
Chairperson Building owner or his/her representative such as the building administrator
Secretary Safety officer of the building or complex appointed by the Chairperson
Members At least two safety officers from any of the establishment housed under one
building or complex
At least two workers’ representatives, one of which must be from a union if
organized, from any of the establishment housed under one building or complex
Safety officer/s of all workplaces must possess the necessary training and experience requirement
according to its category as contained herein.
The Safety Officer shall be certified by the company's Human Resource (HR) unit/section based on the
qualification requirements such as completion of the prescribed training and minimum years of OSH
experience as provided for under Section 14. Thus, the appointment of its own safety officers and the
appropriate category level of Safety Officer ( i.e. Safety Officer 1, Safety Officer 2, Safety Officer 3 and
Safety Officer 4) shall be issued by the company.
The engagement of the services of a certified OSH Consultant (SO4) shall be allowed for a period not
longer than one (1) year for establishments whose designated safety officer has to be trained or is in the
process of completing the prescribed training courses and relevant experience.
The employer has facilities readily available for transporting workers to the hospital or clinic in cases of
emergency. For this purpose, the employer shall enter into a written contract with the hospital or dental
clinic for the use of such hospital or dental clinic for the treatment of workers in cases of emergency.
However, this shall not excuse the employer from maintaining in his/her workplace a first aid treatment
room or clinic for workers.
1. A record on the safety report of SO or minutes of the meeting of the OSH committee that there’s a
violation of the OSH standards but no action has been made despite findings of OSH violation/s,
2. Repeated simple refusal or failure to comply following a report to DOLE by the worker of prohibited
act/s committed by employer, or Presence of risk or danger in plain view.
3. Should there be non-compliance of two (2) or more items, all penalties shall be imposed; however, the
total daily penalty shall not exceed One Hundred Thousand Pesos (₱ 100,000.00).
4. Fines for micro establishments with one (1) to nine (9) workers, and small establishments with ten (10)
to fifty (50) workers shall have a 0.5 factor if OSH violation has been corrected not later than forty-eight
(48) hours.
5. When the violation exposes the worker to death, serious injury or serious illness, the imposable penalty
shall be One Hundred Thousand Pesos (₱100,000.00).
6. The Secretary of Labor and Employment may issue additional violations and corresponding fines
following consultation with stakeholders.
7. An employer, contractor or subcontractor who was found to be a repeat violator of the above prohibited
acts shall have the penalty of additional fifty percent (50%) thereof and shall be compounded for every
instance of repeat violation.
Section 34 – EFFECTIVITY
This Rules shall take effect fifteen (15) days after its publication in a newspaper of general circulation.
Signed: 06 December 2018 / Published: 09 January 2019 / Effectivity: 25 January 2019.
Expressly, it is known that there are several major theories concerning accident causation, each of which
has some explanatory and predictive value.
1. The domino theory developed by H. W. Heinrich, a safety engineer and pioneer in the field of
industrial accident safety.
2. Human Factors Theory
3. Accident/Incident Theory
4. Epidemiological Theory
5. Systems Theory
6. The energy release theory, developed by Dr. William Haddon, Jr., of the Insurance Institute for
Highway Safety.
7. Behavior Theory
Accident theories guide safety investigations. They describe the scope of an investigation.
According to Heinrich, an "accident" is one factor in a sequence that may lead to an injury.
• The factors can be visualized as a series of dominoes standing on edge; when one falls, the linkage
required for a chain reaction is completed.
• Each of the factors is dependent on the preceding factor.
MISTAKES OF PEOPLE
• The factor preceding the accident (the unsafe act or the mechanical or physical hazard) and it should
receive the most attention.
• Heinrich felt that the person responsible at a company for loss control should be interested in all five
factors, but be concerned primarily with accidents and the proximate causes of those accidents.
• Heinrich also emphasized that accidents, not injuries or property damage, should be the point of attack.
– An accident is any unplanned, uncontrolled event that could result in personal injury or property
damage. For example, if a person slips and falls, an injury may or may not result, but an accident
has taken place.
Heinrich posed his model in terms of a single domino leading to an accident. The premise here is that
human errors cause accidents. These errors are categorized broadly as:
1. OVERLOAD - The work task is beyond the capability of the worker
a. Includes physical and psychological factors
b. Influenced by environmental factors, internal factors, and situational factors
2. INAPPROPRIATE WORKER RESPONSE
a. To hazards and safety measures (worker’s fault)
b. To incompatible work station (management, environment faults)
3. INAPPROPRIATE ACTIVITIES
a. Lack of training and misjudgment of risk
Extension of human factors theory. Here the following new elements are introduced:
1. Ergonomic trap - These are incompatible work stations, tools or expectations
(management failure)
2. Decision to err - Unconscious or conscious (personal failure) •
3. Systems failure - Management failure (policy, training, etc.)
Epidemiology
Together these characteristics can cause or prevent accidents that a person predisposed to a given
situation or condition may succumb to.
1. Explain accidents in terms of multiple events, sequenced as a forward chain over time.
2. Events linked together by direct relationships (ignore indirect relationships).
3. Events almost always involve component failure, human error, or energy-related events.
4. Causality models form the basis for most safety-engineering and reliability engineering analyses
and/or designs.
Under normal circumstances chances of an accident is low. Rather than looking at the environment as
being full of hazards and people prone to errors, system safety assumes harmony (steady state) exists
between individuals and the work environment.
1. The driver is a victim – this assumes the demands that the traffic system puts on the driver is too
complex for the driver’s limited capacity to process information.
2. As a result of this assumption the system must be designed to be less complex, which prevents
errors from occurring.
3. “The energy and barriers perspective”: The system must also reduce the negative consequences of
errors, i.e., introduce safety margins that allows the driver to incur an error without being hurt too
seriously.
William Haddon a medical doctor and the administrator of NHTSA at one point in time, in 1966 helped
to impose the following regulations for new cars:
1. Seat belts for all occupants
2. Energy-absorbing steering column
3. Penetration-resistant windshield
4. Dual braking systems
5. Padded instrument panel
6. All measures correspond with the energy and barrier concept
• The systems theory approach, in contrast to the energy release theory, treats the driver as a passive
responder in his environment.
• The evidence is that he is in fact an active participant, regulating his/her level of preferred risk
• Risk compensation/ behavioral adaptation: operators within a system may take advantage of safety
measures in other ways than to increase safety
• Two basic forms of compensation to road safety measures:
– Increased speed
– Reduced attention
(https://academic.csuohio.edu/duffy_s/Section_03.pdf)
” ... more efficient brakes on an automobile will not in themselves make driving the automobile any
safer. Better brakes will reduce the absolute size of the minimum stopping zone, it is true, but the driver
soon learns this new zone and . he allows only the same relative margin between field and zone as
before.”
Reference: Gibson J. J. & Crooks L. E. (1938): A theoretical field analysis of automobile driving. The
American Journal of Psychology, 51, 453-471
BEHAVIORAL THEORY
COMBINATION THEORY
• Accidents may/may not fall under any one model
• Result from factors in several models.
• One model cannot be applied to all accidents
Notes:
Risk Assessment is made up of the following processes: Identifying workplace hazards, Evaluating
risks to worker’s safety and health and Control the relevant hazards.
Hazard
Any source of potential damage, harm, or adverse health effect on people.
Risk
A combination of the probability of occurrence of a hazardous event and the severity of injury or damage
to the health of people caused by this event.
Identification of Hazards
1. Safety Hazards
• The harm results in some kind of injury to the worker
• Working conditions where harm to the workers is of an immediate & violent nature
• Result in broken bones, cuts, bruises, sprains, loss of limbs, etc.
• Associated with poorly guarded or dangerous equipment & machinery
2. Health Hazards
• Working conditions which result in an illness
• Often, latency between exposure & disease
• Exposure to dangerous substances or conditions such as chemicals, gases, dusts, noise, etc.
Hazardous
Situation
Hazard Hazardous Event Harm
SEVERITY
Source: https://www.kindpng.com/imgv/hhiJiiR_clip-art-patient-in-hospital-bed-clip-art/
ELIMINATION
SUBSTITUTION
ENGINEERING
ADMINISTRATIVE
PPE
CONTROL OF LAST
RESORT
Hierarchy of Controls
Terms Defined:
Safety - Freedom from accidents / injuries. Absence of hazardous conditions and acts
Health - Freedom from illness. It is the state of wellness, not just the absence of disease
Accidents - these are unexpected, unforeseen, unplanned and unwanted occurrences or events that cause
damage or loss of materials or properties, injury or death.
• An accident is usually the result of contact of a body (or man) with a source of energy above the
threshold limit of the body.
• An occurrence that interrupts the normal and orderly progress of any activity
• May lead to physical harm, damage to property, delay in operation or even death.
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) defines this as “any human action that violates a
commonly accepted safe work procedure or standard operating procedure.” This is an act done by a
worker that does not conform or departs from an established standard, rules or policy. These often happen
when a worker has improper attitudes, physical limitations or lacks knowledge or skills.
The ANSI defines this as the physical or chemical property of a material, machine or the environment
which could possibly cause injury to people, damage to property, disrupt operations in a plant or office
or other forms of losses. These conditions could be guarded or prevented.
Examples of unsafe conditions include: slippery and wet floors, dusty work area, congested plant lay-
out, octopus wiring, scattered objects on the floor/work area, poor storage system, protruding nails and
sharp objects, unguarded rotating machines/equipment, etc.
Therefore:
98% Accidents are Preventable
2% Non-Preventable
REMEMBER
Unaware
Unable Unnoticed
Unmotivated Uncorrected
• Accidents and injuries result to losses of lives, limbs, time and property
• Most accidents at work could have been prevented
• Every workplace has different hazards, risk, levels of exposure. Tailor fit your OSH response.
• Conduct workplace risk assessment through hazards IDENTIFICATION, EVALUATION and
CONTROL.
Occupational Safety deals with understanding the causes of accidents at work and ways to prevent
unsafe act and unsafe conditions in any workplace. Safety at work discusses concepts on good
housekeeping, proper materials handling and storage, machine safety, electrical safety, fire prevention
and control, safety inspection, and accident investigation.
Occupational Health is a broad concept which explains how the different hazards and risks at work may
cause an illness and emphasizes that health programs are essential in controlling work-related and/or
occupational diseases.
Industrial Hygiene discusses the identification, evaluation, and control of physical, chemical, biological
and ergonomic hazards (more on this in the section on Industrial Hygiene).
OSH encompasses the social, mental and physical well-being of workers, that is, the “whole person”.
Types of accidents:
1. Fall from height and fall from the same level (slips and trips)
2. Struck against rigid structure, sharp or rough objects
3. Struck by falling objects
4. Caught in, on or in between objects
5. Electrocution
6. Fire
Unsafe / unhealthy Condition: the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) defines this as the
physical or chemical property of a material, machine or the environment which could possibly cause
injury to people, damage to property, disrupt operations in a plant or office or other forms of losses.
These conditions could be guarded or prevented.
Examples of unsafe conditions include: slippery and wet floors, dusty work area, congested plant lay-
out, octopus wiring, scattered objects on the floor/work area, poor storage system, protruding nails and
sharp objects, unguarded rotating machines/equipment, etc.
Unsafe / unhealthy Act: the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) defines this as “any human
action that violates a commonly accepted safe work procedure or standard operating procedure.” This is
an act done by a worker that does not conform or departs from an established standard, rules or policy.
These often happen when a worker has improper attitudes, physical limitations or lacks knowledge or
skills.
POOR HOUSEKEEPING
Good Housekeeping - this is the foundation of a safe, healthy and pleasant workplace.
1. It is essential that all areas be kept clean, orderly, and with all necessary things in the proper places.
2. Housekeeping is not just keeping your workplace clean and safe but it is an effective workplace
organization.
3. Housekeeping means there is a place for everything and everything is in place. It is everybody’s
business to observe it in the workplace.
4. Housekeeping is important because it lessens accidents and related injuries and illnesses; it therefore
improves productivity, and minimizes direct and indirect costs ofaccidents/illnesses.
5S Program
Seiri Sort Suriin
Seiton Systematize Sinupin
Seiso Sweep Simutin
Seiketsu Standardize Siguraduhin
FIRE
This is the active principle of burning, characterized by the heat and light of combustion (RA 9514). It
is a rapid oxidation process accompanied with the evolution of light and heat of varying intensities.
Ordinary fire (one that can be extinguished by ordinary extinguishing agents) results from combustion
of fuel, heat and oxygen. When a substance that will burn is heated to a certain critical temperature
called its “ignition temperature”, it will ignite and continue to burn as long as there is fuel, the proper
temperature, and a supply of oxygen. For many years, the three-sided figure of the fire triangle has
adequately been used to explain and describe the combustion and extinguishing theory. If anyone of the
three elements is removed, a fire cannot exist. A new theory has developed to explain combustion and
extinguishments further. This is the transition from the plain geometric triangular figure, which we
recognize as the fire triangle, to a four-sided geometric figure, a tetrahedron, which resembles a
pyramid.
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THE FIRE TETRAHEDRON
CHEMICAL
REACTION The Components needed to
ignite and sustain a fire.
OXYGEN FUEL
Source Source
Class A Fires – Fires involving ordinary combustible materials, such as wood, cloth, paper, rubber and
many plastics. Class A Extinguishment – water is used in cooling or quenching effect to reduce the
temperature of the burning material below its ignition temperature.
Class B Fires– Fires involving flammable liquids, greases and gases. Class B
Extinguishment – The smothering or blanketing effect of oxygen exclusion is most effective. Other
extinguishing methods include removal of fuel and temperature reduction.
Class C Fires– Fires involving energized electrical equipment. Class C Extinguishment – This fire can
sometimes be controlled by non- conducting extinguishing agent. The safest procedure is always to
attempt to de-energized high voltage circuits and treat as Class A or B fire depending upon the fuel
involved.
Class D Fires– Fire involving combustible metals, such as magnesium, titanium, zirconium, sodium and
potassium. Class D Extinguishment – The extremely high temperature of some burning metals makes
water and other common extinguishing agents ineffective. There is no agent available that will effectively
control fires in all combustible metals. Special extinguishing agents are available for control of fire in
each of the metals and are marked specifically for that metal.
Class K Fires– Fire involving animal fats, seen mostly in kitchen fires and deep fryers. Never throw
water on a kitchen fire. The water will be wrapped by the oil
Products of Combustion – When a fuel burns, it undergoes chemical changes and there are four products
of combustion:
1. Fire Gases – refers to the vaporized products of combustion.
2. Flame – is the visible luminous body of a burning gas, which becomes hotter and less luminous
when it is mixed with increased amounts of oxygen.
3. Heat – is a form of energy, which is measured in degrees of temperature to signify its intensity.
It is responsible for the spread of fire.
4. Smoke – is a visible product of incomplete combustion.
Phases of Burning
1. Initial stage or Incipient Phase or Beginning Phase
2. Growth or Flame Producing Phase or Free-Burning Phase - Fully developed
3. Decay Smoldering Phase
• Flashpoint - The lowest temperature at which liquid fuel gives off flammable vapors
• Flammable liquid - A liquid having a flash point below 100 F (37.8 °C)
• Combustible liquid - A liquid having a flash point at or above 100 F (37.8 °C)
USE OF MACHINES
WHAT IS A MACHINE
• An assemblage of parts that transmit forces, motion and energy in a predetermined manner.
• Can be simple or compound
1. Point of Operation
A point in the machine where work is performed directly on the material. (Cutting, Shaping, Boring or
Forming stock, Punching, Shearing, Bending, Cutting).
Point of Operation
ELECTRICITY
ELECTRICITY
• A form of energy resulting from the existence of charged particles. Electricity is the flow of
moving electrons. When the electrons flow it is called an electrical current.
• Failure to ensure a safe design, proper work procedures, proper servicing and maintenance of
electrical equipment often result in bodily harm or death, property damage or both.
• Electricity usually does not look hazardous. Many people have been electrocuted when they thought
they knew what they were doing.
• Today almost all industries and manufacturing relies on electricity in the workplace – from lighting
to operating complex machinery
ELECTRICAL SAFETY
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• The employer must train employees in safe work practices in working with electrical equipment.
• The training rules distinguish between workers & Authorized Personnel.
Our personal safety depends on understanding and practicing three (3) things:
Electric circuit
Any combination of a conductor and a source of electricity connected together to permit electrons to
travel in a continuous stream.
Electricity may take multiple paths, flowing through all possible circuits. The greatest amount of current
will flow through the path of least resistance, or lowest impedance.
Any part of your body that accidentally bridges the gap between two different voltage levels creates a
new electrical circuit, and your body may provide the path of least resistance to the ground. Equipment
grounding connects all conductive materials that enclose electrical lines.
Bypassing grounds or careless handling of grounding connections can result in electrical fires, shock and
explosion.
A circuit-protection device (CPD) protects against circuit malfunction by preventing too much current
from passing from the power source through the rest of the circuit.
If current flow exceeds a CPD’s rated max amperage, the device will stop the flow by melting, tripping
or opening to break the circuit.
There are three direct and two indirect types of electrical accidents:
Direct Indirect
Electrocution or death
due to electric shock Fall
Electric shock
Burns Fire
ELECTRICAL FIRE
A failure or malfunction within the electrical components of equipment or machinery can cause
electrical fires. Electrical fires originate in electric wires, cables, circuit breakers, and within electrical
components.
• Electric short
• Circuiting
• Arcing blast and sparks
• Overloading
• Use and Misuse of defective electrical equipment
Damaged cord,
outer sheath
broken Symbol
It is ok if the wire
of the tools are
double insulated
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTOR
A material having many free electrons that can move easily.
ELECTRICAL INSULATOR
A material having few free electrons that cannot move easily.
MATERIALS HANDLING
Zero Accidents can be achieved when workers follow simple practical guidelines in lifting, transferring
or handling materials. Incorrect procedures in carrying out these tasks can, and will result to body injuries
when not properly addressed.
Objective:
After the training, participants will be able to demonstrate with confidence the proper and safe materials
handling in accordance to the Occupational Safety and Health Standards, thus, completing the task with
confidence.
A technique which includes the art of lifting, moving, and storing materials. It refers to any method used
for moving materials by people, by people using equipment
Manual handling is a common activity in most workplaces. It includes lifting, lowering, pulling, pushing,
carrying, moving, holding or restraining an object. Injuries and musculoskeletal disorders affect the
back, neck, shoulders, arms & hands. It can be prevented through a systemic approach of identification,
assessment and control of risks associated with manual handling
Manual Handling
Is the of lifting, transporting and packaging of products using own physical strength.
Hand operated handling, transporting and packaging of products.
Mechanical Handling
Pertains to more rigid, powered and non-powered mechanics mainly for handling bulky and heavy items
Spine
bending
muscle
groups
Disc compression
Anterior forces stronger than posterior forces Disc herniation Other Disc Disorders
CLEAR POINTS
• A deteriorating housekeeping may be the first evidence of a deteriorating safety and health program
• Lifting and moving things at work is something you probably do every day. Unfortunately, it’s also
an everyday cause of disabling injuries and even deaths!
• To produce fire, three things must be present at the time: Fuel, Heat and Oxygen.
• Mechanical hazards occur:
• at the point of operation,
• power transmission components and
• other exposed moving parts of the machine.
• Failure to ensure a safe design, proper work procedures, proper servicing and maintenance of
electrical equipment often result in bodily harm or death, property damage or both.
Notes:
Basic approaches to achieving Occupational Safety and Health in the workplace begin with the
Fundamentals of Industrial Hygiene – this is the control of hazards to acceptable limits. Industrial
hygiene is “the science and art devoted to the identification, evaluation and control of environmental
factors or stresses arising in or from the workplace, which may cause sickness, impaired health and well-
being, or significant discomfort and inefficiency among workers or citizens of the community.”
COMPANY RESPONSIBILITIES:
1. A safe working environment.
2. A safe system of work.
3. Provide adequate facilities for the welfare of their employees.
4. Provide information, training and supervision to ensure employees’ safety from injury and health
risk.
EMPLOYEES’ RESPONSIBILITIES
• Take reasonable care to protect own’s health and safety at work.
• Follow and Comply with the company’s Health and Safety guidelines primarily, the use of safety
devices and PPE.
Objective:
1. Identify/recognize the occupational health hazards in the workplace
2. Know measuring instruments used to assess hazards
3. Identify the evaluation methods to assess the levels of exposure to hazards
4. Introduce control methods to address the hazards
Implementing safety and health in the workplace is the ultimate goal of labor protection. Industrial
hygiene is one of the disciplines necessary in the implementation of safety and health in the workplace.
As discussed in the objectives, it deals with identifying occupational health hazards in the work
environment. Secondly, through Work Environment Measurement (WEM), these suspected hazards can
be evaluated objectively (through the use of different industrial hygiene equipment); and lastly the
necessary control methods can be applied.
The Working Environment Measurement (WEM), is the quantitative evaluation of hazards cited in Rule
1070 of the Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OSHS). Suspected hazards are measure with
industrial hygiene equipment in order to assist companies in complying with the standards in keeping
their workplace safe.
Excerpt from ILO-1995: Occupational Health is the promotion & maintenance of the highest degree of
physical, mental & social well-being of workers in all occupations.
Objective:
By the end of the session, the participant will be able to address the First step of Industrial Hygiene: To
Identify the different occupational health hazards, list their effects on the body, and enumerate
corrective actions to address them.
TYPES OF HAZARDS
1. Physical Hazards
2. Chemical Hazards
3. Biological Hazards
4. Ergonomic Hazards
PHYSICAL HAZARDS
1. Noise
2. Vibration
3. Heat Stress
4. Cold Stress
5. Illumination
6. Pressure
CHEMICAL HAZARDS - These are substances have 3 physical states: Liquids, Solids and Gas.
These are present in
1. Dust
2. Gasses
3. Vapors
4. Fumes
5. Mists
BIOLOGIC HAZARDS
1. Bacteria
2. Viruses
3. Fungi
4. Insects/Parasites
5. Plants
Ear Anatomy
Permissible Noise Exposure (OSHA 1981) – maximum sound level for a given amount of time, where a
worker need not wear hearing protection, provided
2. VIBRATION
• It is a physical factor that acts on man by transmission of mechanical energy from sources of oscillation.
• Usually refers to the inaudible acoustic phenomena, which are recognized by the tactile experience of
touch and feeling.
• It is a vector quantity with both a magnitude and direction.
• Continuous low frequency oscillation that is more likely felt than heard
• Affects the body through direct contact
SOURCES OF VIBRATION:
• Segmental vibration: Chain Saw, Portable Grinder, Jackhammer, Polishers, hand held power tools,
• Whole Body Vibration: Tower Crane, Cars, Buses, Train, places with floor mounted machines
GENERAL LIGHTING
Sometimes referred to as ambient light fills in between the two and is intended for general illumination of
an area.
LOCAL LIGHTING – NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL
Type of lighting which illuminates a relatively small area without illuminating the general surroundings
significantly.
Importance of Illumination – it is important that we see what we are doing. There are recommended
illumination standards based on the visual demands of different activities. Below is a summary of
illumination required based on activity. (Please refer to the table of Illumination Levels in the OSHS for the
complete listing)
VISUAL FATIGUE
• Double vision
• Headache
• Painful irritation
• Production of excess tears
• Redness of eyes
HEAT STRESS – when the workplace heat causes the body’s temperature to go higher than 37.5°C, like in the
following exposure settings:
a) High temperature
b) High humidity
c) Poor ventilation
d) Multiple heat sources
Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous
Skin Anatomy
COLD STRESS - when the workplace temp causes the body’s temperature to go lower than 36.5°C as in ice
plants, Broadcast Industry, Semiconductor Industry, Food processing plants, Ice Cream plants, Deep sea
diving, Laboratories. Thermoregulatory mechanism to raise temperature is by CHILLING / SHIVERING.
The motion of electrically charged particles produces electromagnetic waves. These waves are also called
“electromagnetic radiation” because they radiate from the electrically charged particles. They travel
through empty space as well as through air and can penetrate some other substances. Radio waves,
microwaves, visible light and X-rays are all examples of electromagnetic waves.
The electromagnetic spectrum can be divided into two at a wavelength of about 10 nm, which
distinguishes Non-Ionizing Radiation and Ionizing Radiation. Visible light, infrared and microwaves are
types of non-ionizing radiation. X-rays and Gamma rays are examples of ionizing radiation. The
distinction between non-ionizing and ionizing radiation is simply one of associated energy. For the
ionizing region of the electromagnetic spectrum, the energy incident upon a material is large enough to
remove an electron from an atom orbit to produce ionization, whereas for the non-ionizing region the
energy is not normally sufficient to produce ion pairs.
IONIZING RADIATION A radiation consisting of particles, x-rays, or gamma rays with sufficient
energy to cause ionization in the medium through which it passes.
NON-IONIZING RADIATION refers to any type of electromagnetic radiation that does not carry
enough energy to ionize atoms or molecules that is, to completely remove an electron from an atom or
molecule
• Strobe lights
• Halogen bulbs
PRESSURE HAZARD
This is the atmospheric force that is constantly applied on the body, which may be affected by changes
in altitude or artificially induced work conditions.
Pressure is defined as the force exerted against an opposing fluid or thrust distributed over a surface,
expressed in force or weight per unit of area (like pounds per square inch or “psi”. Critical injury and
damage can occur with extremes of pressure. We perceive pressure in relation to the earth’s
atmosphere—at sea level, about 14.7 psi.
Pressure changes cause body stress. In human physiology studies, the typical unit of measure is in
millimeters of mercury (mm Hg).
When pressure decreases, air expands and when pressure increases, air compresses
êpressure = air expands and é pressure = air compresses (becomes compact)
Physiologic loss of hearing both is experienced as one increases altitude, and as one decreases altitude
because inside the middle ear, this expanding air pushes the eardrum outward; or the vacuum created
during compressing air pulls the eardrum inward. It has been recognized as from the beginning of caisson
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work (work performed in a watertight structure) that men working under pressures greater than at a
normal atmospheric one, are subject to various illnesses connected with the job.
Hyperbaric (greater than normal pressures) environments are also encountered by divers operating under
water, whether by holding the breath while diving, breathing from a self-contained underwater breathing
apparatus (SCUBA), or by breathing gas mixtures supplied by compression from the surface (Muro-ami
divers of Davao and Palawan).
Occupational exposures occur also in building the foundation of bridges in bodies of water, or tunnels
using Caisson method, where a compressed gas environment is used to exclude water or mud and to
provide support for structures. Man can withstand large pressures due to the free access of air to the
lungs, sinuses, and middle ear. The problem begins when the openings (access) of these internal air
spaces to the outside becomes obstructed (as in sinusitis).
Chemicals are important in daily operations, including the life of a person. They exist as solids, liquids
and gases. Their presence and use in the workplace are synonymous with growth and production.
However, chemicals can still cause reactions when these come in contact with objects, people and/ or
other chemicals. It is a type of occupational hazard caused by exposure to substances in the workplace.
Occupational health hazards also arise from contact with chemical agents in the form of vapors, gases,
dusts, fumes, and mists, or by skin contact with these materials. The degree of risk of handling a given
substance depends on the magnitude and duration of exposure.
a. Gases are substances in gaseous state are airborne at room temperature. Examples are chlorine,
hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, phosgene and formaldehyde.
b. Vapor results when substances that are liquid at room temperature evaporate. Examples are the
components of organic solvents such as benzene, toluene, acetone, and xylene.
c. Mist is fine particles of liquid that float in air (particle size of 5 to 100 um approximately.
Examples: nitric acid and sulfuric acid.
d. Dust is a solid harmful substance, sometimes ground, cut or crushed by mechanical actions and
fine particles float in air (particle size of about 1 to 150 um). Examples are metal dusts and
asbestos.
e. Fume is a gas (such as metal vapor) condensed in air, chemically changed and becomes fine
solid particles which float in air (particles size of about 0.1 to 1 um). Examples are oxides
generated from molten metal such as cadmium oxide, beryllium oxide, etc.
B. Ingestion
• Accidental swallowing from eating in contaminated area
• Smoking on the job with contaminated fingers and hands
• Ingestion of inhaled materials
C. Inhalation
Most “important” route of industrial chemical exposure
Determinants:
• Concentration in the air
• Duration of exposure
• Amount of air inhaled
Vapors
A substance diffused or suspended in the air, especially one normally liquid or solid. Occupational
exposure is from:
• Degreasing of metals
• Printing
• Dry-cleaning
• Painting
• Laboratory Analysis
Fumes
Volatilized solid that condenses when they contact air:
• Soldering operation
• Welding
• Lead-battery making
• Mining operation
Dust
Refers to the suspension of solid particles in air.
Dust are classified according to size:
• Total Dust – all dust particles in the area
• Respirable Dust – fraction of total dust which passes through a selector which can be inhaled
and deposited in the lungs
WOOD DUST
• Flooring
• Wood fixtures
3. At the Receiver
• Enclosing workers in control rooms • Training and Education
• Rotation of workers • Use of PPE
Biologic hazards are the cause of infectious disease that can originate from people, animals and plants.
They are characterized by 2 parameters: 1) can reproduce or replicate; 2) living or dead organisms. They
come in the form of Bacteria, Viruses, Molds, Fungi & Parasites even Plants..
They can be a part of the total environment or associated with certain occupations such as medical
professions, food preparation and handling, livestock raising, etc.
Diseases transmitted from animals to humans are commonly infectious and parasitic which can also result
from exposure to contaminated water, insects, or infected people. Occupational exposure is via:
Ergonomics is a technique that brings together several disciplines to solve problems arising from work
and the working environment. Ergos- work; Nomos- natural way
• Ergonomic hazards cause pain and fatigue from various sources.
• Lead to low productivity and output (mental and physical performance)
The ILO defines ergonomics as “... The application of human biological science in conjunction with the
engineering sciences to achieve the optimum mutual adjustment of man, and his work, the benefits being
measured in terms of human efficiency and well-being.” “Ergonomics is the science of fitting jobs to
the people who work in them”
The ergonomics approach goes beyond productivity, health, and safety. It includes consideration of the
total physiological and psychological demands of the job upon the worker. It deals with the interaction
between humans and traditional environmental elements as atmospheric contaminants, heat, light, sound,
and all tools and equipment used in the workplace.
The human body can endure considerable discomfort and stress and can perform many awkward and
unnatural movements for a limited period of time. However, when awkward conditions or motions are
continued for prolonged periods, the physiological limitations of the worker can be exceeded. To ensure
a continued high level of performance, work systems must be tailored to human capacities and
limitations.
In a broad sense, the benefits that can be expected from designing work systems to minimize ergonomic
stress on workers are as follows:
• More efficient operation;
• Fewer accidents;
• Lower cost of operation;
• Reduced training time; and
• More effective use of personnel.
Labels for materials with chemical hazards are changing to a new Globally Harmonized System (GHS)
d. Hazard communication composed
label format on or before of Safety
June 1, 2015. Datawill
GHS labels Sheet (SDS)
have new and pictograms (diagram on right),
standard
Labels. signal words, hazard and precautionary statements, product identifier, and supplier information.
GHS labels must include specific:
DO 136-2014
* signal words for
Guidelines - warning or danger of Globally Harmonized Systems (GHS) in chemical safety
the implementation
* hazard statements
program - flammable liquids, fatal if swallowed
in the workplace.
* symbols/ pictograms.
Employers must:
Clear Points
• Industrial Hygiene is the science and art devoted to the identification, evaluation and control
of hazards.
• Safety Officer has the role to classify his establishment through proper identification of the
different health hazards as part of the risk assessment process.
• There are various ways or strategies to identify different health hazards in the workplace.
Zero accidents is partly achieved by Rule 1077 (OSHS), provided to protect the employer and the
employee through Working Environment Measurement or (WEM). This is the periodic monitoring of
workplace parameters to ensure a safe and healthy environment. It documents your findings as to being
safe or unsafe. This section explains the second step of Industrial Hygiene, which is to Evaluate the
hazard.
Objective:
At the end of the session, the participants will be able to:
1. Discuss Work Environment Measurement (WEM) and its importance in evaluating the
hazards in the workplace and monitoring exposure of workers
2. Comply with industrial hygiene related OSHS provisions and other issuances, laws and
guidelines
3. Explain the Threshold Limit Values (TLV) and its importance in evaluating workers’
exposure
WEM is the quantitative evaluation of hazards cited in Rule 1077 of the Occupational Safety and Health
Standards (OSHS). Shall mean sampling and analysis carried out in respect of the atmospheric working
environment and other fundamental elements of working environment for the purpose of determining
actual conditions therein.
1. A Walk-Through Survey is another term for an inspection, which is conducted to physically and
visually identify the location a suspected hazard.
2. Chemical inventory is determining the hazard based on a list of chemicals in site through 16
components in their Safety Data Sheet.
3. Process and Equipment Review is evaluating the hazard based on the manufacturing methods
and mechanism of operation of the tools and equipment as well.
4. Plant layout – a layout map is used to plot the location of the monitoring points to allow the
technician to conduct accurate sampling of the hazards. This can be requested form the company
or can be drawn out by the technician.
Monitoring Types
1. General monitoring – (ambient, area, grab sampling) measurement of agents in the area
2. Personal monitoring – (exposure monitoring) detect presence of substances entering the
worker even in low quantities; possibly no health effects seen yet (NOEL – no observable
effect level)
3. Biological Monitoring (Effect Monitoring) - you are detecting the presence of materials in the
workers through the complaints or visible physical changes in the workers’ health (with or
without injury). Examples are measurement of lead and mercury in blood or in urine.
It is best that WEM be conducted on a regular basis. Work Environment Monitoring should be done at
least once a year.
Results from monitoring are to be compared with acceptable limits as those that appear in the OSHS
(although sadly outdated are still reference values). Is the measurement of a particular worker’s exposure
to airborne contaminants the data collected approximates the concentration of contaminant by which the
worker is exposed to.
Accepted Standards:
• Occupational Safety and Health Standards
• American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists ACGIH (Threshold Limit Values
(TLV) (Biological Exposure Indices (BEI))
• Occupational Safety Health Administration (OSHA)
• American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)
Physical agents:
1. Noise/sound (sound level meters, -waveband analyzers, audiometer)
2. Light (photometer, illumination meter)
Heat and stress (Wet bulb globe thermometer)
3. Radiation (radiation survey meter)
Light meter
Noise meter Heat Stress WBGT Radiation meter
Chemical agents - gas/dust contaminants (indicator tubes, stationary and personal samplers, high and
low volume samplers)
Environmental Monitoring
Evaluation
The measurement data will be compared with existing standards or guidelines:
• Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) guideline used by ACGIH
• Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs) -standard used by OSHA (DOL)
• Occupational Exposure Limits (OELs)
• Recommended Exposure Limits (RELs) guideline used by NIOSH - the new PEL (CDCP)
• Maximum Allowable Concentrations (MACs)
Action Level
• The level of a harmful or toxic substance/activity which requires medical surveillance,
increased industrial hygiene monitoring, or biological monitoring. (NIOSH and OSHA)
• Action Levels for TLV for chemical is 50% of its TLV
Clear Points
The degree of hazard from exposure to harmful environmental factors or stresses would depend on the
following:
• Nature of the material involved
• Intensity of exposure
• Duration of exposure
• Individual susceptibility
Monitoring
Systematic continuous, repetitive, health-related activities that should lead to corrective action.
• Surveillance in occupational health practice covers periodic, systematic and continuous
hazard assessment and medical examination.
• Surveillance data will provide trends or emerging patterns in workplace hazards and
illnesses.
• Surveillance has to be followed by preventive action (appropriate control measures) and
evaluation of the effectiveness of intervention.
• Surveillance is conducted to meet regulatory requirements.
TYPES OF MONITORING
Ambient or
Biological Medical Surveillance
Environmental
Monitoring Strategies
CHEMICAL HAZARDS - These are substances have 3 physical states: Liquids, Solids and Gas.
These are present in
1. Dust
2. Gasses
3. Vapors
4. Fumes
5. Mists
BIOLOGIC HAZARDS
1. Bacteria
2. Viruses
3. Fungi
4. Insects/Parasites
5. Plants
Transmitted thru:
1. Soil
2. Insects
3. Plants
4. Animals
5. Humans
Tuberculosis
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis (causative agent)
• Transmission - droplet infection (sneezing and coughing)
• 90% cure rate with DOTS
SYMPTOMS:
• Weight loss
• Low grade afternoon fever
• Persistent cough &, sometimes, blood-streaked expectoration or hemoptysis
Surely, the most significant discussion of the course will be on how exposure to the different hazards in
the workplace can cause problems with health, which may bring about disease or death. This module
aims to give you basic knowledge on the health effects of the different hazards encountered in the
workplace and the means to prevent such occurrences.
It is important to understand the key concepts in the causation of disease from work exposures. You will
be defining the following terms in the course of this module: exposure, toxicity, hazard, and risk. You
also wish to emphasize that hazards in the workplace can cause harm if there is undue exposure through
elevated workplace concentration without control measures in place.
Occupational diseases and work-related illnesses can be prevented. It is important to have health
programs in place, which allow for screening susceptible individuals and early diagnosis of diseases to
prevent progression of an illness or to immediately control workplace hazards so that optimum workers
health is maintained.
Objectives:
The main thrust of the concepts of occupational health is to emphasize prevention of occupational
diseases and work-related illnesses rather than its cure.
Technical and ethical guidelines for workers'
health surveillance (OSH Series, No. 72) show the recent changes in occupational health. With technical
progress, more sophisticated means of investigation, greater emphasis on prevention and holistic
approaches on primary health care, human rights and organizational aspects are now available. This has
led the Joint International Labor Organization / World Health Organization (ILO/WHO) Committee on
Occupational Health to redefine the concept of occupational health during its 12th Session in 1995. Under
these new circumstances, a tripartite ILO Committee of Experts used the definition as a starting point to
develop guidelines for adapting workers' health surveillance to these changes.
The purpose of health surveillance needs clarification and the individual and collective health
assessments must be combined. Workers' health surveillance must:
• Operate under controlled, well-organized conditions, preferably in accordance with the ILO's
Occupational Health Services Convention. This Convention sets general principles on occupational
health practice and how to establish and run health services
• Be based on sound ethical and technical practice
• Ensure professional independence and impartiality of health professionals, as
well as workers' privacy
and confidentiality of individual health information
Workers' health surveillance is not an independent
answer, but is a useful complement to guide preventive action that should be linked to monitoring
occupational hazards, which may be just as useful as injury and disease surveillance in targeting
prevention programs.
Recall the different hazards presented in the previous module. Exposure to these health hazards is most
often the cause of ill-health and that is what you want to avoid. Eliminating exposure to hazards removes
the conditions for ill-health and its negative consequences while you are at work.
The predisposition of a worker to suffer from an occupational illness depends on the characteristics of
exposure to a hazard and on individual susceptibility. Although workplace hazards can potentially cause
harm to a worker, the risk or the likelihood that this harmful effect would take place depends on the
conditions of exposure. These factors include intensity and duration of exposure to the hazards, timing
of exposure and multiplicity of exposure.
1. Exposure duration or the length of time of being vulnerable to work hazards.
Constant exposure to
amounts which have low levels in the workplace over a prolonged period of time increases the risk
of disease after a latency period (the interval between exposure to a hazard(s) and the clinical
appearance of disease);
2. Magnitude, level or dose of exposure. As the concentration or amount of a hazard is increased the
likely it can do more harm.
3. Timing of exposure. This is related to exposure duration. A worker who is exposed to a hazard
continuously or for several periods in a day is more at risk than those with less exposure
4. Multiplicity of exposure. Exposures to mixtures of hazards or several chemicals at the same time
can cause synergistic or cumulative effects.
Despite having similar exposure to workplace hazard, workers may be affected differently due to non-
occupational factors. In smokers, for instance, clearance of dusts that have entered the lungs is inhibited,
thereby increasing the risk of succumbing to the ill-effects of the hazard. The non-occupational factors
that must be considered include age, sex, genetic factors, previous medical history and lifestyle habits of
the worker.
Age is an important factor since elderly and young workers have poor metabolic processes, which allow
a buildup of toxic substances. In a normal adult, these substances can be easily neutralized.
Sex is a very important consideration, too. A hazardous agent may be toxic to female workers and not
toxic to male workers or vice versa. For pregnant women, some toxins may cause developmental
problems in the fetus. Lead and mercury have been documented to cause neurological defects in the
offspring of exposed pregnant women. In both men and women, other toxins may affect their
reproductive systems.
The genetic make-up of a worker should also be considered because those with history of allergies will
find it difficult to work in an environment where their allergies would likely flare up. Also, those with
enzyme deficiencies may not be able to handle toxic substances that enter the body.
Your medical history is important to identify previous illnesses, which may be aggravated by
substances, or agents found in the workplace. An anemic (weak and pale) worker who will be employed
in a company using lead may continue suffering from anemia (condition characterized by an abnormally
low number of red blood cells in the circulating blood) due to lead exposure. A worker diagnosed with a
liver disease should be closely monitored if he/she would be working with solvents since which may
compromise the liver functions.
Lifestyle factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, drug abuse,
among others can alter a worker’s natural defense mechanisms and increase the chance of developing ill-
effects. For example, higher risk of liver disease in a worker exposed to solvents and a history of alcohol
consumption; or increased risk of hypertension in a worker with occupational stress who is also eating
Noise
Although some claim that noise is subjective, you cannot deny that damage results from the intensity of
noise (the louder the noise, the more likely noise-induced illnesses will occur), the duration of exposure
to loud sounds in the work environment (the longer a worker is exposed, the risk for hearing impairment
is also greater) and the type of noise (very loud sounds such as blasts may immediately destroy the
eardrum and affect the level of hearing).
There are two types of noise-induced hearing loss: Temporary Threshold Shift (TTS) or auditory fatigue
where hearing recovery occurs after 24-48 hours and Permanent Threshold Shift (PTS). In PTS,
irreversible hearing loss occurs and manifestations of hearing loss are present.
When hearing is damaged, blended sounds such as “sh” or “ch” are the first to be affected. Sounds seem
to be muffled and there are frequent complaints of ringing in the ear or tinnitus.
Noise affects not only your hearing but also your entire well-being or general health. It brings about other
health effects such as hypertension and hyperacidity. Stress-related disorders also occur due to noise such
as irritability and difficulty in sleeping.
In order to see changes in the hearing ability, a worker may be asked to undergo an audiometric
examination. It should be done after a day off to prevent the effect of auditory fatigue or temporary
threshold shift from occurring since this may cause false positives in the audiogram. Health surveillance
such as audiometric exams are used to detect early signs of hearing damage among the employees and
to prevent progression of the damage. Decrease in the hearing of workers suggests the need for noisy
industries to start a hearing conservation program.
In the presence of elevated environmental temperature, high humidity, heavy physical activity, loss of
fluids and electrolytes or impaired heat dissipation, heat stress-related disorders may manifest. They
include skin lesions termed as miliaria rubra, heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke. There are
different clinical features that differentiate the heat-related illnesses and the prognosis or usual outcomes
of these diseases. For a worker to adapt to a very hot working environment, he/she must first be
acclimatized by being exposed to the area progressively. During his/her first working day, a three to four
hour work exposure is warranted. This duration will be increased gradually so that in two weeks, he/she
can adapt and be able to spend eight hours in the workplace. However, despite adaptation, frequent
drinking of small amounts of water is essential.
Cold
In the Philippines, exposure to cold environment only occurs in certain work areas, e.g., ice plants and
freezers in the food industry. Being a tropical country, the Philippines does not present cold stress as a
severe occupational hazard but is still an important OSH issue in some sectors. Cold exposure and the
associated behavioral and physiological reactions have an impact on human performance at various
levels of complexity. Mild exposure implies no or negligible body core cooling and moderate cooling of
the skin and extremities. Severe exposure results in negative heat balance, a drop in core temperature and
concomitant pronounced lowering of temperature of the extremities.
Effects may be localized such as frostbite in the extremities or may affect the entire body causing general
hypothermia. As previously mentioned, cold exposure causes distraction and cooling. Behavior and
mental functions are more susceptible to the distraction effect, whereas physical performance is more
affected by cooling. It is assumed that physical performance is highly dependent on tissue temperature
and deteriorates when temperature of vital tissue and organ parts drops. An important factor contributing
to performance decrements is exposure time. The longer one is exposed to the cold exposure, the greater
the effect upon the deeper tissues and neuro-muscular functions of the victim.
Exposure to ionizing radiation impinges on and penetrates into matter. The media is altered and may
produce cell death, change in cell reproduction or division and genetic mutation. X-ray is the most
common radiation in the medical field. Individuals undergoing treatment for cancer may also be exposed
to the gamma rays produced by radioactive materials such as radium and cobalt 60. There are naturally
occurring radioactive materials such as radon and uranium found in mines. Natural background radiation
comes from terrestrial radiation, (which emanates from radium and other radioactive materials in the
earth’s crust, cosmic rays that originate from outer space and internal radiation which is emitted by
potassium-40) and other naturally occurring radio nuclides normally present in the body.
In an individual, injury from ionizing radiation may occur as a somatic effect (those that are seen in the
individual that receives the agent) that occurs immediately after irradiation or after several months or
years. Effects of radiation may also be heritable, affecting the progeny or children of those with exposure
during pregnancy.
Ionizing radiation may affect different organ systems in the body and, depending on the dose, health
effects may manifest from skin reddening with small doses to sterility and even death with large doses.
In Non-Ionizing Radiation or NIR, there is not enough energy to cause ionization of matter.
The types of NIR are Ultraviolet (UV) rays, Infrared (IR), Lasers, Microwaves (MW), Radio frequencies
(RF), Extremely Low Frequency and Static Fields. They have distinctive features depending on their
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wavelength. Different processes in the workplace can produce NIR. Apart from sunlight, welding is
another source of UV. Sources of RF and MW radiation include radio emitters and cell phones while
sources of IR are furnaces, heat lamps and IR lasers.
Exposure to NIR may also affect the body’s organ systems. The usual target organ for UV or ultraviolet
radiation is the skin and cornea of the eyes and effects may be skin redness, premature skin ageing, and
skin cancer. Eye injuries may manifest as cataract, retinal injury and a type of conjunctivitis known as
welder’s flash. Infrared affects the eyes and may cause corneal and conjunctive burns, retinal injury and
cataract. Lasers are potential hazards also to both the skin and eye. Other forms of NIR may cause current
conduction and heat.
Vibration
Vibration is a physical factor that causes mechanical oscillations. It affects workers when the mechanical
energy is transmitted to the body. There are two types of vibration: general or whole-body vibration and
local or segmental vibration. Workers operating heavy equipment or driving buses or tracks are exposed
to general or whole-body vibration. Workers using pneumatic or powered hand tools such as drills,
grinders, chain saws are exposed to local or segmental vibration.
Exposure to whole-body vibration can cause discomfort or cause injury. It is also associated with elevated
health risk for low back pain in workers exposed for many years to intense whole-body vibration.
Stomach problems, headache and muscle pains have been reported among workers with occupational
exposure to whole-body vibration.
The harmful effect of vibration on the human body also arises from local or segmental vibration.
Prolonged exposure of the hands to vibrating tools may lead to the development of vibration disease, or
“Hand Arm Vibration Syndrome” (HAVS). The risk of HAVS is increased in the presence of other
factors such as cold environmental temperature and long working duration. HAVS is characterized by
attacks of whitening (blanching) of one or more fingers when exposed to cold; tingling and numbness in
the fingers; and pain.
Administrative and engineering control measures should be implemented to prevent the adverse health
effects caused by vibration. Adequate information and training of operators of vibrating equipment will
help them adopt safe work practices. Adequate rest periods should also be provided to decrease the
duration of exposure to the hazard and, in effect, decrease the risk of the disorders. Selection of proper
tools with lowest vibration is advisable.
Medical surveillance should be performed for early detection of vibration- related health disorders and
for evaluation of effectiveness of control programs.
The worker should be advised to keep the entire body warm. Gloves may be needed to keep the hands
warm. The workers must be advised to avoid smoking as this may aggravate the effects of segmental
vibration by diminishing blood flow to the hands and fingers.
Illumination
Proper lighting or illumination of the workplace is important to have safe and healthy workers. Signs that
are lighted properly decrease the risk of accidents. Adequate illumination improves productivity by
ensuring that the details of the task can be easily seen by the worker thereby decreasing errors and
wastage of materials.
It is not only the quantity of light in the work area that is important for optimum vision but the quality as
well. For example, shadows and silhouettes can be produced by improper light sources or light
distribution that is not uniform. Inadequate illumination may cause visual complaints among workers
and cause productivity problems. The usual complaints after working in poorly lighted areas are visual
fatigue, double vision, headaches, painful irritation, redness of the eyes or conjunctivitis and frequent
tearing or lacrimation.
The appropriate lighting level is dependent on the task being performed. Generally, precision work would
need higher levels of light compared to tasks that do not deal with details.
Workers are exposed to various chemicals in the workplace. These chemicals have inherent toxicities
that can potentially harm humans depending on the amount that has entered the body and the conditions
of exposure. Here are some concepts you must understand:
• Toxicity is the intrinsic capacity of a chemical agent to adversely affect an organism, including
humans.
• Toxic chemical is the agent that can cause the adverse effect
• Hazard is the potential for the toxicity to be realized in a specific setting or
situation.
• Exposure refers to the process or extent that a worker experiences or comes in contact with a
particular hazard in the workplace or as a result of one’s occupation
• Dose is the amount of the toxic agent that has entered the body
• Risk is the probability or chance of a specific adverse effect to occur.
Chemicals can enter the body
by several routes. Being familiar with all routes of entry will help in preventing exposures. The most
important and most common route of entry is by inhalation through the lungs. Organic solvents and
pesticides are examples of chemicals that are easily absorbed through the skin. Chemical substances
can also enter the body through the mouth by accidental ingestion.
• Congenital anomalies, Neoplasms, Mutagenicity, Teratogenicity, Carcinogenicity,
Biologic hazards are plants, animals and their products that may present risks to the health of persons
infected by biologic agents they carry. Such biologic agents are classified as bacteria, virus, fungi, and
parasites depending on their physical and other cellular characteristics. For example, bacteria and fungi
have cell walls while viruses do not.
ACUTE CHRONIC
Represents cumulative damage to
specific organ systems
Occurs almost immediately (hours/days) after an
exposure Many months or years to have
recognizable clinical disease
Local Systemic
Occurs at the site of chemical contact Distant site from point of contact, may
involve many organ systems
Contact with acid creating a chemical Consumption of lead causing damage to
burn the kidneys
Ozone exposure causing lung irritation Exposure to carbon tetrachloride causing liver
damage
Aldehyde splash in the eyes Exposure to arsenic causing hemolysis
or red blood cells
Tuberculosis is at the top of the list because it remains one of the most prevalent illness affecting
Filipinos. It is among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality based on Philippine Health Statistics
and Field Health Service Information System.
Tuberculosis (TB) is the sixth leading cause of illnesses and deaths in the Philippines; the country is
ninth out of the 22 highest TB-burden countries in the world and has one of the highest burdens of
multidrug-resistant TB.
TB is primarily an airborne disease. The bacteria are spread from person to person in tiny microscopic
droplets or aerosol when a person TB disease forces air from his/her lungs when coughing, sneezing,
speaking, singing, or laughing. A person then inhales the bacteria vigorously expelled from the lungs of
an active TB patient. A person needs only to inhale a small number of these to be infected.
TB can survive for extended periods of time in the air and on various surface areas. It was found that
28% of the tuberculosis bacteria remain alive in a room after nine hours. Tuberculosis can live up to 45
days on clothing, 70 days in carpet, 90 to 120 days in dust, approximately 105 days on a paper book, and
approximately six to eight months in sputum. Ultraviolet light, volume of air in a room and recirculation
of air through a HEPA filter are important factors that affect the survival of the bacteria. Until the droplet
falls, it can be breathed in at any time.
Symptoms do not appear unless a patient has active TB. The most common symptom of active pulmonary
tuberculosis is coughing that lasts two or more weeks. Other symptoms are low grade fever, night sweats,
feeling weak and tired, losing weight without trying, decreased or no appetite, chest pains and coughing
up blood.
Only people with active TB whose sputum is contains the TB bacilli can spread the disease to others.
However, exposure does not necessarily mean one will become infected with tuberculosis. If you have
been exposed to an active tuberculosis patient or an area that is contaminated, you should seek medical
advice immediately.
It is therefore best to understand the life cycle of tuberculosis. An index case or the first patient in an
outbreak may spread the infection to people they spend time with every day. This includes family
members, friends, and coworkers. However, people infected with the TB bacilli will not necessarily
become sick with the disease. The immune system "walls off" the TB bacilli which, protected by a thick
waxy coat, can lie dormant for years. About 90-95% undergo healing of their initial infection and the
bacteria eventually die off. This stage manifests no symptom and is not contagious. This condition is
known as inactive or latent TB. If, however, the body's resistance is low because of aging, infections
such as HIV, malnutrition, or other reasons, the bacteria may break out of hiding and cause active TB in
5-10% of patients. Active TB patients manifest symptoms and become sick during their life while 30%
of them, even if left untreated, will spontaneously remit or restore back to being healthy.
A person with TB disease, if left untreated, could infect approximately 10- 20 persons within two years'
time. The most infectious are the sputum smear (+). Persons with contagious TB disease must be treated
and cured to stop the spread of TB in our communities. Active TB can also spread to other parts of the
body through the bloodstream.
The best way to prevent tuberculosis is to strengthen one’s immune system by eating healthy, exercising
regularly and getting plenty of rest. If one has active TB, covering the mouth when coughing, sneezing
or laughing is one way to help prevent the propulsion of the bacteria into the environment.
Wearing a mask during this time is very helpful as well as staying at home until one’s sputum
examination has reverted back to normal as certified by one’s physician. At home, sleep in a room by
oneself to help prevent the transmission of the disease to other members of the family. Making sure that
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the workplace has proper ventilation is one way of preventing the transmission of the disease to co-
workers.
In 2006, the World Health Organization (WHO) launched the new Stop TB Strategy. The core of this
strategy is DOTS, the TB control approach launched by WHO in 1995. DOTS stands for Directly
Observed Treatment Short course, the curative treatment for tuberculosis. At its core, it involves
supervising the patient’s intake of medication. One cannot have DOTS, however, without a coordinated
program with the following components: reliable, widely available smear microscopy diagnosis; an
uninterrupted drug supply; recording and reporting of cases and outcome; and, most important,
government commitment to assure that necessary resources are available to maintain the program. These
5 elements make up the DOTS strategy.
Patients who have been treated under DOTS-based services have >90% cure rate while about 70% of
those with disease and untreated will die in 5 years. Those who have not been treated will spread the
disease to others thereby completing the cycle.
In 2003, Executive Order No. 187 on Instituting a Comprehensive and Unified Policy for the
Tuberculosis Control in the Philippines adopted the DOTS strategy of the National TB Program (NTP)
which has become the basis of implementation of TB control among the concerned sectors. The treatment
success in the 2008 DOTS campaign was 90% overall, surpassing the 85% target for the first time.
The National TB Control Program (NTP) develops policies and plans and provides technical guidance
to regional and provincial / city-level NTP management teams, overseeing the implementation of the
program at the municipal and barangay levels based on NTP policies and standards.
Under NTP, TB control services are provided mainly through public primary health care facilities (also
called DOTS facilities) operated by local government units in a devolved set-up. There are additional
DOTS facilities within the NTP’s network of service providers that either refer diagnosed TB patients
for treatment or directly provide TB treatment services using DOTS strategy. These include private
outpatient clinics; public and private primary, secondary and tertiary care hospitals; workplaces; clinics
under faith-based organizations and community-based nongovernmental organizations (NGOs); and
public institutions such as military facilities, jails and prisons.
The Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) issued Department Order (DO) No. 73-05:
Guidelines for the Implementation on Policy and Program on Tuberculosis Prevention and Control in the
Workplace to assist companies in strengthening TB prevention efforts through enterprise-level policies
and programs. This DO was signed on March 31, 2005.
Another biologic hazard that has an impact in the workplace is HIV and AIDS though workers in the
manufacturing sector are hardly exposed to this virus by the nature of their work. The Human
Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the cause of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) - a
condition in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life- threatening opportunistic
infections and cancers to thrive.
HIV belongs to a group of viruses known as retroviruses. Once inside the human body, the virus attacks
the cells of the immune system, specifically the CD4+ helper cells. The virus uses the helper cells’
cellular material or genetic material to replicate itself consequently filling the helper cell. The body tries
to keep up by making new cells or trying to contain the virus, but eventually the HIV wins out and
progressively destroys the body's ability to fight infections and certain cancers. HIV is present blood,
semen, vaginal fluids and breast milk of an infected mother in infectious quantity.
AIDS is the result of HIV’s attacks on the body’s immune system. This medical condition leaves the
individual so unprotected that any other virus that attacks the body can cause grave damage. It is the
most advanced stage of infection with HIV. Contrary to some popular misconceptions, HIV is a difficult
disease to get. For HIV to be transmitted, the following three conditions must be met:
1. HIV must be Present
Infection can only happen if one of the persons involved is infected with HIV.
Some people assume that certain behaviors (such as anal sex) cause AIDS, even if HIV is not present.
This is not true.
2. There must be a sufficient quantity of HIV
The concentration of HIV determines whether infection may
happen. In blood, for example, the virus is very concentrated. A small amount of blood is enough to
infect someone. A much larger amount of other fluids would be needed for HIV transmission.
Blood
contains the highest concentration of the virus, followed by semen, then by vaginal fluids. Breast milk
can also contain a high concentration of the virus, but in this situation, transmissibility depends on WHO
and HOW. An adult can ingest a small amount of breast milk at no probable risk. But an infant, with
his/her very small body and newly forming immune system, consumes vast quantities of breast milk
relative to his/her body weight. Therefore, an infant is at risk from breast milk, whereas an adult may not
be.
3. HIV must get into the bloodstream
It is not enough to be in contact with an infected fluid to become
infected. Healthy, unbroken skin does not allow HIV to get into the body; it is an excellent barrier to
HIV infection. HIV can only enter the bloodstream through an open cut or sore, or through contact with
the mucous membranes or damaged tissue in the anus and rectum, the genitals, the mouth, and the eyes;
or be directly injected from a needle or syringe.
You cannot get HIV from kissing, hugging, casual
contact, drinking from the same glass, eating together, swimming pools, public toilets, pets, and mosquito
bites. HIV is not transmitted through casual, every day contact. Since HIV is not transmitted by saliva,
it is impossible to get it through sharing a glass, a fork, a sandwich, or fruit. The chemicals used in
swimming pools and hot tubs would instantly kill any HIV, if the hot water had not killed it already.
Sterilized needles are always used in taking blood from donors, so HIV is not spread in this manner.
Humans are the only animals that can carry HIV. HIV is not transmitted by mosquitoes, flies, ticks, fleas,
bees or wasps. If a bloodsucking insect bites someone with HIV, the virus dies almost instantly in the
insect's stomach (as it digests the blood). HIV can only live in human cells.
There are laboratory tests that can be availed of should one decide to be tested. How do HIV tests work?
The most commonly used HIV tests detect the presence of HIV antibodies – the body’s army that
comprise part of our immune system and fights off invaders such as bacteria and viruses. There are tests
that identify HIV's genetic material or proteins directly.
Conventional HIV tests are sent to a laboratory for testing, and it can take a week or two before the test
results are available. There are also rapid HIV tests available that can give results in as little as 20
minutes. A positive HIV test result means that a person may have been infected with HIV. All positive
HIV test results, regardless of whether they are from rapid or conventional tests, must be verified by a
second “confirmatory” HIV test.
HIV antibody tests can have two different results: positive or negative.
1. A positive result on a confirmed HIV antibody test means that HIV antibodies are present and one is
infected with HIV (called "HIV positive"); the person can infect others but does not mean that the person
has AIDS.
2. A negative result on an HIV antibody test means that most likely one is not infected with HIV.
However, it can take 3 to 6 weeks, and sometimes up to 3 months (and in few cases up to 6 months)
before HIV antibodies show up on a standard test. As a result, some people who are recently infected
with HIV may still have a negative test result during this time.
Knowing your status can allow you to begin treatment, which can help prevent the further spread of the
virus, and in some cases prevent complications associated with HIV infection. HIV testing should be
voluntary and confidential. Counseling before and after HIV testing will help you understand what
behaviors put you at risk and teach you how to decrease the chance of becoming infected. If the test result
is positive, counseling will address your immediate needs for support and information, and teach you on
how to decrease the chance of infecting others.
In the early 1980s when the HIV/AIDS epidemic began, people with AIDS were not likely to live longer
than a few years. Today, there are 31 antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) to treat HIV infection. These treatments
do not cure people of HIV or AIDS. Rather, they suppress the virus, even to undetectable levels, but they
do not completely eliminate HIV from the body. By suppressing the amount of virus in the body, people
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infected with HIV can now lead longer and healthier lives. However, they can still transmit the virus and
must continuously take antiretroviral drugs in order to maintain their health quality.
Recent information from UNAIDS showed rapidly expanding epidemic among men having sex with men
(MSM) from 0.28% in 2007 to 7.7% in 2013, there is also increasing prevalence among freelance Female
Sew Workers (FSW) from 0.16% in 2007 to 0.68% in 2011.
With the rising trend in the number of new cases in a month, the Philippines cannot afford to be
complacent. Several factors have been identified which may lead to continued considerable increase of
new HIV infections in the country: high rates of sexually transmitted infection (STI); a substantially large
sex industry, networks of men having sex with men with behaviors putting them at considerable risk of
HIV infection; a legal situation which does not support HIV prevention services to injecting drug users;
an increasing number of HIV cases in adolescents and young people, large numbers of adolescents living
or working under conditions which make them very vulnerable to sexual abuse or exploitation, combined
with overall low awareness of STI and HIV risk and low condom use (UNICEF).
In addition, the Philippines has more than 7 million migrant workers moving in and out of the country.
Twenty-eight percent of the total number of reported HIV/AIDS cases are migrant workers (PNAC). In
a UNAIDS report, “HIV in Asia and the Pacific: Getting to Zero” cited HIV prevalence among people
who inject drugs particularly in Cebu City accelerated rapidly from 0.6%to 53% in just two years,
between 2009 and 2011. In nearby Mandaue, 3.6% of people who inject drugs are HIV- positive. The
overlap between injecting drug use and sex work means that HIV epidemics in people who inject drugs
invariably spread to other population groups until effective prevention efforts take hold.
Of the 358 (339 males and 19 females) HIV positive cases, 31 were reported as AIDS cases. The median
age is 30 years (age range: 24-30 years) acquired the infection through sexual contact (heterosexual,
homosexual, bisexual).
There is a significant difference in the number of male and female cases reported. Eighty-one percent
(5,826) were males. Ages ranged from 4-79 years (median 27 years). The age groups with the greatest
number of cases were: 20-24 years (19%), 25-29 (26%) and 30-34 years (19%).
According to UNAID's 2004 Global Report on the AIDS Epidemic, 'ABC' stands for:
• Abstinence (not engaging in sex, or delaying first sex)
• Be faithful to one's partner or reducing the
number of sexual partners
• Correct and consistent use of condoms
These were later expanded to include:
• Don’t share needles/sterilized needles
• Education and information
In recognition of the fact the HIV and AIDS has far-reaching consequences beyond the health sector, the
government passed Republic Act 8504 otherwise known as The Philippine AIDS Prevention and Control
Act of 1998 to prevent the spread of the virus among the working population. The DOLE D.O. No. 102-
10: Guidelines for the Implementation of HIV and AIDS Prevention and Control in the Workplace
Program strengthens the workplace response in implementing provision of the law.
Hepatitis B
Most common cause of liver cancer and liver Cirrhosis among Filipinos.
Mode of transmission:
• Sexual contact
• Mother to child during pregnancy or childbirth (vertical transmission)
Exposure to contaminated blood or infected body fluids (semen, vaginal secretions, etc.)
The International Ergonomics Association (IEA) Executive Council in 2000 defined Ergonomics (or
human factors) as the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of the interactions among
human and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data and
methods to design in order to optimize human well-being and overall system performance.
The three main goals of ergonomics are: to make work safe and
humane, to increase human efficiency and to create human well-being.
The worker is affected by the following factors at work: tools,
workstation, task, environment and organization. A balance must be
maintained where one looks at the capabilities and limitations of the
worker with the work system.
Those with carpal tunnel syndrome experience numbness and pain of the wrist joint. There are different
factors in the workplace that may cause physical injury or psychosocial illness. In the case of work-
related musculoskeletal disorders, several work factors have been identified to increase the risk of these
disorders. When a worker assumes awkward positions or his posture remains static or unmoving for long
periods, excess load is carried by certain muscle groups that may cause discomfort and even pain after
long periods. The same mechanism applies to work entailing forceful exertions, movement over an
extreme range of motion and highly repetitive work.
The risk of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD) depends on the magnitude of the factor (i.e.
the intensity, frequency and duration of exposure). Single or, more commonly, multiple risk factors may
be present in the workplace. Multiple risk factors often interact to produce a higher risk for developing
WMSDs.
The primary goal in the prevention of WMSDs is to reduce or eliminate the risk factors involved in their
etiology. Involving all business or factory stakeholders, including the workers, in the problem-solving
process will enhance problem- solving capabilities, compliance to changes and job satisfaction. Careful
examination of sick leave forms, compensation claims, medical records and outcomes of worker
interviews may reveal risk factor indicators. Symptom surveys and periodic medical examinations may
provide additional clues. A walk-through survey of the workplace is imperative to observe how the risk
factors are produced under usual working conditions.
After identifying and properly evaluating the ergonomic stresses that exist, interventions are selected
with the objective to reduce the magnitude and duration of risk factors. Controlling the risk factors may
require redesigning the employee’s workstation, tools, and work schedule or work methods. These
measures aim to lengthen the recovery time of the muscle groups often used, by using other muscle
groups and joints and finding ways in improving worker’s posture. For example, inadequate space may
be the reason for awkward postures and providing enough workspace may improve such posture. It is
important to acknowledge that workers’ education and training are vital in the success of ergonomic
interventions.
Policies may be implemented by companies to promote compliance with the preventive strategies.
Psychosocial factors that have been identified as ergonomic stresses include work, which calls for
increased cognitive demands, poor job design and stressful organizational climate. In the workstation,
the workplace dimension, i.e., providing adequate room to fit, reach and see the work, are important
ergonomic factors to improve productivity. In addition, the workplace environment, comfortable
temperature, proper lighting, reduced vibration and noise levels do much to improve workers efficiency.
ASSAY
SUBSTANCE PARAMETER SAMPLING TIME
MATERIAL
S-Phenylmercapturic acid/g creatinine
Benzene urine End of shift
or t,t-Muconic acid/g creatinine
End of shift at end of
Hexane urine 2,5-Hexanedione
workweek
Lead compounds
(except alkyl lead blood Lead Not critical
compounds)
Mercury, elemental urine Mercury Prior to shift
urine o-cresol/g creatinine End of shift
Toluene
urine Toluene End of shift
Acetone urine acetone/L urine End of shift
Styrene urine mandelic acid End of shift
Medical surveillance
• Feedback of group results
• Ensure medical confidentiality
• Use codes instead of actual names of the employees.
5. Recordkeeping
• Test results, interpretation, record of notifications, AMR
• Exposure evaluations
• WEM, Biological monitoring
• Resulting environmental modifications
• Control measures implemented
• Requirements, procedures, and interpretation of findings for health surveillance as specified by
national legislation (e.g.TLVs or Threshold Limit Values)
• Medical History of workers
o Personal illnesses
o Family health problems
o Reproductive history
o Lifestyle (e.g., Smoking, drug use, etc.)
• Occupational History
o Descriptions of All Jobs Held
o Work Exposures
o Symptoms or Illnesses at Previous Jobs
o Personal Protective Equipment Used
DOLE/BWC/HSD/OH-47-A (AMR)
Clear Points:
RISK ASSESSMENT is a term used to describe the overall process or method where you:
• Identify hazards and risk factors that have the potential to cause harm (hazard identification).
• Analyze and evaluate the risk associated with that hazard (risk analysis, and risk evaluation)
• Determine appropriate ways to eliminate the hazard, or control the risk when the hazard cannot be
eliminated (risk control).
Categories of Hazards
How do you know if the hazard will cause harm (pose as a risk)?
Remember To include factors that contribute to the level of risk such as:
Probability
A description of how likely an event is to occur or how likely it is that a proposition is true.
PROBABILITY MATRIX
Priority
Task Hazard Risk Control
PR SR RR
Painting a Stepping on a 1 Falling from 1 meter height
room meter step tool to Severity: cause a short-term
reach higher areas strain or sprain.
A severe sprain may require a
few days off work.
Probability: occur once in a
lifetime as painting is an
uncommon activity in this
organization
WHAT TO DO:
• Immediately dangerous: stop the process and implement controls
• High risk: investigate the process and implement controls immediately
• Medium risk: keep the process going; however, a control plan must be developed and should be
implemented as soon as possible
• Low risk: keep the process going, but monitor regularly. A control plan should also be
investigated
• Very low risk: keep monitoring the process
The following are workplaces commonly associated with potentially high-risk activities
ELIMINATION
SUBSTITUTION
ENGINEERING
ADMINISTRATIVE
PPE
CONTROL OF LAST
RESORT
Hierarchy of Controls
Clear Points:
• When conducting hazard identification, it may help to work as a team and include both people
familiar with the work area, as well as people who are not - this way you have both the
experienced and fresh eye to conduct the inspection.
• There is no one simple or single way to determine the level of risk. Nor will a single technique
apply in all situations. The organization has to determine which technique will work best for each
situation.
• Ranking or prioritizing hazards is one way to help determine which risk is the most serious and
thus which to control first.
• Any violation of the OSH Standards and other laws must be considered as immediately dangerous
or totally unacceptable.
Albeit, the control of hazards in the workplace revolves around engineering control. If one can design
the hazard out of the equation, then workers can go about their tasks safely. The application of industrial
ventilation most of the time addresses the problem, since 80% of the work environment problem is
attributed to poor ventilation, especially when presence of chemical and hot processes are involved.
While general ventilation can be used for thermal comfort of workers, local exhaust ventilation is a very
practical and beneficial approach in controlling hazardous substances in the workplace.
Administrative control measures on the other hand, are always available. Using personal protective
equipment (PPE) is also useful as interim control measures while the necessary engineering control
measures are being installed or where other controls may not be feasible.
Objectives:
These eliminate the hazard by considering safety and health provisions, substitution, modification of
process/equipment, isolation, wet methods and industrial ventilation. Engineering methods of control
are the most effective in preventing or reducing work environment factors or stresses. Examples:
a. Proper design and planning – Initial consideration regarding safety and health aspects must be made
in the planning and construction stage. We should bear in mind that once the control measures are in
place, it is already very hard to alter or modify the design, especially when we realize that the control
measure being adopted is ineffective. Besides it is more expensive and will cost the company a lot to do
so. The correct identification of the problem and careful evaluation should be ensured and we have to
make sure that the intervention or control measure to be employed is the most cost effective.
Factors to consider:
• Hazard Assessment
• Effectiveness
• Compatibility
• Existing Control Measures
• Waste Disposal
c. Modification in the process/equipment. A change in the process offers an ideal chance to concomitantly
improve working conditions. Most changes are made to improve quality or reduce cost of production.
However, in some cases, a process is modified to reduce the hazard. For instance, in modifying a process,
automation can be used to lessen worker’s exposure to the contaminant. In modifying equipment, the use
of lids can prevent dispersion of dust during mixing.
d. Isolation. Hazardous operations should be isolated to minimize exposure of workers. The isolation can
be a physical barrier, such as acoustic panels, to minimize noise transmission from a genset, whining
blower or ripsaw. The worker may also be isolated or enclosed in a soundproof control booth with a
clean source of air supplied to the booth. Isolation can also be in terms of time or distance.
e. Wet methods. Airborne dust hazards can be minimized or greatly reduced by applying water or other
suitable liquids. Dampening powder materials or suppressing dust generation through misting or spraying
of water will definitely control dust dispersion. Dampening or drenching powder materials to prevent it
from getting airborne is one of the simplest methods for dust control. Its effectiveness, however, depends
upon proper wetting of the particulates. Its application also depends on the nature of process and product.
Some powder conveying systems provide auxiliary water piping systems with sprinklers or water sprays
at the unloading side since formation of dust clouds occur when powder materials drop.
f. Industrial ventilation. A very important aspect of engineering control has to do with ventilation.
Industrial ventilation is the process of supplying fresh air and/or removing contaminant laden air by
natural or mechanical means to and from any space.
2 Types Ventilation
1. General or Dilution Ventilation
• Natural Ventilation
• Mechanical Ventilation
2. Local Exhaust Ventilation
• Enclosure hood
• Capturing hood
• Receiving hood
2. Administrative Controls –
If the hazard cannot be removed, then the next approach is to reduce the exposure of the hazard as in:
scheduling hazardous work process; reduced working hours in hot processes and work areas with
excessive noise levels; assigning workers to other less hazardous work areas of production and training
of workers on various health and safety aspects.
a. Reduction of work periods. Reduction of work periods is a method of control in limited areas where
engineering control methods at the source are not practical.
b. Adjusting work schedules. For workers who must labor in a compressed-air environment, schedules
of maximum length work shift and length of decompression time have been prepared. The higher the
pressure, the shorter the work shift should be (and the longer the decompression time period.
c. Job Rotation. Job rotation when used as a way to reduce employee exposure to toxic chemicals or
harmful agents must be used with care. While rotation keeps exposure below recommended limits
exposes more workers to the hazard.
d. Training and Education of all workers. The education of supervisors usually is process equipment-
oriented. The aim of the safety and health professional should be to teach them about the safety and
health hazards that may be found in work areas. Supervisors should be knowledgeable and well-informed
about hazardous processes, operations and materials for which they are responsible.
e. Employee information and training. The worker must know the proper operating procedures that make
engineering control effective. If performing an operation away from an exhaust hood, the purpose of the
control measure will be defeated and the work area may become contaminated. Workers can be alerted
to safe operating procedures through manuals, instruction materials, signages, labels, safety meetings,
and other educational devices.
f. Emergency response training and education. Also, be sure to give employees training on how to
respond to emergencies. OSH training on when to respond or not is also critical. Many deaths have
occurred when untrained workers rushed in to save fallen co-workers and were, themselves, overcome.
g. Housekeeping and maintenance. Good housekeeping plays a key role in the control of occupational
health hazards. Remove dust on overhead ledges and on the floor before it can become airborne by traffic,
vibration, and random air currents. Stress that good housekeeping is always important; but where there
are toxic materials, it is of paramount importance.
The concern in administrative control is that the focus is on the worker (man). Since there are many
workers from different walks of life, you can expect different responses to the aforementioned control
methods. Since they are people, they can forget, act hurriedly, may be stubborn, and have knowledge or
attitude problems. There will always be an administrative control, the problem is in complying with it.
If the hazard cannot be removed, and a worker is needed for the operation (or equipment), then the last
resort is to put a barrier between the worker and the hazard – thus the PPE. Actually, PPE can be used
in conjunction with engineering controls and administrative methods.
Uses of PPEs
• Where temporary control measures are necessary before engineering controls are installed
• To supplement engineering controls in reducing exposure during maintenance and repair
• During emergencies
• It is the last line of defense
However, PPEs protective devices have one serious drawback - they do not reduce or eliminate the
hazard. The fact that a protective device may become ineffective when the wearer lacks sufficient
knowledge on how to use it, adds to the limitation of these PPE.
PPEs vary in design, equipment specifications, application and protective capability. Proper selection
depends on the toxic substance involved, conditions of exposure, human capabilities and equipment fit.
In this module though, we will be giving particular attention to respiratory protective equipment.
During exposure to hazards, as a last resort, workers turn to protect themselves with a barrier – called
Personal Protective Equipment or PPE. The degree of risk depends on the severity of the hazard, and
the degree of exposure. PPE is the last line of defense in Industrial Hygiene control; it does not eliminate
the hazard; it aids in controlling individual exposure.
Many occupational eye injuries occur because workers are not wearing any eye protection while others
result from wearing improper or poorly fitting eye protection. Employers must be sure that their
Head Protection
Protecting employees from potential head injuries is a key element of any safety program. A head injury
can impair an employee for life or it can be fatal. Wearing a safety helmet or hard hat is one of the easiest
ways to protect an employee's head from injury. Hard hats can protect employees from impact and
penetration hazards as well as from electrical shock and burn hazards.
Body Protection
Employees who face possible bodily injury of any kind that cannot be
eliminated through engineering, work practice or administrative controls,
must wear appropriate body protection while performing their jobs. In
addition to cuts and radiation, the following are examples of workplace
hazards that could cause bodily injury:
Temperature extremes;
Hot splashes from molten metals and other hot
liquids; Potential impacts from tools, machinery and materials; Hazardous
chemicals.
EARPLUGS
Hearing protectors placed inside the ear to block out noise. To work effectively, they should fit snugly
into the ear canal. Discuss
EARMUFFS
A device composed of a headband with two cushioned ear cups that form a seal around the outer ear,
covering it completely and blocking out the noise.
Formula:
• Earplugs
Approximate Noise Protective Level = Noise Level – [ (NRR – 7) x 0.5 ]
• Earmuffs
Approximate Noise Protective Level = Noise Level – [ (NRR – 7) x 0.75 ]
Respiratory Protection
When employees must work in environments with insufficient oxygen or where
harmful dusts, fogs, smokes, mists, fumes, gases, vapors, or sprays are present, they
need respirators. These health hazards may cause cancer, lung impairment, other
diseases, or death.
Where toxic substances are present in the workplace
and engineering controls are
inadequate to reduce or eliminate them, respirators are necessary. Some atmosphere-
supplying respirators can also be used to protect against oxygen-deficient Respirator
atmospheres. Increased breathing rates, accelerated heartbeat, and impaired thinking or coordination
occur more quickly in an oxygen-deficient or other hazardous atmosphere. Even a momentary loss of
coordination can be devastating if it occurs while a worker is performing a potentially dangerous activity
such as climbing a ladder.
Air Purifying
Filtering air impurities which are present in the atmosphere before they are inhaled by the worker.
• Filter- type
• Cartridge- type
N-SERIES FILTERS
Filters restricted to use in an atmosphere free of oil aerosols
R-SERIES FILTERS
Filters intended for removal of any particle including oil-based liquid aerosol. Used only for single shift
(8 hours of continuous or intermittent use)
P-SERIES FILTERS
Filters intended for removal of any particle including oil-based liquid aerosols. Should be used and re-
used for not more than 40 hours or 30 days whichever comes first
Air Supplying
Provides continuous supply of uncontaminated air also known as -
(Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus [SCBA]) Used in:
• Confined spaces or oxygen deficient areas
• Concentration of contaminant is high
• Fire-fighting
If PPE is to be used, a PPE program should be implemented. This program should address the hazards
present; the selection, maintenance, and use of PPE; the training of employees; and monitoring of the
program to ensure its ongoing effectiveness.
2. Hazard Identification
• Agent • Route of Entry
• Physical Characteristic • Effect from exposure
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3. Risk Evaluation - For any particular job, know:
1. Nature and degree of exposure 9. Short- or long-term effect
2. Magnitude of exposure 10. Reversibility or otherwise
3. Increased level of exposure 11. Acceptable level of exposure
4. Length of exposure 12. Standards
5. Frequency of exposure occurrence 13. Accurate measurement
6. Related circumstances 14. Variations in concentration of contaminant
7. Result of exposure 15. Overall level of risk to the worker
8. Local or systemic effect
Role of Management
1. Development of PPE Program
2. Implementation
3. Evaluation based on guidelines, standards
4. Revision, refinement
Limitations of PPE
• It does not reduce or eliminate the hazard. If PPE is defective, the wearer may be exposed to the
hazard without knowledge of it.
• Protection provided to wearer only
1. Selection
• To be done by a suitably trained person with adequate information of the task, hazards, personnel,
materials, etc.
2. Fitting
When first issued, the user should also be trained to check the fit whenever the equipment is used.
• Ensure an adequate fit under supervision
3. Health Aspects
• Use of PPE can affect employees’ health (e.g. skin irritation, heat stress)
• A number of medical conditions may make it difficult to use certain equipment
4. Compatibility - If more than one type of PPE is required to be worn simultaneously, then the harmony of
the individual items needs to be evaluated.
• The PPE also needs to be compatible with the task involved
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5. Issue
• Provision should be made to control the issue of PPE to employees, remembering that several types of
equipment may be available.
• PPE should be issued on a personal basis to individual employees. Apart from hygiene considerations,
employees are then more willing to accept responsibility for the care and maintenance of the
equipment.
• A system requiring employees to sign for certain types of equipment is recommended and can provide
another check on the use of correct equipment.
6. Proper Use
• PPE is effective if worn properly for the appropriate task
• Use of PPE by Supervisor encourages employees & enforces PPE programs
• Equipment that can provide complete protection, but which is not properly used, may provide no
protection at all
• Employees should be prevented from taking used PPE for domestic purposes
8. Disposal
• Used PPE can be contaminated with toxic agents and disposal procedures need careful consideration.
Depending on the circumstances, equipment may need to be treated as toxic waste
10. Supervision
• A PPE program is unlikely to be successful unless the first line supervisory personnel are
knowledgeable and held accountable for effective use of PPE
• Supervisors must set an example by wearing PPE as appropriate and ensure its use by others as required
11. Reviews
• Periodic evaluation to confirm that the agreed procedures are appropriate and being followed
• Formal audit carried out by a third party with specialist advisers
12. Checklist
• To ensure use of properly fitted, effective PPE for specific jobs
• PPE is the last line of defense, hence, its effectiveness may be crucial to the health of the workers
As a Safety Officer, You NEED to Recommend Controls to mitigate all hazards in the workplace
ELIMINATION
SUBSTITUTION
ENGINEERING
ADMINISTRATIVE
PPE
CONTROL OF LAST
RESORT
Hierarchy of Controls
Clear Points:
• All hazards can be controlled
• There are usually many alternative methods of control
• Some methods of control are better than the others
• Some situations will require more than one control method to obtain optimum results
Controls should be introduced as a means to protect the health or comfort of workers along with other
objectives, including employee safety, reduction in environmental pollution and reduction in economic
loss. The Safety Officer shall ensure that effective controls are being implemented regularly monitored
and maintained.
“The correct identification and careful evaluation of the hazards are extremely important and will
constitute the basis of appropriate control measures
Course Outline:
• Workplace Good Housekeeping (5S System)
• Fire Safety
• Machine Safety
• Safety on Material Handling & Storage
• Electrical Safety
• PPE
5S Program
Standardize Sustain
Seiri Sort Suriin Sort (Seiri)
Set in Order Shine
(Seiketsu) (Shitsuke)
Seiton Systematize Sinupin (Seiton) (Seiso)
Pull pin
Aim
Squeeze
Sway
Safeguarding any machine part that may cause injury. It is the prevention of accidents when working with
machines.
Prevents:
• Loss of life
• Severe accidents or serious injury
• Loss of production
• Equipment damage and repairs
• Possible litigation
• Having time spent on accident investigation and other statutory requirements.
Machine Guards:
• Guards are barriers that prevent entry of an individual’s hands or other body parts into a hazard area.
• Installed to minimize the risk of injury to machine operators or other persons from hazardous machine
parts, materials being processed, or scrap.
Requirements:
• Prevent employee contact with hazardous moving parts
• Secured and durable
• Prevent falling materials into moving parts
• Create no new hazards
• Must not interfere with worker productivity
• Should allow for proper and safe maintenance and lubrication
The standard for the control of hazardous energy sources which covers maintenance of machines in which the
unexpected start-up of machines or release of stored energy could cause injury to employees.
LOCK-OUT (LOTO) is blocking the flow of energy from the power source to the equipment – and keeping
it blocked out. LOTO protects you from the unexpected start-up of machines or release of stored energy
during service or maintenance.
Requirements:
• Prevent employee contact with hazardous moving parts
• Secured and durable
• Prevent falling materials into moving parts
• Create no new hazards
• Must not interfere with worker productivity
• Should allow for proper and safe maintenance and lubrication
In a Lock Out (LO), place a lock on a disconnect switch, circuit breaker, valve handle to make sure it
cannot be moved from the OFF or closed position.
In a Tag Out (TO) tag out, you attach a written warning tag at the place where the equipment would be
energized, such as at the ON switch or on a valve that opens a supply line.
Sources of Energy
1. Electrical – can be a direct source
2. Hydraulic – uses fluid under pressure
3. Pneumatic – uses air under pressure
4. Kinetic – the energy created in a moving object
5. Potential – stored energy such as in capacitors, compressed air, hydraulics and springs
6. Pressurized liquids or gases – including steam/chemicals present in pipes/supply lines or
mechanical energy, gravity, pressurized systems and elevated parts.
REMINDER:
WHAT TO DO:
1. Stand close to the load and face the way you intend to move
2. Keep feet apart
3. Be sure you have a good grip on the load
4. Look forward to keep back straight
5. Keep arms straight
6. Tighten abdominal muscles
7. Tuck chin into the chest
WHAT TO WEAR:
Use of
Lockout/Tagout
in maintaining
electrical
equipment
REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS
DO 198-2018: The Right to Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Every employer, contractor or subcontractor, if any, shall provide his or her
workers, free of charge, PPE for any part of the body that may be exposed
to hazards, and lifeline, PFAS, gas or dust respirators or masks, and
protective shields whenever necessary by reason of the hazardous work
process or environment
ELIMINATION
Hierarchy of Controls
•
Suffice it to say that Accidents rank the fifth leading cause of death in the Philippines (June 2015 The
Medical Grind Medical News) worldwide. Employee safety records speak of man-hours worked safely,
while Lost Time, on the other hand, is the technical term for an accident. It can maim or kill a worker
and put a halt to the construction project.
Objective:
Accidents are the result of Unsafe Acts and Unsafe Condition. Identifying the causative factors can
prevent recurrence and save valuable lives.
• Accident is unplanned, uncontrolled and undesirable.
• Disrupts normal function of the organization due to injuries/ fatality of workers or damage to
property.
• Accident can be prevented from recurring through an efficient root cause investigation.
Accident Causation:
• Refers to the factors that are the primary reasons behind an accident.
• For occupational health and safety professionals, determining causation factors in any workplace
injury or accident is the key.
MAN
• Workforce
• Management of the workforce
• Policies Method
• Behavior
MATERIAL
• Used or Worked or made
METHOD MAN
• Policies Environment Equipment
• Programs
• Work Methods
MACHINE
• Tools Materials
• Machinery
ENVIRONMENT
• Physical surroundings
• Natural environment
• Community, social & legal influences
Therefore:
98% Accidents are Preventable
2% Non-Preventable
According to Heinrich, an "accident" is one factor in a sequence that may lead to an injury.
• The factors can be visualized as a series of dominoes standing on edge; when one falls, the linkage
required for a chain reaction is completed.
• Each of the factors is dependent on the preceding factor.
Heinrich’s Triangle
2. UNSAFE ACT
• A human action that departs from a standard or written job procedure or common practice, safety
rules, regulations, or instructions.
• A violation of a commonly-accepted safe procedures and or processes.
• Unaware
• Unable
• Unmotivated
Cost of Accidents
Accident Investigation
• A methodical effort to collect and interpret the facts of accident.
• An inquiry as to how and why the accident occurred in order to explore actions that should be
taken to prevent or minimize recurrence of the accident.
Team Effort – investigate as a team, it increases the chance of identifying the cause, reduces backyard
blindness and bias.
Physical Evidence
These are the objects that the witness saw, heard, felt, tasted and smelled. Provides information about
an accident that witnesses may overlook or take for granted. In absence of the objects, there are 2
additional tools that serve as physical evidence:
a. Sketches
To record details at the accident site for later study Include everything that could be important:
§ Floor plan from overhead view
§ Location of involved man, machine, tool
§ Size/location of transient evidences (spills, dust, footprints, skid marks)
b. Photographs – these tools capture (take pictures in .raw format)
§ detail
§ color differences
§ complex shapes difficult to recall
How the task was done How it should be done Complied / Not complied
These are the information you If YES, put an ✖, this is NOT
gathered: one of the causes
These are the standards:
1) Witness statements
Minimum and maximum
2) Physical evidence If NOT, put a ✔,
3) Existing records this IS one of the causes
Review Records:
• Check training records
o Was appropriate training provided?
o When was training provided?
• Check equipment maintenance records
o Is regular PM or service provided?
o Is there a recurring type of failure?
• Check accident records
o Has there been similar incidents or injuries involving other employees?
AEDR Computations.
Assume:
• # of Disabling Injuries = 10
• Total Emp-Hr Exp = 200,000
FREQUENCY RATE:
Frequency Rate (FR) = No. of disabling injury X 1,000,000
Total Employee-Hour Exposure
Frequency Rate (FR) = 10 X 1,000,000
200,000
Frequency Rate (FR) = 50
SEVERITY RATE:
Severity Rate (FR) = Total days lost X 1,000,000
Total Employee-Hour Exposure
Severity Rate (FR) = 200 X 1,000,000
200,000
Severity Rate (FR) = 1,000
Other Requirements:
The following are examples of grounds of work stoppage due to condition or stage of being in
imminent danger
2. Increase temperature of tank due to hot work & Explosion of a storage container
absence of inert gas inside tank.
3. No proper enclosure of the workplace & absence Bursting of a revolving wheel, grinding stone
of machine guard
4. Outriggers of crane are not placed on stable ground Collapse of a crane, hoist and other equipment
5. Oxygen acetylene gas cylinders exposed to Explosion or fire causing damage to the structure
excessive heat
6. Defective over-current protective Electrical short circuit or failure
device of electrical machinery
Clear Points:
• Accidents disrupts normal function of the organization due to injuries/ fatality of workers or
damage to property.
• Accident can be prevented from recurring through an efficient root cause investigation.
• Primary causes of accidents are unsafe/unhealthy acts & conditions
• Basic procedures in the conduct of accident investigation must be followed
• Results of accident investigation must be documented properly and thoroughly.
• Make recommendations based on the investigation.
• Dangerous occurrences in the workplace must be addressed.
Part of being safe and staying healthy is communicating it to the community. By the end of the
session, the participants will be able to:
• Explain the roles of safety officers in the conduct of OSH trainings;
• Enumerate and discuss the stages of the training cycle;
• Discuss basic presentation and facilitating skills;
• Prepare a training plan for their company.
How will efficient OSH communication help in achieving a safe and healthy workplace?
•Proper communication
• OSH awareness to all workers and employers
• Conduct OSH trainings • Workers will take part and
• Motivation of workers help implement OSH program
How will efficient OSH communication help in achieving a safe and healthy workplace?
Clients
& Stake-
holders
DOLE &
other
government
agencies
Number of Employees in
Training Title Date
Attendance
Safety Briefings
Daily safety briefings by supervisors to all workers that help foster good safety and health culture.
Useful way to keep health and safety forefront in the minds of workers and make them aware of the
current risk and hazards.
Training
Is a learning intervention;
Improves match between job requirements and individual’s knowledge, skills, and attitudes;
After training, the individual is able to apply learning immediately
Examples : BOSH, COSH, PCO Training etc.
Curriculum Development
1. Course Outline / Training Activity Plan
2. Identify/define good, sound learning objectives
3. Determine, selecting the (most appropriate) methodologies
4. Specify the training dates (half-day, one day or whole week etc.)
5. Mandatory 8-hour Safety and Health Seminar for Workers (see handout)
Training Implementation
As resource speaker and facilitator:
1. Conduct of training
2. Take care of logistics
3. Keep records of learner progress
4. Evaluate training instructor performance
5. Make adjustments when needed
Presentation Skills
1. Fear of presenting or public speaking is universal!
2. Think of your audience in advance;
3. Anticipate questions;
4. Take a breath, pause!
5. Speak slowly especially when you have participants who are non native speakers
6. Make eye contact; use appropriate hand gestures
7. Sweep the room as you enter and deliver your opening spiel
8. Stand confidently, dress neatly and appropriately
9. Smile and the world will smile with you
Body Language
1. Eye contact
2. Posture
3. Hand gestures
4. Arms
5. Legs
Non-Projected Visuals
• Writing Board
• Flip Chart
• Flash Card Y O U are your
Projected Visuals NUMBER 1 visual!
• Video Projector
• Slides
• Films
Remember
Clear Points
1. Practice, practice, practice!
2. Verbalize…hear your presentation out loud
3. Clarity – make your points and move on
4. Ownership – take responsibility for your presentations
Reaching forth when safety and health lapse, we face emergencies and crisis. Our objectives:
1. Enumerate the different types of emergencies
2. Explain the elements of an emergency preparedness program
3. Discuss basic preparations for common emergencies
4. Explain the fire brigade concept and organization
Definition of Terms:
Emergency
A serious situation or occurrence that demands immediate action.
Disaster
It is the result of a calamitous event causing massive death, injury or damage.
Natural emergencies
1. Flood
2. Volcanic eruption
3. Earthquake
4. Typhoon
5. Drought
6. Tsunamis
Man Made Emergencies - These can be a result of human error or willful intent
1. Industrial fires
2. Chemical spills / leaks
3. Chemical threat
4. Bomb threats / explosions
5. Structure collapse
6. Construction cave-in
7. Biological threats
Most developed countries operate three core emergency services: Emergency services providing
assistance in dealing with any emergency:
POLICE
The agency who deal with security of person and property, which can cover all the categories of
emergency. They also to some extent deal with punishment of those who cause an emergency through
their deliberate actions.
FIRE SERVICE
Who deal with potentially harmful fires, but also often rescue operations such as dealing with road traffic
collisions. Their actions help to prevent loss of life, damage to health and damage to or loss of property.
Advance planning for emergencies - the best way to minimize potential loss
EVALUATE RESOURCES
• Emergency Equipment
• Transportation
• Emergency Supplies
• Employees Training & Capabilities
• External Help Capabilities
1. FLOOD
Evacuation Procedures
• During an earthquake people at most workplaces are at greatest risk from:
§ Collapsing ceilings,
§ Window
§ Light fixtures and
§ Other falling objects.
What to do:
• Stay indoors.
• Never attempt to walk or drive through flood waters.
• Look for NEWS updates
• Await instructions from emergency management officials.
2. EARTHQUAKE
Evacuation Procedures
• During an earthquake people at most workplaces are at greatest risk from:
§ Collapsing ceilings and other falling objects.
§ Light fixtures and Windows
What to do:
• If indoors, stay there. Take cover under sturdy furniture or against an inside wall.
• Stay away from window, skylights and other objects that could fall.
• Use stairways to leave the workplace if ordered to evacuate & Do not use the elevator.
• Be ready to rescue victims & move victims to a triage area if possible.
3. EXPLOSION
Any workplace that handles, stores or processes flammable gasses, liquids and solids is vulnerable to
explosion. Explosions offer no warning, causing disorganization and panic.
What to do:
• Try to establish communication with emergency scene coordinators.
• Assess damage to the workplace and estimate human casualties.
• Administer first aid if it is safe to do so.
• Do not use elevators.
• Evacuate following an established procedure.
4. MEDICAL CASES
The most likely workplace emergency is a medical emergency. A serious medical emergency such as
cardiac arrest requires immediate attention – Response Time Is Critical.
What to do:
• Inform the Nurses & First Aiders.
• Evacuate the area surrounding the release.
• Call the local emergency number, tell location and the nature of the emergency.
5. SPILL RESPONSE
Any workplace that handles, stores or processes flammable gasses, liquids and solids is vulnerable to
explosion. Explosions offer no warning, causing disorganization and panic.
What to do:
• Call the local emergency hotline. Tell the dispatcher the workplace location and the nature of the
emergency. Do not move the victim.
• Notify an emergency scene coordinator for CPR or other first aid tasks.
• Inform the Incident Commander.
• Assist Professional Medical Responders when they arrive.
• Inform the victim's Supervisor.
7. BOMB THREATS
• Take threats seriously.
• Don't use firearms or phones in the building- they generate radio waves that could trigger a bomb.
What to do:
• If someone find a package that may contain, or that may be a bomb, he or she should note its size,
shape and whether it emits a sound, then notify the Incident Commander.
• Call your local police station from outside the building to report the emergency and determine if an
evacuation is necessary.
• Use a communication method that does not generate radio waves to order the evacuation.
• Although terrorist acts pose minimal risks to most workplaces, the devastating of recent acts have
changed the perception of a "SECURE WORKPLACE" and added a new dimension to emergency
planning.
• What distinguishes terrorist acts is the use of threats and violence to intimidate or force.
8. FIRE
What to do:
• Activate appropriate alarms.
• Stay calm and do not panic. Alert others in your area.
• Evacuate as directed by your supervisor to your designated evacuation area. Walk, do not run.
Remain in the evacuation area until the supervisor has accounted for everyone and you have been
instructed otherwise.
• Never use an elevator during a fire. Always use the stairwell.
• If there is smoke in the room, stay low (the air is cooler and cleaner closer to the floor); hold a wet
clothe over your mouth and nose; and only break windows as a last resort.
What to do:
• If a door is hot, do not open it. Use an alternate door if one is available and safe to use. If an
alternate door is not available, contact someone (if possible) and give them your exact location.
• Close all doors as you leave. Do not lock them.
• If trained to use a fire extinguisher, and the fire is in the incipient stage, you may attempt to
extinguish the fire. Remember that your own safety is of primary concern.
• Never attempt to put out a fire alone.
Suggestions include:
• Personal items
• Water and food, needed medications, clothing …
• Financial and legal documents
• Water proof container that cannot be easily replaced
• Name and phone numbers of contacts out of area
• Personal Preparedness Plan
• Food
• Extra Clothing
• Sleep Bags
• Personal Protective Equipment
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FIRE BRIGADE CONCEPT AND ORGANIZATION
EVACUATION MAP
Employees Compensation Commission Program (ECP) is here to address workers who suffer injuries,
illnesses and death when work-related. It was established as an improvement over the old Workmen’s
Compensation Program (WCP), as created by a written policy (P.D. 626) under the Labor Code of the
Philippines. Both programs provide benefits to workers in case of work-connected contingencies.
Objective:
By the end of the ECC Module, the participant will be able to list the different compensable diseases and
injuries under the law. He can also point out the instances that will label the injury as work-related.
WCP provides for a litigious process between the employee and employer where the responsibility of
compensating the employee is with the employer. ECP is simple and non-litigious, benefits are paid from
a fund that is managed and guaranteed by the government.
ECP is the present compensation package for public and private sector employees and their dependents
in the event of work-related contingencies. It was created under Presidential Decree No. 626, which was
made effective on January 1975.
The ECP is for public and private sector employees and their dependents. All sectors in industry are
covered. All employers are required by law to have their employees covered by the SSS or GSIS, which
is a requirement for them to be covered by the ECP
Compensable Diseases:
Under Annex “A” of PD 626 as amended: For an occupational disease and the resulting disability or
death to be compensable, all of the following conditions must be satisfied:
1. The employee’s work and / or the working conditions must involve risk/s that caused the
development of the illness;
2. The disease was contracted as a result of the employee’s exposure to described risks;
3. The disease was contracted within a period of exposure and under such other factors necessary to
contract it;
Compensable injuries:
For the INJURY and the resulting disability or death to be compensable, the injury must be the result of
an accident arising out of or in the course of employment.
Excepting Instance:
1. Intoxication
2. Notorious negligence
3. Willful intent to injure oneself or another
ECP Benefits:
1. Loss of Income Benefit
2. Medical Benefit
3. Carer’s allowance
4. Death benefit
5. Rehabilitation service
1. Loss of income benefit - It is the incapacity to work (DISABILITY) as a result of the illness or injury
that is being compensated.
One thumb 10
One index finger 8
One middle finger 6
One ring finger 5
One little finger 3
One big toe 6
Any other toe 3
One hand 39
One arm 50
One foot 31
One leg 46
One ear 10
Both ears 20
Hearing of one ear 25
Hearing of both ears 50
Sight of one eye 25
3. Carer’s Allowance
• Granted to employee who gets permanently and totally disabled and has difficulty taking care of
basic personal needs
• PhP1,000/month allowance for the private sector employees only (for public sector employees
starting 2018)
4. Death Benefits
• Monthly Income Benefit pension to beneficiary plus 10% for each dependent child not exceeding
five
• Funeral benefit of PhP20,000 for private sector; PhP3,000 for public sector (PhP20,000 for public
sector starting May 31, 2013)
What is the KAGABAY Program? It is a component of the ECP that extends Rehabilitation services
to Occupationally Disabled Workers (ODW’s)
Prescriptive Period
No claim for compensation shall be given due course unless said claim is filed with the Systems within
THREE (3) years from the time the cause of action occurred.
• Enjoyed only by those with Employee - Employer relationship
• Coverage/entitlement to benefits begin on first day of employment
• Benefits are in addition to SSS and Phil Health benefits
Notes:
Effective safety program can be achieved basically through control of people’s actions. Only top
management has the authority to implement such controls.
A. For establishments with less than 10 workers and low risk establishments with 10-50 workers. –
The OSH program, which shall be duly signed by the employer, must include at least the following:
1. Company commitment to comply with OSH requirements;
2. General safety and health programs, including:
• Safety and health hazard identification, risk assessment and control (HIRAC),
• Medical surveillance for early detection and management of occupational and work-related diseases, and
• First aid and emergency medical services;
3. Promotion of the following health domains:
• Drug-free workplace (RA 9165),
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• Mental health services in the workplace (RA 11036), and
• Healthy lifestyle;
B. For medium to high risk establishments with 10–50 workers and low to high risk
establishments with 51 workers and above. – The OSH program, which shall be duly signed by
the employer, must include at least the following:
13. Dust control and management, and regulations on activities such as building of
temporary structures, and lifting and operation of electrical, mechanical,
communications system, and other equipment;
Meaningful HIRAC is achieved with Job Hazard Analysis or JHA. It is a collective effort that focuses
both on the different jobs in a company, and a group of people tasked to identify them.
Objective:
By the end of this module, the participant will be able to list the steps for a Job Hazard Analysis, and cite
guides in observing different job procedures.
The process of determining the hazards associated with a job is often referred to as a JHA or a Job Hazard
Analysis. Hazards that present risks to:
1. Environment
2. Safety
3. Health
Uses of a JHA
§ Create / improve SOP’s
§ Guide in observing employee performance
§ Accident investigation
§ Safety inspection
Prioritizing JHA’s
1) High Frequency of Accidents
2) Increase occurrence of Near-Misses
3) History of Serious Accidents / Fatalities
4) Potential for Serious Harm
5) New Jobs
6) Changes in Procedures or Standards
Step 1. Identify the Basic Job Steps -Watch carefully as a worker performs the entire job at least once
§ As the operator performs the job again, list the individual steps on the left-hand column.
§ Using simple action phrases that are short and to the point
§ Steps should always be numbered to indicate the order
Solution: List the steps in a way that you would instruct someone to do the task.
Hazard Guide:
§ The physical actions required for that specific step.
§ The materials used.
§ The equipment used.
§ The conditions under which the step is normally performed.
Equipment
§ Mechanical hazard § Electrical hazard
Employee Training
§ Ensuring that each job step is performed safely & efficiently
§ To point out particular job steps or hazards that require special precautions.
§ Refresher training (infrequent jobs)
§ Increase awareness on hazards
Employee Observations
1. Guide in employee performance observations
2. Allows supervisors to focus on especially hazardous steps
3. Ensures employee is performing steps according to SOP
Inspections
• When developing inspection checklists, supervisors can use JHA’s to help identify
hazardous conditions that may need to be included.
Accident Investigations
• To determine if the job was being performed incorrectly
• To tell if a hazard was overlooked in the initial analysis.
Notes:
139
Job or Operation Title (Trabaho o Gawain)
Department / Division (Sangay) Job Location (Lugar ng Trabaho) Title of Employee Doing Job (Tawag sa Manggagawa
Date Performed (Petsa na Ginawa ang JHA) JHA Performed by (Sino ang gumawa ng JHA) Verified by
Basic Job Steps Existing and Potential Hazards Recommended Corrective Action
(Mga Hakbang) (Mga Panganib sa Bawa’t Hakbang) (Mga Panlunas)
140
WorkshopTemplate
141
Mandatory SO1 Basic OSH Training Course
ASPREC & MANALO OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH
RE‐ENTRY PLAN
1. As a Safety Officer, you are required to conduct the Mandatory Worker’s OSH Seminar
to all the workers in your company. When do you propose to conduct the said OSH
seminar?
ACTIVITY TIME FRAME OR DATE NO. OF PARTICIPANTS
2. Aside from the conduct of Worker’s OSH Seminar, how do you intend to share the
learnings of this training to your co‐workers? Check all that apply.
a. Conduct 10‐15 minutes daily safety talk
b. Conduct monthly or quarterly general assembly
c. Prepare memo or reports
d. Organized Safety and Health Committee
e. Prepare simple information materials
f. Others (Please specify)
3. Indicate timeline or person/s, department, STO who can help you in sharing your
learnings in this course
ACTIVITY INDICATIVE TIME FRAME PERSON OR DEPARTMENT
Prepared by:
______________________________________________ ______________________________________________
(Signature over Printed Name) Company
______________________________________________ ______________________________________________
Date Industry
142