Andamun Tle106 Report

MODULE 3
PLANTS: its
Nature and
structure
Prepared by: Aisah P. Andamu
What is Plants?
Plants are living organisms that contain chlorophyll and use it to

manufacture their own food. Their cell walls are more or less rigid
and support both the individual cells and the whole structure. Even
when plants have reached what we regard as their full, mature
size, they continue to expand and develop new leaves, flowers,
fruit and shoots.
The nature of Plants
▪ Plants play a critical role in how we experience our

environment. They create calming green spaces, provide
oxygen for us to breathe, and nourish our senses. In The
Nature of Plants, ecologist and nursery owner Craig
Huegel demystifies the complex lives of plants and
provides readers with an elucidating journey into their
inner and outer workings.
The nature of Plants
▪ Beginning with the importance of light, water, and soil,

Huegel describes photosynthesis, plant circadian rhythms,
and how best to position plants to receive optimal sunlight.
He explains choosing artificial lights for landscaping, giving
lucky bamboo its twisted shape, and tricking flowers like
poinsettias to bloom at a specific time of year. He reveals
how plants use water, what paths it takes to move
nutrients and fuel growth, and why too much―or too
little―can hurt. He also explains what essential elements
plants need to flourish and what friendly bacteria, fungi,
and insects help make a healthy soil.
Plant Cell
The plant cell is the basic organizational unit of plants. Each living
plant cell contains a nucleus that controls all of the chemical
activities in the cell.
Ribosome is made of proteins and RNA and responsible for
translating RNA into protein.
Plant structure
Figure 1 Plant cell.

Plant Cell
Cytoplasm is the other main part of the living plant cell. It is
composed of many cell structures (organelles), water, pigments,
sugar and various minerals.
Chloroplast is found only in the plant cells. They contain
chlorophyll work to convert light from the sun into sugar.
The plant's cell wall is provide strength and structure to cell and
plant.
Plant tissues
Individual cells work together to form the whole plant. Tissues are
organized groups of cells that are similar in appearance and
function. An organ is a group of tissues that accomplishes a
common function. Plants have two
organ systems: roots and shoots.
Shoots, in turn, have two main
organs: leaves and stems. These
organs are made up of various
tissues that are called
meristematic, which may be
dermal or vascular.
Dermal tissues
▪ Epidermis
The epidermis forms the outer covering of the
plant and, in most cases, secretes a waxy coating
called cutin, which forms the cuticle. This often
shiny coating protects the plant from major water
loss and protects the underlying cells.
▪ Periderm
The periderm is created by the cambium and
forms the bulk of the bark of woody plants. It is a
layer of corky cells that, like the epidermis,
prevents water loss and protects the cells
beneath.
Vascular tissues
Vascular tissues make up the water- and food-conducting system of a
plant.
▪ Xylem
A vascular tissue, one who is responsible
for transporting water and mineral
nutrients upward.
▪ Phloem
Phloem tubes move food produced by

photosynthesis to other parts of the
plant.
Plant organs
ROOTS
• Healthy roots are vital to the well-being
and the continued development of
most cultivated plants. Roots' structure
and growth habits have pronounced
effects on the size and vigor of a plant,
its ability to adapt to various soil types,
and its responses to cultural practices
and irrigation.
Plant organs
Types of roots
▪ Taproot
A taproot is formed when the primary root
continues to elongate downward into the soil
to become the dominant and most important
feature of the root system.
▪ Lateral Roots
Lateral or secondary roots are side or branch
roots that grow from another, larger root.
▪ Fibrous Roots
A fibrous root system is one in which the
primary root either never existed or ceases
to elongate. Numerous smaller or lateral
roots develop, branching repeatedly to
form the absorptive root system of the
plant.
▪ Roots Hair
Root hairs are protrusions of the epidermis
that develop on the root just behind the
zone of elongation. They perform much of
the actual work of water and nutrient
absorption.
▪ Mycorrhizae
Many plants form a partnership between
their root systems and soil fungi called
mycorrhizae. These mycorrhizae, literally
"fungus roots," greatly enhance water
absorption and the nutrient-acquiring
capacities of the roots.
STEM
Stems are generally the bulkiest and most
obvious part of the plant. They support the
leaves, buds, flowers and fruit.
Types of stems
Parts of aboveground modified stems.

▪ Crowns
Compressed stems having leaves and
flowers on short internodes (strawberries,
dandelions, African violets).
▪ Spurs
Short, stubby, side stems that arise from
the main stem and are common on such
fruit trees as pears, apples, and cherries
where they may bear fruit.
• Thorns
develop as modified twigs on stems. They
may be single (cockspur hawthorn) or
branched (honey locust). Some thorns
are modified leaves (cacti).
• Stolons
Horizontal stems that are fleshy or
semi-woody that lie along the top of
the ground (strawberry runners and
bermudagrass).
Parts of belowground modified stems.
▪ Rhizomes
Similar to stolons, rhizomes generally grow
underground rather than above it. Some
rhizomes are compressed and fleshy like those
of many irises.
▪ Tubers
Thickened, fleshy underground stems. The eyes
of a potato are actually the nodes on the stem:
each eye contains a cluster of buds. The
tuberous stems of tuberous begonia and
cyclamen are shortened, flattened, enlarged
and mostly underground.
▪ Bulbs
Tulips, lilies, daffodils, onions and some irises
have shortened, compressed, underground
stems surrounded by fleshy scales (modified
leaves) that envelop a central bud located
at the tip of the stem, which is usually buried
deeply and protected by the thickened
scales.
▪ Corms
Solid, swollen stems with dry, scale-like
leaves on the outside, as in a gladiolus. A
corm is shaped somewhat like a bulb, but
without fleshy scales.
Buds
A bud is an undeveloped shoot from
which leaves or flower parts grow. The
buds of deciduous trees and shrubs
typically are protected by leathery bud
scales or, in the case of some evergreens,
a resinous covering. Some buds are
termed "naked" because they have no
covering.
Leaves
The principal function of leaves is to
absorb sunlight for the manufacture of
plant sugars. This process is called
photosynthesis. The typical leaf has a
flattened surface to present a large
area that efficiently absorbs light
energy. In most cases, the leaf is
supported by a stemlike appendage
called a petiole. The base of the petiole
is attached to the stem at the node.
Leaf types
Simple leaf
▪ Blade
The expanded thin structure on either
side of the midrib. The blade usually is the
largest and most conspicuous part of a
leaf.
▪ Petiole
The stalk that supports the leaf blade.
▪ Stipule
One or more small appendages at the
base of the petiole, usually in pairs and
soon shed.
Leaf types
Compound leaf
▪ Leaflet
Small leaflike structure; several or many
leaflets make up one compound leaf
▪ Petiole
The stalk that supports each leaflet. It
supports the entire compound leaf. Its
length varies as for that of the simple leaf's
petiole.
▪ Rachis
This takes the place of the midrib in a simple
leaf.
Leaf venation
Parallel-veined
Numerous veins that run essentially
parallel to each other. Most monocots
have parallel venation (corn, tulip, lily).
• Pinnate
A pattern with one main vein or midrib
and many lateral veins branching off it
(oak and elm)
• Palmate
A pattern with three, five or more major
veins originating from one point at the
base of the blade. Palmate veins extend
outwards like fingers from the palm of a
hand (maple, English ivy).
Leaf arrangement and attachment
Leaves at the nodes may grow in pairs opposite one another (maple)
or alternate (birch) from side to side along the stem.
They also may be whorled, with three or more leaves arising from a
node, such as hydrangea. Subopposite leaves are slightly offset from
one another; these are relatively rare.
FLOWERS
Although there are many different
kinds of flowers, they are similar in
their organization. The function of
flowers is sexual reproduction. Thus,
flowers often form the showiest part
of the plant. Their color and
fragrance attract pollinators such as
insects or birds to assure the
continuance of the species.
PARTS OF FLOWERS
Perianth
Its consists of all the structures that
enclose the reproductive organs, the
corolla or petals, and the outermost
layer, the calyx or sepals.
-Sepal
-Petals
Pistil
The female part of the plant.
Stamen
The male part of the plant.
SEEDS
The seed or matured ovule is made
up of three parts, the embryo,
endosperm and seed coat or testa.
Embryo
An embryo is a rudimentary plant in
an arrested state of development.
SEEDS
Endosperm
The endosperm provides a built-in food
supply for the embryo. It can be made
up of proteins, carbohydrates or fats.
Seed coat or testa

This hard outer covering protects the
seed from disease and insects and
prevents water from entering the seed
and causing germination before the
proper time.
FRUITS
Fruits consist of the fertilized and
mature ovules called seeds and the
ovary wall which may become fleshy
as in the apple or dry and hard as in a
maple fruit. The only parts of the fruit
that contain genetic material from
both the male and female flowers are
the seeds.
Types of fruits
• Simple
A simple fruit develops from a single ovary
Simple fruits include plum, cherry and
peach (drupes), pears and apples
(pomes), and tomatoes (berries).
• Dry
A dry fruits are simple fruits in which the
fruit wall becomes papery or leathery and
hard. Examples are peanut (pod), poppy
(capsule), maple (samara) and walnut
(nut)..
▪ Aggregate
A aggregate fruits come from a single
flower that has many ovaries. The flower
appears as a simple flower with one corolla,
one calyx and one stem but with many
pistils or ovaries. Examples are strawberry,
raspberry and blackberry.
▪ Multiple
A multiple fruits originate from a tight cluster
of separate, independent flowers borne on
a single structure. Each flower will have its
own calyx and corolla. Examples of multiple
fruits are corn, pineapple and sunflower.
THANK you!

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MODULE 3

Plants are living organisms that contain chlorophyll and use it to

▪ Plants play a critical role in how we experience our

▪ Beginning with the importance of light, water, and soil,

Figure 1 Plant cell.

Phloem tubes move food produced by

Parts of aboveground modified stems.

Seed coat or testa

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