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Proposition 3
Proposition 3
Proposition structure
A proposision consists of a subject, a predicate, and a quantifier,
Copula (the term is connecting the subject and predicate terms ) .
Subject - what the proposition is about.
Predicate – property (quality) of the subject.
A quantifier is an indicator of the quantity of a concept: all, some, more than
one.
There is quantifier of existence: "such students exist...".
There are proposision that do not have an indicator of quantity (quantifier).
Types of proposition
The propositions are divided into
N.B. !!! Letters A, E, I, O are standard symbols for the according types of
propositions and should be remembered.
Distribution of terms in categorical proposition
Subject and Predikat in proposition are terms.
This terms can be distributed or undistributed.
Distributed term is a term whose extension is completely
included or completely excluded into/from the extension of
another term.
Undistributed term is a term whose extension is only partly
included or excluded into/from the extension of another one.
Example, in the sentence
Wars come to an end. Wars the subject term is distributed (is
completely included) in the predicate term ‘the end’(1)
Example - No man visited Mars’ both the subject and
predicate terms (‘man’ and ‘those who visited Mars’) are
distributed in each other (their extensions are completely
excluded from each other);
Example - ‘Some men have a fine education’ as well as the
‘Some men have no education’ Here the subject is
undistributed, some men, the predicate is undistributed,
because not only some men have (or do not have) a good
education.
Correlation between proposotions
A. All men are mortal;
E. No man is mortal;
I. Some men are mortal;
O. Some men are not mortal.
But these propositions can be never true at the same time. The
correlations of truth-falsity are represented in the table: (t
means ‘true’, f – ‘false’)
1. When two universal propositions differ in quality, they
are called CONTRARY.
Example:
All flowers are roses (A)
No flowers are roses (E)