Endocrine Physiology
Endocrine Physiology
Endocrine Physiology
Adila A Hamid
Department of Physiology
PPUKM
[email protected]
Objectives :
Endocrine gland
Regulates/directs particular
functions
Major regulatory systems of our
body
Regulating RBC
Controlling integrating
activities of circulatory
and digestive systems
Dealing with stress……….
A single hormone can have more than one type of target cell
Vasopressin promotes H2O absorption by the kidney tubule
Vasopressin causes vasoconstriction of arteriolar smooth muscle
Example :
stimulates
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormone
Functions :
(1) Controls body temperature
(2) Controls thirst and urine output
(3) Controls food intake
(4) Controls anterior pituitary hormone secretions
(5) Produces posterior pituitary hormones
(6) Controls uterine contractions and milk ejection
(7) Serve as major autonomic nervous system coordinating centre,
which in turn affects all smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and
exocrine glands
(8) Plays a role in emotional behavioral patterns
(9) Participates in the sleep-wake cycle
Hypothalamus & Pituitary
◦ Pituitary gland
◦ anterior pituitary –consists of glandular epithelial tissue
(adenophypophysis)
◦ posterior pituitary – composed of nervous tissue
(neurophypophysis)
Hypothalamus-hypophysial
portal vessels.
Hypothalamus-hypophysial
portal vessels.
Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) Inhibits release of growth hormone and TSH
/Somatostatin
* These hormones is synthesized in the cell bodies of hypothalamic neurons and acts on the cells of
anterior pituitary
Relationship between anterior pituitary and hypothalamus
1. Hypophysiotropic hormones produced by
neurosecretory neurons in the hypothalamus enter
the hypothalamic capillaries
Secretes 6 major peptide hormones (TSH, FSH, LH, ACTH, GH, PRL)
◦ Most AP hormones are ‘tropic’ (means: ‘feed’) hormones because they each
regulate secretion of another specific endocrine glands.
FSH & LH (Gonadotropins) – they control secretion of the sex hormones by the gonad
GH exerts its growth-promoting effects indirectly by stimulating the release of IGF-1 by the liver
Adrenal cortex
Increase blood glucose
Metabolic fuels and building
Increase blood amnio acids blocks available to help resist
Cortisol stress
Increase blood fatty acids
Negative feedback mechanism: Regulation of thyroid secretion
Positive feedback mechanism
FSH and LH secretion during follicular phase of menstrual cycle
1
Estrogen from placenta readies
the uterus for a response to
oxytocin
Prostaglandins Oxytocins
Oxytocin stimulate
Prostaglandin secreted by the uterus also stronger uterine
enhance contractions. contraction 4
5
* The contractile activity of the uterus acts through
feedback mechanisms during parturition to stimulate oxytocin,
and this further increases the secretion of oxytocin.
Physiology of lactation
Regulation of vasopression (ADH) secretion
Q1: Which of these is not secreted from the anterior pituitary?
a) Thyroid stimulating hormone c) Oxytocin
b) Follicular Stimulating Hormone d) Lutenising Hormone
Q4 : Hormones produced by anterior pituitary that have direct effect on the body, rather than triggering another gland, are
a) GH, prolactin c) Testosterone and oestrogen
b) TSH, ACTH and gonadotropic hormones d) Progestrone
Q5: Hypothalamic releasing and release-inhibiting hormones are transported from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary by
way of
a) The general bloodstream c) Direct contact between the two organs
b) A portal system of blood vessels directly connecting the two d) a cascade of release-inhibit-release interactions
organs
Q6: Which of the following hormones may also be referred to as neurohormones?
a) Thyroid stimulating hormone c) Prolactin
b) ADH d) Aldosterone
Q7: All the following are true about posterior hormones EXCEPT:
a) They include antidiuretic hormone & oxytocin c) They are synthesized in the posterior pituitary
b) They include tropic hormones d) A nerve signal from the hypothalamus stimulates their release
Q8: Which of the following is a physiological function that is mediated by a hormone released by the posterior pituitary
a) Maturation of the egg and sperm c) Increase in thyroid hormone level
b) Water retention d) Decrease in calcium level
Liver
LH Females : Ovarian follicle and corpus luteum Stimulates ovulation, corpus luteum development
and estrogen & progesterone secretion
Males: Interstitial cells of Leydig in testes Stimulates sperm production